@gnsx/three 0.184.0

package/src/renderers/common/Renderer.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3654 @@
+import Animation from './Animation.js';
+import RenderObjects from './RenderObjects.js';
+import Attributes from './Attributes.js';
+import Geometries from './Geometries.js';
+import Info from './Info.js';
+import Pipelines from './Pipelines.js';
+import Bindings from './Bindings.js';
+import RenderLists from './RenderLists.js';
+import RenderContexts from './RenderContexts.js';
+import Textures from './Textures.js';
+import Background from './Background.js';
+import NodeManager from './nodes/NodeManager.js';
+import Color4 from './Color4.js';
+import ClippingContext from './ClippingContext.js';
+import QuadMesh from './QuadMesh.js';
+import RenderBundles from './RenderBundles.js';
+import NodeLibrary from './nodes/NodeLibrary.js';
+import Lighting from './Lighting.js';
+import XRManager from './XRManager.js';
+import InspectorBase from './InspectorBase.js';
+import CanvasTarget from './CanvasTarget.js';
+
+import NodeMaterial from '../../materials/nodes/NodeMaterial.js';
+
+import { Scene } from '../../scenes/Scene.js';
+import { ColorManagement } from '../../math/ColorManagement.js';
+import { Frustum } from '../../math/Frustum.js';
+import { FrustumArray } from '../../math/FrustumArray.js';
+import { Matrix4 } from '../../math/Matrix4.js';
+import { Vector2 } from '../../math/Vector2.js';
+import { Vector4 } from '../../math/Vector4.js';
+import { RenderTarget } from '../../core/RenderTarget.js';
+import { DoubleSide, BackSide, FrontSide, SRGBColorSpace, NoToneMapping, LinearFilter, HalfFloatType, RGBAFormat, PCFShadowMap, VSMShadowMap } from '../../constants.js';
+
+import { float, vec3, vec4, Fn } from '../../nodes/tsl/TSLCore.js';
+import { reference } from '../../nodes/accessors/ReferenceNode.js';
+import { highpModelNormalViewMatrix, highpModelViewMatrix } from '../../nodes/accessors/ModelNode.js';
+import { context } from '../../nodes/core/ContextNode.js';
+import { error, warn, warnOnce, yieldToMain } from '../../utils.js';
+
+const _scene = /*@__PURE__*/ new Scene();
+const _drawingBufferSize = /*@__PURE__*/ new Vector2();
+const _screen = /*@__PURE__*/ new Vector4();
+const _frustum = /*@__PURE__*/ new Frustum();
+const _frustumArray = /*@__PURE__*/ new FrustumArray();
+
+const _projScreenMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ new Matrix4();
+const _vector4 = /*@__PURE__*/ new Vector4();
+
+const _shadowSide = { [ FrontSide ]: BackSide, [ BackSide ]: FrontSide, [ DoubleSide ]: DoubleSide };
+
+/**
+ * Base class for renderers.
+ */
+class Renderer {
+
+	/**
+	 * Renderer options.
+	 *
+	 * @typedef {Object} Renderer~Options
+	 * @property {boolean} [logarithmicDepthBuffer=false] - Whether logarithmic depth buffer is enabled or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [reversedDepthBuffer=false] - Whether reversed depth buffer is enabled or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [alpha=true] - Whether the default framebuffer (which represents the final contents of the canvas) should be transparent or opaque.
+	 * @property {boolean} [depth=true] - Whether the default framebuffer should have a depth buffer or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [stencil=false] - Whether the default framebuffer should have a stencil buffer or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [antialias=false] - Whether MSAA as the default anti-aliasing should be enabled or not.
+	 * @property {number} [samples=0] - When `antialias` is `true`, `4` samples are used by default. This parameter can set to any other integer value than 0
+	 * to overwrite the default.
+	 * @property {?Function} [getFallback=null] - This callback function can be used to provide a fallback backend, if the primary backend can't be targeted.
+	 * @property {number} [outputBufferType=HalfFloatType] - Defines the type of output buffers. The default `HalfFloatType` is recommend for best
+	 * quality. To save memory and bandwidth, `UnsignedByteType` might be used. This will reduce rendering quality though.
+	 * @property {boolean} [multiview=false] - If set to `true`, the renderer will use multiview during WebXR rendering if supported.
+	 */
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs a new renderer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Backend} backend - The backend the renderer is targeting (e.g. WebGPU or WebGL 2).
+	 * @param {Renderer~Options} [parameters] - The configuration parameter.
+
+	 */
+	constructor( backend, parameters = {} ) {
+
+		/**
+		 * This flag can be used for type testing.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @readonly
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.isRenderer = true;
+
+		//
+
+		const {
+			logarithmicDepthBuffer = false,
+			reversedDepthBuffer = false,
+			alpha = true,
+			depth = true,
+			stencil = false,
+			antialias = false,
+			samples = 0,
+			getFallback = null,
+			outputBufferType = HalfFloatType,
+			multiview = false
+		} = parameters;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to the current backend.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Backend}
+		 */
+		this.backend = backend;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the renderer should automatically clear the current rendering target
+		 * before execute a `render()` call. The target can be the canvas (default framebuffer)
+		 * or the current bound render target (custom framebuffer).
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.autoClear = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * When `autoClear` is set to `true`, this property defines whether the renderer
+		 * should clear the color buffer.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.autoClearColor = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * When `autoClear` is set to `true`, this property defines whether the renderer
+		 * should clear the depth buffer.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.autoClearDepth = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * When `autoClear` is set to `true`, this property defines whether the renderer
+		 * should clear the stencil buffer.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.autoClearStencil = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the default framebuffer should be transparent or opaque.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.alpha = alpha;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether logarithmic depth buffer is enabled or not.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default false
+		 * @readonly
+		 */
+		this.logarithmicDepthBuffer = logarithmicDepthBuffer;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether reversed depth buffer is enabled or not.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default false
+		 * @readonly
+		 */
+		this.reversedDepthBuffer = reversedDepthBuffer;
+
+		/**
+		 * Defines the output color space of the renderer.
+		 *
+		 * @type {string}
+		 * @default SRGBColorSpace
+		 */
+		this.outputColorSpace = SRGBColorSpace;
+
+		/**
+		 * Defines the tone mapping of the renderer.
+		 *
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default NoToneMapping
+		 */
+		this.toneMapping = NoToneMapping;
+
+		/**
+		 * Defines the tone mapping exposure.
+		 *
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 1
+		 */
+		this.toneMappingExposure = 1.0;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the renderer should sort its render lists or not.
+		 *
+		 * Note: Sorting is used to attempt to properly render objects that have some degree of transparency.
+		 * By definition, sorting objects may not work in all cases. Depending on the needs of application,
+		 * it may be necessary to turn off sorting and use other methods to deal with transparency rendering
+		 * e.g. manually determining each object's rendering order.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.sortObjects = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the default framebuffer should have a depth buffer or not.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.depth = depth;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the default framebuffer should have a stencil buffer or not.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default false
+		 */
+		this.stencil = stencil;
+
+		/**
+		 * Holds a series of statistical information about the GPU memory
+		 * and the rendering process. Useful for debugging and monitoring.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Info}
+		 */
+		this.info = new Info();
+
+		/**
+		 * A global context node that stores override nodes for specific transformations or calculations.
+		 * These nodes can be used to replace default behavior in the rendering pipeline.
+		 *
+		 * @type {ContextNode}
+		 * @property {Object} value - The context value object.
+		 */
+		this.contextNode = context();
+
+		/**
+		 * The node library defines how certain library objects like materials, lights
+		 * or tone mapping functions are mapped to node types. This is required since
+		 * although instances of classes like `MeshBasicMaterial` or `PointLight` can
+		 * be part of the scene graph, they are internally represented as nodes for
+		 * further processing.
+		 *
+		 * @type {NodeLibrary}
+		 */
+		this.library = new NodeLibrary();
+
+		/**
+		 * A map-like data structure for managing lights.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Lighting}
+		 */
+		this.lighting = new Lighting();
+
+		// internals
+
+		/**
+		 * The number of MSAA samples.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 0
+		 */
+		this._samples = samples || ( antialias === true ) ? 4 : 0;
+
+		/**
+		 * OnCanvasTargetResize callback function.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {Function}
+		 */
+		this._onCanvasTargetResize = this._onCanvasTargetResize.bind( this );
+
+		/**
+		 * The canvas target for rendering.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {CanvasTarget}
+		 */
+		this._canvasTarget = new CanvasTarget( backend.getDomElement() );
+		this._canvasTarget.addEventListener( 'resize', this._onCanvasTargetResize );
+		this._canvasTarget.isDefaultCanvasTarget = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * The inspector provides information about the internal renderer state.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {InspectorBase}
+		 */
+		this._inspector = new InspectorBase();
+		this._inspector.setRenderer( this );
+
+		/**
+		 * This callback function can be used to provide a fallback backend, if the primary backend can't be targeted.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Function}
+		 */
+		this._getFallback = getFallback;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing shader attributes.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Attributes}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._attributes = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing geometries.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Geometries}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._geometries = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing node related logic.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?NodeManager}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._nodes = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing the internal animation loop.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Animation}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._animation = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing shader program bindings.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Bindings}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._bindings = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing render objects.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?RenderObjects}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._objects = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing render and compute pipelines.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Pipelines}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._pipelines = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing render bundles.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?RenderBundles}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._bundles = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing render lists.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?RenderLists}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._renderLists = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing render contexts.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?RenderContexts}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._renderContexts = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for managing textures.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Textures}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._textures = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a renderer module for backgrounds.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Background}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._background = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * Cache for the fullscreen quad.
+		 * This fullscreen quad is used for internal render passes
+		 * like the tone mapping and color space output pass.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {Map<Texture,QuadMesh>}
+		 */
+		this._quadCache = new Map();
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to the current render context.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?RenderContext}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._currentRenderContext = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A custom sort function for the opaque render list.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Function}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._opaqueSort = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A custom sort function for the transparent render list.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Function}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._transparentSort = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * Cache of framebuffer targets per canvas target.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {Map<CanvasTarget, RenderTarget>}
+		 */
+		this._frameBufferTargets = new Map();
+
+		const alphaClear = this.alpha === true ? 0 : 1;
+
+		/**
+		 * The clear color value.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {Color4}
+		 */
+		this._clearColor = new Color4( 0, 0, 0, alphaClear );
+
+		/**
+		 * The clear depth value.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 1
+		 */
+		this._clearDepth = 1;
+
+		/**
+		 * The clear stencil value.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 0
+		 */
+		this._clearStencil = 0;
+
+		/**
+		 * The current render target.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?RenderTarget}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._renderTarget = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * The active cube face.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 0
+		 */
+		this._activeCubeFace = 0;
+
+		/**
+		 * The active mipmap level.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 0
+		 */
+		this._activeMipmapLevel = 0;
+
+		/**
+		 * The current output render target.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?RenderTarget}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._outputRenderTarget = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * The MRT setting.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?MRTNode}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._mrt = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * This function defines how a render object is going
+		 * to be rendered.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Function}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._renderObjectFunction = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * Used to keep track of the current render object function.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Function}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._currentRenderObjectFunction = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * Used to keep track of the current render bundle.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?RenderBundle}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._currentRenderBundle = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * Next to `_renderObjectFunction()`, this function provides another hook
+		 * for influencing the render process of a render object. It is meant for internal
+		 * use and only relevant for `compileAsync()` right now. Instead of using
+		 * the default logic of `_renderObjectDirect()` which actually draws the render object,
+		 * a different function might be used which performs no draw but just the node
+		 * and pipeline updates.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {Function}
+		 */
+		this._handleObjectFunction = this._renderObjectDirect;
+
+		/**
+		 * Indicates whether the device has been lost or not. In WebGL terms, the device
+		 * lost is considered as a context lost. When this is set to `true`, rendering
+		 * isn't possible anymore.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default false
+		 */
+		this._isDeviceLost = false;
+
+		/**
+		 * A callback function that defines what should happen when a device/context lost occurs.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Function}
+		 */
+		this.onDeviceLost = this._onDeviceLost;
+
+		/**
+		 * Defines the type of output buffers. The default `HalfFloatType` is recommend for
+		 * best quality. To save memory and bandwidth, `UnsignedByteType` might be used.
