@needle-tools/three 0.145.0

package/examples/jsm/loaders/MMDLoader.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2242 @@
+import {
+	AddOperation,
+	AnimationClip,
+	Bone,
+	BufferGeometry,
+	Color,
+	CustomBlending,
+	TangentSpaceNormalMap,
+	DoubleSide,
+	DstAlphaFactor,
+	Euler,
+	FileLoader,
+	Float32BufferAttribute,
+	FrontSide,
+	Interpolant,
+	Loader,
+	LoaderUtils,
+	UniformsUtils,
+	ShaderMaterial,
+	MultiplyOperation,
+	NearestFilter,
+	NumberKeyframeTrack,
+	OneMinusSrcAlphaFactor,
+	Quaternion,
+	QuaternionKeyframeTrack,
+	RepeatWrapping,
+	Skeleton,
+	SkinnedMesh,
+	SrcAlphaFactor,
+	TextureLoader,
+	Uint16BufferAttribute,
+	Vector3,
+	VectorKeyframeTrack,
+	RGB_S3TC_DXT1_Format,
+	RGB_PVRTC_4BPPV1_Format,
+	RGB_PVRTC_2BPPV1_Format,
+	RGB_ETC1_Format,
+	RGB_ETC2_Format
+} from 'three';
+import { MMDToonShader } from '../shaders/MMDToonShader.js';
+import { TGALoader } from '../loaders/TGALoader.js';
+import { MMDParser } from '../libs/mmdparser.module.js';
+
+/**
+ * Dependencies
+ *  - mmd-parser https://github.com/takahirox/mmd-parser
+ *  - TGALoader
+ *  - OutlineEffect
+ *
+ * MMDLoader creates Three.js Objects from MMD resources as
+ * PMD, PMX, VMD, and VPD files.
+ *
+ * PMD/PMX is a model data format, VMD is a motion data format
+ * VPD is a posing data format used in MMD(Miku Miku Dance).
+ *
+ * MMD official site
+ *  - https://sites.google.com/view/evpvp/
+ *
+ * PMD, VMD format (in Japanese)
+ *  - http://blog.goo.ne.jp/torisu_tetosuki/e/209ad341d3ece2b1b4df24abf619d6e4
+ *
+ * PMX format
+ *  - https://gist.github.com/felixjones/f8a06bd48f9da9a4539f
+ *
+ * TODO
+ *  - light motion in vmd support.
+ *  - SDEF support.
+ *  - uv/material/bone morphing support.
+ *  - more precise grant skinning support.
+ *  - shadow support.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @param {THREE.LoadingManager} manager
+ */
+class MMDLoader extends Loader {
+
+	constructor( manager ) {
+
+		super( manager );
+
+		this.loader = new FileLoader( this.manager );
+
+		this.parser = null; // lazy generation
+		this.meshBuilder = new MeshBuilder( this.manager );
+		this.animationBuilder = new AnimationBuilder();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {string} animationPath
+	 * @return {MMDLoader}
+	 */
+	setAnimationPath( animationPath ) {
+
+		this.animationPath = animationPath;
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	// Load MMD assets as Three.js Object
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads Model file (.pmd or .pmx) as a SkinnedMesh.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} url - url to Model(.pmd or .pmx) file
+	 * @param {function} onLoad
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 */
+	load( url, onLoad, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		const builder = this.meshBuilder.setCrossOrigin( this.crossOrigin );
+
+		// resource path
+
+		let resourcePath;
+
+		if ( this.resourcePath !== '' ) {
+
+			resourcePath = this.resourcePath;
+
+		} else if ( this.path !== '' ) {
+
+			resourcePath = this.path;
+
+		} else {
+
+			resourcePath = LoaderUtils.extractUrlBase( url );
+
+		}
+
+		const modelExtension = this._extractExtension( url ).toLowerCase();
+
+		// Should I detect by seeing header?
+		if ( modelExtension !== 'pmd' && modelExtension !== 'pmx' ) {
+
+			if ( onError ) onError( new Error( 'THREE.MMDLoader: Unknown model file extension .' + modelExtension + '.' ) );
+
+			return;
+
+		}
+
+		this[ modelExtension === 'pmd' ? 'loadPMD' : 'loadPMX' ]( url, function ( data ) {
+
+			onLoad(	builder.build( data, resourcePath, onProgress, onError )	);
+
+		}, onProgress, onError );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads Motion file(s) (.vmd) as a AnimationClip.
+	 * If two or more files are specified, they'll be merged.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string|Array<string>} url - url(s) to animation(.vmd) file(s)
+	 * @param {SkinnedMesh|THREE.Camera} object - tracks will be fitting to this object
+	 * @param {function} onLoad
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 */
+	loadAnimation( url, object, onLoad, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		const builder = this.animationBuilder;
+
+		this.loadVMD( url, function ( vmd ) {
+
+			onLoad( object.isCamera
+				? builder.buildCameraAnimation( vmd )
+				: builder.build( vmd, object ) );
+
+		}, onProgress, onError );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads mode file and motion file(s) as an object containing
+	 * a SkinnedMesh and a AnimationClip.
+	 * Tracks of AnimationClip are fitting to the model.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} modelUrl - url to Model(.pmd or .pmx) file
+	 * @param {string|Array{string}} vmdUrl - url(s) to animation(.vmd) file
+	 * @param {function} onLoad
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 */
+	loadWithAnimation( modelUrl, vmdUrl, onLoad, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		const scope = this;
+
+		this.load( modelUrl, function ( mesh ) {
+
+			scope.loadAnimation( vmdUrl, mesh, function ( animation ) {
+
+				onLoad( {
+					mesh: mesh,
+					animation: animation
+				} );
+
+			}, onProgress, onError );
+
+		}, onProgress, onError );
+
+	}
+
+	// Load MMD assets as Object data parsed by MMDParser
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads .pmd file as an Object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} url - url to .pmd file
+	 * @param {function} onLoad
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 */
+	loadPMD( url, onLoad, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		const parser = this._getParser();
+
+		this.loader
+			.setMimeType( undefined )
+			.setPath( this.path )
+			.setResponseType( 'arraybuffer' )
+			.setRequestHeader( this.requestHeader )
+			.setWithCredentials( this.withCredentials )
+			.load( url, function ( buffer ) {
+
+				onLoad( parser.parsePmd( buffer, true ) );
+
+			}, onProgress, onError );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads .pmx file as an Object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} url - url to .pmx file
+	 * @param {function} onLoad
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 */
+	loadPMX( url, onLoad, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		const parser = this._getParser();
+
+		this.loader
+			.setMimeType( undefined )
+			.setPath( this.path )
+			.setResponseType( 'arraybuffer' )
+			.setRequestHeader( this.requestHeader )
+			.setWithCredentials( this.withCredentials )
+			.load( url, function ( buffer ) {
+
+				onLoad( parser.parsePmx( buffer, true ) );
+
+			}, onProgress, onError );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads .vmd file as an Object. If two or more files are specified
+	 * they'll be merged.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string|Array<string>} url - url(s) to .vmd file(s)
+	 * @param {function} onLoad
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 */
+	loadVMD( url, onLoad, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		const urls = Array.isArray( url ) ? url : [ url ];
+
+		const vmds = [];
+		const vmdNum = urls.length;
+
+		const parser = this._getParser();
+
+		this.loader
+			.setMimeType( undefined )
+			.setPath( this.animationPath )
+			.setResponseType( 'arraybuffer' )
+			.setRequestHeader( this.requestHeader )
+			.setWithCredentials( this.withCredentials );
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = urls.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			this.loader.load( urls[ i ], function ( buffer ) {
+
+				vmds.push( parser.parseVmd( buffer, true ) );
+
+				if ( vmds.length === vmdNum ) onLoad( parser.mergeVmds( vmds ) );
+
+			}, onProgress, onError );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads .vpd file as an Object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} url - url to .vpd file
+	 * @param {boolean} isUnicode
+	 * @param {function} onLoad
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 */
+	loadVPD( url, isUnicode, onLoad, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		const parser = this._getParser();
+
+		this.loader
+			.setMimeType( isUnicode ? undefined : 'text/plain; charset=shift_jis' )
+			.setPath( this.animationPath )
+			.setResponseType( 'text' )
+			.setRequestHeader( this.requestHeader )
+			.setWithCredentials( this.withCredentials )
+			.load( url, function ( text ) {
+
+				onLoad( parser.parseVpd( text, true ) );
+
+			}, onProgress, onError );
+
+	}
+
+	// private methods
+
+	_extractExtension( url ) {
+
+		const index = url.lastIndexOf( '.' );
+		return index < 0 ? '' : url.slice( index + 1 );
+
+	}
+
+	_getParser() {
+
+		if ( this.parser === null ) {
+
+			if ( typeof MMDParser === 'undefined' ) {
+
+				throw new Error( 'THREE.MMDLoader: Import MMDParser https://github.com/takahirox/mmd-parser' );
+
+			}
+
+			this.parser = new MMDParser.Parser(); // eslint-disable-line no-undef
+
+		}
+
+		return this.parser;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+// Utilities
+
+/*
+	 * base64 encoded defalut toon textures toon00.bmp - toon10.bmp.
