@gnsx/three 0.184.0

package/src/renderers/webgl-fallback/WebGLBackend.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2783 @@
+import GLSLNodeBuilder from './nodes/GLSLNodeBuilder.js';
+import Backend from '../common/Backend.js';
+import { getCacheKey } from '../common/RenderContext.js';
+
+import WebGLAttributeUtils from './utils/WebGLAttributeUtils.js';
+import WebGLState from './utils/WebGLState.js';
+import WebGLUtils from './utils/WebGLUtils.js';
+import WebGLTextureUtils from './utils/WebGLTextureUtils.js';
+import WebGLExtensions from './utils/WebGLExtensions.js';
+import WebGLCapabilities from './utils/WebGLCapabilities.js';
+import { GLFeatureName } from './utils/WebGLConstants.js';
+import { WebGLBufferRenderer } from './WebGLBufferRenderer.js';
+
+import { isTypedArray, warnOnce, warn, error } from '../../utils.js';
+import { WebGLCoordinateSystem, TimestampQuery, Compatibility } from '../../constants.js';
+import WebGLTimestampQueryPool from './utils/WebGLTimestampQueryPool.js';
+
+/**
+ * A backend implementation targeting WebGL 2.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @augments Backend
+ */
+class WebGLBackend extends Backend {
+
+	/**
+	 * WebGLBackend options.
+	 *
+	 * @typedef {Object} WebGLBackend~Options
+	 * @property {boolean} [logarithmicDepthBuffer=false] - Whether logarithmic depth buffer is enabled or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [reversedDepthBuffer=false] - Whether reversed depth buffer is enabled or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [alpha=true] - Whether the default framebuffer (which represents the final contents of the canvas) should be transparent or opaque.
+	 * @property {boolean} [depth=true] - Whether the default framebuffer should have a depth buffer or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [stencil=false] - Whether the default framebuffer should have a stencil buffer or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [antialias=false] - Whether MSAA as the default anti-aliasing should be enabled or not.
+	 * @property {number} [samples=0] - When `antialias` is `true`, `4` samples are used by default. Set this parameter to any other integer value than 0 to overwrite the default.
+	 * @property {boolean} [forceWebGL=false] - If set to `true`, the renderer uses a WebGL 2 backend no matter if WebGPU is supported or not.
+	 * @property {WebGL2RenderingContext} [context=undefined] - A WebGL 2 rendering context.
+	 */
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs a new WebGPU backend.
+	 *
+	 * @param {WebGLBackend~Options} [parameters] - The configuration parameter.
+	 */
+	constructor( parameters = {} ) {
+
+		super( parameters );
+
+		/**
+		 * This flag can be used for type testing.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @readonly
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.isWebGLBackend = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding shader attribute-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?WebGLAttributeUtils}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.attributeUtils = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding extension-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?WebGLExtensions}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.extensions = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding capability-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?WebGLCapabilities}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.capabilities = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding texture-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?WebGLTextureUtils}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.textureUtils = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding renderer-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?WebGLBufferRenderer}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.bufferRenderer = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to the rendering context.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?WebGL2RenderingContext}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.gl = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding state-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?WebGLState}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.state = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding common
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?WebGLUtils}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.utils = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * Dictionary for caching VAOs.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,WebGLVertexArrayObject>}
+		 */
+		this.vaoCache = {};
+
+		/**
+		 * Dictionary for caching transform feedback objects.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,WebGLTransformFeedback>}
+		 */
+		this.transformFeedbackCache = {};
+
+		/**
+		 * Controls if `gl.RASTERIZER_DISCARD` should be enabled or not.
+		 * Only relevant when using compute shaders.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default false
+		 */
+		this.discard = false;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to the `EXT_disjoint_timer_query_webgl2` extension. `null` if the
+		 * device does not support the extension.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?EXTDisjointTimerQueryWebGL2}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.disjoint = null;
+
+		/**
+		* A reference to the `KHR_parallel_shader_compile` extension. `null` if the
+		* device does not support the extension.
+		*
+		* @type {?KHRParallelShaderCompile}
+		* @default null
+		*/
+		this.parallel = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to the current render context.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {RenderContext}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._currentContext = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A unique collection of bindings.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {WeakSet<Array<BindGroup>>}
+		 */
+		this._knownBindings = new WeakSet();
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the device supports framebuffers invalidation or not.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 */
+		this._supportsInvalidateFramebuffer = typeof navigator === 'undefined' ? false : /OculusBrowser/g.test( navigator.userAgent );
+
+		/**
+		 * The target framebuffer when rendering with
+		 * the WebXR device API.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?WebGLFramebuffer}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._xrFramebuffer = null;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the backend so it is ready for usage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Renderer} renderer - The renderer.
+	 */
+	init( renderer ) {
+
+		super.init( renderer );
+
+		//
+
+		const parameters = this.parameters;
+
+		const contextAttributes = {
+			antialias: renderer.currentSamples > 0,
+			alpha: true, // always true for performance reasons
+			depth: renderer.depth,
+			stencil: renderer.stencil
+		};
+
+		const glContext = ( parameters.context !== undefined ) ? parameters.context : renderer.domElement.getContext( 'webgl2', contextAttributes );
+
+	 	function onContextLost( event ) {
+
+			event.preventDefault();
+
+			const contextLossInfo = {
+				api: 'WebGL',
+				message: event.statusMessage || 'Unknown reason',
+				reason: null,
+				originalEvent: event
+			};
+
+			renderer.onDeviceLost( contextLossInfo );
+
+		}
+
+		this._onContextLost = onContextLost;
+
+		renderer.domElement.addEventListener( 'webglcontextlost', onContextLost, false );
+
+		this.gl = glContext;
+
+		this.extensions = new WebGLExtensions( this );
+		this.capabilities = new WebGLCapabilities( this );
+		this.attributeUtils = new WebGLAttributeUtils( this );
+		this.textureUtils = new WebGLTextureUtils( this );
+		this.bufferRenderer = new WebGLBufferRenderer( this );
+
+		this.state = new WebGLState( this );
+		this.utils = new WebGLUtils( this );
+
+		this.extensions.get( 'EXT_color_buffer_float' );
+		this.extensions.get( 'WEBGL_clip_cull_distance' );
+		this.extensions.get( 'OES_texture_float_linear' );
+		this.extensions.get( 'EXT_color_buffer_half_float' );
+		this.extensions.get( 'WEBGL_multisampled_render_to_texture' );
+		this.extensions.get( 'WEBGL_render_shared_exponent' );
+		this.extensions.get( 'WEBGL_multi_draw' );
+		this.extensions.get( 'OVR_multiview2' );
+		this.extensions.get( 'EXT_clip_control' );
+
+		this.disjoint = this.extensions.get( 'EXT_disjoint_timer_query_webgl2' );
+		this.parallel = this.extensions.get( 'KHR_parallel_shader_compile' );
+		this.drawBuffersIndexedExt = this.extensions.get( 'OES_draw_buffers_indexed' );
+
+		if ( parameters.reversedDepthBuffer ) {
+
+			if ( this.extensions.has( 'EXT_clip_control' ) ) {
+
+				renderer.reversedDepthBuffer = true;
+
+			} else {
+
+				warn( 'WebGPURenderer: Unable to use reversed depth buffer due to missing EXT_clip_control extension. Fallback to default depth buffer.' );
+
+				renderer.reversedDepthBuffer = false;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		if ( renderer.reversedDepthBuffer ) {
+
+			this.state.setReversedDepth( true );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The coordinate system of the backend.
+	 *
+	 * @type {number}
+	 * @readonly
+	 */
+	get coordinateSystem() {
+
+		return WebGLCoordinateSystem;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method performs a readback operation by moving buffer data from
+	 * a storage buffer attribute from the GPU to the CPU. ReadbackBuffer can
+	 * be used to retain and reuse handles to the intermediate buffers and prevent
+	 * new allocation.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The storage buffer attribute to read frm.
+	 * @param {ReadbackBuffer|ArrayBuffer} target - The storage buffer attribute.
+	 * @param {number} offset - The storage buffer attribute.
+	 * @param {number} count - The offset from which to start reading the
+	 * @return {Promise<ArrayBuffer|ReadbackBuffer>} A promise that resolves with the buffer data when the data are ready.
+	 */
+	async getArrayBufferAsync( attribute, target = null, offset = 0, count = - 1 ) {
+
+		return await this.attributeUtils.getArrayBufferAsync( attribute, target, offset, count );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Ensures the backend is XR compatible.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolve when the renderer is XR compatible.
+	 */
+	async makeXRCompatible() {
+
+		const attributes = this.gl.getContextAttributes();
+
+		if ( attributes.xrCompatible !== true ) {
+
+			await this.gl.makeXRCompatible();
+
+		}
+
+	}
+	/**
+	 * Sets the XR rendering destination.