+		 * This will reduce rendering quality though.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default HalfFloatType
+		 */
+		this._outputBufferType = outputBufferType;
+
+		/**
+		 * A cache for shadow nodes per material
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {WeakMap<Material, Object>}
+		 */
+		this._cacheShadowNodes = new WeakMap();
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the renderer has been initialized or not.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default false
+		 */
+		this._initialized = false;
+
+		/**
+		 * The call depth of the renderer. Counts the number of
+		 * nested render calls.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default - 1
+		 */
+		this._callDepth = - 1;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to the promise which initializes the renderer.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Promise<this>}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._initPromise = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * An array of compilation promises which are used in `compileAsync()`.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {?Array<Promise>}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this._compilationPromises = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the renderer should render transparent render objects or not.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.transparent = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * Whether the renderer should render opaque render objects or not.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.opaque = true;
+
+		/**
+		 * Shadow map configuration
+		 * @typedef {Object} ShadowMapConfig
+		 * @property {boolean} enabled - Whether to globally enable shadows or not.
+		 * @property {boolean} transmitted - Whether to enable light transmission through non-opaque materials.
+		 * @property {number} type - The shadow map type.
+		 */
+
+		/**
+		 * The renderer's shadow configuration.
+		 *
+		 * @type {ShadowMapConfig}
+		 */
+		this.shadowMap = {
+			enabled: false,
+			transmitted: false,
+			type: PCFShadowMap
+		};
+
+		/**
+		 * XR configuration.
+		 * @typedef {Object} XRConfig
+		 * @property {boolean} enabled - Whether to globally enable XR or not.
+		 */
+
+		/**
+		 * The renderer's XR manager.
+		 *
+		 * @type {XRManager}
+		 */
+		this.xr = new XRManager( this, multiview );
+
+		/**
+		 * Debug configuration.
+		 * @typedef {Object} DebugConfig
+		 * @property {boolean} checkShaderErrors - Whether shader errors should be checked or not.
+		 * @property {?Function} onShaderError - A callback function that is executed when a shader error happens. Only supported with WebGL 2 right now.
+		 * @property {Function} getShaderAsync - Allows the get the raw shader code for the given scene, camera and 3D object.
+		 */
+
+		/**
+		 * The renderer's debug configuration.
+		 *
+		 * @type {DebugConfig}
+		 */
+		this.debug = {
+			checkShaderErrors: true,
+			onShaderError: null,
+			getShaderAsync: async ( scene, camera, object ) => {
+
+				await this.compileAsync( scene, camera );
+
+				const renderList = this._renderLists.get( scene, camera );
+				const renderContext = this._renderContexts.get( this._renderTarget, this._mrt );
+
+				const material = scene.overrideMaterial || object.material;
+
+				const renderObject = this._objects.get( object, material, scene, camera, renderList.lightsNode, renderContext, renderContext.clippingContext );
+
+				const { fragmentShader, vertexShader } = renderObject.getNodeBuilderState();
+
+				return { fragmentShader, vertexShader };
+
+			}
+		};
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the renderer so it is ready for usage.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @return {Promise<this>} A Promise that resolves when the renderer has been initialized.
+	 */
+	async init() {
+
+		if ( this._initPromise !== null ) {
+
+			return this._initPromise;
+
+		}
+
+		this._initPromise = new Promise( async ( resolve, reject ) => {
+
+			let backend = this.backend;
+
+			try {
+
+				await backend.init( this );
+
+			} catch ( error ) {
+
+				if ( this._getFallback !== null ) {
+
+					// try the fallback
+
+					try {
+
+						this.backend = backend = this._getFallback( error );
+						await backend.init( this );
+
+					} catch ( error ) {
+
+						reject( error );
+						return;
+
+					}
+
+				} else {
+
+					reject( error );
+					return;
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			this._nodes = new NodeManager( this, backend );
+			this._animation = new Animation( this, this._nodes, this.info );
+			this._attributes = new Attributes( backend, this.info );
+			this._background = new Background( this, this._nodes );
+			this._geometries = new Geometries( this._attributes, this.info );
+			this._textures = new Textures( this, backend, this.info );
+			this._pipelines = new Pipelines( backend, this._nodes, this.info );
+			this._bindings = new Bindings( backend, this._nodes, this._textures, this._attributes, this._pipelines, this.info );
+			this._objects = new RenderObjects( this, this._nodes, this._geometries, this._pipelines, this._bindings, this.info );
+			this._renderLists = new RenderLists( this.lighting );
+			this._bundles = new RenderBundles();
+			this._renderContexts = new RenderContexts( this );
+
+			//
+
+			this._animation.start();
+			this._initialized = true;
+
+			//
+
+			this._inspector.init();
+
+			//
+
+			resolve( this );
+
+		} );
+
+		return this._initPromise;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A reference to the canvas element the renderer is drawing to.
+	 * This value of this property will automatically be created by
+	 * the renderer.
+	 *
+	 * @type {HTMLCanvasElement|OffscreenCanvas}
+	 */
+	get domElement() {
+
+		return this._canvasTarget.domElement;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The coordinate system of the renderer. The value of this property
+	 * depends on the selected backend. Either `THREE.WebGLCoordinateSystem` or
+	 * `THREE.WebGPUCoordinateSystem`.
+	 *
+	 * @readonly
+	 * @type {number}
+	 */
+	get coordinateSystem() {
+
+		return this.backend.coordinateSystem;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Compiles all materials in the given scene. This can be useful to avoid a
+	 * phenomenon which is called "shader compilation stutter", which occurs when
+	 * rendering an object with a new shader for the first time.
+	 *
+	 * If you want to add a 3D object to an existing scene, use the third optional
+	 * parameter for applying the target scene. Note that the (target) scene's lighting
+	 * and environment must be configured before calling this method.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {Object3D} scene - The scene or 3D object to precompile.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera that is used to render the scene.
+	 * @param {?Scene} targetScene - If the first argument is a 3D object, this parameter must represent the scene the 3D object is going to be added.
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the compile has been finished.
+	 */
+	async compileAsync( scene, camera, targetScene = null ) {
+
+		if ( this._isDeviceLost === true ) return;
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) await this.init();
+
+		// preserve render tree
+
+		const nodeFrame = this._nodes.nodeFrame;
+
+		const previousRenderId = nodeFrame.renderId;
+		const previousRenderContext = this._currentRenderContext;
+		const previousRenderObjectFunction = this._currentRenderObjectFunction;
+		const previousHandleObjectFunction = this._handleObjectFunction;
+		const previousCompilationPromises = this._compilationPromises;
+
+		//
+
+		if ( targetScene === null ) targetScene = scene;
+
+		// Use the actual scene for caching when compiling individual objects
+		// This ensures cache keys match between compileAsync and render
+		const sceneRef = ( scene.isScene === true ) ? scene : ( targetScene.isScene === true ) ? targetScene : _scene;
+
+		// Match render()'s logic: use frameBufferTarget when needsFrameBufferTarget is true
+		const useFrameBufferTarget = this.needsFrameBufferTarget && this._renderTarget === null;
+		const renderTarget = useFrameBufferTarget ? this._getFrameBufferTarget() : ( this._renderTarget || this._outputRenderTarget );
+		const renderContext = this._renderContexts.get( renderTarget, this._mrt );
+		const activeMipmapLevel = this._activeMipmapLevel;
+
+		const compilationPromises = [];
+
+		this._currentRenderContext = renderContext;
+		this._currentRenderObjectFunction = this.renderObject;
+
+		this._handleObjectFunction = this._createObjectPipeline;
+
+		this._compilationPromises = compilationPromises;
+
+		nodeFrame.renderId ++;
+
+		//
+
+		nodeFrame.update();
+
+		//
+
+		renderContext.depth = this.depth;
+		renderContext.stencil = this.stencil;
+
+		if ( ! renderContext.clippingContext ) renderContext.clippingContext = new ClippingContext();
+		renderContext.clippingContext.updateGlobal( sceneRef, camera );
+
+		//
+
+		sceneRef.onBeforeRender( this, scene, camera, renderTarget );
+
+		//
+
+		// Use sceneRef for render list to ensure lightsNode matches between compileAsync and render
+		const renderList = this._renderLists.get( sceneRef, camera );
+		renderList.begin();
+
+		this._projectObject( scene, camera, 0, renderList, renderContext.clippingContext );
+
+		// include lights from target scene
+		if ( targetScene !== scene ) {
+
+			targetScene.traverseVisible( function ( object ) {
+
+				if ( object.isLight && object.layers.test( camera.layers ) ) {
+
+					renderList.pushLight( object );
+
+				}
+
+			} );
+
+		}
+
+		renderList.finish();
+
+		//
+
+		if ( renderTarget !== null ) {
+
+			this._textures.updateRenderTarget( renderTarget, activeMipmapLevel );
+
+			const renderTargetData = this._textures.get( renderTarget );
+
+			renderContext.textures = renderTargetData.textures;
+			renderContext.depthTexture = renderTargetData.depthTexture;
+
+		} else {
+
+			renderContext.textures = null;
+			renderContext.depthTexture = null;
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		if ( targetScene !== scene ) {
+
+			this._background.update( targetScene, renderList, renderContext );
+
+		} else {
+
+			this._background.update( sceneRef, renderList, renderContext );
+
+		}
+
+		// process render lists - _createObjectPipeline will push async promises to _compilationPromises
+
+		const opaqueObjects = renderList.opaque;
+		const transparentObjects = renderList.transparent;
+		const transparentDoublePassObjects = renderList.transparentDoublePass;
+		const lightsNode = renderList.lightsNode;
+
+		if ( this.opaque === true && opaqueObjects.length > 0 ) this._renderObjects( opaqueObjects, camera, sceneRef, lightsNode );
+		if ( this.transparent === true && transparentObjects.length > 0 ) this._renderTransparents( transparentObjects, transparentDoublePassObjects, camera, sceneRef, lightsNode );
+
+		// restore render tree
+
+		nodeFrame.renderId = previousRenderId;
+
+		this._currentRenderContext = previousRenderContext;
+		this._currentRenderObjectFunction = previousRenderObjectFunction;
+		this._handleObjectFunction = previousHandleObjectFunction;
+		this._compilationPromises = previousCompilationPromises;
+
+		// Process compilation work items sequentially to avoid freezing
+		// Yields between objects to keep animation smooth
+
+		for ( const item of compilationPromises ) {
+
+			const renderObject = this._objects.get( item.object, item.material, item.scene, item.camera, item.lightsNode, item.renderContext, item.clippingContext, item.passId );
+			renderObject.drawRange = item.object.geometry.drawRange;
+			renderObject.group = item.group;
+
+			this._geometries.updateForRender( renderObject );
+
+			// Use async node building to yield to main thread
+			await this._nodes.getForRenderAsync( renderObject );
+
+			this._nodes.updateBefore( renderObject );
+			this._nodes.updateForRender( renderObject );
+			this._bindings.updateForRender( renderObject );
+
+			// Wait for pipeline creation
+			const pipelinePromises = [];
+			this._pipelines.getForRender( renderObject, pipelinePromises );
+			if ( pipelinePromises.length > 0 ) {
+
+				await Promise.all( pipelinePromises );
+
+			}
+
+			this._nodes.updateAfter( renderObject );
+
+			// Yield between objects to allow animation frames
+			await yieldToMain();
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Renders the scene in an async fashion.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @param {Object3D} scene - The scene or 3D object to render.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera.
