studium 0.13.1

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Files changed (871) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +2785 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  38. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  39. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  40. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  41. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  42. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  43. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  44. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  45. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  46. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  47. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  48. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
  49. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  50. data/doc/README.gen +2742 -0
  51. data/doc/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  52. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  53. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  54. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  55. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +112 -0
  56. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_THE_GRAPHICAL_PARTS_OF_THE_STUDIUM_GEM_INCLUDING_WWW_RELATED_ASPECTS.md +35 -0
  57. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  58. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +2710 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +543 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +11 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +110 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +90 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +189 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +163 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +115 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +549 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +46 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +932 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +903 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +14 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2142 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +217 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +25 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +210 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +324 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +163 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +11 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +264 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +163 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +64 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +38 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +196 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +614 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +191 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +108 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +86 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +781 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +214 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +27 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +504 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +43 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +85 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +218 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +114 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +63 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +71 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +52 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +75 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +946 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +438 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +132 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +290 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +311 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +116 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +764 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +60 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +81 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +240 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1002 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1001 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +126 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +382 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +78 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +22 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +503 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +153 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +137 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +106 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +89 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +373 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +442 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +155 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +995 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +87 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +80 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +492 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics +5 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +280 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +28 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +42 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +551 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytokines +5 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +106 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +35 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +56 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +314 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +211 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +354 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +89 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +41 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +547 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +345 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +179 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +138 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +328 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +71 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +511 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +211 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +79 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +176 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +244 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +901 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +8 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +621 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +47 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +93 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +59 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +25 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +109 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +100 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +134 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +191 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +241 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +982 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +97 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +22 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +57 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +502 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +12 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +5 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +208 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +94 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/macroeconomics +40 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mathematics +254 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizin_und_biomedizinische_technik +250 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizinische_chemie_und_pharmazie +398 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/messtechnik_und_regeltechnik +104 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/metabolismus +406 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microbial_ecology +35 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microcontrollers +11 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_lebensgemeinschaften +33 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_physiologie +172 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mitochondria +32 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mixed +278 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molecular_biology_of_plants +242 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molekulare_medizin +131 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nanotechnologie +453 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nature_conservation_and_biodiversity +166 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/naturstoffe +9 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/netzwerke +32 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/neurobiology +267 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nucleotide_sequencing +32 -0
  298. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nutztierethologie +11 -0
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1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Allgemeine Mikrobiologie (Mikrobiologie tag, Witte und Bacca. Mikro tag.
3
+ # mi tag. amm tag. Allgemeine Mikrobiologie.
4
+ # Baccarini und Wagner. Wagner tag. Witte tag.
5
+ # Basic Microbiology. Microbio tag. Auch
6
+ # Mikrobiologie-Übungen der AW. Und
7
+ # Umweltmikrobiologie tag.)
8
+ #
9
+ # This gathers topics from general microbiology. Synthetic pathways of
10
+ # bacteria are stored in the file mikrobielle_physiologie instead.
11
+ # =========================================================================== #
12
+
13
+ - <one>Thiomargarita magnifica</one> kann wie lange werden? Bis zu <one>zwei Zentimeter</one>.
14
+ - A medium that lacks an essential nutrient, such as a medium lacking leucine, is called ... ? A <one>selective medium</one>.
15
+ - A <one>medium</one> that contains only the nutrients required by prototrophic bacteris is termed ... ? a <one>minimal medium</one>.
16
+ - <one>Bacteria</one>, from a taxonomic point of view, should rather be called ... ? <one>Eubacteria</one>.
17
+ - <one>What states</one> does <two>the initiator protein DnaA</two> have? An active ATP-bound form and an inactive ADP-bound form.
18
+ - Welches ist <one>die größte Untereinheit von Pol III</one>? Die <one>Alpha Untereinheit</one> mit etwa 140.000 Dalton.
19
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>fraktionierende Sterilisationsmethode</one>? <one>Tyndallisieren</one>.
20
+ - <one>Acetat</one> hat wieviele C? <one>2</one>. []
21
+ - In Bacteria: give another term for <one>a dormant state</one>. A: <one>Spores</one>.
22
+ - Name <one>one very large prokaryote</one>. A: <one>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epulonipiscium#Naming_and_discovery []
23
+ - Nenne ein möglichst einfaches Kriterium, an dem man messen kann ob es einer Mikrobe gut geht. A: <one>Fortpflanzung</one> / <one>Fortpflanzungserfolg</one>.
24
+ - What can the <one>Fts protein</one> form? The <one>divisome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisome []
25
+ - <one>Welche Atome</one> finden wir in einer <two>Hydroxamate Group</two>? <one>N-OH-C=O</one>.
26
+ - Unterschiede folgende Begriffe: <one>Monotrichous</one>, <one>Lophotrichous</one>, Amphitrichous, Peritrichous. A: Eingeisselig, Vielgeisselig, <one>Bigeisselig</one>, <one>Vielgeisselig</one>.
27
+ - In the <one>phosphotransferase system</one>: <two>which component phosphorylates the substance that is taken up</two>? The <one>Enzyme IIc</one> component. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169766/ []
28
+ - <one>Schlüsselenzym</one> bei der Sulfatreduktion? <one>ATP-Sulfurylase</one>.
29
+ - <one>Hfq</one> in Pseudomonas represses what ... ? <one>Catabolic genes</one>, at the post-transcriptional level.
30
+ - <one>Maximum temperature of growth</one> for <two>Pyrobolus</two>? <one>113°C</one>.
31
+ - Nenne <one>zwei allgemein unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten</one> zwischen verschiedenen Mikroorganismen biochemisch im Labor zu unterscheiden. A: (1) <one>Katalase-Reaktion</one> (2) <one>Oxidase-Reaktion</one>
32
+ - Für die praktische Isolierung von Mutanten können wir <one>welche zwei Arten von Mutationen</one> unterscheiden? (1) selektierbare und (2) <one>nicht selektierbare Mutationen</one>.
33
+ - Angenommen wir <one>entziehen einem Bakterium Glucose</one>. Was geschieht intrazellulär? Der intrazelluläre <one>cAMP Gehalt steigt</one> an, da die Adenylat-Cyclase aktiver wird.
34
+ - Nenne die 4 wichtigen Schritte beim <one>Gram-Staining</one> (inklusive Angabe der Zeit!). A: (1) Crystal Violet: für 1 Minute (2) <royalblue>Iodine</royalblue>: für eine Minute (3) Alcohol Acetone: für einige Sekunden (4) <one>Safranin Stain</one>: für <two>1 Minute</two>
35
+ - Der kleinster Organismus, der <one>O₂-autotroph</one> ist, ist ... ? <one>Prochlorococcus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus_marinus []
36
+ - Give an example for <one>positive control in Bacteria</one>. A: <one>Maltose Catabolism</one> in E. coli.