+	 * We don't need to request external toon image files.
+	 */
+const DEFAULT_TOON_TEXTURES = [
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAL0lEQVRYR+3QQREAAAzCsOFfNJPBJ1XQS9r2hsUAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgsBZ4MUx/ofm2I/kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAN0lEQVRYR+3WQREAMBACsZ5/bWiiMvgEBTt5cW37hjsBBAgQIECAwFwgyfYPCCBAgAABAgTWAh8aBHZBl14e8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAOUlEQVRYR+3WMREAMAwDsYY/yoDI7MLwIiP40+RJklfcCCBAgAABAgTqArfb/QMCCBAgQIAAgbbAB3z/e0F3js2cAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAN0lEQVRYR+3WQREAMBACsZ5/B5ilMvgEBTt5cW37hjsBBAgQIECAwFwgyfYPCCBAgAABAgTWAh81dWyx0gFwKAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAOklEQVRYR+3WoREAMAwDsWb/UQtCy9wxTOQJ/oQ8SXKKGwEECBAgQIBAXeDt7f4BAQQIECBAgEBb4AOz8Hzx7WLY4wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAABPUlEQVRYR+1XwW7CMAy1+f9fZOMysSEOEweEOPRNdm3HbdOyIhAcklPrOs/PLy9RygBALxzcCDQFmgJNgaZAU6Ap0BR4PwX8gsRMVLssMRH5HcpzJEaWL7EVg9F1IHRlyqQohgVr4FGUlUcMJSjcUlDw0zvjeun70cLWmneoyf7NgBTQSniBTQQSuJAZsOnnaczjIMb5hCiuHKxokCrJfVnrctyZL0PkJAJe1HMil4nxeyi3Ypfn1kX51jpPvo/JeCNC4PhVdHdJw2XjBR8brF8PEIhNVn12AgP7uHsTBguBn53MUZCqv7Lp07Pn5k1Ro+uWmUNn7D+M57rtk7aG0Vo73xyF/fbFf0bPJjDXngnGocDTdFhygZjwUQrMNrDcmZlQT50VJ/g/UwNyHpu778+yW+/ksOz/BFo54P4AsUXMfRq7XWsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=',
+	'data:image/png;base64,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',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAL0lEQVRYR+3QQREAAAzCsOFfNJPBJ1XQS9r2hsUAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgsBZ4MUx/ofm2I/kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAL0lEQVRYR+3QQREAAAzCsOFfNJPBJ1XQS9r2hsUAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgsBZ4MUx/ofm2I/kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAL0lEQVRYR+3QQREAAAzCsOFfNJPBJ1XQS9r2hsUAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgsBZ4MUx/ofm2I/kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=',
+	'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAAL0lEQVRYR+3QQREAAAzCsOFfNJPBJ1XQS9r2hsUAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgsBZ4MUx/ofm2I/kAAAAASUVORK5CYII='
+];
+
+const NON_ALPHA_CHANNEL_FORMATS = [
+	RGB_S3TC_DXT1_Format,
+	RGB_PVRTC_4BPPV1_Format,
+	RGB_PVRTC_2BPPV1_Format,
+	RGB_ETC1_Format,
+	RGB_ETC2_Format
+];
+
+// Builders. They build Three.js object from Object data parsed by MMDParser.
+
+/**
+ * @param {THREE.LoadingManager} manager
+ */
+class MeshBuilder {
+
+	constructor( manager ) {
+
+		this.crossOrigin = 'anonymous';
+		this.geometryBuilder = new GeometryBuilder();
+		this.materialBuilder = new MaterialBuilder( manager );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {string} crossOrigin
+	 * @return {MeshBuilder}
+	 */
+	setCrossOrigin( crossOrigin ) {
+
+		this.crossOrigin = crossOrigin;
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {Object} data - parsed PMD/PMX data
+	 * @param {string} resourcePath
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 * @return {SkinnedMesh}
+	 */
+	build( data, resourcePath, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		const geometry = this.geometryBuilder.build( data );
+		const material = this.materialBuilder
+			.setCrossOrigin( this.crossOrigin )
+			.setResourcePath( resourcePath )
+			.build( data, geometry, onProgress, onError );
+
+		const mesh = new SkinnedMesh( geometry, material );
+
+		const skeleton = new Skeleton( initBones( mesh ) );
+		mesh.bind( skeleton );
+
+		// console.log( mesh ); // for console debug
+
+		return mesh;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+// TODO: Try to remove this function
+
+function initBones( mesh ) {
+
+	const geometry = mesh.geometry;
+
+	const bones = [];
+
+	if ( geometry && geometry.bones !== undefined ) {
+
+		// first, create array of 'Bone' objects from geometry data
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = geometry.bones.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			const gbone = geometry.bones[ i ];
+
+			// create new 'Bone' object
+
+			const bone = new Bone();
+			bones.push( bone );
+
+			// apply values
+
+			bone.name = gbone.name;
+			bone.position.fromArray( gbone.pos );
+			bone.quaternion.fromArray( gbone.rotq );
+			if ( gbone.scl !== undefined ) bone.scale.fromArray( gbone.scl );
+
+		}
+
+		// second, create bone hierarchy
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = geometry.bones.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			const gbone = geometry.bones[ i ];
+
+			if ( ( gbone.parent !== - 1 ) && ( gbone.parent !== null ) && ( bones[ gbone.parent ] !== undefined ) ) {
+
+				// subsequent bones in the hierarchy
+
+				bones[ gbone.parent ].add( bones[ i ] );
+
+			} else {
+
+				// topmost bone, immediate child of the skinned mesh
+
+				mesh.add( bones[ i ] );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	// now the bones are part of the scene graph and children of the skinned mesh.