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the render has been finished.
+	 */
+	async renderAsync( scene, camera ) {
+
+		warnOnce( 'Renderer: "renderAsync()" has been deprecated. Use "render()" and "await renderer.init();" when creating the renderer.' ); // @deprecated r181
+
+		await this.init();
+
+		this.render( scene, camera );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Can be used to synchronize CPU operations with GPU tasks. So when this method is called,
+	 * the CPU waits for the GPU to complete its operation (e.g. a compute task).
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when synchronization has been finished.
+	 */
+	async waitForGPU() {
+
+		error( 'Renderer: waitForGPU() has been removed. Read https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/issues/32012 for more information.' );
+
+	}
+
+	//
+
+	set inspector( value ) {
+
+		if ( this._inspector !== null ) {
+
+			this._inspector.setRenderer( null );
+
+		}
+
+		this._inspector = value;
+		this._inspector.setRenderer( this );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The inspector instance. The inspector can be any class that extends from `InspectorBase`.
+	 *
+	 * @type {InspectorBase}
+	 */
+	get inspector() {
+
+		return this._inspector;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Enables or disables high precision for model-view and normal-view matrices.
+	 * When enabled, will use CPU 64-bit precision for higher precision instead of GPU 32-bit for higher performance.
+	 *
+	 * NOTE: 64-bit precision is not compatible with `InstancedMesh` and `SkinnedMesh`.
+	 *
+	 * @param {boolean} value - Whether to enable or disable high precision.
+	 * @type {boolean}
+	 */
+	set highPrecision( value ) {
+
+		const contextNodeData = this.contextNode.value;
+
+		if ( value === true ) {
+
+			contextNodeData.modelViewMatrix = highpModelViewMatrix;
+			contextNodeData.modelNormalViewMatrix = highpModelNormalViewMatrix;
+
+		} else if ( this.highPrecision ) {
+
+			delete contextNodeData.modelViewMatrix;
+			delete contextNodeData.modelNormalViewMatrix;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether high precision is enabled or not.
+	 *
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether high precision is enabled or not.
+	 * @type {boolean}
+	 */
+	get highPrecision() {
+
+		const contextNodeData = this.contextNode.value;
+
+		return contextNodeData.modelViewMatrix === highpModelViewMatrix && contextNodeData.modelNormalViewMatrix === highpModelNormalViewMatrix;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the given MRT configuration.
+	 *
+	 * @param {MRTNode} mrt - The MRT node to set.
+	 * @return {Renderer} A reference to this renderer.
+	 */
+	setMRT( mrt ) {
+
+		this._mrt = mrt;
+
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the MRT configuration.
+	 *
+	 * @return {MRTNode} The MRT configuration.
+	 */
+	getMRT() {
+
+		return this._mrt;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the output buffer type.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The output buffer type.
+	 */
+	getOutputBufferType() {
+
+		return this._outputBufferType;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the output buffer type.
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated since r182. Use `.getOutputBufferType()` instead.
+	 * @return {number} The output buffer type.
+	 */
+	getColorBufferType() { // @deprecated, r182
+
+		warnOnce( 'Renderer: ".getColorBufferType()" has been renamed to ".getOutputBufferType()".' );
+
+		return this.getOutputBufferType();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Default implementation of the device lost callback.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} info - Information about the context lost.
+	 */
+	_onDeviceLost( info ) {
+
+		let errorMessage = `THREE.WebGPURenderer: ${info.api} Device Lost:\n\nMessage: ${info.message}`;
+
+		if ( info.reason ) {
+
+			errorMessage += `\nReason: ${info.reason}`;
+
+		}
+
+		error( errorMessage );
+
+		this._isDeviceLost = true;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Renders the given render bundle.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} bundle - Render bundle data.
+	 * @param {Scene} sceneRef - The scene the render bundle belongs to.
+	 * @param {LightsNode} lightsNode - The lights node.
+	 */
+	_renderBundle( bundle, sceneRef, lightsNode ) {
+
+		const { bundleGroup, camera, renderList } = bundle;
+
+		const renderContext = this._currentRenderContext;
+
+		//
+
+		const renderBundle = this._bundles.get( bundleGroup, camera, renderContext );
+		const renderBundleData = this.backend.get( renderBundle );
+
+		const needsUpdate = bundleGroup.version !== renderBundleData.version;
+		const renderBundleNeedsUpdate = needsUpdate || renderBundleData.bundleGPU === undefined;
+
+		if ( renderBundleNeedsUpdate ) {
+
+			this.backend.beginBundle( renderContext );
+
+			if ( renderBundleData.renderObjects === undefined || needsUpdate ) {
+
+				renderBundleData.renderObjects = [];
+
+			}
+
+			this._currentRenderBundle = renderBundle;
+
+			const {
+				transparentDoublePass: transparentDoublePassObjects,
+				transparent: transparentObjects,
+				opaque: opaqueObjects
+			} = renderList;
+
+			if ( this.opaque === true && opaqueObjects.length > 0 ) this._renderObjects( opaqueObjects, camera, sceneRef, lightsNode );
+			if ( this.transparent === true && transparentObjects.length > 0 ) this._renderTransparents( transparentObjects, transparentDoublePassObjects, camera, sceneRef, lightsNode );
+
+			this._currentRenderBundle = null;
+
+			//
+
+			this.backend.finishBundle( renderContext, renderBundle );
+
+			renderBundleData.version = bundleGroup.version;
+
+		} else {
+
+			const { renderObjects } = renderBundleData;
+
+			for ( let i = 0, l = renderObjects.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+				const renderObject = renderObjects[ i ];
+
+				if ( this._nodes.needsRefresh( renderObject ) ) {
+
+					this._nodes.updateBefore( renderObject );
+
+					this._nodes.updateForRender( renderObject );
+					this._bindings.updateForRender( renderObject );
+
+					this._nodes.updateAfter( renderObject );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		this.backend.addBundle( renderContext, renderBundle );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Renders the scene or 3D object with the given camera. This method can only be called
+	 * if the renderer has been initialized. When using `render()` inside an animation loop,
+	 * it's guaranteed the renderer will be initialized. The animation loop must be defined
+	 * with {@link Renderer#setAnimationLoop} though.
+	 *
+	 * For all other use cases (like when using on-demand rendering), you must call
+	 * {@link Renderer#init} before rendering.
+	 *
+	 * The target of the method is the default framebuffer (meaning the canvas)
+	 * or alternatively a render target when specified via `setRenderTarget()`.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Object3D} scene - The scene or 3D object to render.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera to render the scene with.
+	 */
+	render( scene, camera ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'Renderer: .render() called before the backend is initialized. Use "await renderer.init();" before rendering.' );
+
+		}
+
+		this._renderScene( scene, camera );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether the renderer has been initialized or not.
+	 *
+	 * @readonly
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the renderer has been initialized or not.
+	 */
+	get initialized() {
+
+		return this._initialized;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an internal render target which is used when computing the output tone mapping
+	 * and color space conversion. Unlike in `WebGLRenderer`, this is done in a separate render
+	 * pass and not inline to achieve more correct results.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @return {?RenderTarget} The render target. The method returns `null` if no output conversion should be applied.
+	 */
+	_getFrameBufferTarget() {
+
+		const { currentToneMapping, currentColorSpace } = this;
+
+		const useToneMapping = currentToneMapping !== NoToneMapping;
+		const useColorSpace = currentColorSpace !== ColorManagement.workingColorSpace;
+
+		if ( useToneMapping === false && useColorSpace === false ) return null;
+
+		const { width, height } = this.getDrawingBufferSize( _drawingBufferSize );
+		const { depth, stencil } = this;
+
+		// TODO: Unify CanvasTarget and OutputRenderTarget
+		const target = this._outputRenderTarget || this._canvasTarget;
+
+		let frameBufferTarget = this._frameBufferTargets.get( target );
+
+		if ( frameBufferTarget === undefined ) {
+
+			frameBufferTarget = new RenderTarget( width, height, {
+				depthBuffer: depth,
+				stencilBuffer: stencil,
+				type: this._outputBufferType,
+				format: RGBAFormat,
+				colorSpace: ColorManagement.workingColorSpace,
+				generateMipmaps: false,
+				minFilter: LinearFilter,
+				magFilter: LinearFilter,
+				samples: this.samples
+			} );
+
+			frameBufferTarget.isPostProcessingRenderTarget = true;
+
+			const dispose = () => {
+
+				target.removeEventListener( 'dispose', dispose );
+
+				frameBufferTarget.dispose();
+
+				this._frameBufferTargets.delete( target );
+
+			};
+
+			target.addEventListener( 'dispose', dispose );
+
+			this._frameBufferTargets.set( target, frameBufferTarget );
+
+		}
+
+		const outputRenderTarget = this.getOutputRenderTarget();
+
+		frameBufferTarget.depthBuffer = depth;
+		frameBufferTarget.stencilBuffer = stencil;
+
+		if ( outputRenderTarget !== null ) {
+
+			frameBufferTarget.setSize( outputRenderTarget.width, outputRenderTarget.height, outputRenderTarget.depth );
+
+		} else {
+
+			frameBufferTarget.setSize( width, height, 1 );
+
+		}
+
+		// RenderTarget || CanvasTarget
+
+		const viewport = this._outputRenderTarget ? this._outputRenderTarget.viewport : target._viewport;
+		const scissor = this._outputRenderTarget ? this._outputRenderTarget.scissor : target._scissor;
+		const pixelRatio = this._outputRenderTarget ? 1 : target._pixelRatio;
+		const scissorTest = this._outputRenderTarget ? this._outputRenderTarget.scissorTest : target._scissorTest;
+
+		frameBufferTarget.viewport.copy( viewport );
+		frameBufferTarget.scissor.copy( scissor );
+		frameBufferTarget.viewport.multiplyScalar( pixelRatio );
+		frameBufferTarget.scissor.multiplyScalar( pixelRatio );
+		frameBufferTarget.scissorTest = scissorTest;
+		frameBufferTarget.multiview = outputRenderTarget !== null ? outputRenderTarget.multiview : false;
+		frameBufferTarget.resolveDepthBuffer = outputRenderTarget !== null ? outputRenderTarget.resolveDepthBuffer : true;
+		frameBufferTarget._autoAllocateDepthBuffer = outputRenderTarget !== null ? outputRenderTarget._autoAllocateDepthBuffer : false;
+
+		return frameBufferTarget;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Renders the scene or 3D object with the given camera.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object3D} scene - The scene or 3D object to render.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera to render the scene with.
+	 * @param {boolean} [useFrameBufferTarget=true] - Whether to use a framebuffer target or not.
+	 * @return {RenderContext} The current render context.