37
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> erfand <two>das Ausstreichen von Bakterien auf Agarplatten</two>? <one>Robert Koch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch []
38
+ - Give two reasons for why a bacterium may wish to form a calcium-dipicoline acid complex. A: (1) binds water thus helps dehydrate the Endospore (2) intercalates DNA, thus protects it against heat denaturation
39
+ - <one>Wo</one> innerhalb der Biologie mag <two>Dipicolinsäure</two> gefunden werden? Dies ist eine Substanz, die während der Sporulation von Mikroorganismen gebildet wird. []
40
+ - Give an example for an <one>AB exotoxin</one>. A: <one>Diphtheria toxin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin []
41
+ - The <one>SRP</one> interacts with <two>which Fts component</two>? <one>Fts Y</one>. URL: https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/947978.html []
42
+ - <one>Glycogen</one> is <two>a storehouse for ... </two>? (1) <one>carbon</one> (2) <one>energy</one>
43
+ - Wie nennt man, auf englisch, den Zustand eines Bakterium, welches künstlich so präpariert wurde, das sie ihre <one>Oberflächenstrukturen abwirft</one>? <one>shaven</one>, in other words: <two>agitated to lose surface structures</two>. []
44
+ - What is <one>Hydrotaxis</one>? <one>Hydrotaxis</one> refers to movement towards or away from water - thus, water acts as the stimulus for the movement. See at URL: https://www.answers.com/topic/hydrotaxis []
45
+ - In the <one>phosphotransferase system</one>: which enzyme class is called the <two>specific components</two>? <one>Enz IIa</one> and <one>Enz IIb</one>. []
46
+ - What is meant with a <one>peritrichous cell</one>? This is <one>when the flagella are randomly distributed around the bacterial cell</one>.
47
+ - <one>Bdellovibrio</one> is <two>gram-positive</two> or <two>gram-negative</two>? <one>Bdellovibrio</one> is gram-negative like E. coli. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio []
48
+ - <one>Genomic studies of motile Archaea</one> revealed that <two>the archaellum</two> did have a structural counterpart in Bacteria. <two>Which one is that</two>? The <one>type IV pilus</one>.
49
+ - Das <one>Hydrogenosom</one> findet man nur bei eukaryoten Mikroorganismen, die wo leben? In <one>sauerstoffreichen Lebensräumen</one>.
50
+ - Im <one>Sec-abhängigen Weg</one> bei Bakterien: <two>nenne die three Schritte</two>. A: (1) Targeting (2) Translokation (3) Freisetzung
51
+ - Warum eigentlich können Mikroorganismen bei zu niedrigen Temperaturen nicht mehr wachsen? <one>Die Membran erstarrt</one> → <two>Transportprozesse verlangsamen</two>.
52
+ - <one>Wo</one> findet man den <two>Fenna-Matthews-Olson Complex</two>? Bei <one>Photolithoautotrophs</one>.
53
+ - Nenne <one>drei phototrophe Mikroorganismengruppen</one>. A: (1) <one>Cyanobacteria</one> (2) <one>Purpurbacter</one> (3) <one>Helicobacter</one>
54
+ - <one>Die optimale Wachstumstemperatur für E. coli</one> beträgt ... ? <one>37°C</one>.
55
+ - What are the <one>haloalkaliphiles</one>? These are <one>alkaliphiles</one> that require high salt content to survive.
56
+ - <one>Which aminoacid</one> is used to connect to <two>m-diaminopimelic acid</two>? <one>D-alanine</one>. []
57
+ - <one>Säurefeste Bakterien</one> wie <two>Mycobacterium</two> oder "Nocardia" sind nicht gram-differenzierbar. Nenne eine weitere Gruppe an Bakterien, die nicht gram-differenzierbar sind. A: Die <one>coryneformen Bakterien</one>.
58
+ - Warum sind <one>dormante Mikroorganismen</one> im Boden so wichtig? Dormante Mikroorganismen reduzieren die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Aussterbens eines Mikroorganismus.
59
+ - <one>Chemolithotrophs</one> <two>obtain their carbon how</two>? From <one>CO₂</one>. []
60
+ - Bei <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> während der <two>Aerotaxis</two>: <three>wie funktioniert das Protein HemAT</three>? Dieses Protein sendet über eine Signalkette Kommandos an den Motor der Schwimmgeißel des Bakteriums. Zunächst bindet Sauerstoff an die Häm-Gruppe von HemAT (die sogenannte "sensorische Domäne"). Dadurch ändert die Struktur, und dies löst weitere strukturelle Veränderungen in HemAT aus, die letztendlich die Signal-Domäne des Proteins erreichen. Die Signal-Domäne überträgt dann die Information über die steigende Sauerstoffkonzentration an weitere Proteine in der Zelle. Diese Proteine leiten die Botschaft an den Motor der Schwimmgeißel weiter.
61
+ - In bacteria: proteins are exported by ...? <one>Translocases</one>.
62
+ - Die zwei in der Natur am weitesten verbreiteten <one>anorganischen Stickstoffverbindungen</one> sind? (1) Nitrat (2) <one>Ammoniak</one> (NH4+)
63
+ - In microbiology: why are <one>sulfa drugs</one> employed? <one>Sulfa drugs</one> are growth factor analogs that can inhibit the growth of bacteria.
64
+ - Nenne fünf <one>Komponenten eines Lichtmikroskops</one>. A: (1) <one>Okular</one> (2) <one>Objektiv</one> (3) <one>Objektträger</one> (4) <one>Kondensor</one> (5) <one>Beleuchtungsspiegel</one>
65
+ - Name the <one>three major functions</one> of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria. A: (1) the cytoplasmic membrane <one>prevents leakage</one> (2) the cytoplasmic membrane anchors proteins (3) the cytoplasmic membrane conserves energy
66
+ - How would a <one>batch culture</one> be defined? No fresh medium is added during incubation, thus nutrient concentration decline and waste products accumulate during growth.
67
+ - In <one>quorum sensing</one>: how does induction of the lux genes work? They are turned on only when the bacterium is close to other bacteria.
68
+ - Nenne drei Hefen die nicht nur im neutralen, sondern auch im sauren Milieu leben können. A: (1) S. cerevisae (2) <one>Candida Krusei</one> (3) <one>Pichia saitoi</one>
69
+ - Ist <one>Pseudomonas</one> gram-positiv oder gram-negativ? <one>Pseudomonas</one> ist <two>gram-negativ</two>, so wie auch E. coli.
70
+ - <one>Wo</one> kann die <one>meso-Diaminopimelinsäure</one> gefunden werden? In <one>gram-negativen Bakterien</one>, wie zum Beispiel <two>E. coli</two>.
71
+ - Name <one>the three classes of transport systems in Microbiology</one>. <two>How are they functionally different from one another</two>? We have <one>simple transport</one>, <one>group translocation</one> and <one>ABC transporters</one>. Only <two>group translocation</two> results in a chemical modification, though.