+	// let's update the corresponding matrices
+
+	mesh.updateMatrixWorld( true );
+
+	return bones;
+
+}
+
+//
+
+class GeometryBuilder {
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {Object} data - parsed PMD/PMX data
+	 * @return {BufferGeometry}
+	 */
+	build( data ) {
+
+		// for geometry
+		const positions = [];
+		const uvs = [];
+		const normals = [];
+
+		const indices = [];
+
+		const groups = [];
+
+		const bones = [];
+		const skinIndices = [];
+		const skinWeights = [];
+
+		const morphTargets = [];
+		const morphPositions = [];
+
+		const iks = [];
+		const grants = [];
+
+		const rigidBodies = [];
+		const constraints = [];
+
+		// for work
+		let offset = 0;
+		const boneTypeTable = {};
+
+		// positions, normals, uvs, skinIndices, skinWeights
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.vertexCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const v = data.vertices[ i ];
+
+			for ( let j = 0, jl = v.position.length; j < jl; j ++ ) {
+
+				positions.push( v.position[ j ] );
+
+			}
+
+			for ( let j = 0, jl = v.normal.length; j < jl; j ++ ) {
+
+				normals.push( v.normal[ j ] );
+
+			}
+
+			for ( let j = 0, jl = v.uv.length; j < jl; j ++ ) {
+
+				uvs.push( v.uv[ j ] );
+
+			}
+
+			for ( let j = 0; j < 4; j ++ ) {
+
+				skinIndices.push( v.skinIndices.length - 1 >= j ? v.skinIndices[ j ] : 0.0 );
+
+			}
+
+			for ( let j = 0; j < 4; j ++ ) {
+
+				skinWeights.push( v.skinWeights.length - 1 >= j ? v.skinWeights[ j ] : 0.0 );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		// indices
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.faceCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const face = data.faces[ i ];
+
+			for ( let j = 0, jl = face.indices.length; j < jl; j ++ ) {
+
+				indices.push( face.indices[ j ] );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		// groups
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.materialCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const material = data.materials[ i ];
+
+			groups.push( {
+				offset: offset * 3,
+				count: material.faceCount * 3
+			} );
+
+			offset += material.faceCount;
+
+		}
+
+		// bones
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.rigidBodyCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const body = data.rigidBodies[ i ];
+			let value = boneTypeTable[ body.boneIndex ];
+
+			// keeps greater number if already value is set without any special reasons
+			value = value === undefined ? body.type : Math.max( body.type, value );
+
+			boneTypeTable[ body.boneIndex ] = value;
+
+		}
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.boneCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const boneData = data.bones[ i ];
+
+			const bone = {
+				index: i,
+				transformationClass: boneData.transformationClass,
+				parent: boneData.parentIndex,
+				name: boneData.name,
+				pos: boneData.position.slice( 0, 3 ),
+				rotq: [ 0, 0, 0, 1 ],
+				scl: [ 1, 1, 1 ],
+				rigidBodyType: boneTypeTable[ i ] !== undefined ? boneTypeTable[ i ] : - 1
+			};
+
+			if ( bone.parent !== - 1 ) {
+
+				bone.pos[ 0 ] -= data.bones[ bone.parent ].position[ 0 ];
+				bone.pos[ 1 ] -= data.bones[ bone.parent ].position[ 1 ];
+				bone.pos[ 2 ] -= data.bones[ bone.parent ].position[ 2 ];
+
+			}
+
+			bones.push( bone );
+
+		}
+
+		// iks
+
+		// TODO: remove duplicated codes between PMD and PMX
+		if ( data.metadata.format === 'pmd' ) {
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.ikCount; i ++ ) {
+
+				const ik = data.iks[ i ];
+
+				const param = {
+					target: ik.target,
+					effector: ik.effector,
+					iteration: ik.iteration,
+					maxAngle: ik.maxAngle * 4,
+					links: []
+				};
+
+				for ( let j = 0, jl = ik.links.length; j < jl; j ++ ) {
+
+					const link = {};
+					link.index = ik.links[ j ].index;
+					link.enabled = true;
+
+					if ( data.bones[ link.index ].name.indexOf( 'ひざ' ) >= 0 ) {
+
+						link.limitation = new Vector3( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
+
+					}
+
+					param.links.push( link );
+
+				}
+
+				iks.push( param );
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.boneCount; i ++ ) {
+
+				const ik = data.bones[ i ].ik;
+
+				if ( ik === undefined ) continue;
+
+				const param = {
+					target: i,
+					effector: ik.effector,
+					iteration: ik.iteration,
+					maxAngle: ik.maxAngle,
+					links: []
+				};
+
+				for ( let j = 0, jl = ik.links.length; j < jl; j ++ ) {
+
+					const link = {};
+					link.index = ik.links[ j ].index;
+					link.enabled = true;
+
+					if ( ik.links[ j ].angleLimitation === 1 ) {
+
+						// Revert if rotationMin/Max doesn't work well
+						// link.limitation = new Vector3( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
+
+						const rotationMin = ik.links[ j ].lowerLimitationAngle;
+						const rotationMax = ik.links[ j ].upperLimitationAngle;
+
+						// Convert Left to Right coordinate by myself because
+						// MMDParser doesn't convert. It's a MMDParser's bug
+
+						const tmp1 = - rotationMax[ 0 ];
+						const tmp2 = - rotationMax[ 1 ];
+						rotationMax[ 0 ] = - rotationMin[ 0 ];
+						rotationMax[ 1 ] = - rotationMin[ 1 ];
+						rotationMin[ 0 ] = tmp1;
+						rotationMin[ 1 ] = tmp2;
+
+						link.rotationMin = new Vector3().fromArray( rotationMin );
+						link.rotationMax = new Vector3().fromArray( rotationMax );
+
+					}
+
+					param.links.push( link );
+
+				}
+
+				iks.push( param );
+
+				// Save the reference even from bone data for efficiently
+				// simulating PMX animation system
+				bones[ i ].ik = param;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		// grants
+
+		if ( data.metadata.format === 'pmx' ) {
+
+			// bone index -> grant entry map
+			const grantEntryMap = {};
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.boneCount; i ++ ) {
+
+				const boneData = data.bones[ i ];
+				const grant = boneData.grant;
+
+				if ( grant === undefined ) continue;
+
+				const param = {
+					index: i,
+					parentIndex: grant.parentIndex,
+					ratio: grant.ratio,
+					isLocal: grant.isLocal,
+					affectRotation: grant.affectRotation,
+					affectPosition: grant.affectPosition,
+					transformationClass: boneData.transformationClass
+				};
+
+				grantEntryMap[ i ] = { parent: null, children: [], param: param, visited: false };
+
+			}
+
+			const rootEntry = { parent: null, children: [], param: null, visited: false };
+
+			// Build a tree representing grant hierarchy
+
+			for ( const boneIndex in grantEntryMap ) {
+
+				const grantEntry = grantEntryMap[ boneIndex ];
+				const parentGrantEntry = grantEntryMap[ grantEntry.parentIndex ] || rootEntry;
+
+				grantEntry.parent = parentGrantEntry;
+				parentGrantEntry.children.push( grantEntry );
+
+			}
+
+			// Sort grant parameters from parents to children because
+			// grant uses parent's transform that parent's grant is already applied
+			// so grant should be applied in order from parents to children
+
+			function traverse( entry ) {
+
+				if ( entry.param ) {
+
+					grants.push( entry.param );
+
+					// Save the reference even from bone data for efficiently
+					// simulating PMX animation system
+					bones[ entry.param.index ].grant = entry.param;
+
+				}
+
+				entry.visited = true;
+
+				for ( let i = 0, il = entry.children.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+					const child = entry.children[ i ];
+
+					// Cut off a loop if exists. (Is a grant loop invalid?)
