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data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nanotechnologie

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Nanotechnologie
+#
+# Nanotech tag. Nano tag. Includes both Nanotech and Nanobiotech.
+# Bionanotech. And nano-interfaces and Biomaterials as well.
+# Inkludiert zudem Nanomedizin (nanomedicine).
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- The <one>fullerene</one> should actually be more aptly called ... ? <one>Buckminsterfullerene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene []
+- Is a <three>biomaterial</three> of <one>biological origin</one>? <one>Not necessarily</one>. []
+- Give an example for an <one>oral delivery system</one> that is also used in <two>nanomedicine</two>. A: A <one>hydrogel</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel []
+- <one>Zinc oxide nanoparticles</one>, also called <two>ZnONPs</two>, are <three>especially prevalent in which product</three>? In <one>sunscreens</one>.
+- Name <one>two materials</one> that have a <two>low surface energy</two>. A: (1) <one>polyethylene</one> (2) <one>polypropylene</one>
+- Compare the colour of <one>bulk gold</one> with <one>nano gold</one>. A: (1) <one>bulk gold colour</one>: <two>yellow</two> (2) <one>nano gold colour</one>: <two>red</two> []
+- What is the <one>biointerface</one>? The <one>biointerface</one> is <two>the diffuse region within which the biological molecules meet the interactions of the material surface</two>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: if we require to put a drug into the human body, we could either inject the fluid directly into the blood stream by a syringe, or we could use ... ? An <one>implanted device</one> - which can inject either single volume or be refilled. []
+- <one>Capsosomes</one> were initially designed as ... carriers? <one>Enzyme carriers</one>. URL: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la900213a []
+- A <one>PLL-g-PEG</one> brush can almost completely suppress protein adsorption even from highly concentrated serum. <two>How thick does it have to be, in order to achieve this goal, at minimum</two>? Only <one>10 nm</one>. []
+- <one>Self-Assembly</one> is the science of ... ? of <one>things that put themselves together</one>.
+- How do we call <one>the energy that acts against the energy required to separate a material into two parts</one>? <one>Cohesion</one>.
+- What happens in general when nanoparticles aggregate? They will no longer be <one>'nanoparticles'</one>. Also, their surface reactivity decreases.
+- <one>PLGA</one> ist <two>ein Co-Polymer</two> <three>bestehend aus welchen zwei Komponenten</three>? (1) <one>Milchsäure</one> (2) <one>Glykolsäure</one>
+- Are <one>carbon nanotubes</one> <two>stronger than steel</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- How did <one>Feynman</one> once call <two>nanites</two>? As <one>swallowing the doctor</one>. []
+- <one>Shrinking a device</one> has <two>which direct implication</two>, in nanotechnology? <one>Less material</one> will be required <two>in order to build it</two>.
+- <one>Quantum dots</one> could be used where, from a practical point of view? In <one>biosensors</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot []
+- Give a useful definition of what self-assembly is. A: <one>Self-assembly</one> is <two>a process in which small objects autonomously associate with each other to form larger complexes</two>.
+- <one>Microcantilevers</one> with integrated sharp nanotips are used for ... ? (1) <one>STMs</one>: <two>scanning tunneling microscope</two> (2) <one>AFMs</one>: <two>atomic force microscopy</two> []
+- <one>The smaller a particle</one>, the ... its surface-to-volume ratio. A: <one>higher</one>. []
+- Are there any <one>spiderman examples</one> in nanotechnology? Yes - <one>the gecko foot</one>, for instance. []
+- Are <one>quantum dots</one> able to <three>pass the blood-brain barrier</three>? Yes. []
+- <one>Nanocomposites</one> have <two>which useful mechanical property</two> in general? They show an <one>extremely high mechanical strength</one>.
+- <one>Scaling laws</one> are a means of estimating phenomena at ... ? <one>small scales</one>. []
+- Give another name, a single word, for <one>linear molecular motors</one>. A: <one>Walkers</one>. []
+- <one>Light</one> behaves like both a ... and a ... ? A <one>particle</one> and a <one>wave</one>.
+- The <one>administered dose for nanomedicine</one> and related drugs, has to be continuously within ... ? The <one>therapeutic window</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index []
+- How can <one>the hydrophobicity of a surface</one> be <two>measured</two>? By its <one>contact angle</one>: <two>the higher the contact angle, the higher the hydrophobicity of a surface</two>.
+- If nanotechnology can be said to have a <one>history</one>, then it probably starts with which person? <one>Richard Feynman</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman []
+- The <one>lycurgus cup</one> is <two>an example of plasmon light scattering by gold and silver colloids</two>. <three>What is the average diameter of these particles</three>? About <one>70 nm</one>. []
+- In <two>1959</two>, <one>Richard Feynman</one> gave a famous talk. <three>What was the title of his talk</three>? <one>There is plenty of room at the bottom</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottom []
+- How do we typically call <one>a biosensor</one> that can <three>diagnose the need for a drug autonomously</three> and then release the appropriate amount of drug? This is a <one>theranostic device</one>. []
+- The <one>densest form of carbon</one>, that is the most efficient packing of atoms into the smallest area possible, is done by ... what material? By <one>carbon</one>, via <two>diamond</two>.
+- Name <one>two organisms</one> that have an <two>anti-reflective coating in their eyes</two>. A: (1) <one>fly</one> (2) <one>moth</one> []
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one> we may identify <two>cellular barriers</two>. Name three such barriers, with a short explanation why it constitutes a barrier. A: (1) <one>cellular uptake</one>: <two>passive diffusion happens only up to about 1kDa in size</two> (2) <one>cytoplasm</one>: <two>degradation may occur here</two> (3) <one>endocytosis</one>:   the whole <two>intracellular vesicle system</two> is a barrier
+- Are <one>carbon nanotubes</one> chemically inert? Yes. []
+- How can we make a <peru>liposome</peru> <one>soneth-up</one>, aka become <two>invisible</two> to the human body? Via <one>PEGylation</one>. []
+- In <one>1989</one>, Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer at IBM's "Almaden Research Center", manipulated individual xenon atoms to spell out the <two>IBM logo</two>. <three>How many xenon atoms</three> did they use? <one>35</one>. []
+- There are old examples of <one>nanostructured materials</one>. The people did not understand the properties of the material but could use in particular <three>which phenomenon</three> to shape these early nanostructured materials? These craftsmen were making use of <one>high heat</one> to <two>produce new materials with novel properties</two>. []
+- How do we call <one>the difference</one> between the advancing and receding contact angle? <one>Contact angle hysteresis</one>. URL: https://www.biolinscientific.com/blog/what-is-contact-angle-hysteresis []
+- The word <one>spintronics</one> originates from ... ? A: <one>Spin transport electronics</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintronics
+- In nanomedicine we may make use of <one>SNALPs</one>. What does this abbreviation stand for? <royalblue>SNALP</royalblue>: <two>stable nucleic acid lipid particle</two> (<one>a liposome</one>). []
+- Why is the name <one>theranostics</one> a slight misnomer? Because the <one>diagnostic should come before the therapeutic</one>; but it would sound weird, which is why the name Theranostics was chosen instead. []
+- Name <three>a functional difference</three> between <one>physisorbed multiple anchors</one> and <one>chemisorbed single anchors</one>. A: <one>Physisorbed anchors</one> tend to <two>be weaker</two> in general than <one>chemisorbed single anchors</one>. []
+- In Nanotechnology: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>LNP</one>? <one>Lipid Nano Particle</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_lipid_nanoparticle []
+- Name a model that can be used to <one>model protein adsorption kinetics</one>. A: The <one>Langmuir model</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir_adsorption_model []
+- The <one>buckminsterfullerene</one> can be compared (and resembles) to which object in reallife? To a <one>soccer ball</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene []
+- <one>Research to assess the toxicological effects of inhaled or ingested nanomaterials</one> is typically done how? By using <one>test animals</one>.
+- Give an example of a fairly <one>well known, non-fouling material</one>. A: <one>Teflon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene []
+- <one>Nano science</one> may also be called ... science. A: <one>Surface science</one>. []
+- <one>Nano</one> is when the ... begins to dominate. A: <one>surface</one>. []
+- Name an example of something in the nano-area that is <one>super-hydrophobic</one>. A: The <one>lotus leaf</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_effect []
+- <one>Hydrogels</one> are not only <three>highly hydrophilic</three>, but also <two>h</two>... polymers? <one>Hygroscopic polymers</one>. []
+- Are <one>electromagnetic waves</one> like <two>mechanical waves</two>? No they are not. []
+- Name a <one>surface modifier</one> that can be used for an <three>artificial nanovesicle</three>. A: <one>Antibodies</one>. []
+- Give an example for an <one>antireflective coating</one> from nature. A: The <one>moth's eye</one>, which <two>can serve as an inspiration for new photonic structures</two>. []
+- <one>Nano-devices</one> may <two>prefer</two>, in general, <two>what type of membrane</two>? <one>Nanoporous membranes</one>.