+	 */
+	_renderScene( scene, camera, useFrameBufferTarget = true ) {
+
+		if ( this._isDeviceLost === true ) return;
+
+		//
+
+		const frameBufferTarget = useFrameBufferTarget ? this._getFrameBufferTarget() : null;
+
+		// preserve render tree
+
+		const nodeFrame = this._nodes.nodeFrame;
+
+		const previousRenderId = nodeFrame.renderId;
+		const previousRenderContext = this._currentRenderContext;
+		const previousRenderObjectFunction = this._currentRenderObjectFunction;
+		const previousHandleObjectFunction = this._handleObjectFunction;
+
+		//
+
+		this._callDepth ++;
+
+		const sceneRef = ( scene.isScene === true ) ? scene : _scene;
+
+		const outputRenderTarget = this._renderTarget || this._outputRenderTarget;
+
+		const activeCubeFace = this._activeCubeFace;
+		const activeMipmapLevel = this._activeMipmapLevel;
+
+		//
+
+		let renderTarget;
+
+		if ( frameBufferTarget !== null ) {
+
+			renderTarget = frameBufferTarget;
+
+			this.setRenderTarget( renderTarget );
+
+		} else {
+
+			renderTarget = outputRenderTarget;
+
+		}
+
+		// make sure a new render target has correct default depth values
+
+		if ( renderTarget !== null && renderTarget.depthBuffer === true ) {
+
+			const renderTargetData = this._textures.get( renderTarget );
+
+			if ( renderTargetData.depthInitialized !== true ) {
+
+				// we need a single manual clear if auto clear depth is disabled
+
+				if ( this.autoClear === false || ( this.autoClear === true && this.autoClearDepth === false ) ) {
+
+					this.clearDepth();
+
+				}
+
+				renderTargetData.depthInitialized = true;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		const renderContext = this._renderContexts.get( renderTarget, this._mrt, this._callDepth );
+
+		this._currentRenderContext = renderContext;
+		this._currentRenderObjectFunction = this._renderObjectFunction || this.renderObject;
+		this._handleObjectFunction = this._renderObjectDirect;
+
+		//
+
+		this.info.calls ++;
+		this.info.render.calls ++;
+		this.info.render.frameCalls ++;
+
+		nodeFrame.renderId = this.info.calls;
+
+		//
+
+		this.backend.updateTimeStampUID( renderContext );
+
+		this.inspector.beginRender( this.backend.getTimestampUID( renderContext ), scene, camera, renderTarget );
+
+		//
+
+
+		const xr = this.xr;
+
+		if ( xr.isPresenting === false ) {
+
+			let projectionMatrixNeedsUpdate = false;
+
+			// reversed depth
+
+			if ( this.reversedDepthBuffer === true && camera.reversedDepth !== true ) {
+
+				camera._reversedDepth = true;
+
+				if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+
+					for ( const subCamera of camera.cameras ) {
+
+						subCamera._reversedDepth = true;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				projectionMatrixNeedsUpdate = true;
+
+			}
+
+			// WebGPU/WebGL coordinate system
+
+			const coordinateSystem = this.coordinateSystem;
+
+			if ( camera.coordinateSystem !== coordinateSystem ) {
+
+				camera.coordinateSystem = coordinateSystem;
+
+				if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+
+					for ( const subCamera of camera.cameras ) {
+
+						subCamera.coordinateSystem = coordinateSystem;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				projectionMatrixNeedsUpdate = true;
+
+			}
+
+			// camera update
+
+			if ( projectionMatrixNeedsUpdate === true ) {
+
+				camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
+
+				if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+
+					for ( const subCamera of camera.cameras ) {
+
+						subCamera.updateProjectionMatrix();
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		if ( scene.matrixWorldAutoUpdate === true ) scene.updateMatrixWorld();
+
+		if ( camera.parent === null && camera.matrixWorldAutoUpdate === true ) camera.updateMatrixWorld();
+
+		if ( xr.enabled === true && xr.isPresenting === true ) {
+
+			if ( xr.cameraAutoUpdate === true ) xr.updateCamera( camera );
+			camera = xr.getCamera(); // use XR camera for rendering
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		const canvasTarget = this._canvasTarget;
+
+		let viewport = canvasTarget._viewport;
+		let scissor = canvasTarget._scissor;
+		let pixelRatio = canvasTarget._pixelRatio;
+
+		if ( renderTarget !== null ) {
+
+			viewport = renderTarget.viewport;
+			scissor = renderTarget.scissor;
+			pixelRatio = 1;
+
+		}
+
+		this.getDrawingBufferSize( _drawingBufferSize );
+
+		_screen.set( 0, 0, _drawingBufferSize.width, _drawingBufferSize.height );
+
+		const minDepth = ( viewport.minDepth === undefined ) ? 0 : viewport.minDepth;
+		const maxDepth = ( viewport.maxDepth === undefined ) ? 1 : viewport.maxDepth;
+
+		renderContext.viewportValue.copy( viewport ).multiplyScalar( pixelRatio ).floor();
+		renderContext.viewportValue.width >>= activeMipmapLevel;
+		renderContext.viewportValue.height >>= activeMipmapLevel;
+		renderContext.viewportValue.minDepth = minDepth;
+		renderContext.viewportValue.maxDepth = maxDepth;
+		renderContext.viewport = renderContext.viewportValue.equals( _screen ) === false;
+
+		renderContext.scissorValue.copy( scissor ).multiplyScalar( pixelRatio ).floor();
+		renderContext.scissor = canvasTarget._scissorTest && renderContext.scissorValue.equals( _screen ) === false;
+		renderContext.scissorValue.width >>= activeMipmapLevel;
+		renderContext.scissorValue.height >>= activeMipmapLevel;
+
+		if ( ! renderContext.clippingContext ) renderContext.clippingContext = new ClippingContext();
+		renderContext.clippingContext.updateGlobal( sceneRef, camera );
+
+		//
+
+		sceneRef.onBeforeRender( this, scene, camera, renderTarget );
+
+		//
+
+		const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
+
+		if ( ! camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+
+			_projScreenMatrix.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse );
+			frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix( _projScreenMatrix, camera.coordinateSystem, camera.reversedDepth );
+
+		}
+
+		const renderList = this._renderLists.get( scene, camera );
+		renderList.begin();
+
+		this._projectObject( scene, camera, 0, renderList, renderContext.clippingContext );
+
+		renderList.finish();
+
+		if ( this.sortObjects === true ) {
+
+			renderList.sort( this._opaqueSort, this._transparentSort );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		if ( renderTarget !== null ) {
+
+			this._textures.updateRenderTarget( renderTarget, activeMipmapLevel );
+
+			const renderTargetData = this._textures.get( renderTarget );
+
+			renderContext.textures = renderTargetData.textures;
+			renderContext.depthTexture = renderTargetData.depthTexture;
+			renderContext.width = renderTargetData.width;
+			renderContext.height = renderTargetData.height;
+			renderContext.renderTarget = renderTarget;
+			renderContext.depth = renderTarget.depthBuffer;
+			renderContext.stencil = renderTarget.stencilBuffer;
+
+		} else {
+
+			renderContext.textures = null;
+			renderContext.depthTexture = null;
+			renderContext.width = _drawingBufferSize.width;
+			renderContext.height = _drawingBufferSize.height;
+			renderContext.depth = this.depth;
+			renderContext.stencil = this.stencil;
+
+		}
+
+		renderContext.width >>= activeMipmapLevel;
+		renderContext.height >>= activeMipmapLevel;
+		renderContext.activeCubeFace = activeCubeFace;
+		renderContext.activeMipmapLevel = activeMipmapLevel;
+		renderContext.occlusionQueryCount = renderList.occlusionQueryCount;
+
+		//
+
+		renderContext.scissorValue.max( _vector4.set( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );
+
+		if ( renderContext.scissorValue.x + renderContext.scissorValue.width > renderContext.width ) {
+
+			renderContext.scissorValue.width = Math.max( renderContext.width - renderContext.scissorValue.x, 0 );
+
+		}
+
+		if ( renderContext.scissorValue.y + renderContext.scissorValue.height > renderContext.height ) {
+
+			renderContext.scissorValue.height = Math.max( renderContext.height - renderContext.scissorValue.y, 0 );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		this._background.update( sceneRef, renderList, renderContext );
+
+		//
+
+		renderContext.camera = camera;
+		this.backend.beginRender( renderContext );
+
+		// process render lists
+
+		const {
+			bundles,
+			lightsNode,
+			transparentDoublePass: transparentDoublePassObjects,
+			transparent: transparentObjects,
+			opaque: opaqueObjects
+		} = renderList;
+
+		if ( bundles.length > 0 ) this._renderBundles( bundles, sceneRef, lightsNode );
+		if ( this.opaque === true && opaqueObjects.length > 0 ) this._renderObjects( opaqueObjects, camera, sceneRef, lightsNode );
+		if ( this.transparent === true && transparentObjects.length > 0 ) this._renderTransparents( transparentObjects, transparentDoublePassObjects, camera, sceneRef, lightsNode );
+
+		// finish render pass
+
+		this.backend.finishRender( renderContext );
+
+		// restore render tree
+
+		nodeFrame.renderId = previousRenderId;
+
+		this._currentRenderContext = previousRenderContext;
+		this._currentRenderObjectFunction = previousRenderObjectFunction;
+		this._handleObjectFunction = previousHandleObjectFunction;
+
+		//
+
+		this._callDepth --;
+
+		if ( frameBufferTarget !== null ) {
+
+			this.setRenderTarget( outputRenderTarget, activeCubeFace, activeMipmapLevel );
+
+			this._renderOutput( renderTarget );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		sceneRef.onAfterRender( this, scene, camera, renderTarget );
+
+		//
+
+		this.inspector.finishRender( this.backend.getTimestampUID( renderContext ) );
+
+		//
+
+		return renderContext;
+
+	}
+
+	_setXRLayerSize( width, height ) {
+
+		// TODO: Find a better solution to resize the canvas when in XR.
+
+		this._canvasTarget._width = width;
+		this._canvasTarget._height = height;
+
+		this.setViewport( 0, 0, width, height );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The output pass performs tone mapping and color space conversion.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderTarget} renderTarget - The current render target.
+	 */
+	_renderOutput( renderTarget ) {
+
+		const cacheKey = this._nodes.getOutputCacheKey();
+
+		let quadData = this._quadCache.get( renderTarget.texture );
+		let quad;
+
+		if ( quadData === undefined ) {
+
+			quad = new QuadMesh( new NodeMaterial() );
+			quad.name = 'Output Color Transform';
+			quad.material.name = 'outputColorTransform';
+
+			quad.material.fragmentNode = this._nodes.getOutputNode( renderTarget.texture );
+
+			quadData = {
+				quad,
+				cacheKey
+			};
+
+			this._quadCache.set( renderTarget.texture, quadData );
+
+			// dispose logic
+
+			const dispose = () => {
+
+				quad.material.dispose();
+
+				this._quadCache.delete( renderTarget.texture );
+
+				renderTarget.texture.removeEventListener( 'dispose', dispose );
+
+			};
+
+			renderTarget.texture.addEventListener( 'dispose', dispose );
+
+		} else {
+
+			quad = quadData.quad;
+
+			if ( quadData.cacheKey !== cacheKey ) {
+
+				quad.material.fragmentNode = this._nodes.getOutputNode( renderTarget.texture );
+				quad.material.needsUpdate = true;
+
+				quadData.cacheKey = cacheKey;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		// a clear operation clears the intermediate renderTarget texture, but should not update the screen canvas.
+
+		const currentAutoClear = this.autoClear;
+		const currentXR = this.xr.enabled;
+
+		this.autoClear = false;
+		this.xr.enabled = false;
+
+		this._renderScene( quad, quad.camera, false );
+
+		this.autoClear = currentAutoClear;
+		this.xr.enabled = currentXR;
+
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the maximum available anisotropy for texture filtering.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The maximum available anisotropy.
+	 */
+	getMaxAnisotropy() {
+
+		return this.backend.capabilities.getMaxAnisotropy();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the active cube face.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The active cube face.