+					if ( ! child.visited ) traverse( child );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			traverse( rootEntry );
+
+		}
+
+		// morph
+
+		function updateAttributes( attribute, morph, ratio ) {
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < morph.elementCount; i ++ ) {
+
+				const element = morph.elements[ i ];
+
+				let index;
+
+				if ( data.metadata.format === 'pmd' ) {
+
+					index = data.morphs[ 0 ].elements[ element.index ].index;
+
+				} else {
+
+					index = element.index;
+
+				}
+
+				attribute.array[ index * 3 + 0 ] += element.position[ 0 ] * ratio;
+				attribute.array[ index * 3 + 1 ] += element.position[ 1 ] * ratio;
+				attribute.array[ index * 3 + 2 ] += element.position[ 2 ] * ratio;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.morphCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const morph = data.morphs[ i ];
+			const params = { name: morph.name };
+
+			const attribute = new Float32BufferAttribute( data.metadata.vertexCount * 3, 3 );
+			attribute.name = morph.name;
+
+			for ( let j = 0; j < data.metadata.vertexCount * 3; j ++ ) {
+
+				attribute.array[ j ] = positions[ j ];
+
+			}
+
+			if ( data.metadata.format === 'pmd' ) {
+
+				if ( i !== 0 ) {
+
+					updateAttributes( attribute, morph, 1.0 );
+
+				}
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( morph.type === 0 ) { // group
+
+					for ( let j = 0; j < morph.elementCount; j ++ ) {
+
+						const morph2 = data.morphs[ morph.elements[ j ].index ];
+						const ratio = morph.elements[ j ].ratio;
+
+						if ( morph2.type === 1 ) {
+
+							updateAttributes( attribute, morph2, ratio );
+
+						} else {
+
+							// TODO: implement
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 1 ) { // vertex
+
+					updateAttributes( attribute, morph, 1.0 );
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 2 ) { // bone
+
+					// TODO: implement
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 3 ) { // uv
+
+					// TODO: implement
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 4 ) { // additional uv1
+
+					// TODO: implement
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 5 ) { // additional uv2
+
+					// TODO: implement
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 6 ) { // additional uv3
+
+					// TODO: implement
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 7 ) { // additional uv4
+
+					// TODO: implement
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 8 ) { // material
+
+					// TODO: implement
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			morphTargets.push( params );
+			morphPositions.push( attribute );
+
+		}
+
+		// rigid bodies from rigidBodies field.
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.rigidBodyCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const rigidBody = data.rigidBodies[ i ];
+			const params = {};
+
+			for ( const key in rigidBody ) {
+
+				params[ key ] = rigidBody[ key ];
+
+			}
+
+			/*
+				 * RigidBody position parameter in PMX seems global position
+				 * while the one in PMD seems offset from corresponding bone.
+				 * So unify being offset.
+				 */
+			if ( data.metadata.format === 'pmx' ) {
+
+				if ( params.boneIndex !== - 1 ) {
+
+					const bone = data.bones[ params.boneIndex ];
+					params.position[ 0 ] -= bone.position[ 0 ];
+					params.position[ 1 ] -= bone.position[ 1 ];
+					params.position[ 2 ] -= bone.position[ 2 ];
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			rigidBodies.push( params );
+
+		}
+
+		// constraints from constraints field.
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.constraintCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const constraint = data.constraints[ i ];
+			const params = {};
+
+			for ( const key in constraint ) {
+
+				params[ key ] = constraint[ key ];
+
+			}
+
+			const bodyA = rigidBodies[ params.rigidBodyIndex1 ];
+			const bodyB = rigidBodies[ params.rigidBodyIndex2 ];
+
+			// Refer to http://www20.atpages.jp/katwat/wp/?p=4135
+			if ( bodyA.type !== 0 && bodyB.type === 2 ) {
+
+				if ( bodyA.boneIndex !== - 1 && bodyB.boneIndex !== - 1 &&
+					     data.bones[ bodyB.boneIndex ].parentIndex === bodyA.boneIndex ) {
+
+					bodyB.type = 1;
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			constraints.push( params );
+
+		}
+
+		// build BufferGeometry.
+
+		const geometry = new BufferGeometry();
+
+		geometry.setAttribute( 'position', new Float32BufferAttribute( positions, 3 ) );
+		geometry.setAttribute( 'normal', new Float32BufferAttribute( normals, 3 ) );
+		geometry.setAttribute( 'uv', new Float32BufferAttribute( uvs, 2 ) );
+		geometry.setAttribute( 'skinIndex', new Uint16BufferAttribute( skinIndices, 4 ) );
+		geometry.setAttribute( 'skinWeight', new Float32BufferAttribute( skinWeights, 4 ) );
+		geometry.setIndex( indices );
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = groups.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			geometry.addGroup( groups[ i ].offset, groups[ i ].count, i );
+
+		}
+
+		geometry.bones = bones;
+
+		geometry.morphTargets = morphTargets;
+		geometry.morphAttributes.position = morphPositions;
+		geometry.morphTargetsRelative = false;
+
+		geometry.userData.MMD = {
+			bones: bones,
+			iks: iks,
+			grants: grants,
+			rigidBodies: rigidBodies,
+			constraints: constraints,
+			format: data.metadata.format
+		};
+
+		geometry.computeBoundingSphere();
+
+		return geometry;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+//
+
+/**
+ * @param {THREE.LoadingManager} manager
+ */
+class MaterialBuilder {
+
+	constructor( manager ) {
+
+		this.manager = manager;
+
+		this.textureLoader = new TextureLoader( this.manager );
+		this.tgaLoader = null; // lazy generation
+
+		this.crossOrigin = 'anonymous';
+		this.resourcePath = undefined;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {string} crossOrigin
+	 * @return {MaterialBuilder}
+	 */
+	setCrossOrigin( crossOrigin ) {
+
+		this.crossOrigin = crossOrigin;
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {string} resourcePath
+	 * @return {MaterialBuilder}
+	 */
+	setResourcePath( resourcePath ) {
+
+		this.resourcePath = resourcePath;
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {Object} data - parsed PMD/PMX data
+	 * @param {BufferGeometry} geometry - some properties are dependend on geometry
+	 * @param {function} onProgress
+	 * @param {function} onError
+	 * @return {Array<MMDToonMaterial>}
+	 */
+	build( data, geometry /*, onProgress, onError */ ) {
+
+		const materials = [];
+
+		const textures = {};
+
+		this.textureLoader.setCrossOrigin( this.crossOrigin );
+
+		// materials
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < data.metadata.materialCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const material = data.materials[ i ];
+
+			const params = { userData: { MMD: {} } };
+
+			if ( material.name !== undefined ) params.name = material.name;
+
+			/*
+				 * Color
+				 *
+				 * MMD         MMDToonMaterial
+				 * ambient  -  emissive * a
+				 *               (a = 1.0 without map texture or 0.2 with map texture)
+				 *
+				 * MMDToonMaterial doesn't have ambient. Set it to emissive instead.
+				 * It'll be too bright if material has map texture so using coef 0.2.