72
+ - Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen <one>Cyanobacteriota</one> und <one>Bakterien</one>. A: Erstere besitzen <one>Chlorophyll a</one>.
73
+ - Give an example for <one>differential staining</one>. A: <one>Gram staining</one>: <two>it uses two different dyes</two>.
74
+ - Was ist <one>der Angriffspunkt des Lysozym</one>? Lysozym hydrolyisert "Beta-1,4-glykosidische Bindungen" zwischen N-Acetylmuraminsäure- (NAM) und N-Acetylglucosaminresten (NAG), in Peptidoglykanen.
75
+ - Warum verwenden manche Prokaryoten <one>Gasvesikel</one>? Um der Schwerkraft entgegenzuwirken. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesikel_(Biologie) []
76
+ - Wieso wirkt <one>Isopropanol</one> besser als <two>Ethanol</two> gegen Bakterien? Isopropanol kann die bakterielle Membran leichter überwinden.
77
+ - Bei Bakterien: <one>wie</one> unterscheiden sich <two>Kapsel</two> und <three>Schleimhülle</three> voneinander? Die <one>Kapsel</one> ist mit der Zellwand fest verankert, die Schleimhülle nicht.
78
+ - What is the <one>Thermosome</one>? The <one>Thermosome</one> is <two>a chaperonin protein complex that functions in archaea</two>.
79
+ - Aus Sicht der <one>mikrobiellen Physiologie</one>: <two>welche zwei Funktionen</two> haben <three>Stoffwechselwege</three>? (1) Bereitstellung von Vorstufen (2) Energie für Synthesen und andere Energie-verbrauchende Prozesse bereitzustellen
80
+ - Nenne eine Bedingung damit man den <one>Ames-Test</one> durchführen kann. A: Die ursprüngliche Mutation muss eine <one>Punktmutation</one> sein.
81
+ - <one>Which bacteria</one> are notorious for forming <two>'blooms'</two> in lakes? <one>Cyanobacteria</one>. []
82
+ - Give an example for a <one>reproductive parasite</one>. A: The bacterium <one>Wolbachia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolbachia []
83
+ - <one>Beweglichkeit</one> bei den Protozoa ist oft gegeben über ... ? <one>Pseudopodien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinf%C3%BC%C3%9Fchen []
84
+ - <one>Signaltransduktion</one> in Bakterien wird typischerweise implementiert durch die Bindung eines Signalmoleküls an einen Rezeptor. <two>Dieser Rezeptor ist meistens was für ein Typ</two>? Die Rezeptoren sind hier primär <one>Sensorkinasen</one>.
85
+ - In <one>Helicobacter</one> we can see <two>dark granules</two>. What are these for? A: These store <one>polyphosphate</one>.
86
+ - Name a big <one>biosynthetic difference</one> between Archaea and Bacteria. A: The archaeal lipids have an L-glycerol while bacteria and eukaryotes have a D-glycerol. This is strong evidence for a different biosynthetic pathway.
87
+ - Nenne ein Protein in dem wir <one>Pantothensäure</one> finden mögen. A: <one>Acylcarrierprotein</one>. []
88
+ - Define the term <one>Bacteremia</one>. A: <one>Bacteremia</one> is the <two>presence of bacteria in the bloodstream</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstream_infections
89
+ - <one>Wie lange dauert</one> <two>eine Replikationsrunde in E. coli</two>? <one>40 Minuten</one>. []
90
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>log-phase</one>? <one>Exponentielles Wachstum</one>.
91
+ - Gasvesikel: Das <one>GvpA-Protein</one> macht <two>wieviel Prozent im Gasvesikel</two> aus? <one>97%</one>. []
92
+ - Is <one>ATP</one> available in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria? No. []
93
+ - Durch <one>welche zwei verschiedenen Prozesse</one> wird ATP generiert? A: (1) <one>Substratkettenphosphorylierung</one> und (2) Electron-Transport generation.
94
+ - Der <one>KOH-Test</one> lysiert welche Zellen? Der <one>KOH-Test</one> <two>lysiert gram-negative Zellen</two>. []
95
+ - In the <one>DnaA protein</one>: which domain is the <two>DNA-binding domain</two>? <one>Domain IV</one>.
96
+ - <one>Mikroben</one> halten <two>wie viel Prozent des biologischen Stickstoff</two> auf der Erde? <one>90%</one>.
97
+ - Was sind <one>xerophile Mikrorganismen</one>? Das sind <one>Organismen, die trockene Lebensräume bevorzugen</one>.
98
+ - Are <one>hydrogenosomes</one> <two>anoxic</two>? Yes. []
99
+ - When <one>a bacterium divides</one>: <two>how do we call the thing that forms right between them, before the septum emerges</two>? The <one>Z-ring</one>.
100
+ - Was macht die <one>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase</one>? A: Katalysiert die <one>oxidative Decarboxylierung</one> <two>von Pyruvat</two>. Dabei entsteht <three>Acetyl-CoA</three>.
101
+ - Warum oder wann vor allem wird die <one>Säurefestigkeits-Färbung</one> nach <three>Ziehl-Nelsen</three> eingesetzt? Um <one>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</one> nachzuweisen. []
102
+ - What is <one>the most famous domain</one> <two>in the DnaA protein</two>? The <one>AAA+ domain</one>. []
103
+ - Was sind <one>atriche Zellen</one>? <one>Zellen ohne Flagellen</one>. []
104
+ - Wie unterscheiden sich <one>Staphylococci-Biofilms</one> von denen anderer Mikroroganismen? Meistens sind <one>Biofilms</one> <two>multispecies microbial communities</two>, in diesem Fall aber eher <three>monospecies</three>.
105
+ - Give another name for <one>positive regulators of transcription</one> in bacteria. A: <one>Activator proteins</one>.
106
+ - Metaphorically speaking, <one>Penicillium</one> looks like ...? A <one>house</one>, and a garage. The garage door is affected.
107
+ - <one>Qualitative Zusammensetzung der Zellen</one>: Unterschied zwischen Prokarya und Eukarya? (1) Prokarya: mehr RNA. (2) Eukarya: <two>höherer Proteingehalt</two>.
108
+ - Welche Farbe hat <one>Retinal</one> und wo findet es eine Verwendung bei den Bakterien? Retinal ist purple (violett) und ein Chromophore in Bacteriorhodopsin.
109
+ - The <one>"Sulfur pearl of Namibia"</one>, also known as the <two>giant sulfur-eating microbe</two>, refers to which bacterium specifically? <one>Thiomargarita namibiensis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis []
110
+ - Wir sehen einen eukaryotischen Mikroorganismus mit <one>Hydrogenosomes</one>. Was können wir hier über diesen Mikroorganismus mutmassen? Dieser Mikroorganismus wird wohl keine Mitochondrien besitzen.