+- Name a <one>non-viral gene delivery</one> method that begins with the letter <two>m</two>. A: <one>Magnetofection</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofection []
+- Do <one>fluorinated polymer surfaces</one> <two>resist protein adsorption</two>? No they don't. []
+- What is the colour of <one>nano-gold</one>? The colour of nano-gold <one>depends on size</one>; colloidal suspensions of gold range from <two>4nm</two> (<crimson>'red'</crimson>) to <two>80nm</two> (<steelblue>'blue'</steelblue>).
+- Nenne ein (therapeutisches) <one>Oligonukleotid</one>, das bereits zugelassen oder in der klinischen Prüfung ist. A: <one>Mipomersen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mipomersen []
+- What is <one>the size range</one> of <two>quantom dots</two>? About <one>2 nm - 10 nm</one> (<two>2-10</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot []
+- <three>Who</three> was the earliest <one>pioneer of biomimetics</one>? <one>Leonardo da Vinci</one> (<two>1451-1519</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci []
+- In Nanotechnology: <one>CAC</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Critical aggregation concentration</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927775702005514 []
+- Name a method with which we could <one>synthesize gold nanoparticles</one>. A: The <one>Turkevich method</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_L._Turkevich#Career []
+- In general: <one>Top-down manufacturing</one> starts with ... ? <one>bulk materials</one>. []
+- In <one>nanoscale biodevices</one>: <two>to create local high concentrations, for functionalization of nanoobjects, costs ... </two>? <one>A LOT of energy</one>.
+- Negative and positive ions are <one>drawn together by</one> ... ? By <one>Coulomb attraction</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law []
+- The <one>diameter of a hydrogen atom</one> is about ... of a nanometer. A: <one>One-tenth</one> of a nanometer (<two>0.1nm</two>). []
+- Name three different <one>carbon nanostructures</one>. A: (1) <one>fullerenes</one> (2) <one>graphenes</one> (3) <one>carbon nanotubes</one> []
+- For biointerfaces, in nanotechnology: give another name for <one>chemisorbed</one>. A: <one>Strong anchors</one>. []
+- Is the <one>PEG polymer</one> rather <two>hydrophilic</two> or <two>hydrophobic</two>? <one>PEG</one> is very <two>hydrophilic</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol []
+- Name three <one>physical features of nanoparticles</one>. A: (1) <one>size</one> (2) <one>shape</one> (3) <one>surface area</one> []
+- <one>Colloidal systems</one> can be divided into which <two>two types</two>? (1) <one>lyophilic</one> (2) <one>lyophobic</one>
+- <one>IBM Scientists</one> haben das Wort <two>'IBM'</two> im atomaren Bereich gebastelt, also mit Atomen. <three>Welches Element haben sie hierfür verwendet</three>? <one>Xenon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_%28atoms%29 []
+- Give another word for <one>biosensors</one>. A: <one>Nanoscale sensors</one>. []
+- <one>DNA</one> was first used to <three>rationally design plasmonic structures</three> in ... what year? In <one>1996</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136970211500019X []
+- Provide another name for <one>a single layer of carbon</one>. A: <one>Graphene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene []
+- As the <one>size decreases</one> in <three>nanoparticles</three>, how does the <three>S</three>/<three>V ratio</three> change? The <one>S</one>/<one>V ratio</one> increases, as the size decreases. []
+- Nenne <one>zwei typische Nebenwirkungen</one> von <two>Phosphorthioat-Oligonukleotiden</two>. A: (1) <one>Entzündungsreaktionen besonders an den Injektionsstellen</one> (2) <one>Anstieg der Lebertransaminasen ALT und AST</one>
+- Assume that, in nanotechnology, someone argues that <one>microscopy images</one> are sufficient in order to deduce what has to be done, e. g. for nanomedicine delivery. <two>What could be said against such a claim</two>? For example, we do not get chemical information from a normal 2D microscope alone. Even probe-scanning for elements is not necessarily enough due to biological objects, such as the human body, interacting in different ways with nanomaterial.
+- <one>Geckos</one> <two>can cling to surfaces</two>, aside from the tiny hairs on the feet, due to which phenomenon? Due to <one>van der Waals interactions</one>, which allow them to cling to surfaces. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geckos []
+- <one>Top-down manufacturing</one> in nanotechnology starts with ... ? It <one>starts with</one> <two>bulk</two> <one>materials</one>, which are then whittled down. []
+- <one>Which US President</one> launched the <three>National Nanotechnology Initiative</three> (<three>NNI</three>)? President Clinton, aka <one>Bill Clinton</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton []
+- In nanomedicine: what means <one>topical application</one>? This means <one>application onto the skin</one>. []
+- <one>Photolithography</one> may happen with <two>which kind of laser</two>? It may happen with an <one>excimer laser</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolithography []
+- <one>Graphene</one> can also be called as ... ? A: The <one>carbon future</one>. []
+- In <one>graphite</one>: <two>how are the layers of carbon held together</two>? By <two>weak</two> <one>van der Waals forces</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite#Structure []
+- Anderer Begriff für die <one>Selbstheilung bei Metallen</one>? <one>Formgedächtnis</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formged%C3%A4chtnislegierung []
+- The <one>Vroman effect</one> leads to multi-phase adsorption from complex solutions and over time irreversible adsorption. <two>In the human body, which proteins dominate here in particular</two>? The <one>ECM proteins</one>.
+- An <one>invisibility cloak</one> could be achieved through ... ? <one>Gold nanoshells</one>. []
+- <one>Catechols</one> provide <three>strong anchors</three> in nanobiotechnology. <two>They tend to bind to which substance</two>? <one>Fe₃O₄</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4829641/
+- Name <one>three forces</one> that <two>direct molecular self-assembly</two>. A: (1) <one>hydrogen bonding</one> (2) Coulombic interactions (3) van der Waals forces
+- <one>Capsosomes</one> are synthesised ... how? By <one>using the</one> <two>layer-by-layer</two> <one>technique</one>. URL: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la900213a []
+- Do <one>carbon nanotubes</one> conduct electricity better than copper does? Yes.
+- Does <one>PEGylation</one> increase the molecular weight of a molecule? Yes it does. []
+- A <one>bulk solid material</one> typically has <two>less than n% of its atoms on the surface</two>? Less than <one>1%</one>. []
+- The diameter of a <one>Buckminsterfullerene</one>, <two>a C60 body</two>, is about n nm? About <one>0.7 nm</one>.
+- A <one>quantum dot</one> can be manufactured reliably as small as n nm in diameter? About <one>2 nm in diameter</one>.
+- Wie werden die <one>SNALP-Lipidstrukturen</one> in den menschlichen Körper gebracht, meistens? Durch eine <one>intravenöse Applikation</one>. []
+- Provide another name for a <one>temperature-based nanotherapy</one>. A: <one>Hyperthermia</one>.
+- <one>The energy of separating a material into two parts</one> is called ... ? <one>Cohesion</one>. []
+- <one>Why</one> may it be useful that <two>gold nanoshells assume a different colour dependent on size</two>? Because they can then act as <one>sensors</one> (<one>biosensors</one>). []
+- <three>Self-assembly</three> is an <one>energy ...  process</one>. A: <one>Energy minimization process</one>. []
+- Consider someone is stating that human engineers do not really need nanotechnology, because they can <one>build large planes</one>, which are big, rather than small - <two>what could be replied to such a person</two>? That even large planes were made possible because <one>so many other things have been made smaller</one>.