+				 */
+			params.diffuse = new Color().fromArray( material.diffuse );
+			params.opacity = material.diffuse[ 3 ];
+			params.specular = new Color().fromArray( material.specular );
+			params.shininess = material.shininess;
+			params.emissive = new Color().fromArray( material.ambient );
+			params.transparent = params.opacity !== 1.0;
+
+			//
+
+			params.fog = true;
+
+			// blend
+
+			params.blending = CustomBlending;
+			params.blendSrc = SrcAlphaFactor;
+			params.blendDst = OneMinusSrcAlphaFactor;
+			params.blendSrcAlpha = SrcAlphaFactor;
+			params.blendDstAlpha = DstAlphaFactor;
+
+			// side
+
+			if ( data.metadata.format === 'pmx' && ( material.flag & 0x1 ) === 1 ) {
+
+				params.side = DoubleSide;
+
+			} else {
+
+				params.side = params.opacity === 1.0 ? FrontSide : DoubleSide;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( data.metadata.format === 'pmd' ) {
+
+				// map, envMap
+
+				if ( material.fileName ) {
+
+					const fileName = material.fileName;
+					const fileNames = fileName.split( '*' );
+
+					// fileNames[ 0 ]: mapFileName
+					// fileNames[ 1 ]: envMapFileName( optional )
+
+					params.map = this._loadTexture( fileNames[ 0 ], textures );
+
+					if ( fileNames.length > 1 ) {
+
+						const extension = fileNames[ 1 ].slice( - 4 ).toLowerCase();
+
+						params.envMap = this._loadTexture(
+							fileNames[ 1 ],
+							textures
+						);
+
+						params.combine = extension === '.sph'
+							? MultiplyOperation
+							: AddOperation;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				// gradientMap
+
+				const toonFileName = ( material.toonIndex === - 1 )
+					? 'toon00.bmp'
+					: data.toonTextures[ material.toonIndex ].fileName;
+
+				params.gradientMap = this._loadTexture(
+					toonFileName,
+					textures,
+					{
+						isToonTexture: true,
+						isDefaultToonTexture: this._isDefaultToonTexture( toonFileName )
+					}
+				);
+
+				// parameters for OutlineEffect
+
+				params.userData.outlineParameters = {
+					thickness: material.edgeFlag === 1 ? 0.003 : 0.0,
+					color: [ 0, 0, 0 ],
+					alpha: 1.0,
+					visible: material.edgeFlag === 1
+				};
+
+			} else {
+
+				// map
+
+				if ( material.textureIndex !== - 1 ) {
+
+					params.map = this._loadTexture( data.textures[ material.textureIndex ], textures );
+
+					// Since PMX spec don't have standard to list map files except color map and env map,
+					// we need to save file name for further mapping, like matching normal map file names after model loaded.
+					// ref: https://gist.github.com/felixjones/f8a06bd48f9da9a4539f#texture
+					params.userData.MMD.mapFileName = data.textures[ material.textureIndex ];
+
+				}
+
+				// envMap TODO: support m.envFlag === 3
+
+				if ( material.envTextureIndex !== - 1 && ( material.envFlag === 1 || material.envFlag == 2 ) ) {
+
+					params.matcap = this._loadTexture(
+						data.textures[ material.envTextureIndex ],
+						textures
+					);
+
+					// Same as color map above, keep file name in userData for further usage.
+					params.userData.MMD.matcapFileName = data.textures[ material.envTextureIndex ];
+
+					params.matcapCombine = material.envFlag === 1
+						? MultiplyOperation
+						: AddOperation;
+
+				}
+
+				// gradientMap
+
+				let toonFileName, isDefaultToon;
+
+				if ( material.toonIndex === - 1 || material.toonFlag !== 0 ) {
+
+					toonFileName = 'toon' + ( '0' + ( material.toonIndex + 1 ) ).slice( - 2 ) + '.bmp';
+					isDefaultToon = true;
+
+				} else {
+
+					toonFileName = data.textures[ material.toonIndex ];
+					isDefaultToon = false;
+
+				}
+
+				params.gradientMap = this._loadTexture(
+					toonFileName,
+					textures,
+					{
+						isToonTexture: true,
+						isDefaultToonTexture: isDefaultToon
+					}
+				);
+
+				// parameters for OutlineEffect
+				params.userData.outlineParameters = {
+					thickness: material.edgeSize / 300, // TODO: better calculation?
+					color: material.edgeColor.slice( 0, 3 ),
+					alpha: material.edgeColor[ 3 ],
+					visible: ( material.flag & 0x10 ) !== 0 && material.edgeSize > 0.0
+				};
+
+			}
+
+			if ( params.map !== undefined ) {
+
+				if ( ! params.transparent ) {
+
+					this._checkImageTransparency( params.map, geometry, i );
+
+				}
+
+				params.emissive.multiplyScalar( 0.2 );
+
+			}
+
+			materials.push( new MMDToonMaterial( params ) );
+
+		}
+
+		if ( data.metadata.format === 'pmx' ) {
+
+			// set transparent true if alpha morph is defined.
+
+			function checkAlphaMorph( elements, materials ) {
+
+				for ( let i = 0, il = elements.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+					const element = elements[ i ];
+
+					if ( element.index === - 1 ) continue;
+
+					const material = materials[ element.index ];
+
+					if ( material.opacity !== element.diffuse[ 3 ] ) {
+
+						material.transparent = true;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			for ( let i = 0, il = data.morphs.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+				const morph = data.morphs[ i ];
+				const elements = morph.elements;
+
+				if ( morph.type === 0 ) {
+
+					for ( let j = 0, jl = elements.length; j < jl; j ++ ) {
+
+						const morph2 = data.morphs[ elements[ j ].index ];
+
+						if ( morph2.type !== 8 ) continue;
+
+						checkAlphaMorph( morph2.elements, materials );
+
+					}
+
+				} else if ( morph.type === 8 ) {
+
+					checkAlphaMorph( elements, materials );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return materials;
+
+	}
+
+	// private methods
+
+	_getTGALoader() {
+
+		if ( this.tgaLoader === null ) {
+
+			if ( TGALoader === undefined ) {
+
+				throw new Error( 'THREE.MMDLoader: Import TGALoader' );
+
+			}
+
+			this.tgaLoader = new TGALoader( this.manager );
+
+		}
+
+		return this.tgaLoader;
+
+	}
+
+	_isDefaultToonTexture( name ) {
+
+		if ( name.length !== 10 ) return false;
+
+		return /toon(10|0[0-9])\.bmp/.test( name );
+
+	}
+
+	_loadTexture( filePath, textures, params, onProgress, onError ) {
+
+		params = params || {};
+
+		const scope = this;
+
+		let fullPath;
+
+		if ( params.isDefaultToonTexture === true ) {
+
+			let index;
+
+			try {
+
+				index = parseInt( filePath.match( /toon([0-9]{2})\.bmp$/ )[ 1 ] );
+
+			} catch ( e ) {
+
+				console.warn( 'THREE.MMDLoader: ' + filePath + ' seems like a '
+						+ 'not right default texture path. Using toon00.bmp instead.' );
+
+				index = 0;
+
+			}
+
+			fullPath = DEFAULT_TOON_TEXTURES[ index ];
+
+		} else {
+
+			fullPath = this.resourcePath + filePath;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( textures[ fullPath ] !== undefined ) return textures[ fullPath ];
+
+		let loader = this.manager.getHandler( fullPath );
+
+		if ( loader === null ) {
+
+			loader = ( filePath.slice( - 4 ).toLowerCase() === '.tga' )
+				? this._getTGALoader()
+				: this.textureLoader;
+
+		}
+
+		const texture = loader.load( fullPath, function ( t ) {
+
+			// MMD toon texture is Axis-Y oriented
+			// but Three.js gradient map is Axis-X oriented.
+			// So here replaces the toon texture image with the rotated one.