+	 *
+	 * @param {WebGLFramebuffer} xrFramebuffer - The XR framebuffer.
+	 */
+	setXRTarget( xrFramebuffer ) {
+
+		this._xrFramebuffer = xrFramebuffer;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Configures the given XR render target with external textures.
+	 *
+	 * This method is only relevant when using the WebXR Layers API.
+	 *
+	 * @param {XRRenderTarget} renderTarget - The XR render target.
+	 * @param {WebGLTexture} colorTexture - A native color texture.
+	 * @param {?WebGLTexture} [depthTexture=null] - A native depth texture.
+	 */
+	setXRRenderTargetTextures( renderTarget, colorTexture, depthTexture = null ) {
+
+		const gl = this.gl;
+
+		this.set( renderTarget.texture, { textureGPU: colorTexture, glInternalFormat: gl.RGBA8 } ); // see #24698 why RGBA8 and not SRGB8_ALPHA8 is used
+
+		if ( depthTexture !== null ) {
+
+			const glInternalFormat = renderTarget.stencilBuffer ? gl.DEPTH24_STENCIL8 : gl.DEPTH_COMPONENT24;
+
+			this.set( renderTarget.depthTexture, { textureGPU: depthTexture, glInternalFormat: glInternalFormat } );
+
+			// The multisample_render_to_texture extension doesn't work properly if there
+			// are midframe flushes and an external depth texture.
+			if ( ( this.extensions.has( 'WEBGL_multisampled_render_to_texture' ) === true ) && renderTarget._autoAllocateDepthBuffer === true && renderTarget.multiview === false ) {
+
+				warn( 'WebGLBackend: Render-to-texture extension was disabled because an external texture was provided' );
+
+			}
+
+			renderTarget._autoAllocateDepthBuffer = false;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Inits a time stamp query for the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The type of the timestamp query.
+	 * @param {string} uid - A unique identifier for the timestamp query.
+	 */
+	initTimestampQuery( type, uid ) {
+
+		if ( ! this.disjoint || ! this.trackTimestamp ) return;
+
+		if ( ! this.timestampQueryPool[ type ] ) {
+
+			// TODO: Variable maxQueries?
+			this.timestampQueryPool[ type ] = new WebGLTimestampQueryPool( this.gl, type, 2048 );
+
+		}
+
+		const timestampQueryPool = this.timestampQueryPool[ type ];
+
+		const baseOffset = timestampQueryPool.allocateQueriesForContext( uid );
+
+		if ( baseOffset !== null ) {
+
+			timestampQueryPool.beginQuery( uid );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	// timestamp utils
+
+	/**
+	 * Prepares the timestamp buffer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The type of the timestamp query.
+	 * @param {string} uid - A unique identifier for the timestamp query.
+	 */
+	prepareTimestampBuffer( type, uid ) {
+
+		if ( ! this.disjoint || ! this.trackTimestamp ) return;
+
+		const timestampQueryPool = this.timestampQueryPool[ type ];
+
+		timestampQueryPool.endQuery( uid );
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the backend's rendering context.
+	 *
+	 * @return {WebGL2RenderingContext} The rendering context.
+	 */
+	getContext() {
+
+		return this.gl;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is executed at the beginning of a render call and prepares
+	 * the WebGL state for upcoming render calls
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	beginRender( renderContext ) {
+
+		const { state } = this;
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+
+		//
+
+		if ( renderContext.viewport ) {
+
+			this.updateViewport( renderContext );
+
+		} else {
+
+			const { width, height } = this.getDrawingBufferSize();
+			state.viewport( 0, 0, width, height );
+
+		}
+
+		if ( renderContext.scissor ) {
+
+			this.updateScissor( renderContext );
+
+		} else {
+
+			const { width, height } = this.getDrawingBufferSize();
+			state.scissor( 0, 0, width, height );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		this.initTimestampQuery( TimestampQuery.RENDER, this.getTimestampUID( renderContext ) );
+
+		renderContextData.previousContext = this._currentContext;
+		this._currentContext = renderContext;
+
+		this._setFramebuffer( renderContext );
+		this.clear( renderContext.clearColor, renderContext.clearDepth, renderContext.clearStencil, renderContext, false );
+
+		const occlusionQueryCount = renderContext.occlusionQueryCount;
+
+		if ( occlusionQueryCount > 0 ) {
+
+			// Get a reference to the array of objects with queries. The renderContextData property
+			// can be changed by another render pass before the async reading of all previous queries complete
+			renderContextData.currentOcclusionQueries = renderContextData.occlusionQueries;
+			renderContextData.currentOcclusionQueryObjects = renderContextData.occlusionQueryObjects;
+
+			renderContextData.lastOcclusionObject = null;
+			renderContextData.occlusionQueries = new Array( occlusionQueryCount );
+			renderContextData.occlusionQueryObjects = new Array( occlusionQueryCount );
+			renderContextData.occlusionQueryIndex = 0;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is executed at the end of a render call and finalizes work
+	 * after draw calls.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	finishRender( renderContext ) {
+
+		const { gl, state } = this;
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+		const previousContext = renderContextData.previousContext;
+
+		state.resetVertexState();
+
+		const occlusionQueryCount = renderContext.occlusionQueryCount;
+
+		if ( occlusionQueryCount > 0 ) {
+
+			if ( occlusionQueryCount > renderContextData.occlusionQueryIndex ) {
+
+				gl.endQuery( gl.ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED );
+
+			}
+
+			this.resolveOccludedAsync( renderContext );
+
+		}
+
+		const textures = renderContext.textures;
+
+		if ( textures !== null ) {
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				const texture = textures[ i ];
+
+				if ( texture.generateMipmaps ) {
+
+					this.generateMipmaps( texture );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		this._currentContext = previousContext;
+
+		this._resolveRenderTarget( renderContext );
+
+		if ( previousContext !== null ) {
+
+			this._setFramebuffer( previousContext );
+
+			if ( previousContext.viewport ) {
+
+				this.updateViewport( previousContext );
+
+			} else {
+
+				const { width, height } = this.getDrawingBufferSize();
+				state.viewport( 0, 0, width, height );
+
+			}
+
+			if ( previousContext.scissor ) {
+
+				this.updateScissor( previousContext );
+
+			} else {
+
+				const { width, height } = this.getDrawingBufferSize();
+				state.scissor( 0, 0, width, height );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		this.prepareTimestampBuffer( TimestampQuery.RENDER, this.getTimestampUID( renderContext ) );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method processes the result of occlusion queries and writes it
+	 * into render context data.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	resolveOccludedAsync( renderContext ) {
+
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+
+		// handle occlusion query results
+
+		const { currentOcclusionQueries, currentOcclusionQueryObjects } = renderContextData;
+
+		if ( currentOcclusionQueries && currentOcclusionQueryObjects ) {
+
+			const occluded = new WeakSet();
+			const { gl } = this;
+
+			renderContextData.currentOcclusionQueryObjects = null;
+			renderContextData.currentOcclusionQueries = null;
+
+			const check = () => {
+
+				let completed = 0;
+
+				// check all queries and requeue as appropriate
+				for ( let i = 0; i < currentOcclusionQueries.length; i ++ ) {
+
+					const query = currentOcclusionQueries[ i ];
+
+					if ( query === null ) continue;
+
+					if ( gl.getQueryParameter( query, gl.QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE ) ) {
+
+						if ( gl.getQueryParameter( query, gl.QUERY_RESULT ) === 0 ) occluded.add( currentOcclusionQueryObjects[ i ] );
+
+						currentOcclusionQueries[ i ] = null;
+						gl.deleteQuery( query );
+
+						completed ++;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				if ( completed < currentOcclusionQueries.length ) {
+
+					requestAnimationFrame( check );
+
+				} else {
+
+					renderContextData.occluded = occluded;
+
+				}
+
+			};
+
+			check();
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given 3D object is fully occluded by other
+	 * 3D objects in the scene.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object to test.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the 3D object is fully occluded or not.
+	 */
+	isOccluded( renderContext, object ) {
+
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+
+		return renderContextData.occluded && renderContextData.occluded.has( object );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the viewport with the values from the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	updateViewport( renderContext ) {
+
+		const { state } = this;
+		const { x, y, width, height } = renderContext.viewportValue;
+
+		state.viewport( x, renderContext.height - height - y, width, height );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the scissor with the values from the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	updateScissor( renderContext ) {
+
+		const { state } = this;
+		const { x, y, width, height } = renderContext.scissorValue;
+
+		state.scissor( x, renderContext.height - height - y, width, height );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines the scissor test.
+	 *
+	 * @param {boolean} boolean - Whether the scissor test should be enabled or not.
+	 */
+	setScissorTest( boolean ) {
+
+		const state = this.state;
+
+		state.setScissorTest( boolean );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the clear color and alpha into a single
+	 * color object.