+- The use of <one>implant biomaterials</one> dates back at least to ...? The <one>old Egyptians</one>. []
+- <one>Rapamune</one> is a registered trademark, <three>carrying which particular drug</three>? <one>Rapamycin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirolimus []
+- The term <one>nanotechnology</one> often begins at <two>below which threshold</two>? <one>Below 100 nanometers</one>. []
+- Give an example for an <one>invisibility cloak</one>. A: <one>Gold Nanoshells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoshell []
+- Are <one>carbon nanotubes</one> <two>bendable without breaking</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Can <one>airborne nanoparticles</one> travel large distances <three>without aggregation</three>? Yes. []
+- The highest breaking and tensile strength of any known material is found in ... ? <one>Graphene</one>. []
+- Name <three>a lithography method</three> that works by <one>writing pixel-by-pixel</one>. A: The <one>dip-pen lithography</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip-pen_nanolithography []
+- What is the chemical formula of <one>Teflon</one>? <one>C₂F₄</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon []
+- Do <two>standards</two> exist for <one>testing nanomaterials risks</one>? No. []
+- We can say that the main focus of nanotechnology happens at a size-range of about <one>10 nm</one>. <two>How do we call the size range below and above this threshold value, respectively</two>? (1) <two>Above</two> we call it <one>bulk   matter</one> (2) <two>Below</two> we call it <one>atomic matter</one> []
+- <one>SNALPs</one> (<two>stable nucleic acid lipid particles</two>) sind geladen oder ungeladen bei einem <three>sauren pH</three>? SNALPs <one>sind geladen</one>. []
+- What is <one>Theranostics</one>? This is the approach of <two>combining</two> <one>diagnostics</one> and <one>therapeutics</one>. []
+- For a <one>3 nm diameter particle</one> approximately n% of the atoms reside on the surface. A: About <one>90%</one> of the atoms are on the surface. []
+- The <one>head of a pin</one> is about <three>n nm in diameter</three>? About <one>1_000_000 nm</one>. []
+- What is <one>the primary force</one> pushing nanotechnology development worldwide? <one>Money</one>. []
+- Nanoscience really sprang into the public consciousness sometime in the year <one>1981</one>. <two>What other invention coincided with this year that may also have been pushing the field of nanoscience forward</two>? The <one>invention of the scanning tunneling microscope</one> (<two>STM</two>), which also happened in the year <two>1981</two>.
+- <one>Nanotechnology</one> is <two>the epitome of ... engineering</two>. A: <one>bottom-up engineering</one>. []
+- <one>Fluorinated polymer properties</one> show chemical ... ? <one>Inertness</one>. []
+- Does the <one>self-assembly process</one> occur by itself, <two>without external guidance</two>? Yes. []
+- The <one>light scattering</one> occuring within the <three>lycurgus cup</three> is called ... ? <one>Plasmon light scattering</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6816254/ []
+- <one>Millimeter-sized implant devices</one> suffer <two>which two major problems</two>, as of the year 2020? (1) <one>foreign body response</one> (2) the <one>problem of energy supply</one>
+- In <one>nanomaterials</one>: <two>whenever we have benefits, we may also have</two> ... ? <one>Risks</one>, aka <two>adverse effects</two>. []
+- <one>ECM fiber bundles</one> are about n nm in diameter? About <one>20-30 nm in diameter</one>. []
+- An <one>... liposome</one> releases drugs while circulating. A: <one>Unstable soneth liposome</one>. []
+- The <one>Buckminsterfullerene</one> has <three>how many C atoms</three>? <one>60</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene []
+- The majority of atoms in a <one>nanoparticle</one> reside where? On its <one>surface</one>. []
+- In <three>nanomedicine-based therapy</three> we have <one>the EPR effect</one> ("Enhanced Permeability and Retention"). We can also target cancer-cells, in particular through which <two>specific receptor</two>? The <one>folic acid receptor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_receptor_1 []
+- Are <one>fullerenes</one> hollow? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene []
+- On <three>29.12.1959</three>, <one>Richard Feynman gave</one> a talk at the Annual meeting of the American Physical Society. <three>What was the title of this talk</three>? <one>"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom."</one> []
+- ... is <one>a key concept</one> to understanding biomolecular adsorption. A: <one>Surface energy</one>. []
+- <one>Why</one> can it be said that <two>nanoscience is not physics, chemistry, engineering, or biology</two>? Because <one>it is all of them</one>. []
+- <one>Who</one> are <two>the only real nanobots</two>? <one>Viruses</one>. []
+- Is a <one>polymer brush</one> a repulsive surface coating? Yes. []
+- In <one>nanotechnology</one>: <three>CNT</three> is an abbreviation for ... ? <one>Carbon nanotubes</one>. []
+- Do <one>gecko</one> secrete any sticky substance? No. []
+- Give an example for <one>plasmon light scattering</one>. A: The <one>lycurgus cup</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup []
+- <one>Carbon nanotubes</one> typically have a diameter smaller than ... ? <one>2 nm</one>. []
+- <one>Plant leaves</one> that show a <three>lotus effect</three>, have <two>tiny wax crystals on their surface</two>. What is the diameter of these crystals? The <one>diameter</one> of these crystals is about <two>1nm</two>. []
+- <one>Functional biointerfaces</one> depend on controlling the interface between ... <two>which two frontiers</two>? (1) an <one>artificial object</one> (2) <one>a biological environment</one>
+- Can we attach <one>albumin</one> to a nanoparticle? Yes we can. []
+- Does the <one>aggregation state</one> of nanoparticles influence their size, de-facto? Yes. []
+- In <one>nanomedicine applications</one>: give an example for an <three>en-route barrier</three>. A: <one>Blood</one>. []
+- Do the <one>catechols</one> provide a strong anchor, for <three>use for nanosensors</three>? Yes. []
+- Are <one>carbon nanotubes</one> <three>chemically inert</three>? Yes. []
+- <one>Protein adsorption to a surface</one> can be predicted via <three>which theory</three>? The <one>DLVO theory</one>, named after <two>Boris Derjaguin</two> and Lev Landau, Evert Verwey and Theodoor Overbeek (DLVO). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLVO_theory
+- Give another name for <one>weak anchors</one> in <two>nanosensors</two>. A: <one>Physisorption</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physisorption []
+- In regards to nanotechnology: <one>is the focus equally on all nano-objects</one>? No - <one>man-made products are evaluated more critically</one> than <two>"natural" products</two>.
+- <one>Polyelectrolyte multilayer</one> capsules (<two>PEM</two>) can be formed by LbL self-assembly. What is <three>LbL</three>? <one>Layer-by-Layer</one>. []
+- How can <one>DNA origami</one>, aka <two>building structures with DNA</two>, work? <two>The 3D structure is encoded in how different DNA sequences match</two>. For example, one basic structure is the <one>junction J</one>, which looks like a <two>+</two>-shaped crossing, with four paths leading to the outside, starting from its center.
+- Name <two>an object</two> that was used in history and that is <three>an early example</three> of a <one>dichroic glass</one>. A: The <one>Lycurgus Cup</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup []
+- How can we <one>avoid opsonization of nanoparticles</one>? Via <one>PEGylation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGylation []
+- <one>Molecular motors</one> use ... to <two>create motion</two>. A: <one>chemical energy</one>. []
+- The <one>thickness of a normal paper</one> is <two>n nm</two>? About <one>100_000 nm</one>. []
+- <one>Gecko feet</one> are an example of ... at work (a physical phenomenon). A: Of <one>van der Waals forces at work</one>. []
+- In nanotechnology: what is meant with <one>S</one>/<one>V</one>? This refers to the <one>surface-to-volume ratio</one>. []
+- Does <one>the aggregation state of nanoparticles</one> change with the environment? Yes, it does. []
+- Can <one>nanoparticles</one> cross the <two>blood-brain barriers</two>? <one>It is assumed to be that way</one> - <two>Nanoparticles with controlled surface properties are believed to be able to cross barriers such as the blood-brain barrier</two>. []
+- <one>Fullerenes</one> typically contain <two>how many C atoms</two>? <one>60</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene []
+- Give an example of <one>a natural colloid</one>. A: <one>Milk</one>. []
+- <one>Nanomaterials</one> that get into the human lung, show similarities to ... ? Problems caused by <one>asbestos</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos []
+- Give another term for <one>the carbon future</one>. A: <one>Graphene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene []
+- The process of <one>splitting atoms into smaller pieces</one> is called ... ? <one>Nuclear fission</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission []
+- Es gibt den Arzneiwirkstoff <one>siG12D LODER</one>. Wofür steht das LODER hier? A: <one>LODER</one> steht für <two>Local Drug EluteR</two>. URL: https://www.silenseed.com/science-technology/the-loder-platform/
+- In nanomedicine we may employ <one>hydrogels</one> for oral delivery. Are these hydrogels <two>hydrophobic</two> or <two>hydrophilic</two>? <two>Hydrogels</two> are <one>very hydrophilic</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel#Hydrogels []
+- Besitzen <one>carbon-nanotubes</one> die <two>Fähigkeit zur Fluoreszenz</two>? Ja. []
+- <one>Who</one> was <two>the first person</two> to create <three>metallic gold colloids</three>? <one>Michael Faraday</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday#Chemistry []
+- Can <one>gecko</one> hang upside down from the ceiling? Yes. []
+- Both <one>top-down</one> strategies and <one>bottom-up</one> strategies in nanotechnology have <two>which goal in common</two>? Build the <one>smallest possible functional unit</one>.