+	 */
+	getActiveCubeFace() {
+
+		return this._activeCubeFace;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the active mipmap level.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The active mipmap level.
+	 */
+	getActiveMipmapLevel() {
+
+		return this._activeMipmapLevel;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Applications are advised to always define the animation loop
+	 * with this method and not manually with `requestAnimationFrame()`
+	 * for best compatibility.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {?onAnimationCallback} callback - The application's animation loop.
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the set has been executed.
+	 */
+	async setAnimationLoop( callback ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) await this.init();
+
+		this._animation.setAnimationLoop( callback );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the current animation loop callback.
+	 *
+	 * @return {?Function} The current animation loop callback.
+	 */
+	getAnimationLoop() {
+
+		return this._animation.getAnimationLoop();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Can be used to transfer buffer data from a storage buffer attribute
+	 * from the GPU to the CPU in context of compute shaders.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The storage buffer attribute to read frm.
+	 * @param {ReadbackBuffer|ArrayBuffer} target - The storage buffer attribute.
+	 * @param {number} offset - The storage buffer attribute.
+	 * @param {number} count - The offset from which to start reading the
+	 * @return {Promise<ArrayBuffer|ReadbackBuffer>} A promise that resolves with the buffer data when the data are ready.
+	 */
+	async getArrayBufferAsync( attribute, target = null, offset = 0, count = - 1 ) {
+
+		// tally the memory for this readback buffer
+		if ( target !== null && target.isReadbackBuffer ) {
+
+			if ( this.info.memoryMap.has( target ) === false ) {
+
+				this.info.createReadbackBuffer( target );
+
+				const disposeInfo = () => {
+
+					target.removeEventListener( 'dispose', disposeInfo );
+
+					this.info.destroyReadbackBuffer( target );
+
+				};
+
+				target.addEventListener( 'dispose', disposeInfo );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		if ( offset % 4 !== 0 || ( count > 0 && count % 4 !== 0 ) ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'THREE.Renderer: "getArrayBufferAsync()" offset and count must be a multiple of 4.' );
+
+		}
+
+		return await this.backend.getArrayBufferAsync( attribute, target, offset, count );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the rendering context.
+	 *
+	 * @return {GPUCanvasContext|WebGL2RenderingContext} The rendering context.
+	 */
+	getContext() {
+
+		return this.backend.getContext();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the pixel ratio.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The pixel ratio.
+	 */
+	getPixelRatio() {
+
+		return this._canvasTarget.getPixelRatio();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the drawing buffer size in physical pixels. This method honors the pixel ratio.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Vector2} target - The method writes the result in this target object.
+	 * @return {Vector2} The drawing buffer size.
+	 */
+	getDrawingBufferSize( target ) {
+
+		return this._canvasTarget.getDrawingBufferSize( target );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the renderer's size in logical pixels. This method does not honor the pixel ratio.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Vector2} target - The method writes the result in this target object.
+	 * @return {Vector2} The renderer's size in logical pixels.
+	 */
+	getSize( target ) {
+
+		return this._canvasTarget.getSize( target );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the given pixel ratio and resizes the canvas if necessary.
+	 *
+	 * @param {number} [value=1] - The pixel ratio.
+	 */
+	setPixelRatio( value = 1 ) {
+
+		this._canvasTarget.setPixelRatio( value );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method allows to define the drawing buffer size by specifying
+	 * width, height and pixel ratio all at once. The size of the drawing
+	 * buffer is computed with this formula:
+	 * ```js
+	 * size.x = width * pixelRatio;
+	 * size.y = height * pixelRatio;
+	 * ```
+	 *
+	 * @param {number} width - The width in logical pixels.
+	 * @param {number} height - The height in logical pixels.
+	 * @param {number} pixelRatio - The pixel ratio.
+	 */
+	setDrawingBufferSize( width, height, pixelRatio ) {
+
+		// Renderer can't be resized while presenting in XR.
+		if ( this.xr && this.xr.isPresenting ) return;
+
+		this._canvasTarget.setDrawingBufferSize( width, height, pixelRatio );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the size of the renderer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {number} width - The width in logical pixels.
+	 * @param {number} height - The height in logical pixels.
+	 * @param {boolean} [updateStyle=true] - Whether to update the `style` attribute of the canvas or not.
+	 */
+	setSize( width, height, updateStyle = true ) {
+
+		// Renderer can't be resized while presenting in XR.
+		if ( this.xr && this.xr.isPresenting ) return;
+
+		this._canvasTarget.setSize( width, height, updateStyle );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines a manual sort function for the opaque render list.
+	 * Pass `null` to use the default sort.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Function} method - The sort function.
+	 */
+	setOpaqueSort( method ) {
+
+		this._opaqueSort = method;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines a manual sort function for the transparent render list.
+	 * Pass `null` to use the default sort.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Function} method - The sort function.
+	 */
+	setTransparentSort( method ) {
+
+		this._transparentSort = method;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the scissor rectangle.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Vector4} target - The method writes the result in this target object.
+	 * @return {Vector4} The scissor rectangle.
+	 */
+	getScissor( target ) {
+
+		return this._canvasTarget.getScissor( target );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines the scissor rectangle.
+	 *
+	 * @param {number | Vector4} x - The horizontal coordinate for the upper left corner of the box in logical pixel unit.
+	 * Instead of passing four arguments, the method also works with a single four-dimensional vector.
+	 * @param {number} y - The vertical coordinate for the upper left corner of the box in logical pixel unit.
+	 * @param {number} width - The width of the scissor box in logical pixel unit.
+	 * @param {number} height - The height of the scissor box in logical pixel unit.
+	 */
+	setScissor( x, y, width, height ) {
+
+		this._canvasTarget.setScissor( x, y, width, height );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the scissor test value.
+	 *
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the scissor test should be enabled or not.
+	 */
+	getScissorTest() {
+
+		return this._canvasTarget.getScissorTest();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines the scissor test.
+	 *
+	 * @param {boolean} boolean - Whether the scissor test should be enabled or not.
+	 */
+	setScissorTest( boolean ) {
+
+		this._canvasTarget.setScissorTest( boolean );
+
+		// TODO: Move it to CanvasTarget event listener.
+
+		this.backend.setScissorTest( boolean );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the viewport definition.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Vector4} target - The method writes the result in this target object.
+	 * @return {Vector4} The viewport definition.
+	 */
+	getViewport( target ) {
+
+		return this._canvasTarget.getViewport( target );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines the viewport.
+	 *
+	 * @param {number | Vector4} x - The horizontal coordinate for the upper left corner of the viewport origin in logical pixel unit.
+	 * @param {number} y - The vertical coordinate for the upper left corner of the viewport origin in logical pixel unit.
+	 * @param {number} width - The width of the viewport in logical pixel unit.
+	 * @param {number} height - The height of the viewport in logical pixel unit.
+	 * @param {number} minDepth - The minimum depth value of the viewport. WebGPU only.
+	 * @param {number} maxDepth - The maximum depth value of the viewport. WebGPU only.
+	 */
+	setViewport( x, y, width, height, minDepth = 0, maxDepth = 1 ) {
+
+		this._canvasTarget.setViewport( x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the clear color.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Color} target - The method writes the result in this target object.
+	 * @return {Color} The clear color.
+	 */
+	getClearColor( target ) {
+
+		return target.copy( this._clearColor );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines the clear color and optionally the clear alpha.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Color} color - The clear color.
+	 * @param {number} [alpha=1] - The clear alpha.
+	 */
+	setClearColor( color, alpha = 1 ) {
+
+		this._clearColor.set( color );
+		this._clearColor.a = alpha;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the clear alpha.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The clear alpha.
+	 */
+	getClearAlpha() {
+
+		return this._clearColor.a;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines the clear alpha.
+	 *
+	 * @param {number} alpha - The clear alpha.
+	 */
+	setClearAlpha( alpha ) {
+
+		this._clearColor.a = alpha;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the clear depth.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The clear depth.
+	 */
+	getClearDepth() {
+
+		return ( this.reversedDepthBuffer === true ) ? 1 - this._clearDepth : this._clearDepth;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines the clear depth.
+	 *
+	 * @param {number} depth - The clear depth.
+	 */
+	setClearDepth( depth ) {
+
+		this._clearDepth = depth;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the clear stencil.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The clear stencil.
+	 */
+	getClearStencil() {
+
+		return this._clearStencil;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines the clear stencil.
+	 *
+	 * @param {number} stencil - The clear stencil.
+	 */
+	setClearStencil( stencil ) {
+
+		this._clearStencil = stencil;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method performs an occlusion query for the given 3D object.
+	 * It returns `true` if the given 3D object is fully occluded by other
+	 * 3D objects in the scene.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object to test.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the 3D object is fully occluded or not.
+	 */
+	isOccluded( object ) {
+
+		const renderContext = this._currentRenderContext;
+
+		return renderContext && this.backend.isOccluded( renderContext, object );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Performs a manual clear operation. This method ignores `autoClear` properties.
+	 *
+	 * @param {boolean} [color=true] - Whether the color buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} [depth=true] - Whether the depth buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} [stencil=true] - Whether the stencil buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 */
+	clear( color = true, depth = true, stencil = true ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'Renderer: .clear() called before the backend is initialized. Use "await renderer.init();" before before using this method.' );
+
+		}
+
+		const renderTarget = this._renderTarget || this._getFrameBufferTarget();
+
+		let renderContext = null;
+
+		if ( renderTarget !== null ) {
+
+			this._textures.updateRenderTarget( renderTarget );
+
+			const renderTargetData = this._textures.get( renderTarget );
+
+			renderContext = this._renderContexts.get( renderTarget, null, - 1 ); // using - 1 for the call depth to get a render context for the clear operation
+			renderContext.textures = renderTargetData.textures;
+			renderContext.depthTexture = renderTargetData.depthTexture;
+			renderContext.width = renderTargetData.width;
+			renderContext.height = renderTargetData.height;
+			renderContext.renderTarget = renderTarget;
+			renderContext.depth = renderTarget.depthBuffer;
+			renderContext.stencil = renderTarget.stencilBuffer;
+			// #30329
+			const color = this.backend.getClearColor();
+			renderContext.clearColorValue.r = color.r;
+			renderContext.clearColorValue.g = color.g;
+			renderContext.clearColorValue.b = color.b;
+			renderContext.clearColorValue.a = color.a;
+			renderContext.clearDepthValue = this.getClearDepth();
+			renderContext.clearStencilValue = this.getClearStencil();
+			renderContext.activeCubeFace = this.getActiveCubeFace();
+			renderContext.activeMipmapLevel = this.getActiveMipmapLevel();
+
+			if ( renderTarget.depthBuffer === true ) renderTargetData.depthInitialized = true;
+
+		}
+
+		this.backend.clear( color, depth, stencil, renderContext );
+
+		if ( renderTarget !== null && this._renderTarget === null ) {
+
+			this._renderOutput( renderTarget );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Performs a manual clear operation of the color buffer. This method ignores `autoClear` properties.
+	 */
+	clearColor() {
+
+		this.clear( true, false, false );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Performs a manual clear operation of the depth buffer. This method ignores `autoClear` properties.
+	 */
+	clearDepth() {
+
+		this.clear( false, true, false );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Performs a manual clear operation of the stencil buffer. This method ignores `autoClear` properties.
+	 */
+	clearStencil() {
+
+		this.clear( false, false, true );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Async version of {@link Renderer#clear}.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @param {boolean} [color=true] - Whether the color buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} [depth=true] - Whether the depth buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} [stencil=true] - Whether the stencil buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the clear operation has been executed.