+	 *
+	 * @return {Color4} The clear color.
+	 */
+	getClearColor() {
+
+		const clearColor = super.getClearColor();
+
+		// Since the canvas is always created with alpha: true,
+		// WebGL must always premultiply the clear color.
+
+		clearColor.r *= clearColor.a;
+		clearColor.g *= clearColor.a;
+		clearColor.b *= clearColor.a;
+
+		return clearColor;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Performs a clear operation.
+	 *
+	 * @param {boolean} color - Whether the color buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} depth - Whether the depth buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} stencil - Whether the stencil buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {?Object} [descriptor=null] - The render context of the current set render target.
+	 * @param {boolean} [setFrameBuffer=true] - Controls whether the intermediate framebuffer should be set or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} [resolveRenderTarget=true] - Controls whether an active render target should be resolved
+	 * or not. Only relevant for explicit clears.
+	 */
+	clear( color, depth, stencil, descriptor = null, setFrameBuffer = true, resolveRenderTarget = true ) {
+
+		const { gl, renderer } = this;
+
+		if ( descriptor === null ) {
+
+			const clearColor = this.getClearColor();
+
+			descriptor = {
+				textures: null,
+				clearColorValue: clearColor
+			};
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		let clear = 0;
+
+		if ( color ) clear |= gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT;
+		if ( depth ) clear |= gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
+		if ( stencil ) clear |= gl.STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
+
+		if ( clear !== 0 ) {
+
+			let clearColor;
+
+			if ( descriptor.clearColorValue ) {
+
+				clearColor = descriptor.clearColorValue;
+
+			} else {
+
+				clearColor = this.getClearColor();
+
+			}
+
+			const clearDepth = renderer.getClearDepth();
+			const clearStencil = renderer.getClearStencil();
+
+			if ( depth ) this.state.setDepthMask( true );
+
+			if ( descriptor.textures === null ) {
+
+				gl.clearColor( clearColor.r, clearColor.g, clearColor.b, clearColor.a );
+				gl.clear( clear );
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( setFrameBuffer ) this._setFramebuffer( descriptor );
+
+				if ( color ) {
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < descriptor.textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+						if ( i === 0 ) {
+
+							gl.clearBufferfv( gl.COLOR, i, [ clearColor.r, clearColor.g, clearColor.b, clearColor.a ] );
+
+						} else {
+
+							gl.clearBufferfv( gl.COLOR, i, [ 0, 0, 0, 1 ] );
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				if ( depth && stencil ) {
+
+					gl.clearBufferfi( gl.DEPTH_STENCIL, 0, clearDepth, clearStencil );
+
+				} else if ( depth ) {
+
+					gl.clearBufferfv( gl.DEPTH, 0, [ clearDepth ] );
+
+				} else if ( stencil ) {
+
+					gl.clearBufferiv( gl.STENCIL, 0, [ clearStencil ] );
+
+				}
+
+				if ( setFrameBuffer && resolveRenderTarget ) this._resolveRenderTarget( descriptor );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is executed at the beginning of a compute call and
+	 * prepares the state for upcoming compute tasks.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node|Array<Node>} computeGroup - The compute node(s).
+	 */
+	beginCompute( computeGroup ) {
+
+		const { state, gl } = this;
+
+		//
+
+		state.bindFramebuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, null );
+		this.initTimestampQuery( TimestampQuery.COMPUTE, this.getTimestampUID( computeGroup ) );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Executes a compute command for the given compute node.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node|Array<Node>} computeGroup - The group of compute nodes of a compute call. Can be a single compute node.
+	 * @param {Node} computeNode - The compute node.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - The bindings.
+	 * @param {ComputePipeline} pipeline - The compute pipeline.
+	 * @param {?number} [count=null] - The count of compute invocations. If `null`, the count is determined by the compute node.
+	 */
+	compute( computeGroup, computeNode, bindings, pipeline, count = null ) {
+
+		const { state, gl } = this;
+
+		if ( this.discard === false ) {
+
+			// required here to handle async behaviour of render.compute()
+			state.enable( gl.RASTERIZER_DISCARD );
+			this.discard = true;
+
+		}
+
+		const { programGPU, transformBuffers, attributes } = this.get( pipeline );
+
+		const vaoKey = this._getVaoKey( attributes );
+
+		const vaoGPU = this.vaoCache[ vaoKey ];
+
+		if ( vaoGPU === undefined ) {
+
+			this.vaoCache[ vaoKey ] = this._createVao( attributes );
+
+		} else {
+
+			state.setVertexState( vaoGPU );
+
+		}
+
+		state.useProgram( programGPU );
+
+		this._bindUniforms( bindings );
+
+		const transformFeedbackGPU = this._getTransformFeedback( transformBuffers );
+
+		gl.bindTransformFeedback( gl.TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK, transformFeedbackGPU );
+		gl.beginTransformFeedback( gl.POINTS );
+
+		count = ( count !== null ) ? count : computeNode.count;
+
+		if ( Array.isArray( count ) ) {
+
+			warnOnce( 'WebGLBackend.compute(): The count parameter must be a single number, not an array.' );
+
+			count = count[ 0 ];
+
+		} else if ( count && typeof count === 'object' && count.isIndirectStorageBufferAttribute ) {
+
+			warnOnce( 'WebGLBackend.compute(): The count parameter must be a single number, not IndirectStorageBufferAttribute' );
+
+			count = computeNode.count;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( attributes[ 0 ].isStorageInstancedBufferAttribute ) {
+
+			gl.drawArraysInstanced( gl.POINTS, 0, 1, count );
+
+		} else {
+
+			gl.drawArrays( gl.POINTS, 0, count );
+
+		}
+
+		gl.endTransformFeedback();
+		gl.bindTransformFeedback( gl.TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK, null );
+
+		// switch active buffers
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < transformBuffers.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const dualAttributeData = transformBuffers[ i ];
+
+			if ( dualAttributeData.pbo && this.has( dualAttributeData.pbo ) ) {
+
+				this.textureUtils.copyBufferToTexture( dualAttributeData.transformBuffer, dualAttributeData.pbo );
+
+			}
+
+			dualAttributeData.switchBuffers();
+
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is executed at the end of a compute call and
+	 * finalizes work after compute tasks.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node|Array<Node>} computeGroup - The compute node(s).
+	 */
+	finishCompute( computeGroup ) {
+
+		const { state, gl } = this;
+
+		this.discard = false;
+
+		state.disable( gl.RASTERIZER_DISCARD );
+
+		this.prepareTimestampBuffer( TimestampQuery.COMPUTE, this.getTimestampUID( computeGroup ) );
+
+		if ( this._currentContext ) {
+
+			this._setFramebuffer( this._currentContext );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Internal to determine if the current render target is a render target array with depth 2D array texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the render target is a render target array with depth 2D array texture.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_isRenderCameraDepthArray( renderContext ) {
+
+		return renderContext.depthTexture && renderContext.depthTexture.isArrayTexture && renderContext.camera.isArrayCamera;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Internal draw function.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The object to render.
+	 * @param {WebGLBufferRenderer} renderer - The internal renderer.
+	 * @param {number} firstVertex - The first vertex to render.
+	 * @param {number} vertexCount - The vertex count.
+	 * @param {number} instanceCount - The intance count.
+	 * @param {WebGLProgram} programGPU - The raw WebGL shader program.
+	 */
+	_draw( object, renderer, firstVertex, vertexCount, instanceCount, programGPU ) {
+
+		if ( object.isBatchedMesh ) {
+
+			if ( this.hasFeature( 'WEBGL_multi_draw' ) === false ) {
+
+				const { gl } = this;
+
+				const drawIdLocation = gl.getUniformLocation( programGPU, 'nodeUniformDrawId' );
+
+				const starts = object._multiDrawStarts;
+				const counts = object._multiDrawCounts;
+				const drawCount = object._multiDrawCount;
+
+				for ( let i = 0; i < drawCount; i ++ ) {
+
+					gl.uniform1ui( drawIdLocation, i );
+					renderer.render( starts[ i ], counts[ i ] );
+
+				}
+
+			} else {
+
+				renderer.renderMultiDraw( object._multiDrawStarts, object._multiDrawCounts, object._multiDrawCount );
+
+			}
+
+		} else if ( instanceCount > 1 ) {
+
+			renderer.renderInstances( firstVertex, vertexCount, instanceCount );
+
+		} else {
+
+			renderer.render( firstVertex, vertexCount );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Executes a draw command for the given render object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object to draw.
+	 * @param {Info} info - Holds a series of statistical information about the GPU memory and the rendering process.