+- Nenne einen wichtigen Grund wieso <one>Lipoplexe</one> nicht häufiger eingesetzt werden. A: Da sie <one>oft sehr toxisch</one> sind; somit verhindert deren <two>Toxizität</two> ihren Einsatz.
+- Name a structure in which <one>every atom is a surface atom</one>. A: The <one>fullerenes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene
+- Is <two>the core of a liposome</two> <one>hydrophobic</one> or <one>hydrophilic</one>? A <two>liposome</two> has a <one>hydrophobic core</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome []
+- What is meant with the so called <one>scaling theory</one> in nanotechnology? This is when <one>small things</one> behave differently compared to <two>large, everyday things</two>. The properties change as the size decreases towards the nanoscale.
+- Nanotechnology seeks to <one>"rebuild the world ... "</one> ? <one>One molecule</one>/<one>atom at a time</one>. []
+- In nanotechnology: what is meant with the <one>gray goo</one>? This refers to <one>self-replicating nanobots</one> that could become a new, parasitic <two>life-form</two> that would reproduce uncontrollably, remaking everything on Earth into copies of itself. The result would be undifferentiated <two>gray goo</two>.
+- The <one>administered dose</one> in nanomedicine must be continuously be within ... ? The <one>therapeutic window</one>. URL: https://revive.gardp.org/resource/therapeutic-window/?cf=encyclopaedia []
+- In the <one>bottom-up approach</one> in nanotechnology: <two>what plays a central role in self-assembling systems made by equilibrium methods</two>? <one>Entropy</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>heterogeneously charged surface</one>, from biology. A: A <one>mosaic virus</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>biological molecular machine</one>. A: <one>Bacterial flagella</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum#Bacterial []
+- The <two>diameter</two> of a <one>hydrogen atom</one> is ... n nm? <one>0.1 nm</one>. []
+- <two>Nanoparticles</two> may become <one>PEGylated</one>. <three>What charge will they incur as a consequence of this coating</three>? These particules will become <one>highly hydrophilic</one>, which also <two>prevents</two>/<two>reduces opsonization</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGylation
+- <one>Why</one> can we say that <two>hydrophobic interaction is not a force</two>? Because it <one>has no real range</one>; about <two>~0.5nm</two> only.
+- Why can <one>thermoresponsive polymers</one> be <two>used for drug-release devices</two>? Because at a high temperature they will shrink, which in turn may cause the formation of large pores, <one>thus making the release of the drug easier</one>.
+- <one>Cells</one> <two>actively probe the physical properties of surfaces</two>. <three>Name one way how they do so</three>. A: Cells can make use of their contractile machinery to form polarized <one>lamellipodia</one>.
+- <one>Which person</one> discovered the <two>carbon nanotube</two> (<three>CNT</three>)? A japanese called <one>Sumio Iijima</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumio_Iijima []
+- The <one>van-der-Waals force</one> has <two>which two general components</two>? (1) <one>attractive force</one> (2) <one>repulsive  force</one> []
+- Name a fairly important theory originating from nanotechnology that begins with the letter <one>s</one>. A: The <one>scaling theory</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>particle aggregation</one>. A: <one>Flocculation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculation#Biology []
+- Do <one>non-carbon nanotubes</one> exist? Yes. []
+- Are <one>optical properties of nanoparticles</one> <three>size dependent</three>? Yes. []
+- <one>Chemisorption</one> versus <one>Physisorption</one>: which one of these provides for stronger anchors, <three>for use in nano-biosensors</three>? <one>Chemisorption</one> is stronger. []
+- <two>Nanotechnology</two> is the study and use of structures <one>between</one> x nanometer and y nanometers in size. A: <one>1nm</one> up to <one>100nm</one>. []
+- The <one>core</one> part of a protein is hydrophilic or hydrophobic? It is of course <one>hydrophobic</one>. []
+- The <two>power dissipated as heat</two> by an electrical element is defined by <one>which law</one>? By the <one>Joule's law</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_effect []
+- The <one>Lycurgus Cup</one> was created by the <three>Romans</three>, and it was made of a dichroic glass. Which <three>two materials</three>, as nanoparticles, were used here? (1) <one>gold</one> (2) <one>silver</one> []
+- Do <one>biological fluids</one> have <two>high ionic strength</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- The <one>only real nanobots</one> are ... ? <one>Viruses</one>. []
+- Where may <one>hydrogels</one> be found? In <one>biomedical devices</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925400510003096 []
+- In nanotechnology: a better question than <one>"What can we build?</one> would be ... ? A: <one>What do we choose to build?</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>PEGylated liposomes</one>. A: <one>Stealth liposomes</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2426795/ []
+- Do <two>single (biological) cells</two> respond to <one>microscale roughness of a surface</one>? Yes. []
+- In <one>Nanotechnology</one>: what is meant with the abbreviation <three>SNALPs</three>? <one>Stable nucleic acid lipid particles</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_nucleic_acid_lipid_particle []
+- Give an example for <one>a permanent dipole molecule</one>. A: The <one>water molecule</one> (<two>H₂O</two>). []
+- <one>Molecular motors</one> are driven by ... ? <one>Brownian ratchets</one>.
+- Name <one>a very common surface modification of biointerfaces</one> for nano and macro applications. A: A <one>polymer brush</one>. URL: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/py/b9py00246d#!divAbstract
+- <one>Nanotechnology</one> makes ... the most important part of any development process. A: <one>design</one>.
+- <two>Nanotechnology</two> is <one>a double-edged sword</one>. What is usually meant with that? That the same novel properties that make nanoparticles attractive, also makes them <one>potentially toxic</one>.
+- In <one>nanotechnology</one>: give an example for a <two>drug conjugate</two>. A: Any <one>antibody-drug conjugate</one> (<two>ADC</two>).
+- <one>Nanotechnology</one> uses less resources for ... ? <one>The same function</one>.
+- What will be the effect of attaching a <one>PEG polymer</one> on a nanoparticle surface that is destined to enter the human bloodstream? This will <one>increase circulation time</one> by <two>reducing this opsonization process</two>.
+- In nature: <one>which type of assembly pattern dominates</one>, viewed from nanotechnology? The <one>bottom-up self-assembly</one> approach.
+- <one>Which forces</one> are the dominant interactions on the nanoscale? <one>Electromagnetic forces</one>.
+- Name a simple way <one>how to improve the detection capabilities of a (nano)biosensor</one>. A: Make use of <one>fluorescent labels</one>, <two>in order to enhance the signal</two>.
+- <one>Nanoscaled gold particles</one> show an intense red colour, at the least up to a size of ... n nm? Of about <one>100 nm</one> maximum. Below that size threshold they appear red in colour.
+- With <one>miniaturization</one> comes ... ? <one>Multifunctionality</one>.
+- A <one>"stealth liposome"</one> typically makes use of which coating? <one>PEG polymer brush coating</one>.
+- Biology provides examples of self-assembly, such as via ... ? <one>Protein folding</one>.
+- Give four different examples for <one>surface modification adlayers</one>. A: (1) Self-assembled monolayer (2) polymer brush (3) crosslinked hydrogel (4) dendro
+- The <one>surface energy of hydrocarbon polymers</one> can be reduced by substituting hydrogen for ... ? <one>Fluorine</one>.
+- <one>Nanoparticles</one> can be used as <three>"... antennas"</three>. A: <one>Lossy antennas</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>an interface with low surface energy</one>. A: <one>Hydrophobic surface</one>.
+- Is <one>a biomolecule</one>, such as <two>a protein</two>, <three>more hydrophobic than water</three>? Yes, <one>always</one>.
+- Say that we have a surface area in a nanodevice implanted in the human body. A given protein is assumed to have few contact points. What can we infer from this, in regards to the surface area at hand? That this protein will not deform on the surface, as this would normally require more contact points.
+- Proteins have <one>heterogeneous surface properties</one> due to ... ? their <one>amino acid composition</one>.
+- For designing biointerfaces: what is meant with the term <one>anti-microbial design</one>? This refers to <one>specifically killing microbes trying to colonize the interface</one>.
+- Name <two>a very small drug delivery platform</two> that begins with the letter <one>'C'</one>. A: <one>Capsosomes</one>.