+	 */
+	async clearAsync( color = true, depth = true, stencil = true ) {
+
+		warnOnce( 'Renderer: "clearAsync()" has been deprecated. Use "clear()" and "await renderer.init();" when creating the renderer.' ); // @deprecated r181
+
+		await this.init();
+
+		this.clear( color, depth, stencil );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Async version of {@link Renderer#clearColor}.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the clear operation has been executed.
+	 */
+	async clearColorAsync() {
+
+		warnOnce( 'Renderer: "clearColorAsync()" has been deprecated. Use "clearColor()" and "await renderer.init();" when creating the renderer.' ); // @deprecated r181
+
+		this.clear( true, false, false );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Async version of {@link Renderer#clearDepth}.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the clear operation has been executed.
+	 */
+	async clearDepthAsync() {
+
+		warnOnce( 'Renderer: "clearDepthAsync()" has been deprecated. Use "clearDepth()" and "await renderer.init();" when creating the renderer.' ); // @deprecated r181
+
+		this.clear( false, true, false );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Async version of {@link Renderer#clearStencil}.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the clear operation has been executed.
+	 */
+	async clearStencilAsync() {
+
+		warnOnce( 'Renderer: "clearStencilAsync()" has been deprecated. Use "clearStencil()" and "await renderer.init();" when creating the renderer.' ); // @deprecated r181
+
+		this.clear( false, false, true );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if a framebuffer target is needed to perform tone mapping or color space conversion.
+	 * If this is the case, the renderer allocates an internal render target for that purpose.
+	 *
+	 */
+	get needsFrameBufferTarget() {
+
+		const useToneMapping = this.currentToneMapping !== NoToneMapping;
+		const useColorSpace = this.currentColorSpace !== ColorManagement.workingColorSpace;
+
+		return useToneMapping || useColorSpace;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The number of samples used for multi-sample anti-aliasing (MSAA).
+	 *
+	 * @type {number}
+	 * @default 0
+	 */
+	get samples() {
+
+		return this._samples;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The current number of samples used for multi-sample anti-aliasing (MSAA).
+	 *
+	 * When rendering to a custom render target, the number of samples of that render target is used.
+	 * If the renderer needs an internal framebuffer target for tone mapping or color space conversion,
+	 * the number of samples is set to 0.
+	 *
+	 * @type {number}
+	 */
+	get currentSamples() {
+
+		let samples = this._samples;
+
+		if ( this._renderTarget !== null ) {
+
+			samples = this._renderTarget.samples;
+
+		} else if ( this.needsFrameBufferTarget ) {
+
+			samples = 0;
+
+		}
+
+		return samples;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The current tone mapping of the renderer. When not producing screen output,
+	 * the tone mapping is always `NoToneMapping`.
+	 *
+	 * @type {number}
+	 */
+	get currentToneMapping() {
+
+		return this.isOutputTarget ? this.toneMapping : NoToneMapping;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The current color space of the renderer. When not producing screen output,
+	 * the color space is always the working color space.
+	 *
+	 * @type {string}
+	 */
+	get currentColorSpace() {
+
+		return this.isOutputTarget ? this.outputColorSpace : ColorManagement.workingColorSpace;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the rendering settings are set to screen output.
+	 *
+	 * @returns {boolean} True if the current render target is the same of output render target or `null`, otherwise false.
+	 */
+	get isOutputTarget() {
+
+		return this._renderTarget === this._outputRenderTarget || this._renderTarget === null;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees all internal resources of the renderer. Call this method if the renderer
+	 * is no longer in use by your app.
+	 */
+	dispose() {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === true ) {
+
+			this.info.dispose();
+			this.backend.dispose();
+
+			this._animation.dispose();
+			this._objects.dispose();
+			this._geometries.dispose();
+			this._pipelines.dispose();
+			this._nodes.dispose();
+			this._bindings.dispose();
+			this._renderLists.dispose();
+			this._renderContexts.dispose();
+			this._textures.dispose();
+
+			for ( const canvasTarget of this._frameBufferTargets.keys() ) {
+
+				canvasTarget.dispose();
+
+			}
+
+			Object.values( this.backend.timestampQueryPool ).forEach( queryPool => {
+
+				if ( queryPool !== null ) queryPool.dispose();
+
+			} );
+
+		}
+
+		this.setRenderTarget( null );
+		this.setAnimationLoop( null );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the given render target. Calling this method means the renderer does not
+	 * target the default framebuffer (meaning the canvas) anymore but a custom framebuffer.
+	 * Use `null` as the first argument to reset the state.
+	 *
+	 * @param {?RenderTarget} renderTarget - The render target to set.
+	 * @param {number} [activeCubeFace=0] - The active cube face.
+	 * @param {number} [activeMipmapLevel=0] - The active mipmap level.
+	 */
+	setRenderTarget( renderTarget, activeCubeFace = 0, activeMipmapLevel = 0 ) {
+
+		this._renderTarget = renderTarget;
+		this._activeCubeFace = activeCubeFace;
+		this._activeMipmapLevel = activeMipmapLevel;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the current render target.
+	 *
+	 * @return {?RenderTarget} The render target. Returns `null` if no render target is set.
+	 */
+	getRenderTarget() {
+
+		return this._renderTarget;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the output render target for the renderer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {?RenderTarget} renderTarget - The render target to set as the output target.
+	 */
+	setOutputRenderTarget( renderTarget ) {
+
+		this._outputRenderTarget = renderTarget;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the current output target.
+	 *
+	 * @return {?RenderTarget} The current output render target. Returns `null` if no output target is set.
+	 */
+	getOutputRenderTarget() {
+
+		return this._outputRenderTarget;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the canvas target. The canvas target manages the HTML canvas
+	 * or the offscreen canvas the renderer draws into.
+	 *
+	 * @param {CanvasTarget} canvasTarget - The canvas target.
+	 */
+	setCanvasTarget( canvasTarget ) {
+
+		this._canvasTarget.removeEventListener( 'resize', this._onCanvasTargetResize );
+
+		this._canvasTarget = canvasTarget;
+		this._canvasTarget.addEventListener( 'resize', this._onCanvasTargetResize );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the current canvas target.
+	 *
+	 * @return {CanvasTarget} The current canvas target.
+	 */
+	getCanvasTarget() {
+
+		return this._canvasTarget;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Resets the renderer to the initial state before WebXR started.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_resetXRState() {
+
+		this.backend.setXRTarget( null );
+		this.setOutputRenderTarget( null );
+		this.setRenderTarget( null );
+
+		for ( const canvasTarget of this._frameBufferTargets.keys() ) {
+
+			canvasTarget.dispose();
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback for {@link Renderer#setRenderObjectFunction}.
+	 *
+	 * @callback renderObjectFunction
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object.
+	 * @param {Scene} scene - The scene the 3D object belongs to.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera the object should be rendered with.
+	 * @param {BufferGeometry} geometry - The object's geometry.
+	 * @param {Material} material - The object's material.
+	 * @param {?Object} group - Only relevant for objects using multiple materials. This represents a group entry from the respective `BufferGeometry`.
+	 * @param {LightsNode} lightsNode - The current lights node.
+	 * @param {ClippingContext} clippingContext - The clipping context.
+	 * @param {?string} [passId=null] - An optional ID for identifying the pass.
+	 */
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the given render object function. Calling this method overwrites the default implementation
+	 * which is {@link Renderer#renderObject}. Defining a custom function can be useful
+	 * if you want to modify the way objects are rendered. For example you can define things like "every
+	 * object that has material of a certain type should perform a pre-pass with a special overwrite material".
+	 * The custom function must always call `renderObject()` in its implementation.
+	 *
+	 * Use `null` as the first argument to reset the state.
+	 *
+	 * @param {?renderObjectFunction} renderObjectFunction - The render object function.
+	 */
+	setRenderObjectFunction( renderObjectFunction ) {
+
+		this._renderObjectFunction = renderObjectFunction;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the current render object function.
+	 *
+	 * @return {?Function} The current render object function. Returns `null` if no function is set.
+	 */
+	getRenderObjectFunction() {
+
+		return this._renderObjectFunction;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute a single or an array of compute nodes. This method can only be called
+	 * if the renderer has been initialized.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node|Array<Node>} computeNodes - The compute node(s).
+	 * @param {number|Array<number>|IndirectStorageBufferAttribute} [dispatchSize=null]
+	 * - A single number representing count, or
+	 * - An array [x, y, z] representing dispatch size, or
+	 * - A IndirectStorageBufferAttribute for indirect dispatch size.
+	 * @return {Promise|undefined} A Promise that resolve when the compute has finished. Only returned when the renderer has not been initialized.
+	 */
+	compute( computeNodes, dispatchSize = null ) {
+
+		if ( this._isDeviceLost === true ) return;
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) {
+
+			warn( 'Renderer: .compute() called before the backend is initialized. Try using .computeAsync() instead.' );
+
+			return this.computeAsync( computeNodes, dispatchSize );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		const nodeFrame = this._nodes.nodeFrame;
+
+		const previousRenderId = nodeFrame.renderId;
+
+		//
+
+		this.info.calls ++;
+		this.info.compute.calls ++;
+		this.info.compute.frameCalls ++;
+
+		nodeFrame.renderId = this.info.calls;
+
+		//
+
+		this.backend.updateTimeStampUID( computeNodes );
+
+		this.inspector.beginCompute( this.backend.getTimestampUID( computeNodes ), computeNodes );
+
+		//
+
+		const backend = this.backend;
+		const pipelines = this._pipelines;
+		const bindings = this._bindings;
+		const nodes = this._nodes;
+
+		const computeList = Array.isArray( computeNodes ) ? computeNodes : [ computeNodes ];
+
+		if ( computeList[ 0 ] === undefined || computeList[ 0 ].isComputeNode !== true ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'THREE.Renderer: .compute() expects a ComputeNode.' );
+
+		}
+
+		backend.beginCompute( computeNodes );
+
+		for ( const computeNode of computeList ) {
+
+			// onInit
+
+			if ( pipelines.has( computeNode ) === false ) {
+
+				const dispose = () => {
+
+					computeNode.removeEventListener( 'dispose', dispose );
+
+					pipelines.delete( computeNode );
+					bindings.deleteForCompute( computeNode );
+					nodes.delete( computeNode );
+
+				};
+
+				computeNode.addEventListener( 'dispose', dispose );
+
+				//
+
+				const onInitFn = computeNode.onInitFunction;
+
+				if ( onInitFn !== null ) {
+
+					onInitFn.call( computeNode, { renderer: this } );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			nodes.updateForCompute( computeNode );
+			bindings.updateForCompute( computeNode );
+
+			const computeBindings = bindings.getForCompute( computeNode );
+			const computePipeline = pipelines.getForCompute( computeNode, computeBindings );
+
+			backend.compute( computeNodes, computeNode, computeBindings, computePipeline, dispatchSize );
+
+		}
+
+		backend.finishCompute( computeNodes );
+
+		//
+
+		nodeFrame.renderId = previousRenderId;
+
+		//
+
+		this.inspector.finishCompute( this.backend.getTimestampUID( computeNodes ) );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute a single or an array of compute nodes.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {Node|Array<Node>} computeNodes - The compute node(s).
+	 * @param {number|Array<number>|IndirectStorageBufferAttribute} [dispatchSize=null]
+	 * - A single number representing count, or
+	 * - An array [x, y, z] representing dispatch size, or
+	 * - A IndirectStorageBufferAttribute for indirect dispatch size.
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolve when the compute has finished.
+	 */
+	async computeAsync( computeNodes, dispatchSize = null ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) await this.init();
+
+		this.compute( computeNodes, dispatchSize );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given feature is supported by the selected backend.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @param {string} name - The feature's name.