+	 */
+	draw( renderObject/*, info*/ ) {
+
+		const { object, pipeline, material, context, hardwareClippingPlanes } = renderObject;
+		const { programGPU } = this.get( pipeline );
+
+		const { gl, state } = this;
+
+		const contextData = this.get( context );
+
+		const drawParams = renderObject.getDrawParameters();
+
+		if ( drawParams === null ) return;
+
+		//
+
+		this._bindUniforms( renderObject.getBindings() );
+
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+
+		state.setMaterial( material, frontFaceCW, hardwareClippingPlanes );
+
+		if ( context.mrt !== null && context.textures !== null ) {
+
+			state.setMRTBlending( context.textures, context.mrt, material );
+
+		}
+
+		state.useProgram( programGPU );
+
+		// vertex state
+
+		const attributes = renderObject.getAttributes();
+		const attributesData = this.get( attributes );
+
+		let vaoGPU = attributesData.vaoGPU;
+
+		if ( vaoGPU === undefined ) {
+
+			const vaoKey = this._getVaoKey( attributes );
+
+			vaoGPU = this.vaoCache[ vaoKey ];
+
+			if ( vaoGPU === undefined ) {
+
+				vaoGPU = this._createVao( attributes );
+
+				this.vaoCache[ vaoKey ] = vaoGPU;
+				attributesData.vaoGPU = vaoGPU;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		const index = renderObject.getIndex();
+		const indexGPU = ( index !== null ) ? this.get( index ).bufferGPU : null;
+
+		state.setVertexState( vaoGPU, indexGPU );
+
+		//
+
+		const lastObject = contextData.lastOcclusionObject;
+
+		if ( lastObject !== object && lastObject !== undefined ) {
+
+			if ( lastObject !== null && lastObject.occlusionTest === true ) {
+
+				gl.endQuery( gl.ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED );
+
+				contextData.occlusionQueryIndex ++;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( object.occlusionTest === true ) {
+
+				const query = gl.createQuery();
+
+				gl.beginQuery( gl.ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED, query );
+
+				contextData.occlusionQueries[ contextData.occlusionQueryIndex ] = query;
+				contextData.occlusionQueryObjects[ contextData.occlusionQueryIndex ] = object;
+
+			}
+
+			contextData.lastOcclusionObject = object;
+
+		}
+
+		//
+		const renderer = this.bufferRenderer;
+
+		if ( object.isPoints ) renderer.mode = gl.POINTS;
+		else if ( object.isLineSegments ) renderer.mode = gl.LINES;
+		else if ( object.isLine ) renderer.mode = gl.LINE_STRIP;
+		else if ( object.isLineLoop ) renderer.mode = gl.LINE_LOOP;
+		else {
+
+			if ( material.wireframe === true ) {
+
+				state.setLineWidth( material.wireframeLinewidth * this.renderer.getPixelRatio() );
+				renderer.mode = gl.LINES;
+
+			} else {
+
+				renderer.mode = gl.TRIANGLES;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		const { vertexCount, instanceCount } = drawParams;
+		let { firstVertex } = drawParams;
+
+		renderer.object = object;
+
+		if ( index !== null ) {
+
+			firstVertex *= index.array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
+
+			const indexData = this.get( index );
+
+			renderer.index = index.count;
+			renderer.type = indexData.type;
+
+		} else {
+
+			renderer.index = 0;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( renderObject.camera.isArrayCamera === true && renderObject.camera.cameras.length > 0 && renderObject.camera.isMultiViewCamera === false ) {
+
+			const cameraData = this.get( renderObject.camera );
+			const cameras = renderObject.camera.cameras;
+			const cameraIndex = renderObject.getBindingGroup( 'cameraIndex' ).bindings[ 0 ];
+
+			if ( cameraData.indexesGPU === undefined || cameraData.indexesGPU.length !== cameras.length ) {
+
+				const data = new Uint32Array( [ 0, 0, 0, 0 ] );
+				const indexesGPU = [];
+
+				for ( let i = 0, len = cameras.length; i < len; i ++ ) {
+
+					const bufferGPU = gl.createBuffer();
+
+					data[ 0 ] = i;
+
+					gl.bindBuffer( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferGPU );
+					gl.bufferData( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, data, gl.STATIC_DRAW );
+
+					indexesGPU.push( bufferGPU );
+
+				}
+
+				cameraData.indexesGPU = indexesGPU; // TODO: Create a global library for this
+
+			}
+
+			let cameraIndexBufferIndex = 0;
+
+			bindingsSearch: for ( const bindGroup of renderObject.getBindings() ) {
+
+				for ( const binding of bindGroup.bindings ) {
+
+					if ( binding === cameraIndex ) break bindingsSearch;
+
+					if ( binding.isUniformsGroup || binding.isUniformBuffer ) cameraIndexBufferIndex ++;
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			const pixelRatio = this.renderer.getPixelRatio();
+
+			const renderTarget = this._currentContext.renderTarget;
+			const isRenderCameraDepthArray = this._isRenderCameraDepthArray( this._currentContext );
+			const prevActiveCubeFace = this._currentContext.activeCubeFace;
+
+			if ( isRenderCameraDepthArray ) {
+
+				// Clear the depth texture
+				const textureData = this.get( renderTarget.depthTexture );
+
+				if ( textureData.clearedRenderId !== this.renderer._nodes.nodeFrame.renderId ) {
+
+					textureData.clearedRenderId = this.renderer._nodes.nodeFrame.renderId;
+
+					const { stencilBuffer } = renderTarget;
+
+					for ( let i = 0, len = cameras.length; i < len; i ++ ) {
+
+						this.renderer._activeCubeFace = i;
+						this._currentContext.activeCubeFace = i;
+
+						this._setFramebuffer( this._currentContext );
+						this.clear( false, true, stencilBuffer, this._currentContext, false, false );
+
+					}
+
+					this.renderer._activeCubeFace = prevActiveCubeFace;
+					this._currentContext.activeCubeFace = prevActiveCubeFace;
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			for ( let i = 0, len = cameras.length; i < len; i ++ ) {
+
+				const subCamera = cameras[ i ];
+
+				if ( object.layers.test( subCamera.layers ) ) {
+
+					if ( isRenderCameraDepthArray ) {
+
+						// Update the active layer
+						this.renderer._activeCubeFace = i;
+						this._currentContext.activeCubeFace = i;
+
+						this._setFramebuffer( this._currentContext );
+
+					}
+
+					const vp = subCamera.viewport;
+
+					if ( vp !== undefined ) {
+
+						const x = vp.x * pixelRatio;
+						const y = vp.y * pixelRatio;
+						const width = vp.width * pixelRatio;
+						const height = vp.height * pixelRatio;
+
+						state.viewport(
+							Math.floor( x ),
+							Math.floor( renderObject.context.height - height - y ),
+							Math.floor( width ),
+							Math.floor( height )
+						);
+
+					}
+
+					state.bindBufferBase( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, cameraIndexBufferIndex, cameraData.indexesGPU[ i ] );
+
+					this._draw( object, renderer, firstVertex, vertexCount, instanceCount, programGPU );
+
+				}
+
+				this._currentContext.activeCubeFace = prevActiveCubeFace;
+				this.renderer._activeCubeFace = prevActiveCubeFace;
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			this._draw( object, renderer, firstVertex, vertexCount, instanceCount, programGPU );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Explain why always null is returned.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the render pipeline requires an update or not.
+	 */
+	needsRenderUpdate( /*renderObject*/ ) {
+
+		return false;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Explain why no cache key is computed.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object.
+	 * @return {string} The cache key.
+	 */
+	getRenderCacheKey( /*renderObject*/ ) {
+
+		return '';
+
+	}
+
+	// textures
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a default texture for the given texture that can be used
+	 * as a placeholder until the actual texture is ready for usage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to create a default texture for.
+	 */
+	createDefaultTexture( texture ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.createDefaultTexture( texture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines a texture on the GPU for the given texture object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {Object} [options={}] - Optional configuration parameter.
+	 */
+	createTexture( texture, options ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.createTexture( texture, options );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Uploads the updated texture data to the GPU.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {Object} [options={}] - Optional configuration parameter.
+	 */
+	updateTexture( texture, options ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.updateTexture( texture, options );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates mipmaps for the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 */
+	generateMipmaps( texture ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.generateMipmaps( texture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroys the GPU data for the given texture object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {boolean} [isDefaultTexture=false] - Whether the texture uses a default GPU texture or not.
+	 */
+	destroyTexture( texture, isDefaultTexture = false ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.destroyTexture( texture, isDefaultTexture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns texture data as a typed array.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to copy.
+	 * @param {number} x - The x coordinate of the copy origin.
+	 * @param {number} y - The y coordinate of the copy origin.
+	 * @param {number} width - The width of the copy.
+	 * @param {number} height - The height of the copy.
+	 * @param {number} faceIndex - The face index.
+	 * @return {Promise<TypedArray>} A Promise that resolves with a typed array when the copy operation has finished.