+- The binding of molecules or particles to another surface without chemical bonds being formed is called ... ? <one>Physisorption</one>.
+- The <one>human body</one> <two>responds</two> to an unknown interface by ... ? <one>Encapsulation</one>.
+- <one>Coulombic repulsion</one> prohibits molecules from ... ? <one>overlapping in space</one>.
+- Die <one>biomolekulare Korona</one> in der Nanomedizin hat wieviele Schichten? <two>Zwei</two> - die <one>konstante Schicht</one> und die <one>dynamische Schicht</one>.
+- A colloidal system consists of which two separate phases? (1) a dispersed phase (the <two>colloid</two>) (2) a continuous phase (the <two>medium</two>).
+- What is meant with the term <one>colloidal gold</one>? <one>Colloidal gold</one> is <two>a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles of gold in a fluid</two>.
+- For nanotechnology: where may <one>surface plasmons</one> be important? For <one>biosensors</one>.
+- Can <one>nanowires</one> detect a single virus? Yes - for example if we tie an antibody to the nanowire.
+- The energy levels of insulators and semiconductors have ... what kind of gaps? <one>Bandgaps</one>.
+- <one>Physical interactions</one> determine ... ? <one>everything!</one>
+- From <one>microelectronics</one>: increasing the density of the transistors als increase the demand for ...? <one>Cooling</one>.
+- When designing <three>biosensors</three> that work on the nanoscale level, we have to <one>consider the length scale</one>. The length scale is typically from <two>n nm</two> to <two>n nm</two>? <one>5 nm</one> <two>-</two> <one>500 nm</one>.
+- The <one>strongest known material in the world</one> is ... ? <one>Graphene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
+- What is the reason for the <one>Brownian ratchet</one> to work for molecular nanomachines in biological cells? These movements originate from <two>collisions</two> <one>with water molecules</one>.
+- Name <one>three different scale-variants</one> that relate to nanotechnology. A: (1) <one>Macroscale</one> (2) <one>Microscale</one> (3) <one>Nanoscale</one>
+- One of <one>the best-known thermal conductor</one> is ... ? <one>Diamond</one>.
+- Name <three>a method</three> with which we can model <one>polymer brushes</one>. A: The <one>Monte Carlo</one> method.
+- Will <one>proteins</one> that deform easily also more easily stick onto a given surface? Yes, as they <one>will have more contact points</one>.
+- <one>Micelles</one> keep what in water? Their <one>heads</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micelle
+- The same properties that make nanoparticles potentially <one>more dangerous</one>, due to reactivity, also make them ... ? <one>Very short lived</one>.
+- Give an example for modern <one>nanoscale assembly</one>. A: <one>DNA Origami</one>.
+- From nanotechnology and physics: the <one>strength of a muscle</one> is ... ? The <one>force it can produce</one>.
+- The most useful information obtained from an <one>IR spectrum</one> is ... ? <one>What functional groups are present within the molecule</one>.
+- <one>Kolloidales Gold</one> hat eine <three>hohe Affinität</three> zu ... ? <one>Thiolgruppen</one> - also <two>Cystein</two>.
+- Most of the information that is used to interpret an IR spectrum is obtained from ... ? From the <one>functional group region</one>.
+- <one>Infrared spectroscopy</one> exploits the fact that molecules absorb frequencies that are ... ? <one>characteristic of their structure</one>. 
+- Nenne <one>eine Substanz</one>, die man für die <three>Erstellung von Liposomen</three> verwenden könnte. A: <one>PEG</one>: <two>Polyethylenglykol</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenglycol
+- From the point of view of nanotechnology, <one>planet Earth</one> is nothing more than ... ? An accumulation of <one>atoms</one>.
+- Feynman once said: <three>"So, you simply evaporate until you have a block of stuff which has the elements ... What could we do with layered materials with just the right layers?"</three>. <one>Which technique</one> implements this vision? A: <one>Molecular beam epitaxy</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-beam_epitaxy
+- Give an example for <one>ultrahydrophobicity</one>. A: The <one>lotus effect</one>, found on a <one>lotus leaf</one> - aka <three>self-cleaning properties</three>.
+- In nanotechnology, we often use the S/V ratio as comparison. Volume scales how much faster than the surface area? <two>Volume</two> scales <one>to the power of 3 faster</one>.
+- How do we call <one>nanoparticles</one> that are not cleared from a biological environment? <one>Bio-persistent nanoparticles</one>.
+- <two>Silicon-based, disposable blood-pressure sensor chips</two> were introduced in the early 1990s by which company, for <one>blood pressure monitoring</one>? By <one>NovaSensor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Petersen_(inventor)#Career
+- Give an example as to why we may want to apply <one>specialized coatings on glass</one>. A: This may <two>reduce glare</two> - and <one>make it easier to clean</one> as well.
+- The response of a material to electromagnetic excitations is strongly ... dependent. A: Strongly <one>frequency dependent</one>.
+- <one>Nano-engineering</one> and <one>nano-design</one> almost exclusively take place on ... ? <one>computers</one>.
+- Give another term for <one>negative refractive index</one>. A: <one>Invisibility</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>self-assembling protein structures</one> that are NOT related to viruses. A: The <one>S-layers</one>, surface structures of some <two>eubacteria</two> and <two>archaea</two>.
+- In the <one>human body</one>: if we <two>use nano-vesicles</two> that are at about <three>5 nm in diameter</three>, what general problem do we face here? Nanoparticles with such a diameter are <one>easily excreted through the renal system</one> (<two>kidneys</two>).
+- The <one>natural environment of biomolecules</one>, including (natural) <three>nanoparticles</three>, is ... ? <one>Water</one>.
+- Ein <one>Quantum Dot</one> (Quantenpunkt) hat etwa <two>n Atome</two>? <one>Tausend</one> bis <one>wenige Tausend</one>.
+- In <one>PLL-g-PEG</one>: what does <two>the middle g</two> stand for? <one>graft</one>.
+- We can distinguish between <three>five general stages of nanomedicine development</three>. What is <one>stage number 4</one> (IV)? <two>Stage number 4</two> is concerned about <one>long term safety</one>.
+- Wir beladen einen <one>SNALP-Lipidkomplex</one> mit <three>siRNA</three>. Welchen pH Wert wollen wir für die Ionisierbarkeit erreichen? Einen <one>sauren pH</one> - also <two>unter Bedingungen der Endosomen</two>.
+- We could <three>implant drug delivery systems into the body</three> - but what characteristic trait does the <one>membrane</one> of this system have to have? The membrane has to be <one>completely non-fouling</one> - otherwise it will clog and the release of the drug will subsequently stop.
+- In <one>spintronics</one> the electron carries not only the charge but also ... ? <one>Information in the form of its</one> <two>spin</two>.
+- <one>Atoms on the surface of a nano-particle</one> have a smaller coordination number. These surface atoms experience an unbalanced force which is relieved by a <two>readjustment</two> in their positions that we call ... how? <one>Surface relaxation</one>.
+- A small size (<one>nanosize</one>) combined with a high surface area, and lots of tiny particles, means that we will see ... reactivity. A: <one>Ultra-high reactivity</one>.
+- Name two different release profiles for <one>implantable drug delivery systems</one>. A: (1) <one>burst   release</one> (2) <one>stepped release</one>
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit <one>quantum dots</one> herzustellen. A: <one>MBE</one>: <two>Molecular Beam Epitaxy</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-beam_epitaxy
+- Why is <one>the chirality of a carbon nanotube</one> important? Because it may determine some of its properties: for example, <one>whether it will conduct electricity like a metal or like a semi-conductor</one>.
+- The largest <one>fullerenes</one> had how many C atoms? <one>540</one>.
+- The goal of molecular mechanics is to find stable configurations for a set of particles - the <one>local minima on the potential energy surface</one>. Give another name for these local minima. A: <one>Saddle points</one>. 
+- Die Weiterentwicklung <one>NanoSIMS</one> erlaubt eine räumliche Auflösung von bis zu n nm? Bis zu <one>30 nm</one>.
+- Name one general <one>top-down strategy</one> on the nanoscale. A: <one>Lithography</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanolithography
+- <one>Nanolabeling</one>, aka via a <two>n+E-number</two>, was implemented in the EU fully since as of ... ? <one>2014</one>.
+- In a <one>hydrogel</one>: what determines the loading and release rate of its <three>drug-payload</three>? The <one>swelling</one>.
+- How can the <one>swelling</one> of a hydrogel, and thereby the loading and release rate, be affected? We can <two>affect it through the environment</two>, in particular by: (1) <one>the pH value</one> (2) <one>temperature</one> (3) <one>ion concentration</one>
+- Given <one>an atom at the surface of a crystal with a high curvature</one>, what can we presume from this at once? This atom will have <one>fewer nearest neighbors</one>.