+			if ( params.isToonTexture === true ) {
+
+				t.image = scope._getRotatedImage( t.image );
+
+				t.magFilter = NearestFilter;
+				t.minFilter = NearestFilter;
+
+			}
+
+			t.flipY = false;
+			t.wrapS = RepeatWrapping;
+			t.wrapT = RepeatWrapping;
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < texture.readyCallbacks.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				texture.readyCallbacks[ i ]( texture );
+
+			}
+
+			delete texture.readyCallbacks;
+
+		}, onProgress, onError );
+
+		texture.readyCallbacks = [];
+
+		textures[ fullPath ] = texture;
+
+		return texture;
+
+	}
+
+	_getRotatedImage( image ) {
+
+		const canvas = document.createElement( 'canvas' );
+		const context = canvas.getContext( '2d' );
+
+		const width = image.width;
+		const height = image.height;
+
+		canvas.width = width;
+		canvas.height = height;
+
+		context.clearRect( 0, 0, width, height );
+		context.translate( width / 2.0, height / 2.0 );
+		context.rotate( 0.5 * Math.PI ); // 90.0 * Math.PI / 180.0
+		context.translate( - width / 2.0, - height / 2.0 );
+		context.drawImage( image, 0, 0 );
+
+		return context.getImageData( 0, 0, width, height );
+
+	}
+
+	// Check if the partial image area used by the texture is transparent.
+	_checkImageTransparency( map, geometry, groupIndex ) {
+
+		map.readyCallbacks.push( function ( texture ) {
+
+			// Is there any efficient ways?
+			function createImageData( image ) {
+
+				const canvas = document.createElement( 'canvas' );
+				canvas.width = image.width;
+				canvas.height = image.height;
+
+				const context = canvas.getContext( '2d' );
+				context.drawImage( image, 0, 0 );
+
+				return context.getImageData( 0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height );
+
+			}
+
+			function detectImageTransparency( image, uvs, indices ) {
+
+				const width = image.width;
+				const height = image.height;
+				const data = image.data;
+				const threshold = 253;
+
+				if ( data.length / ( width * height ) !== 4 ) return false;
+
+				for ( let i = 0; i < indices.length; i += 3 ) {
+
+					const centerUV = { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 };
+
+					for ( let j = 0; j < 3; j ++ ) {
+
+						const index = indices[ i * 3 + j ];
+						const uv = { x: uvs[ index * 2 + 0 ], y: uvs[ index * 2 + 1 ] };
+
+						if ( getAlphaByUv( image, uv ) < threshold ) return true;
+
+						centerUV.x += uv.x;
+						centerUV.y += uv.y;
+
+					}
+
+					centerUV.x /= 3;
+					centerUV.y /= 3;
+
+					if ( getAlphaByUv( image, centerUV ) < threshold ) return true;
+
+				}
+
+				return false;
+
+			}
+
+			/*
+				 * This method expects
+				 *   texture.flipY = false
+				 *   texture.wrapS = RepeatWrapping
+				 *   texture.wrapT = RepeatWrapping
+				 * TODO: more precise
+				 */
+			function getAlphaByUv( image, uv ) {
+
+				const width = image.width;
+				const height = image.height;
+
+				let x = Math.round( uv.x * width ) % width;
+				let y = Math.round( uv.y * height ) % height;
+
+				if ( x < 0 ) x += width;
+				if ( y < 0 ) y += height;
+
+				const index = y * width + x;
+
+				return image.data[ index * 4 + 3 ];
+
+			}
+
+			if ( texture.isCompressedTexture === true ) {
+
+				if ( NON_ALPHA_CHANNEL_FORMATS.includes( texture.format ) ) {
+
+					map.transparent = false;
+
+				} else {
+
+					// any other way to check transparency of CompressedTexture?
+					map.transparent = true;
+
+				}
+
+				return;
+
+			}
+
+			const imageData = texture.image.data !== undefined
+				? texture.image
+				: createImageData( texture.image );
+
+			const group = geometry.groups[ groupIndex ];
+
+			if ( detectImageTransparency(
+				imageData,
+				geometry.attributes.uv.array,
+				geometry.index.array.slice( group.start, group.start + group.count ) ) ) {
+
+				map.transparent = true;
+
+			}
+
+		} );
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+//
+
+class AnimationBuilder {
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {Object} vmd - parsed VMD data
+	 * @param {SkinnedMesh} mesh - tracks will be fitting to mesh
+	 * @return {AnimationClip}
+	 */
+	build( vmd, mesh ) {
+
+		// combine skeletal and morph animations
+
+		const tracks = this.buildSkeletalAnimation( vmd, mesh ).tracks;
+		const tracks2 = this.buildMorphAnimation( vmd, mesh ).tracks;
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = tracks2.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			tracks.push( tracks2[ i ] );
+
+		}
+
+		return new AnimationClip( '', - 1, tracks );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {Object} vmd - parsed VMD data
+	 * @param {SkinnedMesh} mesh - tracks will be fitting to mesh
+	 * @return {AnimationClip}
+	 */
+	buildSkeletalAnimation( vmd, mesh ) {
+
+		function pushInterpolation( array, interpolation, index ) {
+
+			array.push( interpolation[ index + 0 ] / 127 ); // x1
+			array.push( interpolation[ index + 8 ] / 127 ); // x2
+			array.push( interpolation[ index + 4 ] / 127 ); // y1
+			array.push( interpolation[ index + 12 ] / 127 ); // y2
+
+		}
+
+		const tracks = [];
+
+		const motions = {};
+		const bones = mesh.skeleton.bones;
+		const boneNameDictionary = {};
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = bones.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			boneNameDictionary[ bones[ i ].name ] = true;
+
+		}
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < vmd.metadata.motionCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const motion = vmd.motions[ i ];
+			const boneName = motion.boneName;
+
+			if ( boneNameDictionary[ boneName ] === undefined ) continue;
+
+			motions[ boneName ] = motions[ boneName ] || [];
+			motions[ boneName ].push( motion );
+
+		}
+
+		for ( const key in motions ) {
+
+			const array = motions[ key ];
+
+			array.sort( function ( a, b ) {
+
+				return a.frameNum - b.frameNum;
+
+			} );
+
+			const times = [];
+			const positions = [];
+			const rotations = [];
+			const pInterpolations = [];
+			const rInterpolations = [];
+
+			const basePosition = mesh.skeleton.getBoneByName( key ).position.toArray();
+
+			for ( let i = 0, il = array.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+				const time = array[ i ].frameNum / 30;
+				const position = array[ i ].position;
+				const rotation = array[ i ].rotation;
+				const interpolation = array[ i ].interpolation;
+
+				times.push( time );
+
+				for ( let j = 0; j < 3; j ++ ) positions.push( basePosition[ j ] + position[ j ] );
+				for ( let j = 0; j < 4; j ++ ) rotations.push( rotation[ j ] );
+				for ( let j = 0; j < 3; j ++ ) pushInterpolation( pInterpolations, interpolation, j );
+
+				pushInterpolation( rInterpolations, interpolation, 3 );
+
+			}
+
+			const targetName = '.bones[' + key + ']';
+
+			tracks.push( this._createTrack( targetName + '.position', VectorKeyframeTrack, times, positions, pInterpolations ) );
+			tracks.push( this._createTrack( targetName + '.quaternion', QuaternionKeyframeTrack, times, rotations, rInterpolations ) );
+
+		}
+