+	 */
+	async copyTextureToBuffer( texture, x, y, width, height, faceIndex ) {
+
+		return this.textureUtils.copyTextureToBuffer( texture, x, y, width, height, faceIndex );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method does nothing since WebGL 2 has no concept of samplers.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to update the sampler for.
+	 * @return {string} The current sampler key.
+	 */
+	updateSampler( /*texture*/ ) {
+
+		return '';
+
+	}
+
+	// node builder
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a node builder for the given render object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} object - The render object.
+	 * @param {Renderer} renderer - The renderer.
+	 * @return {GLSLNodeBuilder} The node builder.
+	 */
+	createNodeBuilder( object, renderer ) {
+
+		return new GLSLNodeBuilder( object, renderer );
+
+	}
+
+	// program
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a shader program from the given programmable stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {ProgrammableStage} program - The programmable stage.
+	 */
+	createProgram( program ) {
+
+		const gl = this.gl;
+		const { stage, code } = program;
+
+		const shader = stage === 'fragment' ? gl.createShader( gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER ) : gl.createShader( gl.VERTEX_SHADER );
+
+		gl.shaderSource( shader, code );
+		gl.compileShader( shader );
+
+		this.set( program, {
+			shaderGPU: shader
+		} );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroys the shader program of the given programmable stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {ProgrammableStage} program - The programmable stage.
+	 */
+	destroyProgram( program ) {
+
+		this.delete( program );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a render pipeline for the given render object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object.
+	 * @param {Array<Promise>} promises - An array of compilation promises which are used in `compileAsync()`.
+	 */
+	createRenderPipeline( renderObject, promises ) {
+
+		const gl = this.gl;
+		const pipeline = renderObject.pipeline;
+
+		// Program
+
+		const { fragmentProgram, vertexProgram } = pipeline;
+
+		const programGPU = gl.createProgram();
+
+		const fragmentShader = this.get( fragmentProgram ).shaderGPU;
+		const vertexShader = this.get( vertexProgram ).shaderGPU;
+
+		gl.attachShader( programGPU, fragmentShader );
+		gl.attachShader( programGPU, vertexShader );
+		gl.linkProgram( programGPU );
+
+		this.set( pipeline, {
+			programGPU,
+			fragmentShader,
+			vertexShader
+		} );
+
+		if ( promises !== null && this.parallel ) {
+
+			const p = new Promise( ( resolve /*, reject*/ ) => {
+
+				const parallel = this.parallel;
+				const checkStatus = () => {
+
+					if ( gl.getProgramParameter( programGPU, parallel.COMPLETION_STATUS_KHR ) ) {
+
+						this._completeCompile( renderObject, pipeline );
+						resolve();
+
+					} else {
+
+						requestAnimationFrame( checkStatus );
+
+					}
+
+				};
+
+				checkStatus();
+
+			} );
+
+			promises.push( p );
+
+			return;
+
+		}
+
+		this._completeCompile( renderObject, pipeline );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Formats the source code of error messages.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} string - The code.
+	 * @param {number} errorLine - The error line.
+	 * @return {string} The formatted code.
+	 */
+	_handleSource( string, errorLine ) {
+
+		const lines = string.split( '\n' );
+		const lines2 = [];
+
+		const from = Math.max( errorLine - 6, 0 );
+		const to = Math.min( errorLine + 6, lines.length );
+
+		for ( let i = from; i < to; i ++ ) {
+
+			const line = i + 1;
+			lines2.push( `${line === errorLine ? '>' : ' '} ${line}: ${lines[ i ]}` );
+
+		}
+
+		return lines2.join( '\n' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the shader compilation errors from the info log.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {WebGL2RenderingContext} gl - The rendering context.
+	 * @param {WebGLShader} shader - The WebGL shader object.
+	 * @param {string} type - The shader type.
+	 * @return {string} The shader errors.
+	 */
+	_getShaderErrors( gl, shader, type ) {
+
+		const status = gl.getShaderParameter( shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS );
+
+		const shaderInfoLog = gl.getShaderInfoLog( shader ) || '';
+		const errors = shaderInfoLog.trim();
+
+		if ( status && errors === '' ) return '';
+
+		const errorMatches = /ERROR: 0:(\d+)/.exec( errors );
+		if ( errorMatches ) {
+
+			const errorLine = parseInt( errorMatches[ 1 ] );
+			return type.toUpperCase() + '\n\n' + errors + '\n\n' + this._handleSource( gl.getShaderSource( shader ), errorLine );
+
+		} else {
+
+			return errors;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Logs shader compilation errors.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {WebGLProgram} programGPU - The WebGL program.
+	 * @param {WebGLShader} glFragmentShader - The fragment shader as a native WebGL shader object.
+	 * @param {WebGLShader} glVertexShader - The vertex shader as a native WebGL shader object.
+	 */
+	_logProgramError( programGPU, glFragmentShader, glVertexShader ) {
+
+		if ( this.renderer.debug.checkShaderErrors ) {
+
+			const gl = this.gl;
+
+			const programInfoLog = gl.getProgramInfoLog( programGPU ) || '';
+			const programLog = programInfoLog.trim();
+
+			if ( gl.getProgramParameter( programGPU, gl.LINK_STATUS ) === false ) {
+
+				if ( typeof this.renderer.debug.onShaderError === 'function' ) {
+
+					this.renderer.debug.onShaderError( gl, programGPU, glVertexShader, glFragmentShader );
+
+				} else {
+
+					// default error reporting
+
+					const vertexErrors = this._getShaderErrors( gl, glVertexShader, 'vertex' );
+					const fragmentErrors = this._getShaderErrors( gl, glFragmentShader, 'fragment' );
+
+					error(
+						'THREE.WebGLProgram: Shader Error ' + gl.getError() + ' - ' +
+						'VALIDATE_STATUS ' + gl.getProgramParameter( programGPU, gl.VALIDATE_STATUS ) + '\n\n' +
+						'Program Info Log: ' + programLog + '\n' +
+						vertexErrors + '\n' +
+						fragmentErrors
+					);
+
+				}
+
+			} else if ( programLog !== '' ) {
+
+				warn( 'WebGLProgram: Program Info Log:', programLog );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Completes the shader program setup for the given render object.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object.
+	 * @param {RenderPipeline} pipeline - The render pipeline.
+	 */
+	_completeCompile( renderObject, pipeline ) {
+
+		const { state, gl } = this;
+		const pipelineData = this.get( pipeline );
+		const { programGPU, fragmentShader, vertexShader } = pipelineData;
+
+		if ( gl.getProgramParameter( programGPU, gl.LINK_STATUS ) === false ) {
+
+			this._logProgramError( programGPU, fragmentShader, vertexShader );
+
+		}
+
+		state.useProgram( programGPU );
+
+		// Bindings
+
+		const bindings = renderObject.getBindings();
+
+		this._setupBindings( bindings, programGPU );
+
+		//
+
+		this.set( pipeline, {
+			programGPU,
+			pipeline: programGPU
+		} );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a compute pipeline for the given compute node.
+	 *
+	 * @param {ComputePipeline} computePipeline - The compute pipeline.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - The bindings.
+	 */
+	createComputePipeline( computePipeline, bindings ) {
+
+		const { state, gl } = this;
+
+		// Program
+
+		const fragmentProgram = {
+			stage: 'fragment',
+			code: '#version 300 es\nprecision highp float;\nvoid main() {}'
+		};
+
+		this.createProgram( fragmentProgram );
+
+		const { computeProgram } = computePipeline;
+
+		const programGPU = gl.createProgram();
+
+		const fragmentShader = this.get( fragmentProgram ).shaderGPU;
+		const vertexShader = this.get( computeProgram ).shaderGPU;
+
+		const transforms = computeProgram.transforms;
+
+		const transformVaryingNames = [];
+		const transformAttributeNodes = [];
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < transforms.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const transform = transforms[ i ];
+
+			transformVaryingNames.push( transform.varyingName );
+			transformAttributeNodes.push( transform.attributeNode );
+
+		}
+
+		gl.attachShader( programGPU, fragmentShader );
+		gl.attachShader( programGPU, vertexShader );
+
+		gl.transformFeedbackVaryings(
+			programGPU,
+			transformVaryingNames,
+			gl.SEPARATE_ATTRIBS
+		);
+
+		gl.linkProgram( programGPU );
+
+		if ( gl.getProgramParameter( programGPU, gl.LINK_STATUS ) === false ) {
+
+			this._logProgramError( programGPU, fragmentShader, vertexShader );
+
+
+		}
+
+		state.useProgram( programGPU );
+
+		// Bindings
+
+		this._setupBindings( bindings, programGPU );
+
+		const attributeNodes = computeProgram.attributes;
+		const attributes = [];
+		const transformBuffers = [];
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < attributeNodes.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const attribute = attributeNodes[ i ].node.attribute;
+
+			attributes.push( attribute );
+
+			if ( ! this.has( attribute ) ) this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, gl.ARRAY_BUFFER );
+
+		}
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < transformAttributeNodes.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const attribute = transformAttributeNodes[ i ].attribute;
+
+			if ( ! this.has( attribute ) ) this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, gl.ARRAY_BUFFER );
+
+			const attributeData = this.get( attribute );
+
+			transformBuffers.push( attributeData );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		this.set( computePipeline, {
+			programGPU,
+			transformBuffers,
+			attributes
+		} );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates bindings from the given bind group definition.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BindGroup} bindGroup - The bind group.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - Array of bind groups.