111
+ - <one>E. coli</one> can double (== its generation time) every 20 minutes. Name a bacterium that is even faster than E. coli, with an optimum generation time of about 10 minutes. A: <one>Clostridium perfringens</one>. URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/bacteria/Growth-of-bacterial-populations#ref955453
112
+ - Durchmesser eines <one>F-Pilus</one>? <one>8 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilus []
113
+ - Was bedeutet <one>Serovar</one>? Das sind unterscheidbare Variationen innerhalb der Subspezies von Bakterien oder Viren.
114
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>chemolithotrophe Bakterien</one>. A: <one>Nitrifikanten</one>.
115
+ - Welche zwei <one>faces</one> finden wir am <two>Tus-Protein</two>? (1) <one>nonpermissive face</one> (2) <one>permissive face</one> []
116
+ - Nenne die wichtigste Reaktionsgleichung von <one>Pyrodictium</one>. A: H₂ + S0 → <one>H₂S</one> (+ATP).
117
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Fts</one>? <one>Filamentous temperature sensitive</one>. []
118
+ - Im bakteriellen <one>OriC</one> gibt es AT-reiche 13bp Sequenzen, die man auch <two>13mers</two> nennt. Nenne ein weiteres, anderes Wort für diese Elemente. A: <one>DNA unwinding element</one>.
119
+ - Name one reason <one>why microorganism fix nitrogen</one>, from an ecological point of view. A: Being able to fix nitrogen frees them from depending on fixed nitrogen in its environment - and thus confers a significant ecologiy advantage.
120
+ - Bei der <one>Sulfatreduktion</one> gibt es assimilatorischen und dissimilatorischen Weg. <two>Welche Substanz wird hierbei jeweils verwendet</two>? (1) <one>PAPS</one> im ass. (2) <one>APS</one> im dissimilatorischen Weg.
121
+ - <one>S. simulans</one> tötet "S. aureus" mit Hilfe welchen Toxins? <one>Lysostaphin</one>.
122
+ - A. W. für <one>Kugelförmige Bakterien</one>? <one>Kokken</one>.
123
+ - Nenne zwei keulenförmige Bakterien. A: (1) Bifidobakterien (2) <one>Corynebakterien</one>
124
+ - Bei <one>gram- Bakterien</one>: <two>wie</two> ist der Lipid-A Anteil mit dem <three>core polysaccharide</three> verknüpft? Mittels <one>glucosamine phosphat</one>.
125
+ - Erkläre den Unterschied in <one>quorum sensing</one> zwischen <two>gram+</two> und <two>gram-</two> Bakterien. A: gram- Bakterien verwenden acyl-homoserine lactone, gram+ verwenden kurze Peptide die oft chemisch modifiziert sind.
126
+ - <one>Pili</one> ... pilus... was heisst eigentlich pilus? <one>Haar</one>.
127
+ - What <one>structure</one> defines the existence of a bacterial cell? The <one>cell membrane</one>. []
128
+ - Was ist <one>Skotophobotaxis</one>? Dies kann mit "Taumeln bei Dunkelheit" übersetzt werden. Ein phototrophes Bakterium schwimmt aus dem beleuchteten Gesichtsfeld in die Dunkelheit.
129
+ - What is <one>quorum quenching</one>? This is the process of preventing quorum sensing by disrupting the signalling, usually by degrading the signalling molecule.
130
+ - Anderer Begriff für die <one>Nitratatmung</one>? <one>Denitrifikation</one>.
131
+ - <one>Welcher Genus</one> zeigt einen <two>Hydroxypropionate pathway of CO2 incorporation</two>? <one>Chloroflexi</one>.
132
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: was ist eine <one>Transaminase</one>-Reaktion? Das Verschieben einer NH₂-Gruppe von einer Aminosäure auf eine organische Säure.
133
+ - Name a bacterium that <one>can survive the conditions inside of a lysosome</one>. A: <one>Salmonella</one>. []
134
+ - <one>Dunaliella</one> sind <two>Flagellata</two>. Warum sind sie bemerkenswert? <one>Dunaliella</one> zeigen eine <two>aussergewöhnliche Salztoleranz</two>.
135
+ - Anderes Wort für die <one>eiskristallbildende Bakterien</one>? <one>Pseudomonas syringae</one>.
136
+ - <one>Bacteria that lack flagella</one> are also called ... ? <one>Atrichous</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atrichous
137
+ - The microbiological process of forming minerals is called ... ? <one>Biomineralization</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralization []
138
+ - <one>Why</one> do bacteria use <two>gas vesicles</two>? So that these bacteria can float.
139
+ - <one>Zellschrumpfung</one> und <one>Plasmolyse</one>. Ordne diese Begriffe jeweils gram-positiven oder gram-negativen Zellen zu. A: (1) <one>Plasmolyse</one>: <two>gram-positive Zellen</two>. (2) <one>Zellschrumpfung</one>: <two>gram-negative Zellen</two>.
140
+ - <one>Which proteins</one> transport specific proteins through the membranes of Bacteria? The <one>translocases</one>.
141
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: was sind <one>ETEC-Stämme</one>? <one>Enterotoxische E. coli Stämme</one>.
142
+ - Was genau sind <one>Methanogene</one>? Das sind <one>Archaea</one>, die Methan (CH4) produzieren, und zwar ausgehend von "CO2" und <two>H2</two>.
143
+ - Der Schwefeloxidierer <one>Thiomargarita namibiensis</one> kann wie gross werden (in Mikrometer)? Bis zu <one>750 Mikrometer</one> (<two>0.75 mm</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis []
144
+ - What do <one>Saprophages</one> use as their <two>food</two>? <one>Dead organic matter of all kind</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprophagy []
145
+ - Name <one>a siderophore</one> expressed by <two>P. aeruginosa</two>. A: <one>Pyoverdine</one> + ADD URL.
146
+ - <one>Wer</one> hat das <two>Cholera-Bakterium</two> entdeckt? <one>Robert Koch</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch []
147
+ - Nenne <one>sterol-like molecules</one> in bakteriellen Membranen. A: <one>Hopanoids</one>. []
148
+ - <one>Why</one> do Bacteria store <two>polyphosphat</two> in granules? These PO43⁻ granules can be used to lateron generate ATP and can also be used for nucleic acid synthesis.
149
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium das <one>PHB-Granula</one> enhält. A: <one>Rhodovibrio sodomensis</one>.
150
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>viele Ribosomen</one>? <one>Polysomen</one>. []
151
+ - Die <one>Generationszeit von E. coli</one> <two>bei 37°C</two> in einem Minimalmedium beträgt ... n Minuten? 60-90 Minuten.