+		return new AnimationClip( '', - 1, tracks );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {Object} vmd - parsed VMD data
+	 * @param {SkinnedMesh} mesh - tracks will be fitting to mesh
+	 * @return {AnimationClip}
+	 */
+	buildMorphAnimation( vmd, mesh ) {
+
+		const tracks = [];
+
+		const morphs = {};
+		const morphTargetDictionary = mesh.morphTargetDictionary;
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < vmd.metadata.morphCount; i ++ ) {
+
+			const morph = vmd.morphs[ i ];
+			const morphName = morph.morphName;
+
+			if ( morphTargetDictionary[ morphName ] === undefined ) continue;
+
+			morphs[ morphName ] = morphs[ morphName ] || [];
+			morphs[ morphName ].push( morph );
+
+		}
+
+		for ( const key in morphs ) {
+
+			const array = morphs[ key ];
+
+			array.sort( function ( a, b ) {
+
+				return a.frameNum - b.frameNum;
+
+			} );
+
+			const times = [];
+			const values = [];
+
+			for ( let i = 0, il = array.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+				times.push( array[ i ].frameNum / 30 );
+				values.push( array[ i ].weight );
+
+			}
+
+			tracks.push( new NumberKeyframeTrack( '.morphTargetInfluences[' + morphTargetDictionary[ key ] + ']', times, values ) );
+
+		}
+
+		return new AnimationClip( '', - 1, tracks );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {Object} vmd - parsed VMD data
+	 * @return {AnimationClip}
+	 */
+	buildCameraAnimation( vmd ) {
+
+		function pushVector3( array, vec ) {
+
+			array.push( vec.x );
+			array.push( vec.y );
+			array.push( vec.z );
+
+		}
+
+		function pushQuaternion( array, q ) {
+
+			array.push( q.x );
+			array.push( q.y );
+			array.push( q.z );
+			array.push( q.w );
+
+		}
+
+		function pushInterpolation( array, interpolation, index ) {
+
+			array.push( interpolation[ index * 4 + 0 ] / 127 ); // x1
+			array.push( interpolation[ index * 4 + 1 ] / 127 ); // x2
+			array.push( interpolation[ index * 4 + 2 ] / 127 ); // y1
+			array.push( interpolation[ index * 4 + 3 ] / 127 ); // y2
+
+		}
+
+		const cameras = vmd.cameras === undefined ? [] : vmd.cameras.slice();
+
+		cameras.sort( function ( a, b ) {
+
+			return a.frameNum - b.frameNum;
+
+		} );
+
+		const times = [];
+		const centers = [];
+		const quaternions = [];
+		const positions = [];
+		const fovs = [];
+
+		const cInterpolations = [];
+		const qInterpolations = [];
+		const pInterpolations = [];
+		const fInterpolations = [];
+
+		const quaternion = new Quaternion();
+		const euler = new Euler();
+		const position = new Vector3();
+		const center = new Vector3();
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = cameras.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			const motion = cameras[ i ];
+
+			const time = motion.frameNum / 30;
+			const pos = motion.position;
+			const rot = motion.rotation;
+			const distance = motion.distance;
+			const fov = motion.fov;
+			const interpolation = motion.interpolation;
+
+			times.push( time );
+
+			position.set( 0, 0, - distance );
+			center.set( pos[ 0 ], pos[ 1 ], pos[ 2 ] );
+
+			euler.set( - rot[ 0 ], - rot[ 1 ], - rot[ 2 ] );
+			quaternion.setFromEuler( euler );
+
+			position.add( center );
+			position.applyQuaternion( quaternion );
+
+			pushVector3( centers, center );
+			pushQuaternion( quaternions, quaternion );
+			pushVector3( positions, position );
+
+			fovs.push( fov );
+
+			for ( let j = 0; j < 3; j ++ ) {
+
+				pushInterpolation( cInterpolations, interpolation, j );
+
+			}
+
+			pushInterpolation( qInterpolations, interpolation, 3 );
+
+			// use the same parameter for x, y, z axis.
+			for ( let j = 0; j < 3; j ++ ) {
+
+				pushInterpolation( pInterpolations, interpolation, 4 );
+
+			}
+
+			pushInterpolation( fInterpolations, interpolation, 5 );
+
+		}
+
+		const tracks = [];
+
+		// I expect an object whose name 'target' exists under THREE.Camera
+		tracks.push( this._createTrack( 'target.position', VectorKeyframeTrack, times, centers, cInterpolations ) );
+
+		tracks.push( this._createTrack( '.quaternion', QuaternionKeyframeTrack, times, quaternions, qInterpolations ) );
+		tracks.push( this._createTrack( '.position', VectorKeyframeTrack, times, positions, pInterpolations ) );
+		tracks.push( this._createTrack( '.fov', NumberKeyframeTrack, times, fovs, fInterpolations ) );
+
+		return new AnimationClip( '', - 1, tracks );
+
+	}
+
+	// private method
+
+	_createTrack( node, typedKeyframeTrack, times, values, interpolations ) {
+
+		/*
+			 * optimizes here not to let KeyframeTrackPrototype optimize
+			 * because KeyframeTrackPrototype optimizes times and values but
+			 * doesn't optimize interpolations.
+			 */
+		if ( times.length > 2 ) {
+
+			times = times.slice();
+			values = values.slice();
+			interpolations = interpolations.slice();
+
+			const stride = values.length / times.length;
+			const interpolateStride = interpolations.length / times.length;
+
+			let index = 1;
+
+			for ( let aheadIndex = 2, endIndex = times.length; aheadIndex < endIndex; aheadIndex ++ ) {
+
+				for ( let i = 0; i < stride; i ++ ) {
+
+					if ( values[ index * stride + i ] !== values[ ( index - 1 ) * stride + i ] ||
+							values[ index * stride + i ] !== values[ aheadIndex * stride + i ] ) {
+
+						index ++;
+						break;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				if ( aheadIndex > index ) {
+
+					times[ index ] = times[ aheadIndex ];
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < stride; i ++ ) {
+
+						values[ index * stride + i ] = values[ aheadIndex * stride + i ];
+
+					}
+
+					for ( let i = 0; i < interpolateStride; i ++ ) {
+
+						interpolations[ index * interpolateStride + i ] = interpolations[ aheadIndex * interpolateStride + i ];
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			times.length = index + 1;
+			values.length = ( index + 1 ) * stride;
+			interpolations.length = ( index + 1 ) * interpolateStride;
+
+		}
+
+		const track = new typedKeyframeTrack( node, times, values );
+
+		track.createInterpolant = function InterpolantFactoryMethodCubicBezier( result ) {
+
+			return new CubicBezierInterpolation( this.times, this.values, this.getValueSize(), result, new Float32Array( interpolations ) );
+
+		};
+
+		return track;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+// interpolation
+
+class CubicBezierInterpolation extends Interpolant {
+
+	constructor( parameterPositions, sampleValues, sampleSize, resultBuffer, params ) {
+
+		super( parameterPositions, sampleValues, sampleSize, resultBuffer );
+
+		this.interpolationParams = params;
+
+	}
+
+	interpolate_( i1, t0, t, t1 ) {
+
+		const result = this.resultBuffer;
+		const values = this.sampleValues;
+		const stride = this.valueSize;
+		const params = this.interpolationParams;
+
+		const offset1 = i1 * stride;
+		const offset0 = offset1 - stride;
+
+		// No interpolation if next key frame is in one frame in 30fps.
+		// This is from MMD animation spec.
+		// '1.5' is for precision loss. times are Float32 in Three.js Animation system.