+	 * @param {number} cacheIndex - The cache index.
+	 * @param {number} version - The version.
+	 */
+	createBindings( bindGroup, bindings /*, cacheIndex, version*/ ) {
+
+		if ( this._knownBindings.has( bindings ) === false ) {
+
+			this._knownBindings.add( bindings );
+
+			let uniformBuffers = 0;
+			let textures = 0;
+
+			for ( const bindGroup of bindings ) {
+
+				this.set( bindGroup, {
+					textures: textures,
+					uniformBuffers: uniformBuffers
+				} );
+
+				for ( const binding of bindGroup.bindings ) {
+
+					if ( binding.isUniformBuffer ) uniformBuffers ++;
+					if ( binding.isSampledTexture ) textures ++;
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		this.updateBindings( bindGroup, bindings );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the given bind group definition.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BindGroup} bindGroup - The bind group.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - Array of bind groups.
+	 * @param {number} cacheIndex - The cache index.
+	 * @param {number} version - The version.
+	 */
+	updateBindings( bindGroup /*, bindings, cacheIndex, version*/ ) {
+
+		const { gl } = this;
+
+		for ( const binding of bindGroup.bindings ) {
+
+			const map = this.get( binding );
+
+			if ( binding.isUniformsGroup || binding.isUniformBuffer ) {
+
+				const array = binding.buffer;
+				let { bufferGPU } = this.get( array );
+
+				if ( bufferGPU === undefined ) {
+
+					// create
+
+					bufferGPU = gl.createBuffer();
+
+					gl.bindBuffer( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferGPU );
+					gl.bufferData( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, array.byteLength, gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW );
+
+					this.set( array, { bufferGPU } );
+
+				} else {
+
+					gl.bindBuffer( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferGPU );
+
+				}
+
+				// update
+
+				const updateRanges = binding.updateRanges;
+
+				gl.bindBuffer( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferGPU );
+
+				if ( updateRanges.length === 0 ) {
+
+					gl.bufferData( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, array, gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW );
+
+				} else {
+
+					const isTyped = isTypedArray( array );
+					const byteOffsetFactor = isTyped ? 1 : array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
+
+					for ( let i = 0, l = updateRanges.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+						const range = updateRanges[ i ];
+
+						const dataOffset = range.start * byteOffsetFactor;
+						const size = range.count * byteOffsetFactor;
+
+						const bufferOffset = dataOffset * ( isTyped ? array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT : 1 ); // bufferOffset is always in bytes
+
+						gl.bufferSubData( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferOffset, array, dataOffset, size );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				map.bufferGPU = bufferGPU;
+
+				this.set( binding, map );
+
+			} else if ( binding.isSampledTexture ) {
+
+				const { textureGPU, glTextureType } = this.get( binding.texture );
+
+				map.textureGPU = textureGPU;
+				map.glTextureType = glTextureType;
+
+				this.set( binding, map );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates a buffer binding.
+	 *
+	 *  @param {Buffer} binding - The buffer binding to update.
+	 */
+	updateBinding( binding ) {
+
+		const gl = this.gl;
+
+		if ( binding.isUniformsGroup || binding.isUniformBuffer ) {
+
+			const bindingData = this.get( binding );
+			const bufferGPU = bindingData.bufferGPU;
+			const array = binding.buffer;
+
+			const updateRanges = binding.updateRanges;
+
+			gl.bindBuffer( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferGPU );
+
+			if ( updateRanges.length === 0 ) {
+
+				gl.bufferData( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, array, gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW );
+
+			} else {
+
+				const isTyped = isTypedArray( array );
+				const byteOffsetFactor = isTyped ? 1 : array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
+
+				for ( let i = 0, l = updateRanges.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+					const range = updateRanges[ i ];
+
+					const dataOffset = range.start * byteOffsetFactor;
+					const size = range.count * byteOffsetFactor;
+
+					const bufferOffset = dataOffset * ( isTyped ? array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT : 1 ); // bufferOffset is always in bytes
+
+					gl.bufferSubData( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferOffset, array, dataOffset, size );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	// attributes
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the GPU buffer of an indexed shader attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The indexed buffer attribute.
+	 */
+	createIndexAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		const gl = this.gl;
+
+		this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the GPU buffer of a shader attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute.
+	 */
+	createAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		if ( this.has( attribute ) ) return;
+
+		const gl = this.gl;
+
+		this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, gl.ARRAY_BUFFER );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the GPU buffer of a storage attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute.
+	 */
+	createStorageAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		if ( this.has( attribute ) ) return;
+
+		const gl = this.gl;
+
+		this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, gl.ARRAY_BUFFER );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the GPU buffer of a shader attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute to update.
+	 */
+	updateAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		this.attributeUtils.updateAttribute( attribute );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroys the GPU buffer of a shader attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute to destroy.
+	 */
+	destroyAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		this.attributeUtils.destroyAttribute( attribute );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given feature is supported  by the backend.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The feature's name.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the feature is supported or not.
+	 */
+	hasFeature( name ) {
+
+		const keysMatching = Object.keys( GLFeatureName ).filter( key => GLFeatureName[ key ] === name );
+
+		const extensions = this.extensions;
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < keysMatching.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			if ( extensions.has( keysMatching[ i ] ) ) return true;
+
+		}
+
+		return false;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copies data of the given source texture to the given destination texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} srcTexture - The source texture.
+	 * @param {Texture} dstTexture - The destination texture.
+	 * @param {?(Box3|Box2)} [srcRegion=null] - The region of the source texture to copy.
+	 * @param {?(Vector2|Vector3)} [dstPosition=null] - The destination position of the copy.
+	 * @param {number} [srcLevel=0] - The source mip level to copy from.
+	 * @param {number} [dstLevel=0] - The destination mip level to copy to.
+	 */
+	copyTextureToTexture( srcTexture, dstTexture, srcRegion = null, dstPosition = null, srcLevel = 0, dstLevel = 0 ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.copyTextureToTexture( srcTexture, dstTexture, srcRegion, dstPosition, srcLevel, dstLevel );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copies the current bound framebuffer to the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The destination texture.
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Vector4} rectangle - A four dimensional vector defining the origin and dimension of the copy.
+	 */
+	copyFramebufferToTexture( texture, renderContext, rectangle ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.copyFramebufferToTexture( texture, renderContext, rectangle );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given compatibility is supported by the backend.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The compatibility name.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the compatibility is supported or not.
+	 */
+	hasCompatibility( name ) {
+
+		if ( name === Compatibility.TEXTURE_COMPARE ) return true;
+
+		return super.hasCompatibility( name );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the render target defined in the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	initRenderTarget( renderContext ) {
+
+		const { gl, state } = this;
+
+		this._setFramebuffer( renderContext );
+
+		state.bindFramebuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, null );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Configures the active framebuffer from the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderContext} descriptor - The render context.