152
+ - Wieviele <one>DNA-Polymerasen</one> werden für die Synthese des Folgestrangs benötigt? <one>2</one>. []
153
+ - <one>Hitzeschockproteine</one>, zumindest in E. coli, haben oft mit <two>welchem Areal der bakteriellen Zelle zu tun</two>? Mit der <one>Zellmembran</one>. []
154
+ - Give an example for <one>a microbe with three replication origins</one>. A: <one>Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolobus_acidocaldarius
155
+ - For bioterrorism: which bacterium is considered to be <one>very useful</one>? <one>Bacillus anthracis</one>. []
156
+ - Name <one>six important proteins</one> that can be found at the <two>oriC locus</two>. A: (1) DnaA (2) DnaB (3) DnaC (4) HU (5) <one>Gyrase</one> (6) <one>SSB</one>
157
+ - Give another term for a <one>dormant, microbial subpopulation</one>. A: <one>Persister cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persister_cells []
158
+ - Der <one>aw-Wert</one> beeinflusst das mikrobielle Wachstum. <two>Ab wann sehen wir das kein Wachstum mehr möglich ist</two>? Bei einem <one>aw-Wert unter 0.6</one>.
159
+ - <one>Who</one> among the microorganisms has <two>cold enzymes</two>? The <one>Psychrophiles</one>. URL: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrophile
160
+ - Was ist der wichtigste Punkt bei der <one>Sec-abhängigen Proteinsekretion</one> in Bakterien? Die Proteine sind ungefalten während sie durch die cytoplasmatische Membran transloziert werden.
161
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: nenne einen anderen Begriff für <one>Septum</one>. A: <one>Partition</one>.
162
+ - <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> is <two>gram⁺</two> or <two>gram⁻</two>? <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> is <two>gram⁺</two>, unlike E. coli. []
163
+ - Welche Aufgabe hat <one>MinE</one>? MinE bringt den MinCD-Komplex an die Pole; er agiert somit als eine Art Transporter.
164
+ - Nenne <one>3 Taxien</one> die wir in Bakterien finden können. A: (1) "Aerotaxis" (2) <one>Chemotaxis</one> (3) <one>Phototaxis</one>
165
+ - Wie verhindert <one>Chlorella lophophora</one> die Verdauung durch das Phagosom von Paramecium? <one>Durch Produktion des Lektins Concanavalin A</one>, sowie besonderer Oberflächenstrukturen.
166
+ - Nenne zwei Beispiele für <one>Proteinglykosylierungen</one>. A: Verknüpfung von Zuckerresten (=Glykosylierung) über eine <one>Sauerstoffbrücke</one> bei Serin und Threonin, oder über eine <one>Stickstoffbrücke</one> über Asparagin.
167
+ - <one>Bacteria can sense their environment</one>, and changes within the environment. Give four short examples for this. A: (1) temperature (2) nutrient availability (3) osmolarity (4) <one>cell density</one> (<two>quorum sensing</two>)
168
+ - <one>Wo</one> findet man <two>Lectine</two> bei Bakterien wie E. coli? Auf den <one>Pili</one>.
169
+ - Aside from stopping ribosome-biosynthesis, the <one>stringent response</one> in bacteria also inhibits the initiation of ... ? <one>DNA-replication</one>. []
170
+ - <one>Which microorganism</one> has <two>the largest prokaryotic genome known</two>? <one>Sorangium cellulosum</one>.
171
+ - Why is it so important for the cell to generate <one>acetate</one> from <two>pyruvate</two>? Because it also generates ATP when doing so.
172
+ - Was ist eine <one>Gruppentranslokation</one>? Ein Transportvorgang bei dem die Substanz chemisch verändert wird.
173
+ - Zur Erhaltung der Stabilität der Lipopolysaccharidschicht ist <one>welches Ion</one> notwendig? <one>Ca²⁺</one>. []
174
+ - Was ist <one>methicillin</one>? A <one>semisynthetic penicillin</one>, discovered in 1960. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin []
175
+ - Wie heisst das <one>Glycinverbindungsstück</one> in Staphylococcus? <one>Pentaglycinbrücke</one>. []
176
+ - Welche Gene im Bakterium sorgen dafür das das <one>Septum</one> <two>richtig lokalisiert</two> ist? Die Gene im <one>Min-System</one>.
177
+ - Es gibt die attachment organelle, den <one>stalk</one>. <two>Was sekretiert dieser</two>? <one>Adhesion factors</one> die man <two>holdfasts</two> nennt.
178
+ - <one>Wie dick</one> sind <two>Fimbrien</two>, in nm? Etwa <one>30nm - 40nm</one>.
179
+ - Nenne die drei <one>Importer-Typen</one> in Bakterien. A: (1) Antiporter (2) <one>Symporter</one> (3) <one>Uniporter</one>
180
+ - Do <one>prokaryotes</one> <two>have proteins associated with their DNA</two>? Yes. []
181
+ - <one>Pyrodictium</one> ist was für ein Organismus? <one>Pyrodictium</one> ist <two>ein submariner, hyperthermophiler Archaea</two>.
182
+ - In <one>E. coli</one>: <two>welche zwei Proteine</two> sind verantwortlich für das Abschneiden der 3' Ende der mRNA wenn die RNA-Polymerase stehen bleibt? <one>GreA</one> und <one>GreB</one>.
183
+ - Name a microbial species that lacks the TCA cycle. A: <one>Treponema pallidum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidum
184
+ - Name a genus of bacteria able to cause <one>bacterial dysentery</one>? The genus <one>Shigella</one>.
185
+ - <one>ABC transporters</one> in molecular biology, as well as in bacteria, <two>require energy derived from ...</two>? <one>ATP</one>. []
186
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>ein bakterielles ABC-Transportsystem</one>. A: Das <one>ABC-System</one> <two>für Maltose</two> in E. coli.
187
+ - <one>Helix-Turn-Helix</one> has which two distinct helices? (1) <one>recognition helix</one> (2) <one>stabilizing helix</one>
188
+ - <one>High GC contents</one> are characteristic for ... which microbes in general? For microbes that live under <two>extreme temperature conditions</two>.
189
+ - Name a <one>Protozoa</one> that has multiple nuclei within each single cell. A: <one>Paramecium</one>.
190
+ - Nenne <one>die zwei verbreitesten Differenzierungsfärbungen</one>. A: (1) <one>Gram-Färbung</one> (2) <one>Säurefestigkeitsfärbung</one> []
191
+ - Nenne eine Substanz die von einigen extrem halophilen Bakterien synthetisiert wird. A: <one>Ectoin</one>, ein Derivat der zyklischen Aminosäure Prolin.
192
+ - Nenne die zwei Klassen der <one>Mikroalgen</one>. A: (1) "eukaryotische Grünalgen" (2) <one>prokaryotische Cyanobakterien</one>
193
+ - In regards to <one>the salt requirement of a microorganism</one>, there are <two>four different groups</two>. Name them. A: (1) Halotolerant (2) Halophile (3) Extreme halophile (4) <one>Nonhalophile</one>
194
+ - Bakterien können wie schnell, gemessen an ihrer Körperlänge, schwimmen? Bis zum <one>50-fachen ihrer Körperlänge</one>. []
195
+ - <one>Which domain of DnaA</one> <two>changes upon binding of ATP</two>? The <one>AAA+ domain</one>. []
196
+ - Nenne <one>eine Methan-produzierende, anaerobe Archaea</one>. A: <one>Methanococcus jannaschii</one>.