+	 * @return {Promise<boolean>} A Promise that resolves with a bool that indicates whether the feature is supported or not.
+	 */
+	async hasFeatureAsync( name ) {
+
+		warnOnce( 'Renderer: "hasFeatureAsync()" has been deprecated. Use "hasFeature()" and "await renderer.init();" when creating the renderer.' ); // @deprecated r181
+
+		await this.init();
+
+		return this.hasFeature( name );
+
+	}
+
+	async resolveTimestampsAsync( type = 'render' ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) await this.init();
+
+		return this.backend.resolveTimestampsAsync( type );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given feature is supported by the selected backend. If the
+	 * renderer has not been initialized, this method always returns `false`.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The feature's name.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the feature is supported or not.
+	 */
+	hasFeature( name ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'Renderer: .hasFeature() called before the backend is initialized. Use "await renderer.init();" before before using this method.' );
+
+		}
+
+		return this.backend.hasFeature( name );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` when the renderer has been initialized.
+	 *
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the renderer has been initialized or not.
+	 */
+	hasInitialized() {
+
+		return this._initialized;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the given textures. Useful for preloading a texture rather than waiting until first render
+	 * (which can cause noticeable lags due to decode and GPU upload overhead).
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the texture has been initialized.
+	 */
+	async initTextureAsync( texture ) {
+
+		warnOnce( 'Renderer: "initTextureAsync()" has been deprecated. Use "initTexture()" and "await renderer.init();" when creating the renderer.' ); // @deprecated r181
+
+		await this.init();
+
+		this.initTexture( texture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the given texture. Useful for preloading a texture rather than waiting until first render
+	 * (which can cause noticeable lags due to decode and GPU upload overhead).
+	 *
+	 * This method can only be used if the renderer has been initialized.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 */
+	initTexture( texture ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'Renderer: .initTexture() called before the backend is initialized. Use "await renderer.init();" before before using this method.' );
+
+		}
+
+		this._textures.updateTexture( texture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the given render target.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderTarget} renderTarget - The render target to intialize.
+	 */
+	initRenderTarget( renderTarget ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'Renderer: .initRenderTarget() called before the backend is initialized. Use "await renderer.init();" before before using this method.' );
+
+		}
+
+		this._textures.updateRenderTarget( renderTarget );
+
+		const renderTargetData = this._textures.get( renderTarget );
+
+		const renderContext = this._renderContexts.get( renderTarget );
+
+		renderContext.textures = renderTargetData.textures;
+		renderContext.depthTexture = renderTargetData.depthTexture;
+		renderContext.width = renderTargetData.width;
+		renderContext.height = renderTargetData.height;
+		renderContext.renderTarget = renderTarget;
+		renderContext.depth = renderTarget.depthBuffer;
+		renderContext.stencil = renderTarget.stencilBuffer;
+
+		this.backend.initRenderTarget( renderContext );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copies the current bound framebuffer into the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {FramebufferTexture} framebufferTexture - The texture.
+	 * @param {?(Vector2|Vector4)} [rectangle=null] - A two or four dimensional vector that defines the rectangular portion of the framebuffer that should be copied.
+	 */
+	copyFramebufferToTexture( framebufferTexture, rectangle = null ) {
+
+		if ( rectangle !== null ) {
+
+			if ( rectangle.isVector2 ) {
+
+				rectangle = _vector4.set( rectangle.x, rectangle.y, framebufferTexture.image.width, framebufferTexture.image.height ).floor();
+
+			} else if ( rectangle.isVector4 ) {
+
+				rectangle = _vector4.copy( rectangle ).floor();
+
+			} else {
+
+				error( 'Renderer.copyFramebufferToTexture: Invalid rectangle.' );
+
+				return;
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			rectangle = _vector4.set( 0, 0, framebufferTexture.image.width, framebufferTexture.image.height );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		let renderContext = this._currentRenderContext;
+		let renderTarget;
+
+		if ( renderContext !== null ) {
+
+			renderTarget = renderContext.renderTarget;
+
+		} else {
+
+			renderTarget = this._renderTarget || this._getFrameBufferTarget();
+
+			if ( renderTarget !== null ) {
+
+				this._textures.updateRenderTarget( renderTarget );
+
+				renderContext = this._textures.get( renderTarget );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		this._textures.updateTexture( framebufferTexture, { renderTarget } );
+
+		this.backend.copyFramebufferToTexture( framebufferTexture, renderContext, rectangle );
+
+		this._inspector.copyFramebufferToTexture( framebufferTexture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copies data of the given source texture into a destination texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} srcTexture - The source texture.
+	 * @param {Texture} dstTexture - The destination texture.
+	 * @param {Box2|Box3} [srcRegion=null] - A bounding box which describes the source region. Can be two or three-dimensional.
+	 * @param {Vector2|Vector3} [dstPosition=null] - A vector that represents the origin of the destination region. Can be two or three-dimensional.
+	 * @param {number} [srcLevel=0] - The source mip level to copy from.
+	 * @param {number} [dstLevel=0] - The destination mip level to copy to.
+	 */
+	copyTextureToTexture( srcTexture, dstTexture, srcRegion = null, dstPosition = null, srcLevel = 0, dstLevel = 0 ) {
+
+		this._textures.updateTexture( srcTexture );
+		this._textures.updateTexture( dstTexture );
+
+		this.backend.copyTextureToTexture( srcTexture, dstTexture, srcRegion, dstPosition, srcLevel, dstLevel );
+
+		this._inspector.copyTextureToTexture( srcTexture, dstTexture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Reads pixel data from the given render target.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {RenderTarget} renderTarget - The render target to read from.
+	 * @param {number} x - The `x` coordinate of the copy region's origin.
+	 * @param {number} y - The `y` coordinate of the copy region's origin.
+	 * @param {number} width - The width of the copy region.
+	 * @param {number} height - The height of the copy region.
+	 * @param {number} [textureIndex=0] - The texture index of a MRT render target.
+	 * @param {number} [faceIndex=0] - The active cube face index.
+	 * @return {Promise<TypedArray>} A Promise that resolves when the read has been finished. The resolve provides the read data as a typed array.
+	 */
+	async readRenderTargetPixelsAsync( renderTarget, x, y, width, height, textureIndex = 0, faceIndex = 0 ) {
+
+		return this.backend.copyTextureToBuffer( renderTarget.textures[ textureIndex ], x, y, width, height, faceIndex );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Analyzes the given 3D object's hierarchy and builds render lists from the
+	 * processed hierarchy.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object to process (usually a scene).
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera the object is rendered with.
+	 * @param {number} groupOrder - The group order is derived from the `renderOrder` of groups and is used to group 3D objects within groups.
+	 * @param {RenderList} renderList - The current render list.
+	 * @param {ClippingContext} clippingContext - The current clipping context.
+	 */
+	_projectObject( object, camera, groupOrder, renderList, clippingContext ) {
+
+		if ( object.visible === false ) return;
+
+		const visible = object.layers.test( camera.layers );
+
+		if ( visible ) {
+
+			if ( object.isGroup ) {
+
+				groupOrder = object.renderOrder;
+
+				if ( object.isClippingGroup && object.enabled ) clippingContext = clippingContext.getGroupContext( object );
+
+			} else if ( object.isLOD ) {
+
+				if ( object.autoUpdate === true ) object.update( camera );
+
+			} else if ( object.isLight ) {
+
+				renderList.pushLight( object );
+
+			} else if ( object.isSprite ) {
+
+				const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
+
+				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsSprite( object, camera ) ) {
+
+					if ( this.sortObjects === true ) {
+
+						_vector4.setFromMatrixPosition( object.matrixWorld ).applyMatrix4( _projScreenMatrix );
+
+					}
+
+					const { geometry, material } = object;
+
+					if ( material.visible ) {
+
+						renderList.push( object, geometry, material, groupOrder, _vector4.z, null, clippingContext );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			} else if ( object.isLineLoop ) {
+
+				error( 'Renderer: Objects of type THREE.LineLoop are not supported. Please use THREE.Line or THREE.LineSegments.' );
+
+			} else if ( object.isMesh || object.isLine || object.isPoints ) {
+
+				const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
+
+				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsObject( object, camera ) ) {
+
+					const { geometry, material } = object;
+
+					if ( this.sortObjects === true ) {
+
+						if ( geometry.boundingSphere === null ) geometry.computeBoundingSphere();
+
+						_vector4
+							.copy( geometry.boundingSphere.center )
+							.applyMatrix4( object.matrixWorld )
+							.applyMatrix4( _projScreenMatrix );
+
+					}
+
+					if ( Array.isArray( material ) ) {
+
+						const groups = geometry.groups;
+
+						for ( let i = 0, l = groups.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+							const group = groups[ i ];
+							const groupMaterial = material[ group.materialIndex ];
+
+							if ( groupMaterial && groupMaterial.visible ) {
+
+								renderList.push( object, geometry, groupMaterial, groupOrder, _vector4.z, group, clippingContext );
+
+							}
+
+						}
+
+					} else if ( material.visible ) {
+
+						renderList.push( object, geometry, material, groupOrder, _vector4.z, null, clippingContext );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		if ( object.isBundleGroup === true && this.backend.beginBundle !== undefined ) {
+
+			const baseRenderList = renderList;
+
+			// replace render list
+			renderList = this._renderLists.get( object, camera );
+
+			renderList.begin();
+
+			baseRenderList.pushBundle( {
+				bundleGroup: object,
+				camera,
+				renderList,
+			} );
+
+			renderList.finish();
+
+		}
+
+		const children = object.children;
+
+		for ( let i = 0, l = children.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+			this._projectObject( children[ i ], camera, groupOrder, renderList, clippingContext );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Renders the given render bundles.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array<Object>} bundles - Array with render bundle data.
+	 * @param {Scene} sceneRef - The scene the render bundles belong to.
+	 * @param {LightsNode} lightsNode - The current lights node.
+	 */
+	_renderBundles( bundles, sceneRef, lightsNode ) {
+
+		for ( const bundle of bundles ) {
+
+			this._renderBundle( bundle, sceneRef, lightsNode );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Renders the transparent objects from the given render lists.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array<Object>} renderList - The transparent render list.
+	 * @param {Array<Object>} doublePassList - The list of transparent objects which require a double pass (e.g. because of transmission).
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera the render list should be rendered with.
+	 * @param {Scene} scene - The scene the render list belongs to.
+	 * @param {LightsNode} lightsNode - The current lights node.
+	 */
+	_renderTransparents( renderList, doublePassList, camera, scene, lightsNode ) {
+
+		if ( doublePassList.length > 0 ) {
+
+			// render back side
+
+			for ( const { material } of doublePassList ) {
+
+				material.side = BackSide;
+
+			}
+
+			this._renderObjects( doublePassList, camera, scene, lightsNode, 'backSide' );
+
+			// render front side
+
+			for ( const { material } of doublePassList ) {
+
+				material.side = FrontSide;
+
+			}
+
+			this._renderObjects( renderList, camera, scene, lightsNode );
+
+			// restore
+
+			for ( const { material } of doublePassList ) {
+
+				material.side = DoubleSide;
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			this._renderObjects( renderList, camera, scene, lightsNode );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Renders the objects from the given render list.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array<Object>} renderList - The render list.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera the render list should be rendered with.
+	 * @param {Scene} scene - The scene the render list belongs to.
+	 * @param {LightsNode} lightsNode - The current lights node.
+	 * @param {?string} [passId=null] - An optional ID for identifying the pass.