+	 */
+	_setFramebuffer( descriptor ) {
+
+		const { gl, state } = this;
+
+		let currentFrameBuffer = null;
+
+		if ( descriptor.textures !== null ) {
+
+			const renderTarget = descriptor.renderTarget;
+			const renderTargetContextData = this.get( renderTarget );
+			const { samples, depthBuffer, stencilBuffer } = renderTarget;
+
+			const isCube = renderTarget.isCubeRenderTarget === true;
+			const isRenderTarget3D = renderTarget.isRenderTarget3D === true;
+			const isRenderTargetArray = renderTarget.depth > 1;
+			const isXRRenderTarget = renderTarget.isXRRenderTarget === true;
+			const _hasExternalTextures = ( isXRRenderTarget === true && renderTarget._hasExternalTextures === true );
+
+			let msaaFb = renderTargetContextData.msaaFrameBuffer;
+			let depthRenderbuffer = renderTargetContextData.depthRenderbuffer;
+			const multisampledRTTExt = this.extensions.get( 'WEBGL_multisampled_render_to_texture' );
+			const multiviewExt = this.extensions.get( 'OVR_multiview2' );
+			const useMultisampledRTT = this._useMultisampledExtension( renderTarget );
+			const cacheKey = getCacheKey( descriptor );
+
+			let fb;
+
+			if ( isCube ) {
+
+				renderTargetContextData.cubeFramebuffers || ( renderTargetContextData.cubeFramebuffers = {} );
+
+				fb = renderTargetContextData.cubeFramebuffers[ cacheKey ];
+
+			} else if ( isXRRenderTarget && _hasExternalTextures === false ) {
+
+				fb = this._xrFramebuffer;
+
+			} else {
+
+				renderTargetContextData.framebuffers || ( renderTargetContextData.framebuffers = {} );
+
+				fb = renderTargetContextData.framebuffers[ cacheKey ];
+
+			}
+
+			if ( fb === undefined ) {
+
+				fb = gl.createFramebuffer();
+
+				state.bindFramebuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, fb );
+
+				const textures = descriptor.textures;
+				const depthInvalidationArray = [];
+
+				if ( isCube ) {
+
+					renderTargetContextData.cubeFramebuffers[ cacheKey ] = fb;
+
+					const { textureGPU } = this.get( textures[ 0 ] );
+
+					const cubeFace = this.renderer._activeCubeFace;
+					const mipLevel = this.renderer._activeMipmapLevel;
+
+					gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + cubeFace, textureGPU, mipLevel );
+
+				} else {
+
+					renderTargetContextData.framebuffers[ cacheKey ] = fb;
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+						const texture = textures[ i ];
+						const textureData = this.get( texture );
+						textureData.renderTarget = descriptor.renderTarget;
+						textureData.cacheKey = cacheKey; // required for copyTextureToTexture()
+
+						const attachment = gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i;
+
+						if ( renderTarget.multiview ) {
+
+							multiviewExt.framebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, attachment, textureData.textureGPU, 0, samples, 0, 2 );
+
+						} else if ( isRenderTarget3D || isRenderTargetArray ) {
+
+							const layer = this.renderer._activeCubeFace;
+							const mipLevel = this.renderer._activeMipmapLevel;
+
+							gl.framebufferTextureLayer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, attachment, textureData.textureGPU, mipLevel, layer );
+
+						} else {
+
+							if ( useMultisampledRTT ) {
+
+								multisampledRTTExt.framebufferTexture2DMultisampleEXT( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, attachment, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureData.textureGPU, 0, samples );
+
+							} else {
+
+								const mipLevel = this.renderer._activeMipmapLevel;
+
+								gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, attachment, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureData.textureGPU, mipLevel );
+
+							}
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				const depthStyle = stencilBuffer ? gl.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT : gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT;
+
+				if ( renderTarget._autoAllocateDepthBuffer === true ) {
+
+					const renderbuffer = gl.createRenderbuffer();
+					this.textureUtils.setupRenderBufferStorage( renderbuffer, descriptor, 0, useMultisampledRTT );
+					renderTargetContextData.xrDepthRenderbuffer = renderbuffer;
+					depthInvalidationArray.push( stencilBuffer ? gl.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT : gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT );
+
+					gl.bindRenderbuffer( gl.RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer );
+					gl.framebufferRenderbuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, gl.RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer );
+
+
+				} else {
+
+					if ( descriptor.depthTexture !== null ) {
+
+						depthInvalidationArray.push( stencilBuffer ? gl.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT : gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT );
+
+						const textureData = this.get( descriptor.depthTexture );
+						textureData.renderTarget = descriptor.renderTarget;
+						textureData.cacheKey = cacheKey; // required for copyTextureToTexture()
+
+						if ( renderTarget.multiview ) {
+
+							multiviewExt.framebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, textureData.textureGPU, 0, samples, 0, 2 );
+
+						} else if ( _hasExternalTextures && useMultisampledRTT ) {
+
+							multisampledRTTExt.framebufferTexture2DMultisampleEXT( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureData.textureGPU, 0, samples );
+
+						} else {
+
+							if ( descriptor.depthTexture.isArrayTexture ) {
+
+								const layer = this.renderer._activeCubeFace;
+
+								gl.framebufferTextureLayer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, textureData.textureGPU, 0, layer );
+
+							} else if ( descriptor.depthTexture.isCubeTexture ) {
+
+								const cubeFace = this.renderer._activeCubeFace;
+
+								gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, gl.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + cubeFace, textureData.textureGPU, 0 );
+
+							} else {
+
+								gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureData.textureGPU, 0 );
+
+							}
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				renderTargetContextData.depthInvalidationArray = depthInvalidationArray;
+
+
+			} else {
+
+				const isRenderCameraDepthArray = this._isRenderCameraDepthArray( descriptor );
+
+				if ( isRenderCameraDepthArray ) {
+
+					state.bindFramebuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, fb );
+
+					const layer = this.renderer._activeCubeFace;
+
+					const depthData = this.get( descriptor.depthTexture );
+					const depthStyle = stencilBuffer ? gl.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT : gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT;
+					gl.framebufferTextureLayer(
+						gl.FRAMEBUFFER,
+						depthStyle,
+						depthData.textureGPU,
+						0,
+						layer
+					);
+
+				}
+
+				// rebind external XR textures
+
+				if ( ( isXRRenderTarget || useMultisampledRTT || renderTarget.multiview ) && ( renderTarget._isOpaqueFramebuffer !== true ) ) {
+
+					state.bindFramebuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, fb );
+
+					// rebind color
+
+					const textureData = this.get( descriptor.textures[ 0 ] );
+
+					if ( renderTarget.multiview ) {
+
+						multiviewExt.framebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, textureData.textureGPU, 0, samples, 0, 2 );
+
+					} else if ( useMultisampledRTT ) {
+
+						multisampledRTTExt.framebufferTexture2DMultisampleEXT( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureData.textureGPU, 0, samples );
+
+					} else {
+
+						gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureData.textureGPU, 0 );
+
+					}
+
+					// rebind depth
+
+					const depthStyle = stencilBuffer ? gl.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT : gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT;
+
+					if ( renderTarget._autoAllocateDepthBuffer === true ) {
+
+						const renderbuffer = renderTargetContextData.xrDepthRenderbuffer;
+						gl.bindRenderbuffer( gl.RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer );
+						gl.framebufferRenderbuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, gl.RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer );
+
+					} else {
+
+						const textureData = this.get( descriptor.depthTexture );
+
+						if ( renderTarget.multiview ) {
+
+							multiviewExt.framebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, textureData.textureGPU, 0, samples, 0, 2 );
+
+						} else if ( useMultisampledRTT ) {
+
+							multisampledRTTExt.framebufferTexture2DMultisampleEXT( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureData.textureGPU, 0, samples );
+
+						} else {
+
+							gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthStyle, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureData.textureGPU, 0 );
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			if ( samples > 0 && useMultisampledRTT === false && ! renderTarget.multiview ) {
+
+				if ( msaaFb === undefined ) {
+
+					const invalidationArray = [];
+
+					msaaFb = gl.createFramebuffer();
+
+					state.bindFramebuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, msaaFb );
+
+					const msaaRenderbuffers = [];
+
+					const textures = descriptor.textures;
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+						msaaRenderbuffers[ i ] = gl.createRenderbuffer();
+
+						gl.bindRenderbuffer( gl.RENDERBUFFER, msaaRenderbuffers[ i ] );
+
+						invalidationArray.push( gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i );
+
+						const texture = descriptor.textures[ i ];
+						const textureData = this.get( texture );
+
+						gl.renderbufferStorageMultisample( gl.RENDERBUFFER, samples, textureData.glInternalFormat, descriptor.width, descriptor.height );
+						gl.framebufferRenderbuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i, gl.RENDERBUFFER, msaaRenderbuffers[ i ] );
+
+
+					}
+
+					gl.bindRenderbuffer( gl.RENDERBUFFER, null );
+
+					renderTargetContextData.msaaFrameBuffer = msaaFb;
+					renderTargetContextData.msaaRenderbuffers = msaaRenderbuffers;
+
+					if ( depthBuffer && depthRenderbuffer === undefined ) {
+
+						depthRenderbuffer = gl.createRenderbuffer();
+						this.textureUtils.setupRenderBufferStorage( depthRenderbuffer, descriptor, samples );
+
+						renderTargetContextData.depthRenderbuffer = depthRenderbuffer;
+
+						const depthStyle = stencilBuffer ? gl.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT : gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT;
+						invalidationArray.push( depthStyle );
+
+					}
+
+					renderTargetContextData.invalidationArray = invalidationArray;
+
+				}
+
+				currentFrameBuffer = renderTargetContextData.msaaFrameBuffer;
+
+			} else {
+
+				currentFrameBuffer = fb;
+
+			}
+
+			state.drawBuffers( descriptor, fb );
+
+		}
+
+		state.bindFramebuffer( gl.FRAMEBUFFER, currentFrameBuffer );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Computes the VAO key for the given index and attributes.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array<BufferAttribute>} attributes - An array of buffer attributes.
+	 * @return {string} The VAO key.