197
+ - <one>Sarcina</one> bei Zellen umfasst wieviele Zellen? <one>8</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcina_(Bakterium) []
198
+ - How do <one>diplococci</one> arise? When cocci divide and remain together.
199
+ - Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>Photoorganoheterotrophs</one>. A: <one>Chloroflexus</one>.
200
+ - <one>Welches Enzym</one> wirkt an <two>GATC Sequenzen</two>? Die <one>Dam-Methylase</one>, die an der Adeninstelle methyliert.
201
+ - Welche Aufgabe hat der <one>datA Locus</one>? Der datA Locus fischt überflüssige DnaA Proteine weg.
202
+ - What do we mean with <one>Transduction</one>? Transduction refers to <one>when viruses pick up fragments of host DNA and carry them to another host cell</one>.
203
+ - Nenne und beschreibe <one>die aussergewöhnlichste Fortpflanzungsstrategie eines Bakteriums</one>. A: <one>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</one> reproduziert sich ähnlich wie in der Sporulation durch meistens zwei, manchmal aber auch bis zu zwölf neue Tochterzellen in der Mutterzelle heran. Letztere löst sich danach auf und gibt die neuen Individuen frei. Diese Tochterzellen sind, im Gegensatz zur Sporulation, aktive Zellen.
204
+ - Das <one>70S Ribosom</one> hat einen <two>Durchmesser</two> von ca. ...? <one>25nm</one>. []
205
+ - <one>E. fishelsoni</one> ist sehr gross, aber es gibt mind. noch ein grösseres Bakterium. Welches? <one>Thiomargarita namibiensis</one>. 1997 entdeckt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis []
206
+ - How do we <one>control cell density</one> in a <two>chemostat</two>? We can <one>limit a nutrient</one>, just as in a batch culture.
207
+ - Give one famous example for <one>pathogenic bacteria</one> that has <two>a capsule of protein</two>, and another example for <two>a capsule of polysacharide</two>. A: (1) <one>capsule of protein</one>: <two>Bacillus anthracis</two> (2) <one>capsule of polysacharide</one>: <two>Streptococcus pneumoniae</two>
208
+ - Was sind <one>barophile Mikroorganismen</one>? Diese Mikroorganismen <one>benötigen einen hohen Druck</one>.
209
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: was heissen <one>Fts-Proteine</one> und <two>was machen sie</two>? <one>Fts</one> ... filamentös temperatur empfindlich. Dies sind Zellen die, wenn sie mutiert sind, Schwierigkeiten haben sich zu teilen.
210
+ - In microbial systematics: what does the abbreviation <one>MLST</one> stand for? <one>Multilocus sequence typing</one>.
211
+ - Was binden die <one>selektiven Siderophore</one> bevorzugt? <one>Dreiwertiges Eisen</one> (<two>Fe³⁺</two>).
212
+ - Wie ermitteln wir die <one>spezifische Wachstumsrate (k)</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Sie entspricht der <one>Steigung der Geraden</one>.
213
+ - Warum ist <one>das Rippentierchen</one> <two>Aspidisca</two> <three>ein Nitratindikator</three>? Zum Einen dadurch das <one>die Rippen umso höher liegen je mehr Nitrat im Wasser vorhanden ist</one>. Zum Anderen durch die blosse Anzahl- <two>je mehr Rippentierchen, umso mehr Nitrat</two>.
214
+ - <one>Woraus</one> besteht <two>Thiomargarita namibiensis</two> zu 98%? Aus einer <one>Vacuole</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis []
215
+ - If a bacterium lacks a cell well, such as the <one>mycoplasmas</one>, what can we assume from this be the case, out of necessity alone? That these cells will contain <one>unusually tough cytoplasmic membranes</one>, which is indeed the case.
216
+ - Warum mag die Alge <one>Dunaliella</one> rot erscheinen? Dunaliella hat viel <one>Carotinoid</one> in der Zelle. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunaliella
217
+ - Nenne die fünf <one>Key Genera</one> des Phyla Spirochaetes in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: (1) Borrelia (2) Cristispira (3) Leptospira (4) Spirochaeta (5) <one>Treponema</one>
218
+ - <one>Welche besondere Proteine</one> findet man in der Zellwand von Pilzen? <one>Mannoseproteins</one>.
219
+ - Nenne eine Mikroorganismus-Gruppe die <one>CH₄</one> (<two>Methan</two>) produziert. A: <one>Methanogene Archaea</one>.
220
+ - In the <one>phosphotransferasesystem</one>: <two>which enzyme parts are nonspecific</two>? (1) <one>Hpr</one> (2) <one>EnzI</one>
221
+ - <one>How many percent</one> of the microorganisms around us can be cultured? About <one>0.1%</one>.
222
+ - <one>Hydroxamate group</one> <two>complexes which atom</two> (be precise!)? <one>Fe³⁻</one>.
223
+ - How do we call <one>cocci</one> that divide in three planes and still remain attached to one another in cubelike groups of eight? <one>Sarcina</one>. URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/coccus-bacterial-shape#ref44969 []
224
+ - Name <one>two bacteria</one> with more than one "chromosome". A: (1) "Vibrio cholerae" (2) <one>Rhizobium meliloti</one>
225
+ - How did Horowitz define <two>life</two>? Life possesses the properties of (1) replication (2) catalysis (3) <one>mutability</one>
226
+ - There are bacteria called <one>mollicutes</one>. Why that name? <one>Mollis</one> is <two>soft</two>, <tomato>cutis</tomato> is <three>skin</three>. These are bacteria without a cell well. []
227
+ - Wie lange dauert der <one>ames-Test</one>? Mindestens <one>eine Nacht</one>. []
228
+ - Was gibt der <one>BSB5-Wert</one> an? Den <one>biochemischen Sauerstoffbedarf in 5 Tagen</one> <two>unter Standardbedingungen</two>.
229
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium das die beiden cell types <one>motile</one> und <one>stationary</one> besitzt. A: <one>Caulobacter</one> (ein gram-negatives Bakterium).
230
+ - Durchmesser der kleinsten Bakterien in Mikrometer? <one>200 Mikrometer</one>.
231
+ - <one>Welche Bakterienfamilie</one> ist berühmt für ihre <two>Antibiotika-Synthesewege für Polyketide</two>? Die <one>Actinomyceten</one>.
232
+ - <one>Which microorganism</one> grows on <two>burnt trees</two>? <one>Neurospora</one>.
233
+ - Why do bacteria employ <one>Phenazines</one>? These aromatic compounds are helpful <one>for bacteria forming biofilms</one>.