+	 */
+	_renderObjects( renderList, camera, scene, lightsNode, passId = null ) {
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = renderList.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			const { object, geometry, material, group, clippingContext } = renderList[ i ];
+
+			this._currentRenderObjectFunction( object, scene, camera, geometry, material, group, lightsNode, clippingContext, passId );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Retrieves shadow nodes for the given material. This is used to setup shadow passes.
+	 * The result is cached per material and updated when the material's version changes.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Material} material
+	 * @returns {Object} - The shadow nodes for the material.
+	 */
+	_getShadowNodes( material ) {
+
+		const version = material.version;
+
+		let cache = this._cacheShadowNodes.get( material );
+
+		if ( cache === undefined || cache.version !== version ) {
+
+			const hasMap = material.map !== null;
+			const hasColorNode = material.colorNode && material.colorNode.isNode;
+			const hasCastShadowNode = material.castShadowNode && material.castShadowNode.isNode;
+			const hasMaskNode = ( material.maskShadowNode && material.maskShadowNode.isNode ) || ( material.maskNode && material.maskNode.isNode );
+
+			let positionNode = null;
+			let colorNode = null;
+			let depthNode = null;
+
+			if ( hasMap || hasColorNode || hasCastShadowNode || hasMaskNode ) {
+
+				let shadowRGB;
+				let shadowAlpha;
+
+				if ( hasCastShadowNode ) {
+
+					shadowRGB = material.castShadowNode.rgb;
+					shadowAlpha = material.castShadowNode.a;
+
+					if ( this.shadowMap.transmitted !== true ) {
+
+						warnOnce( 'Renderer: `shadowMap.transmitted` needs to be set to `true` when using `material.castShadowNode`.' );
+
+					}
+
+				} else {
+
+					shadowRGB = vec3( 0 );
+					shadowAlpha = float( 1 );
+
+				}
+
+				if ( hasMap ) {
+
+					shadowAlpha = shadowAlpha.mul( reference( 'map', 'texture', material ).a );
+
+				}
+
+				if ( hasColorNode ) {
+
+					shadowAlpha = shadowAlpha.mul( material.colorNode.a );
+
+				}
+
+				colorNode = vec4( shadowRGB, shadowAlpha );
+
+				if ( hasMaskNode ) {
+
+					const maskNode = material.maskShadowNode || material.maskNode;
+
+					colorNode = Fn( ( [ color ] ) => {
+
+						maskNode.not().discard();
+
+						return color;
+
+					} )( colorNode );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			if ( material.depthNode && material.depthNode.isNode ) {
+
+				depthNode = material.depthNode;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( material.castShadowPositionNode && material.castShadowPositionNode.isNode ) {
+
+				positionNode = material.castShadowPositionNode;
+
+			} else if ( material.positionNode && material.positionNode.isNode ) {
+
+				positionNode = material.positionNode;
+
+			}
+
+			cache = {
+				version,
+				colorNode,
+				depthNode,
+				positionNode
+			};
+
+			this._cacheShadowNodes.set( material, cache );
+
+		}
+
+		return cache;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method represents the default render object function that manages the render lifecycle
+	 * of the object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object.
+	 * @param {Scene} scene - The scene the 3D object belongs to.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera the object should be rendered with.
+	 * @param {BufferGeometry} geometry - The object's geometry.
+	 * @param {Material} material - The object's material.
+	 * @param {?Object} group - Only relevant for objects using multiple materials. This represents a group entry from the respective `BufferGeometry`.
+	 * @param {LightsNode} lightsNode - The current lights node.
+	 * @param {?ClippingContext} clippingContext - The clipping context.
+	 * @param {?string} [passId=null] - An optional ID for identifying the pass.
+	 */
+	renderObject( object, scene, camera, geometry, material, group, lightsNode, clippingContext = null, passId = null ) {
+
+		let materialOverride = false;
+		let materialColorNode;
+		let materialDepthNode;
+		let materialPositionNode;
+		let materialSide;
+
+		//
+
+		object.onBeforeRender( this, scene, camera, geometry, material, group );
+
+		//
+
+		if ( material.allowOverride === true && scene.overrideMaterial !== null ) {
+
+			const overrideMaterial = scene.overrideMaterial;
+
+			materialOverride = true;
+
+			// store original nodes
+			materialColorNode = ( overrideMaterial.isNodeMaterial ) ? overrideMaterial.colorNode : null;
+			materialDepthNode = ( overrideMaterial.isNodeMaterial ) ? overrideMaterial.depthNode : null;
+			materialPositionNode = ( overrideMaterial.isNodeMaterial ) ? overrideMaterial.positionNode : null;
+			materialSide = scene.overrideMaterial.side;
+
+			if ( material.positionNode && material.positionNode.isNode ) {
+
+				overrideMaterial.positionNode = material.positionNode;
+
+			}
+
+			overrideMaterial.alphaTest = material.alphaTest;
+			overrideMaterial.alphaMap = material.alphaMap;
+			overrideMaterial.transparent = material.transparent || material.transmission > 0 ||
+				( material.transmissionNode && material.transmissionNode.isNode ) ||
+				( material.backdropNode && material.backdropNode.isNode );
+
+			if ( overrideMaterial.isShadowPassMaterial ) {
+
+				const { colorNode, depthNode, positionNode } = this._getShadowNodes( material );
+
+				if ( this.shadowMap.type === VSMShadowMap ) {
+
+					overrideMaterial.side = ( material.shadowSide !== null ) ? material.shadowSide : material.side;
+
+				} else {
+
+					overrideMaterial.side = ( material.shadowSide !== null ) ? material.shadowSide : _shadowSide[ material.side ];
+
+				}
+
+				if ( colorNode !== null ) overrideMaterial.colorNode = colorNode;
+				if ( depthNode !== null ) overrideMaterial.depthNode = depthNode;
+				if ( positionNode !== null ) overrideMaterial.positionNode = positionNode;
+
+			}
+
+			material = overrideMaterial;
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		if ( material.transparent === true && material.side === DoubleSide && material.forceSinglePass === false ) {
+
+			material.side = BackSide;
+			this._handleObjectFunction( object, material, scene, camera, lightsNode, group, clippingContext, 'backSide' ); // create backSide pass id
+
+			material.side = FrontSide;
+			this._handleObjectFunction( object, material, scene, camera, lightsNode, group, clippingContext, passId ); // use default pass id
+
+			material.side = DoubleSide;
+
+		} else {
+
+			this._handleObjectFunction( object, material, scene, camera, lightsNode, group, clippingContext, passId );
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		if ( materialOverride ) {
+
+			scene.overrideMaterial.colorNode = materialColorNode;
+			scene.overrideMaterial.depthNode = materialDepthNode;
+			scene.overrideMaterial.positionNode = materialPositionNode;
+			scene.overrideMaterial.side = materialSide;
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		object.onAfterRender( this, scene, camera, geometry, material, group );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given compatibility is supported by the selected backend.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The compatibility's name.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the compatibility is supported or not.
+	 */
+	hasCompatibility( name ) {
+
+		if ( this._initialized === false ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'Renderer: .hasCompatibility() called before the backend is initialized. Use "await renderer.init();" before using this method.' );
+
+		}
+
+		return this.backend.hasCompatibility( name );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method represents the default `_handleObjectFunction` implementation which creates
+	 * a render object from the given data and performs the draw command with the selected backend.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object.
+	 * @param {Material} material - The object's material.
+	 * @param {Scene} scene - The scene the 3D object belongs to.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera the object should be rendered with.
+	 * @param {LightsNode} lightsNode - The current lights node.
+	 * @param {?{start: number, count: number}} group - Only relevant for objects using multiple materials. This represents a group entry from the respective `BufferGeometry`.
+	 * @param {ClippingContext} clippingContext - The clipping context.
+	 * @param {string} [passId] - An optional ID for identifying the pass.
+	 */
+	_renderObjectDirect( object, material, scene, camera, lightsNode, group, clippingContext, passId ) {
+
+		const renderObject = this._objects.get( object, material, scene, camera, lightsNode, this._currentRenderContext, clippingContext, passId );
+		renderObject.drawRange = object.geometry.drawRange;
+		renderObject.group = group;
+
+		if ( this._currentRenderBundle !== null ) {
+
+			const renderBundleData = this.backend.get( this._currentRenderBundle );
+
+			renderBundleData.renderObjects.push( renderObject );
+
+			renderObject.bundle = this._currentRenderBundle.bundleGroup;
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		const needsRefresh = this._nodes.needsRefresh( renderObject );
+
+		if ( needsRefresh ) {
+
+			this._nodes.updateBefore( renderObject );
+
+			this._geometries.updateForRender( renderObject );
+
+			this._nodes.updateForRender( renderObject );
+			this._bindings.updateForRender( renderObject );
+
+		}
+
+		this._pipelines.updateForRender( renderObject );
+
+		//
+
+		if ( this._pipelines.isReady( renderObject ) ) {
+
+			this.backend.draw( renderObject, this.info );
+
+			if ( needsRefresh ) this._nodes.updateAfter( renderObject );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A different implementation for `_handleObjectFunction` which only makes sure the object is ready for rendering.
+	 * Used in `compileAsync()`.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object.
+	 * @param {Material} material - The object's material.
+	 * @param {Scene} scene - The scene the 3D object belongs to.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera the object should be rendered with.
+	 * @param {LightsNode} lightsNode - The current lights node.
+	 * @param {?{start: number, count: number}} group - Only relevant for objects using multiple materials. This represents a group entry from the respective `BufferGeometry`.
+	 * @param {ClippingContext} clippingContext - The clipping context.
+	 * @param {string} [passId] - An optional ID for identifying the pass.
+	 */
+	_createObjectPipeline( object, material, scene, camera, lightsNode, group, clippingContext, passId ) {
+
+		// If in async compilation mode, queue the work for sequential execution
+		if ( this._compilationPromises !== null ) {
+
+			// Store work items instead of promises - will be processed sequentially
+			this._compilationPromises.push( {
+				object,
+				material,
+				scene,
+				camera,
+				lightsNode,
+				group,
+				clippingContext,
+				passId,
+				renderContext: this._currentRenderContext
+			} );
+
+			return;
+
+		}
+
+		// Sync path
+		const renderObject = this._objects.get( object, material, scene, camera, lightsNode, this._currentRenderContext, clippingContext, passId );
+		renderObject.drawRange = object.geometry.drawRange;
+		renderObject.group = group;
+
+		//
+
+		this._nodes.updateBefore( renderObject );
+
+		this._geometries.updateForRender( renderObject );
+
+		this._nodes.updateForRender( renderObject );
+		this._bindings.updateForRender( renderObject );
+
+		this._pipelines.getForRender( renderObject, this._compilationPromises );
+
+		this._nodes.updateAfter( renderObject );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback when the canvas has been resized.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_onCanvasTargetResize() {
+
+		if ( this._initialized ) this.backend.updateSize();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Alias for `compileAsync()`.
+	 *
+	 * @method
+	 * @param {Object3D} scene - The scene or 3D object to precompile.
+	 * @param {Camera} camera - The camera that is used to render the scene.
+	 * @param {Scene} targetScene - If the first argument is a 3D object, this parameter must represent the scene the 3D object is going to be added.
+	 * @return {function(Object3D, Camera, ?Scene): Promise|undefined} A Promise that resolves when the compile has been finished.
+	 */
+	get compile() {
+
+		return this.compileAsync;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * Animation loop parameter of `renderer.setAnimationLoop()`.
+ *
+ * @callback onAnimationCallback
+ * @param {DOMHighResTimeStamp} time - A timestamp indicating the end time of the previous frame's rendering.
+ * @param {XRFrame} [frame] - A reference to the current XR frame. Only relevant when using XR rendering.
+ */
+
+export default Renderer;