+- <one>Contact angles</one>, which should be directly related to surface energy, are seldom found tabulated because of ... ? Because of the fact that they are <one>notoriously difficult to reproduce</one>.
+- In nanotechnology, for the design of <three>nanosensors</three>, we may make use of <one>oxide surfaces</one>. Give an example for such an <one>oxide surface</one>. A: <one>SiO₂</one>. <two>Silanes</two> in general are good anchors.
+- ... is <one>the primary source of power and control for small systems</one>. A: <one>Electricity</one>.
+- <two>A protein</two> is a ... <one>polymer</one>. A: A <one>flexible polymer</one>.
+- If a <one>nanomaterial</one> has a <three>poor solubility in water</three>, what can we infer this nanomaterial to have in regards to bioavailability? It will also have a <one>poor bioavailability</one>.
+- Does the <one>Vroman effect</one> lead to <three>irreversible adsorption</three> of proteins onto a surface? Yes, <one>over time it does</one>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: <three>the skin</three> is a formidable boundary that only allows ... what to penetrate through all skin layers? <one>Oily formulations of</one> <two>small molecules</two>.
+- Do <two>carbon nanotubes</two> show a <one>high thermal conductivity</one>? Yes - <one>similar to diamond</one>.
+- In <one>nanotechnology</one>, for <two>surface patterning</two>: which <three>two different basic etching modes</three> can be distinguished? (1) <one>dry etching</one> (2) <one>wet etching</one>
+- In <peru>nanotechnology</peru>: <one>anchor combinations</one> that <three>provide the perfect contrast</three> are called ... ? <one>Orthogonal</one>.
+- In nanotoxicity: increased surface area and reactivity leads to increased intrinsic toxicity, in particular the <one>production of ...</one>? <one>Oxyradicals</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oxyradical
+- Nanotechnology was hyped in the early 2000s as having lots of opportunities for the future. But it has been said that <one>extraordinary claims also require</one> ... ? <one>Extraordinary proof</one>.
+- In Nanotechnology: why is the term <one>noble metal</one> a curious one? Because the properties of atoms and molecules may change at the nanoscale; they <one>may no longer be so noble anymore</one>. <two>They can be manipulated in some cases</two>.
+- Will a <one>natural surface</one> <two>induce protein adsorption</two>? Yes.
+- What is <one>nanomedicine</one>? <two>Nanomedicine</two> is <one>the application of nanotechnology to medicine</one>.
+- The <one>main mantra</one>, the tenet, of gradual conversion to bottom-up thinking in nanotechnology is ... ? <one>Do more with less</one>.
+- <one>Nanoparticles</one> can be distributed in the blood, as <two>colloid</two>. How does the body <three>clean up</three>, usually? Through <one>circulating macrophages</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>luminescence</one>? <two>Luminescence</two> is <one>the emission of light from</one> <three>any substance</three>.
+- Name two definitions that are <two>necessary conditions</two> for the term <one>nanotechnology</one>. A: (1) <one>scale</one> (2) <one>novelty</one>
+- <one>Liposomes</one> can be modified and functionalized, with what exactly in general? <one>Additional</one> <two>targeting moieties</two>.
+- How is <one>matter</one> called that can be used for something? A <one>material</one>.
+- What are <one>drug nanocrystals</one>? <two>Drug nanocrystals</two> are crystals with a size in the nanometer range, which means they are <one>nanoparticles with a crystalline character</one>.
+- <one>MCC-465</one> is a liposome, complexed with an <three>antibody fragment</three> (thus, it is an immunoliposome), for the targeted delivery of <two>doxorubicin</two>. Which antibody fragment is used here for MCC-465? <one>F(ab')₂</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>passive nanostructure</one>. A: <one>Coatings</one> (on a nanovesicle).
+- The <one>plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles</one> can be used to enhance ... which signal? The <one>Raman signal</one>.
+- In <peru>nanotechnology</peru>: when <one>tracking nanoparticles</one>, via <two>NTA</two> (<three>nano-particle tracking analysis</three>), what is indispensable aside from the nano-object itself? A <one>laser</one>.
+- What may serve as <one>an artifical gecko feet</one>? <one>Carbon nanotubes</one>.
+- Three classes of <one>properties of the ECM</one> have been shown to influence cell adhesion and response when applied to <two>biomimetic interfaces</two>. Which ones are these? (1) <one>Mechanical properties</one> (2) <one>Specific chemical signals</one> (3) <one>Topography</one>
+- Mankind can <one>see and manipulate atoms</one> <two>via which technique</two>? Via the <one>scanning tunneling microscope</one> (<two>STM</two>).
+- Nanoparticles may be <one>nanotoxic</one>. But is this valid for man-made nanoparticles? <one>Most likely no</one>, as their high surface activity means that they are very active, and thus have a short lifetime, as they tend to be unstable in most environments.
+- If a liquid, such as <one>water</one>, does not perfectly wet a surface, then a droplet will be created with a ...  related to the ... of the surface. A: A <one>curvature</one> related to the <two>contact angle</two> of the surface.
+- Give an example for <one>an extremely porous material</one>. A: <one>Zeolites</one>.
+- Nanotechnology also employs <one>infrared spectroscopy</one>, in particular to study what exactly? The <one>surface chemistry of nanoparticles</one>.
+- Name a common <one>delivery problem</one> for novel protein drugs, from the point of view of nanotechnology. A: <one>Viscosity</one>.
+- What makes <one>graphite</one> soft? The weak <one>van der Waals bonds</one> that hold the <two>layers</two> together.
+- Name a huge drawback of <one>stable soneth liposomes</one> in nanomedicine. A: It <one>will not release drugs efficiently at the target location</one>.
+- The central tenet and paradigm shift in <one>molecular nanotechnology</one> is ... ? The change from <one>top-down to bottom-up engineering</one>.
+- <one>Nanoporous membranes</one> have an <two>upper size limit</two> of about <three>n nm</three>? Less than <one>20 nm</one>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: give another term for <two>biodistribution</two>. A: <one>Flow</one>.
+- A fancier term for <one>nanotechnology</one> may be to call it ... ? The <one>next industrial revolution</one>.
+- Does the <one>surface plasmon resonance</one> have anything to do with colours? Yes.
+- Name one important reason why <one>nanomedicine</one> may be important today. A: We may be able to <one>improve a medical therapy</one>; and the diagnosis.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für das <one>Injektisom</one>? <one>Typ-3-Sekretionssystem</one> (<two>T3SS</two>).
+- Nanomaterials may show an <one>increased, intrinsic toxicity</one>. Give one such example for this statement. A: The <one>production of oxyradicals</one>.
+- <one>Nano-scale materials</one> exhibit different fundamental physical, biological, and chemical properties. This may also be relevant in nanotoxicology. Name <three>two main reasons</three> as to the cause of these different, fundamental properties. A: (1) a <one>rapidly increasing surface-to-volume ratio</one> (2) <one>Quantum effects</one> leading to strong, electromagnetic field interactions
+- Why can we say that <one>Feynman's influence on nanotechnology</one> was <two>rather limited</two>? Because, literally, <one>not a lot of progress happened in regards to nanotechnology for about 25 years to come, past his famous talk</one>.
+- In physics: what is an <one>oscillation</one>? This is <one>any motion that repeats itself in time</one>.
+- Provide a two-word name for <one>nanotubes</one>. A: <two>Nanotubes</two> are <one>cylindrical fullerenes</one>.
+- When we speak of <one>functionalizizing</one> a surface, what may be meant with that? To make the surface <one>chemically receptive to a specific type of molecule or reaction</one>.
+- The <one>chemical activity of a material</one> increases drastically as the particle size reaches a few nm. Give a dramatic manifestation of this as example. A: The <one>auto-ignition of fine metal powders in air</one>.
+- What do we mean with the <one>Vroman effect</one>? This has to do with <one>protein adsorption</one> in a protein mixture. The <two>highest mobility proteins generally arrive first</two> but are later replaced by less motile proteins that have a <three>higher affinity for the surface</three>.
+- <one>Superparamagnetic nanoparticles</one> have a diameter of, typically, ... from ... to? <one>3-15nm</one>.
+- <one>Self-assembly</one> and <one>self-organization</one> on the molecular and nanoscale are not magic, nor are they similar to Lego building blocks, but ... ? Mostly <one>thermodynamics</one>, that is <two>to minimize energy</two>.