234
+ - Is the eukaryotic protist <one>Paramecium</one> larger than <two>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</two>? No. <one>Epulopiscium fishelsoni is about 5x as large as Paramecium</one>, give or take. []
235
+ - In Bacteria, what happens right before <one>septum formation</one>? <one>Cell elongation</one>.
236
+ - <one>Welche Reaktion</one> katalysieren <two>methanoxidierende Bakterien</two>? Sie wandeln <one>Methan</one> in <two>CO₂</two> um. []
237
+ - In order to <one>yield H₂</one>, starting from Pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme <two>Hydrogenase</two>, we need ...? The iron-sulfur protein <one>Ferredoxin</one>.
238
+ - <one>Caulobacter</one> has been used to <two>study which molecular phenomenon</two>? The <one>cell division process</one>.
239
+ - Die <one>DNA in Bakterien wird an der Zellmembran verankert</one>. <two>Dies verhindert die Neuinitiation am oriC</two> und die Promoteraktivierung am dnaA-Gen. Welches Protein sorgt für diese Verankerung? Das Protein <one>SeqA</one>.
240
+ - Die meisten der <one>nitrifizierenden Prokaryoten</one> gehören zu den? <one>Proteobacteria</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria []
241
+ - <one>When</one> - that is in which phase - are bacteria in general competent? During the late phase of their growth cycle.
242
+ - In Bacteria, we can find a process termed <one>RIDA</one>. What does this process do? <one>RIDA</one> means <two>regulatory inactivation of DnaA</two>. It can inactivate DnaA-ATP into DnaA-ADP, with help from the proteins Hda, DnaA and DNA-loaded beta-clamp proteins.
243
+ - Was sind <one>kryptische Plasmide</one>? Dies sind Plasmide, die der Wirtszelle keine neuen Eigenschaften verleihen.
244
+ - <one>Enterobactine</one> sind <two>Derivate von ...</two>? A: Der aromatischen Verbindung <one>Catechol</one>.
245
+ - <one>How</one> does <two>Actinomycin</two> work? <one>Actinomycin</one> inhibits RNA synthesis by combining with DNA and blocking RNA elongation.
246
+ - Nenne den <one>mobile water-soluble electron carrier</one> in Cyanobacteria und Pflanzen. A: Cytochrome c6 in Cyanobacteria, Plastocyanin in Pflanzen.
247
+ - Bei einer <one>Verdünnungsreihe</one>: <two>welche Verdünnungsstufe hat die Originalprobe</two>? <one>Verdünnungsstufe 0</one>. []
248
+ - What is the main purpose of <one>Salmonella SPI2</one>? So that <one>Salmonella can grow within macrophages</one>.
249
+ - <one>MinE</one> inhibiert ...? <one>MinCD</one>.
250
+ - Movement of bacteria toward or away from oxygen is called ... ? <one>Aerotaxis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis#Classification []
251
+ - From an <one>anatomical</one> point of view, is there something interesting to note about the <two>origin of replication</two> in a bacterial cell? Yes - the origin is attached to the cell envelope at about the cell's equator, about halfway between the two poles of that cell.
252
+ - Was ist <one>Snowmax</one> und wozu wird es verwendet? Snowmax sind <one>Frostbakterien</one>, die künstlichen Schnee produzieren können.
253
+ - <one>Polyketide</one> sind Vorläufer welcher zweier Stoffe? (1) Griseofulvin (2) <one>Tetracyclin</one>
254
+ - Was produziert der mikrobielle <one>ANAMMOX Prozess</one>? <one>N₂</one>.
255
+ - In Bakterien gibt es die <one>DNA-Helikase DnaB</one>. Wieviele Untereinheiten hat dieses Protein? <one>DnaB</one> ist ein Hexamer; besitzt somit 6 Untereinheiten. []
256
+ - <one>Who</one> was <two>the first person</two> to report having seen a microorganism? <one>Robert Hooke</one>.
257
+ - Bei der <one>Biosynthese von Methionin</one>: nenne einen wichtigen Unterschied zwischen Eukaryoten und Prokaryoten. A: Eukaryoten verwenden Acetyl-CoA, Prokaryoten verwenden Succinyl-CoA.
258
+ - <one>PhoQ</one> in Salmonella senses ... ? <one>Magnesium</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12507481/
259
+ - Aus Sicht einer bakteriellen Zelle: <one>wo</one> kann das <two>ComP Protein</two> gefunden werden? Dieses <one>sensor protein</one> ist <two>in der Membran verankert</two>.
260
+ - Give an example for a bacterium that is <one>multicellular</one>. A: <one>Magnetoglobus</one>.
261
+ - The <one>diphteria toxin</one> can add a <two>ADP-Ribose</two> to the eukaryotic translation elongation factor "EF-2". To which particular amino acid there? To a <one>histidine</one>.
262
+ - What is <one>the main protein</one> to induce sporulation in <two>Bacillus subtilis</two>? <one>Spo01</one>.
263
+ - What are <one>symporters</one>? These are <one>transporters</one> (co-transporters actually) that transport a substance together with another molecule (usually a proton).
264
+ - Beim <one>SeqA-Protein</one>: warum der Name <two>Seq</two>? <one>Seq</one> steht hier für <two>Sequestration</two>, also Trennung. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeqA_protein_domain
265
+ - <one>Which bacteria</one> have the <two>sortase</two>? The <one>gram-positive bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortase
266
+ - Give an example for <one>a bacterium with more than one chromosome</one>. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
267
+ - <one>Fusarium graminearum</one> verursacht was genau und wo? A: <one>Wurzelfäule</one>, <two>bei Weizen</two>.
268
+ - Do <one>hydrogenosomes</one> in bacteria contain <two>cristae</two>? No, they lack <one>cristae</one>. Thus, this is another difference to <two>mitochondria</two>. []
269
+ - Durchmesser des <one>Nucleus</one>, von-bis? <one>5-10 Mikrometer</one>.
270
+ - Are all <one>Archaea</one> <two>extremophiles</two>? No. []
271
+ - Why do bacteria make use of <one>fimbriae</one>? <one>Fimbriae</one> <two>enable cells to stick to surfaces</two>.
272
+ - <one>Glucosamine 6-phosphate</one> is <two>a precursor in what synthetic pathway</two>? In the <one>peptidoglycan synthesis</one> pathway.
273
+ - Was ist die <one>Salt-in</one> Strategie bei Mikroorganismen? Die <one>Aufnahme anorganischer Salze in das Cytoplasma</one>.
274
+ - <one>Magnetosomes</one> haben <two>Fe₃O₄</two>. Nenne einen Mikroorganismus der sie hat. A: <one>Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense</one>.
275
+ - <one>Welche drei Abteilungen</one> unterscheidet man innerhalb der Bacteria? (1) <one>Cyanobacteriota</one> (2) <one>Negibacteriota</one> (3) <one>Posibacteriota</one>
276
+ - Nenne einen Eukaryoten mit einem <one>Pan-Genom</one>. A: Die Kalkalge <one>Emilliania huxleyi</one>.