+		const weight1 = ( ( t1 - t0 ) < 1 / 30 * 1.5 ) ? 0.0 : ( t - t0 ) / ( t1 - t0 );
+
+		if ( stride === 4 ) { // Quaternion
+
+			const x1 = params[ i1 * 4 + 0 ];
+			const x2 = params[ i1 * 4 + 1 ];
+			const y1 = params[ i1 * 4 + 2 ];
+			const y2 = params[ i1 * 4 + 3 ];
+
+			const ratio = this._calculate( x1, x2, y1, y2, weight1 );
+
+			Quaternion.slerpFlat( result, 0, values, offset0, values, offset1, ratio );
+
+		} else if ( stride === 3 ) { // Vector3
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i !== stride; ++ i ) {
+
+				const x1 = params[ i1 * 12 + i * 4 + 0 ];
+				const x2 = params[ i1 * 12 + i * 4 + 1 ];
+				const y1 = params[ i1 * 12 + i * 4 + 2 ];
+				const y2 = params[ i1 * 12 + i * 4 + 3 ];
+
+				const ratio = this._calculate( x1, x2, y1, y2, weight1 );
+
+				result[ i ] = values[ offset0 + i ] * ( 1 - ratio ) + values[ offset1 + i ] * ratio;
+
+			}
+
+		} else { // Number
+
+			const x1 = params[ i1 * 4 + 0 ];
+			const x2 = params[ i1 * 4 + 1 ];
+			const y1 = params[ i1 * 4 + 2 ];
+			const y2 = params[ i1 * 4 + 3 ];
+
+			const ratio = this._calculate( x1, x2, y1, y2, weight1 );
+
+			result[ 0 ] = values[ offset0 ] * ( 1 - ratio ) + values[ offset1 ] * ratio;
+
+		}
+
+		return result;
+
+	}
+
+	_calculate( x1, x2, y1, y2, x ) {
+
+		/*
+			 * Cubic Bezier curves
+			 *   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Cubic_B.C3.A9zier_curves
+			 *
+			 * B(t) = ( 1 - t ) ^ 3 * P0
+			 *      + 3 * ( 1 - t ) ^ 2 * t * P1
+			 *      + 3 * ( 1 - t ) * t^2 * P2
+			 *      + t ^ 3 * P3
+			 *      ( 0 <= t <= 1 )
+			 *
+			 * MMD uses Cubic Bezier curves for bone and camera animation interpolation.
+			 *   http://d.hatena.ne.jp/edvakf/20111016/1318716097
+			 *
+			 *    x = ( 1 - t ) ^ 3 * x0
+			 *      + 3 * ( 1 - t ) ^ 2 * t * x1
+			 *      + 3 * ( 1 - t ) * t^2 * x2
+			 *      + t ^ 3 * x3
+			 *    y = ( 1 - t ) ^ 3 * y0
+			 *      + 3 * ( 1 - t ) ^ 2 * t * y1
+			 *      + 3 * ( 1 - t ) * t^2 * y2
+			 *      + t ^ 3 * y3
+			 *      ( x0 = 0, y0 = 0 )
+			 *      ( x3 = 1, y3 = 1 )
+			 *      ( 0 <= t, x1, x2, y1, y2 <= 1 )
+			 *
+			 * Here solves this equation with Bisection method,
+			 *   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection_method
+			 * gets t, and then calculate y.
+			 *
+			 * f(t) = 3 * ( 1 - t ) ^ 2 * t * x1
+			 *      + 3 * ( 1 - t ) * t^2 * x2
+			 *      + t ^ 3 - x = 0
+			 *
+			 * (Another option: Newton's method
+			 *    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_method)
+			 */
+
+		let c = 0.5;
+		let t = c;
+		let s = 1.0 - t;
+		const loop = 15;
+		const eps = 1e-5;
+		const math = Math;
+
+		let sst3, stt3, ttt;
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < loop; i ++ ) {
+
+			sst3 = 3.0 * s * s * t;
+			stt3 = 3.0 * s * t * t;
+			ttt = t * t * t;
+
+			const ft = ( sst3 * x1 ) + ( stt3 * x2 ) + ( ttt ) - x;
+
+			if ( math.abs( ft ) < eps ) break;
+
+			c /= 2.0;
+
+			t += ( ft < 0 ) ? c : - c;
+			s = 1.0 - t;
+
+		}
+
+		return ( sst3 * y1 ) + ( stt3 * y2 ) + ttt;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+class MMDToonMaterial extends ShaderMaterial {
+
+	constructor( parameters ) {
+
+		super();
+
+		this.isMMDToonMaterial = true;
+
+		this._matcapCombine = AddOperation;
+		this.emissiveIntensity = 1.0;
+		this.normalMapType = TangentSpaceNormalMap;
+
+		this.combine = MultiplyOperation;
+
+		this.wireframeLinecap = 'round';
+		this.wireframeLinejoin = 'round';
+
+		this.flatShading = false;
+
+		this.lights = true;
+
+		this.vertexShader = MMDToonShader.vertexShader;
+		this.fragmentShader = MMDToonShader.fragmentShader;
+
+		this.defines = Object.assign( {}, MMDToonShader.defines );
+		Object.defineProperty( this, 'matcapCombine', {
+
+			get: function () {
+
+				return this._matcapCombine;
+
+			},
+
+			set: function ( value ) {
+
+				this._matcapCombine = value;
+
+				switch ( value ) {
+
+					case MultiplyOperation:
+						this.defines.MATCAP_BLENDING_MULTIPLY = true;
+						delete this.defines.MATCAP_BLENDING_ADD;
+						break;
+
+					default:
+					case AddOperation:
+						this.defines.MATCAP_BLENDING_ADD = true;
+						delete this.defines.MATCAP_BLENDING_MULTIPLY;
+						break;
+
+				}
+
+			},
+
+		} );
+
+		this.uniforms = UniformsUtils.clone( MMDToonShader.uniforms );
+
+		// merged from MeshToon/Phong/MatcapMaterial
+		const exposePropertyNames = [
+			'specular',
+			'opacity',
+			'diffuse',
+
+			'map',
+			'matcap',
+			'gradientMap',
+
+			'lightMap',
+			'lightMapIntensity',
+
+			'aoMap',
+			'aoMapIntensity',
+
+			'emissive',
+			'emissiveMap',
+
+			'bumpMap',
+			'bumpScale',
+
+			'normalMap',
+			'normalScale',
+
+			'displacemantBias',
+			'displacemantMap',
+			'displacemantScale',
+
+			'specularMap',
+
+			'alphaMap',
+
+			'envMap',
+			'reflectivity',
+			'refractionRatio',
+		];
+		for ( const propertyName of exposePropertyNames ) {
+
+			Object.defineProperty( this, propertyName, {
+
+				get: function () {
+
+					return this.uniforms[ propertyName ].value;
+
+				},
+
+				set: function ( value ) {
+
+					this.uniforms[ propertyName ].value = value;
+
+				},
+
+			} );
+
+		}
+
+		// Special path for shininess to handle zero shininess properly
+		this._shininess = 30;
+		Object.defineProperty( this, 'shininess', {
+
+			get: function () {
+
+				return this._shininess;
+
+			},
+
+			set: function ( value ) {
+
+				this._shininess = value;
+				this.uniforms.shininess.value = Math.max( this._shininess, 1e-4 ); // To prevent pow( 0.0, 0.0 )
+
+			},
+
+		} );
+
+		Object.defineProperty(
+			this,
+			'color',
+			Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor( this, 'diffuse' )
+		);
+
+		this.setValues( parameters );
+
+	}
+
+	copy( source ) {
+
+		super.copy( source );
+
+		this.matcapCombine = source.matcapCombine;
+		this.emissiveIntensity = source.emissiveIntensity;
+		this.normalMapType = source.normalMapType;
+
+		this.combine = source.combine;
+
+		this.wireframeLinecap = source.wireframeLinecap;
+		this.wireframeLinejoin = source.wireframeLinejoin;
+
+		this.flatShading = source.flatShading;
+
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+export { MMDLoader };