+- Give an example for a <one>one-dimensional nanostructured material</one>. A: <one>Nanotubes</one>.
+- Does <one>physics</one> change at the nanoscale level? Yes it does - <one>matter</one> will behave differently due to <two>quantum effects</two>.
+- Give an example for <one>natural nanotoxicity</one>. A: When <one>lysosomes burst</one> → their content may be <two>toxic for the cell</two>.
+- We can use a <one>spray-on coating</one> containing a photocatalyst and nanometer-sized ... particles, in order to make a pane of glass <two>self-clean</two>. A: <one>Titanium dioxide</one> (<two>TiO₂</two>).
+- <one>Nanotoxicology</one> also aims to create laws and regulations that will ... do what, in general? These laws will try to <one>minimize risks from nanoparticle exposure</one>.
+- What was, in <one>1995</one>, the first <three>nanotherapeutic</three>? <one>Liposomal doxorubicin</one>. URL: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/cancer-drugs/drugs/liposomal-doxorubicin
+- Name a <two>disadvantage</two> of an <one>unstable liposome drug delivery system</one>. A: An <one>unstable stealth liposome releases drugs while circulating</one>.
+- What is a <one>Nanomaterial</one>? A nanomaterial is a material with at least <one>one dimension less than 100nm</one>, exhibiting unique properties due to its nano scale size and shape.
+- We wish to create <one>polymeric nano fibers</one>. Name a method with which we could do so. A: <one>Electrospinning</one> - a <two>fiber production method</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrospinning
+- The first <one>'nanodrug'</one> was ... ? <one>DOXIL</one> <two>(Doxorubicin Liposomal)</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxorubicin#Liposomal_form
+- For a <one>physisorbed surface</one>, polymers that are used for the functionalization, often have which interesting, intrinsic feature? They contain <one>hydrophobic</one> and <one>hydrophilic parts</one>, <two>in the same polymer chain</two>.
+- When we make use of any <one>vector system</one> targeting the human body, and we push this vector through the blood system, what may we have to keep in mind? That this vector, the physical object, may be <one>coated and opsonized</one>, which may lead to its <two>eventual degradation or functional exclusion</two>.
+- Provide another name for <one>viral vectors</one> - a name that should also fit into nanotechnology. A: <one>Biological nanoparticles</one>.
+- What do we mean with the <one>scaling theory</one> in the nanosciences? This is <one>the study of how properties change, as the size changes</one> (increases, or usually, decreases).
+- Wie hat man den <one>ATP-Synthase Propeller</one> an seinen Untergrund fixiert? Mittels <one>3 schwefelhaltiger Aminosäuren</one>.
+- In nanotechnology: <one>EPR</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Enhanced permeability and retention effect</one>.
+- When we put a <one>naked nanoparticle</one> into the human body, what may we quickly notice that may happen to it? A <one>protein corona</one> may form, adsorbed on that nanoparticle.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>biomedical payload</one> in nanotechnology and nanomedicine? This is when e. g. <one>therapeutic agents are transported</one>, such as <two>anticancer drugs</two>, <two>DNA</two>, <two>siRNA</two> oder hyperthermal/photodynamic material.
+- A <one>nanocluster</one> typically contains aggregates of atoms containing between 2 and up to n atoms? Up to <one>1O⁶ atoms</one> (<two>1_000_000</two>).
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>, in <two>passive targeting</two>: why may <three>EPR effects</three> (<three>enhanced permeability and retention</three>) be considered to be useful? Because <one>this may increase the delivery of nanoparticles to cancer tumors</one>.
+- Why is it important, in nanotechnology, to <one>understand surfaces</one>? Because <one>only the surface of an object is exposed to the reaction and participates in the process</one>.
+- <one>Nanomenhirs</one> are like little pyramids that act as ... ? <one>Discrete sensing points</one>.
+- Name <one>a disadvantage</one> of a stable stealth liposome drug delivery system. A: A stable stealth liposome <one>does not release drugs efficiently at the target location</one>.
+- For <two>nanomedicine</two> we may wish <one>soneth properties</one>, but what do we mean with this? Either <one>avoiding the immune system</one>; and/or <two>achieve long circulation time</two> in the blood stream.
+- What implication may be deduced when we have <one>a multivalent, weakly binding anchor design</one>? We may have to <one>use a large anchor size</one>, in order to <two>accommodate multiple interaction</two>.
+- Give a fancy definition for the term <one>self-assembly</one>. A: <one>The nanostructure builds itself.</one>
+- <one>Drag nanocrystals</one> are used ... why exactly? They are used in pharmaceutics to develop a new innovative formulation principle for <one>poorly soluble drugs</one>.
+- The fundamental idea behind <one>spontaneous protein adsorption</one> is ... ? That <one>adsorption occurs when more energy is released than gained</one>, <two>according to Gibbs law of free energy</two>.
+- What is a <one>polymer brush</one>? This is a <one>surface coating</one>, consisting of <two>polymers tethered to a surface</two>.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>nanotoxicology</one>? <one>Nanotoxicology</one> refers to <two>the uncontrolled effects of exposure of the environment and humans to different nanomaterials</two>.
+- The three main kinds of bonds that hold molecules together are ... ? (1) <one>ionic bonds</one> (2) <one>covalent bonds</one> (3) <one>van der Waals bonds</one>
+- Name two characteristic traits of <one>nanoparticles</one>. A: (1) <one>large surface area</one> (2) <one>no inner mass</one>
+- Why are <one>X-rays</one> not surface sensitive? Because the X-rays are excited mostly from <one>deep penetrating electrons</one>.
+- Why may we wish to make use of <one>surface engineering nanoparticles</one>, in <three>nanomedicine</three>? <one>Surface engineered nanoparticles</one> can <two>avoid clearance by the immune system</two>.
+- The <one>surface of a nano-particle</one> has... which three characteristics? (1) An <one>interface</one> (2) <one>depth</one> (3) a <one>topography</one>
+- Why may we consider a <one>hydrogel</one> so useful in nanomedicine? Because <one>it can release its stored compounds (aka drugs)</one> <two>very slowly</two>.
+- In terms of products and marketing, <one>nano</one> not only means small, but also ... ? <one>New</one>, aka <two>new ideas</two> and <two>new ways to make a profit</two>.
+- Nanotechnology may be used in <two>nanomedicine</two>, in particular when it comes to <one>Imaging</one>. Specifically, what may we wish to improve here, in general? We may wish to improve functionality related to <one>early detection</one>.
+- <one>Targeted drug delivery</one>, that is when a drug is released only at the therapeutic site (the main target of therapy), is better than traditional drugs used in modern medicine. <two>Three reasons</two> can be given as to why that is so. Which reasons speak in favour of targeted drug release? (1) Traditional drug delivery systems, such as oral ingestion, the medication is distributed throughout the body through the systemic blood circulation. Thus, for most therapeutic agents, only a small portion of the medication reaches the target organ. (2) Many drugs cause <one>severe toxic side effects</one> in other tissues, some of which may be life-threatening to the individual, such as chemotherapy for treatment of cancer. (3) If a drug is targeted only to the therapeutic site it can reach higher local concentration and therefore efficacy, while simultaneously reducing side effects in the rest of the organism.
+- Are <one>nanoplasmonic sensors</one> on the same order of proteins? Yes - thus <one>we may have to</one> <two>use thicker coatings</two>.
+- Was ist <one>SIMS</one>? <one>Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie</one> (SIMS) ist <two>eine Technik zur Analyse der Zusammensetzung von festen Oberflächen und dünnen Schichten</two>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>Biocompatibility</one>? <two>Biocompatibility</two> is the <one>ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application</one>.
+- What do we mean with <one>actuation</one> in nanotechnology? This is when we <one>input energy</one>, e. g. <two>via an antenna</two>, into the nano-object/nano-device.
+- In <one>photolithography</one>, what happens? Light is focused through a lens onto a surface to <one>write</one> patterns.
+- How can we define <one>nanomedicine</one>? <two>Nanomedicine</two> is <one>the use of nano-scale science, for the benefit of the patient</one>.
+- Proteins may adsorp onto surfaces. Name an important <one>driving force</one> behind protein adsorption in this regard. A: The <one>surface energy</one>.
+- Nanotechnology has been touted as <one>eco-friendly</one>. Why is this said? Because <one>little raw material</one> is necessary for production of nano-sized objects, and very little would be waste by such nanotech-oriented processes.
+- Nanotechnology may have <one>conventional environmental contamination</one>. What is meant with this? That nanoparticles might have <two>carcinogenic properties</two> <one>similar to asbestos</one>, for instance.