+	 */
+	_getVaoKey( attributes ) {
+
+		let key = '';
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < attributes.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const attributeData = this.get( attributes[ i ] );
+
+			key += ':' + attributeData.id;
+
+		}
+
+		return key;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a VAO from the index and attributes.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array<BufferAttribute>} attributes - An array of buffer attributes.
+	 * @return {Object} The VAO data.
+	 */
+	_createVao( attributes ) {
+
+		const { gl } = this;
+
+		const vaoGPU = gl.createVertexArray();
+
+		gl.bindVertexArray( vaoGPU );
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < attributes.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const attribute = attributes[ i ];
+			const attributeData = this.get( attribute );
+
+			gl.bindBuffer( gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, attributeData.bufferGPU );
+			gl.enableVertexAttribArray( i );
+
+			let stride, offset;
+
+			if ( attribute.isInterleavedBufferAttribute === true ) {
+
+				stride = attribute.data.stride * attributeData.bytesPerElement;
+				offset = attribute.offset * attributeData.bytesPerElement;
+
+			} else {
+
+				stride = 0;
+				offset = 0;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( attributeData.isInteger ) {
+
+				gl.vertexAttribIPointer( i, attribute.itemSize, attributeData.type, stride, offset );
+
+			} else {
+
+				gl.vertexAttribPointer( i, attribute.itemSize, attributeData.type, attribute.normalized, stride, offset );
+
+			}
+
+			if ( attribute.isInstancedBufferAttribute && ! attribute.isInterleavedBufferAttribute ) {
+
+				gl.vertexAttribDivisor( i, attribute.meshPerAttribute );
+
+			} else if ( attribute.isInterleavedBufferAttribute && attribute.data.isInstancedInterleavedBuffer ) {
+
+				gl.vertexAttribDivisor( i, attribute.data.meshPerAttribute );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		gl.bindBuffer( gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null );
+
+		return vaoGPU;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a transform feedback from the given transform buffers.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array<DualAttributeData>} transformBuffers - The transform buffers.
+	 * @return {WebGLTransformFeedback} The transform feedback.
+	 */
+	_getTransformFeedback( transformBuffers ) {
+
+		let key = '';
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < transformBuffers.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			key += ':' + transformBuffers[ i ].id;
+
+		}
+
+		let transformFeedbackGPU = this.transformFeedbackCache[ key ];
+
+		if ( transformFeedbackGPU !== undefined ) {
+
+			return transformFeedbackGPU;
+
+		}
+
+		const { gl } = this;
+
+		transformFeedbackGPU = gl.createTransformFeedback();
+
+		gl.bindTransformFeedback( gl.TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK, transformFeedbackGPU );
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < transformBuffers.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const attributeData = transformBuffers[ i ];
+
+			gl.bindBufferBase( gl.TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, i, attributeData.transformBuffer );
+
+		}
+
+		gl.bindTransformFeedback( gl.TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK, null );
+
+		this.transformFeedbackCache[ key ] = transformFeedbackGPU;
+
+		return transformFeedbackGPU;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Setups the given bindings.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - The bindings.
+	 * @param {WebGLProgram} programGPU - The WebGL program.
+	 */
+	_setupBindings( bindings, programGPU ) {
+
+		const gl = this.gl;
+
+		let uniformBuffers = 0;
+		let textures = 0;
+
+		for ( const bindGroup of bindings ) {
+
+			for ( const binding of bindGroup.bindings ) {
+
+				if ( binding.isUniformsGroup || binding.isUniformBuffer ) {
+
+					const index = uniformBuffers ++;
+					const location = gl.getUniformBlockIndex( programGPU, binding.name );
+					gl.uniformBlockBinding( programGPU, location, index );
+
+				} else if ( binding.isSampledTexture ) {
+
+					const index = textures ++;
+					const location = gl.getUniformLocation( programGPU, binding.name );
+					gl.uniform1i( location, index );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Binds the given uniforms.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - The bindings.
+	 */
+	_bindUniforms( bindings ) {
+
+		const { gl, state } = this;
+
+		let uniformBuffers = 0;
+		let textures = 0;
+
+		for ( const bindGroup of bindings ) {
+
+			for ( const binding of bindGroup.bindings ) {
+
+				const bindingData = this.get( binding );
+
+				if ( binding.isUniformsGroup || binding.isUniformBuffer ) {
+
+					const index = uniformBuffers ++;
+					// TODO USE bindBufferRange to group multiple uniform buffers
+					state.bindBufferBase( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, index, bindingData.bufferGPU );
+
+				} else if ( binding.isSampledTexture ) {
+
+					const index = textures ++;
+					state.bindTexture( bindingData.glTextureType, bindingData.textureGPU, gl.TEXTURE0 + index );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The method ensures multisampled render targets are resolved.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	_resolveRenderTarget( renderContext ) {
+
+		const { gl, state } = this;
+
+		const renderTarget = renderContext.renderTarget;
+
+		if ( renderContext.textures !== null && renderTarget ) {
+
+			const renderTargetContextData = this.get( renderTarget );
+
+			if ( renderTarget.samples > 0 && this._useMultisampledExtension( renderTarget ) === false ) {
+
+				const fb = renderTargetContextData.framebuffers[ renderContext.getCacheKey() ];
+
+				let mask = gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT;
+
+				if ( renderTarget.resolveDepthBuffer ) {
+
+					if ( renderTarget.depthBuffer ) mask |= gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
+					if ( renderTarget.stencilBuffer && renderTarget.resolveStencilBuffer ) mask |= gl.STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
+
+				}
+
+				const msaaFrameBuffer = renderTargetContextData.msaaFrameBuffer;
+				const msaaRenderbuffers = renderTargetContextData.msaaRenderbuffers;
+
+				const textures = renderContext.textures;
+				const isMRT = textures.length > 1;
+
+				state.bindFramebuffer( gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER, msaaFrameBuffer );
+				state.bindFramebuffer( gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, fb );
+
+				if ( isMRT ) {
+
+					// blitFramebuffer() can only copy/resolve the first color attachment of a framebuffer. When using MRT,
+					// the engine temporarily removes all attachments and then configures each attachment for the resolve.
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+						gl.framebufferRenderbuffer( gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i, gl.RENDERBUFFER, null );
+						gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i, gl.TEXTURE_2D, null, 0 );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+					if ( isMRT ) {
+
+						// configure attachment for resolve
+
+						const { textureGPU } = this.get( textures[ i ] );
+
+						gl.framebufferRenderbuffer( gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.RENDERBUFFER, msaaRenderbuffers[ i ] );
+						gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureGPU, 0 );
+
+					}
+
+					if ( renderContext.scissor ) {
+
+						const { x, y, width, height } = renderContext.scissorValue;
+
+						const viewY = renderContext.height - height - y;
+
+						gl.blitFramebuffer( x, viewY, x + width, viewY + height, x, viewY, x + width, viewY + height, mask, gl.NEAREST );
+
+					} else {
+
+						gl.blitFramebuffer( 0, 0, renderContext.width, renderContext.height, 0, 0, renderContext.width, renderContext.height, mask, gl.NEAREST );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				if ( isMRT ) {
+
+					// restore attachments
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+						const { textureGPU } = this.get( textures[ i ] );
+
+						gl.framebufferRenderbuffer( gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i, gl.RENDERBUFFER, msaaRenderbuffers[ i ] );
+						gl.framebufferTexture2D( gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i, gl.TEXTURE_2D, textureGPU, 0 );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				if ( this._supportsInvalidateFramebuffer === true ) {
+
+					gl.invalidateFramebuffer( gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER, renderTargetContextData.invalidationArray );
+
+				}
+
+			} else if ( renderTarget.resolveDepthBuffer === false && renderTargetContextData.framebuffers ) {
+
+				const fb = renderTargetContextData.framebuffers[ renderContext.getCacheKey() ];
+				state.bindFramebuffer( gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, fb );
+				gl.invalidateFramebuffer( gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, renderTargetContextData.depthInvalidationArray );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the `WEBGL_multisampled_render_to_texture` extension
+	 * should be used when MSAA is enabled.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderTarget} renderTarget - The render target that should be multisampled.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether to use the `WEBGL_multisampled_render_to_texture` extension for MSAA or not.
+	 */
+	_useMultisampledExtension( renderTarget ) {
+
+		if ( renderTarget.multiview === true ) {
+
+			return true;
+
+		}
+
+		return renderTarget.samples > 0 && this.extensions.has( 'WEBGL_multisampled_render_to_texture' ) === true && renderTarget._autoAllocateDepthBuffer !== false;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees internal resources.
+	 */
+	dispose() {
+
+		if ( this.textureUtils !== null ) this.textureUtils.dispose();
+
+		const extension = this.extensions.get( 'WEBGL_lose_context' );
+		if ( extension ) extension.loseContext();
+
+		this.renderer.domElement.removeEventListener( 'webglcontextlost', this._onContextLost );
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+export default WebGLBackend;