+- For nanomedicine applications of nano-vesicles, give an example of what we mean when we say <one>externally guided targeting</one> of vesicles. A: We can <two>use a magnet</two>, and then use <one>magnetic focusing</one> to move the delivery vehicle onto the right destination.
+- Designing materials on the nanoscale allows the ... ? <one>Creation of materials with new properties</one>.
+- When we talk about a <one>conjugated nanoparticle</one>: what do we mean with this? That <one>there may be</one> <two>a conjugate</two> <one>on the surface</one>.
+- Can <one>gold</one> be used to <three>coat silica on a nanosensor</three>? No. This also requires us to use a so-called <one>bridge metal</one>.
+- When was the term <one>nanotechnology</one> first used? In <one>1974</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology#Norio_Taniguchi
+- <one>Self-assembly</one> in the classical sense can be defined as the spontaneous and reversible organization of units into ordered structures by ... interactions. A: By <one>noncovalent interactions</one>.
+- Can <three>a protein</three> <one>become unfolded at a surface</one>? Yes - this is also called <one>conformational change</one>.
+- Name a major issue in regards to <one>implantable drug delivery systems</one>. A: <one>Foreign body encapsulation</one> is a major issue, as it <two>will reduce the functionality of these systems</two>.
+- Der <one>F1-Teil</one> einer ATPase ragt wohinein? Ins <one>Cytoplasma</one>.
+- In Nano-Surfaces: what is <one>PLL-g-PEG</one>? This is <one>a random graft co-polymer</one>.
+- In nanomedicine: name a big advantage of <one>PEGylation</one>. A: It may lead to <one>improved drug solubility</one>.
+- Why is <one>the interface</one> so important for devices in the human body, from the point of view of nanobiotechnology? Because an object can only influence another object over the distance over which they interact.
+- <one>Exposure</one> of humans to nanoparticles happens usually how? Through <one>digestible nanomaterials</one> put in our environment, such as in food.
+- <one>Cellular responses to foreign materials</one> when implanted in vivo are guided mainly by ... ? The <one>surface characteristics</one>.
+- For <one>nanodrug delivery</one>: the <two>therapeutic window</two> lies between which two extremes? (1) <one>unacceptable toxicity</one> (2) <one>poor activity</one>
+- Why may we wish to make use of <one>nanoparticle contrast enhancers</one>? Nanoparticle contrast enhancers allows for <one>imaging of the destination of the drug</one>.
+- The <one>implantation of biomaterials</one> almost universally leads to the device being enveloped in ... ? <one>Avascular fibrotic tissue</one> that walls off the device from the body.
+- Name a slightly <one>advanced liposome drug delivery system</one>. A: The <one>thermoresponsive liposome drug delivery system</one>.
+- In <one>Nanomedicine</one>: we may use different structures and different platforms. For the <two>Nanocarriers</two>, which two general strategies may we employ here? (1) <one>lipid-based   nanocarriers</one> (2) <one>polymer-based nanocarriers</one>
+- What does the <one>Heisenberg equation</one> state? It states that the more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa. This is thus <one>a fundamental limit to precision</one>.
+- <one>To probe a surface in nanotechnology</one> we have to interact with it. <two>What probes</two> can we use to interact with it - name three ways. A: (1) <one>chemical reactions</one> e. g. in <two>catalysis</two> (2) <one>photons</one>, such as via light (3) <one>forces</one> such as adhesion
+- Is <one>a biomaterial</one> a viable substance? Not really - it is typically non-viable, e. g. when it is used in a medical device.
+- In Nanotechnology we may also employ the <one>bottom-up</one> strategy, for building stuff. Give another name for this. A: <one>self-assembly</one>, or <one>molecular self-organization</one>.
+- In <one>Nanotechnology</one>: we have some <three>strong anchors</three> to e. g. metal, silicon, glass or metal oxides. Give two general examples for this. A: (1) <one>Thiol</one>  (to <two>metals</two>) (2) <one>Silane</one> (to <two>silicon</two> or <two>glass</two>)
+- How can <one>wetting</one> be measured? By meausuring the contact angle of a bead of liquid on the given surface.
+- For <one>nanomedicine delivery</one>: why are most drugs considered a problem from a delivery point of view? Because many drugs require a <one>high concentration</one>, which means delivery at high concentration or large volume; often both are required. And this can be difficult for nano-based systems.
+- What does <one>fouling</one> mean? This is <one>the adhesion of a foreign material onto a surface</one>, especially so as to <two>reduce its functionality</two>.
+- Wie funktioniert die Messung bei <one>SIMS</one>? Die Messung erfolgt durch <one>Sputtern der Oberfläche der Probe</one> mit einem Primärionenstrahl und dem Sammeln und der Analyse der ausgestoßenen Sekundärionen.
+- We may want to put nanoparticles into a body. There are <one>three general barriers</one> to overcome. Name them. A: (1) <one>external barriers</one> (2) <one>en route barriers</one> (3) <one>cellular barriers</one>
+- For a given <one>nanoparticle</one>: what is the main purpose of the spacer/linker? The spacer/linker defines the interaction of the Nanoparticle with its environment. Ideally it makes the core invisible until actuated.
+- What is <one>molecular self-assembly</one>? This is <one>the spontaneous transition of initially disordered molecules</one> into <two>predictable supramolecularstructures</two>.
+- Name <one>a rationale for developing nanomaterial medicine</one>. A: It will have <one>new, unique features</one>.
+- Wenn wir <one>Liposomen</one> als Vektorsysteme verwenden, wieso sollten wir diese nicht zu stabil machen? Da eine zu hohe Stabilität in einer <one>ungenügenden Freisetzung</one> mündet.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>, we may make use of <three>a stimulus-triggered drug release</three>. This may have several advantages but name just about the biggest advantage, from a pharmaceutical point of view. A: Triggered-release will <one>minimize systemic exposure</one>.
+- In nanomedicine, for nanoparticles: what is <one>the holy grail</one>? <one>Nanoparticle-controlled cell uptake</one>.
+- The abbreviation <one>SPION</one> refers to ... ? <one>Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>targeted drug delivery</one>? In <one>targeted drug delivery</one>, the <two>drug delivery vehicle</two> should accumulate and <three>release the drug only at the therapeutic site</three>.
+- <one>Nanoparticle contrast enhancers</one> allow for imaging of ... which property involving the drug? The <one>destination</one> of the drug in a body.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: why may we consider <three>stealth properties</three> to be useful? Because this may help us achieve a <one>long circulation time</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil der <one>Lipofektion</one>. A: Die Liposomen verschmelzen mit den Membranen jeglicher Zellen.
+- Name three <one>objectives for a good drug delivery system</one>. A: (1) it <one>shall carry a payload</one> (2) locate at the point of delivery (3) release the payload at a controlled rate
+- <one>Which type of lithography</one> achieves the lowest nm patterning? <one>Electron beam lithography</one>.
+- Materials embedded in a <two>matrix</two> are not considered <one>nanotoxic</one>. Why not? <one>Such particulates are not free to enter an organism</one>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: name a goal of <three>oral delivery</three>. A: One goal is <one>to retain the drug and release it over a long time</one>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: why may we wish to make use of <two>iron oxide nanoparticles</two>? These could be used as <one>a contrast agent</one> for <two>magnetic resonance imaging</two>.
+- What is meant with the expression <one>biopersistent nanoparticles</one>? These are nanoparticles that <one>do not dissolve in or get cleared from a biological environment</one>.
+- Name three goals for a <one>drug delivery system</one> on the nanoscale. A: (1) carry a payload (2) locate at the point of delivery (3) release the payload at a controlled rate
+- Name the <one>three kinds of targeted drug delivery</one>. A: (1) <one>Passive targeted drug delivery</one> (2) <one>Active targeted drug delivery</one> (3) <one>Externally guided targeting</one>
+- Give an example for <one>molecular nanotechnology</one>. A: <one>Biological machines</one>.
+- In nanomedicine: what is meant with the term <one>soneth effect</one>? When the immune systeme, in particular <two>monocytes</two> and <two>macrophages</two>, can not recognize our nanoparticle at hand; e. g. because it may be <one>PEGylated</one>.
+- In nanotechnology, for patterning methods: what does <one>SMAP</one> stand for? <one>Selective molecular assembly patterning</one>.
+- What are <one>DNA Walkers</one>? <one>DNA walkers</one> are a class of <two>nucleic acid nanomachines</two> that exhibit directional motion along a linear track.
+- The abbreviation <one>nanoSIMS</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry</one>.