277
+ - Welche <one>Blockade</one> gibt es während der Glycolyse? <one>NAD⁺</one> muss vorhanden sein.
278
+ - Bei Bakterien: was heisst <one>ruv</one>? Resistance gegenüber UV-Licht.
279
+ - The Protein <one>SeqA</one> shows <two>an affinity for</two> ...? <one>Hemimethylated origins</one>.
280
+ - Innerhalb einer Zelle: was ist der zentrale Punkt in der <one>NH4⁺ Übertragung</one>? Die <one>Glutamin Synthase</one>.
281
+ - In microbiology: what means <one>amensalism</one>? This is a relationship in which the product (or action) of one organism has a negative effect on another organism. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction#Amensalism
282
+ - <one>Bakterienzellen</one> können vor allem <two>welche Proteinmodifikation</two> nicht durchführen? <one>Glykosylierungen</one>. []
283
+ - Warum braucht der Wasserfarn <one>Azolla</one> das Cyanobakterium <two>Anabaena azollae</two>? <one>Anabaena azollae</one> <two>versorgt den Farn mit Stickstoff</two>.
284
+ - What dictates the <one>upper limits</one> for the size of prokaryotic cells? Problems related to <one>nutrient uptake</one>.
285
+ - Nenne <one>ein Bakterium das Dextran bildet</one>. A: <one>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</one>.
286
+ - Warum sind <one>Salterns</one> (=Hypersaline Water) rot? A: Aufgrund des <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one>.
287
+ - Where does <one>Bdellovibrio</one> replicate? In the <one>periplasmic space</one> of the prey cell.
288
+ - Give another term for <one>non-moving cells</one>, in regards to bacteria. A: <one>Sessile cells</one>. []
289
+ - <one>What is the main task</one> of the bacterial <two>ZipA Protein</two>? <one>ZipA</one> is an anchor that connects the FtsZ ring to the cytoplasmic membrane.
290
+ - Bakterien stellen oft <one>Toxine</one>, aber auch <two>Antitoxine</two> her. Beides wird meistens von dem selben Toxin kodiert. Wieso kann das aber funktionieren? Das Antitoxin ist, im Gegensatz zum Toxin, <crimson>nur wenig stabil</crimson>. Wenn eine Zelle bei einer Teilung das Plasmid verliert, gehen beide Gene verloren. Da aber das Toxin stabiler ist als das Antitoxin und seine Wirkung deshalb länger vorhält, sterben solche Zellen ab. Somit stellen die Toxin-Antitoxin-Paare einen natürlichen Selektionsmechanismus dar, der dafür sorgt, dass nur diejenigen Zellen überleben, die das betreffende Plasmid behalten.
291
+ - Nenne <one>vier Enzyme</one> die bei der <two>Denitrifikation</two> eine Rolle spielen. A: (1) Nitratreduktase (2) Nitritreduktase (3) Stickstoffmonoxid-Reduktase (4) Distickstoffmonoxid-Reduktase
292
+ - Do <one>gram-positive bacteria</one> have <two>ABC transport systems</two>? Yes. []
293
+ - <one>Myxobacteria</one> form what? <one>Fruiting bodies</one>.
294
+ - Which <one>two types</one> of <two>random movement</two> are available to bacteria? (1) <one>runs</one> (2) <one>tumbles</one> []
295
+ - Was sind die sogenannten <one>H-Antigene</one>? <one>Oberflächenorganellen</one> wie Geißeln / <two>Flagellen</two>.
296
+ - Name <one>a bacterium with two chromosomes</one>. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
297
+ - Woher bezieht das <one>Tat-Export System</one> die Energie für die Translokation von Proteinen? Durch die <one>PMF</one>.
298
+ - Nenne einen <one>Pilz</one> der <two>Phenole abbauen kann</two>. A: <one>Trichosporon cutaneum</one>.
299
+ - Name the three <one>archaeal promoter elements</one>. A: (1) <one>INIT</one> (2) TATA-box (3) BRE: B recognition element
300
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Organismus der <one>Ammonium degradieren</one> kann. A: <one>Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans</one>.
301
+ - Die <one>Bakteriengeissel</one> wächst wo aus? Von der Spitze ausgehend.
302
+ - <one>Eine einzelne E. coli Zelle</one> besitzt in etwa <two>wieviele Ribosomen</two>? <one>200.000</one>. []
303
+ - <one>Bacteria</one> can have <two>alter egos</two>? Yes, in form of <one>pathogenic strains</one>.
304
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>Dehalogenierung</one>. A: Dies bezeichnet das <one>Abspalten der Halogensubstituenten</one> <two>aus organischen Verbindungen</two> (durch Mikroorganismen in diesem Kontext).
305
+ - Name <one>an evolutionary advantage</one> pertaining to genetics that Prokaryotes have, compared to Eukaryotes. A: Prokaryotes can <one>mutate and thus evolve more rapidly</one> than eukaryotes, and in doing so, more rapidly adapt to changing environmental conditions. This enables them to exploit new habitats more easily.
306
+ - What <one>dual-role</one> may bacterial proteins such as <two>H-NS</two> or <two>HU</two> have? (1) they can <one>bind DNA</one> (2) tehy can also <one>regulate gene expression</one>
307
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>eine Gruppentranslokation</one>. A: Das <one>PTS</one>: <two>Phosphotransferasesystem</two>.
308
+ - Im Zuge der Gramfärbung: <one>welche Farbe</one> haben <two>gram positive Bakterien</two> und <one>welche Farbe</one> haben gram negative Bakterien? <one>Gram positive Mikroorganismen</one> erscheinen violett. <one>Gram negative Mikroorganismen</one> erscheinen rot.
309
+ - Eine bakterielle Zelle hat <one>wieviel Prozent Protein-Anteil</one>? <one>55%</one>.
310
+ - <one>Welches Mineral</one> (die Summenformel) finden wir in <two>bakteriellen Magnetosomes</two>? <one>Fe₃O₄</one>.
311
+ - Was sind <one>Mixotrophe</one>? Dies sind <one>Chemolithotrophe</one>, die mit einer organischen Kohlenstoffquelle und einem anorganischen Elektronendonor wachsen.
312
+ - Was ist eine <one>Coenocyte</one>? Eine <one>Coenocyte</one> ist eine multinucleate cell, bei dem sich das Cytoplasma von einem Nuclei zum nächsten erstreckt. So ein Organismus ist somit <two>vielkernig</two>.
313
+ - Welche allgemeine Aufgabe übernimmt NAD/NADH? Die <one>Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide</one> fungieren als <two>Elektronenüberträger bei Redoxreaktionen</two>.
314
+ - Why does <one>Halobacterium salinarum</one> (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum) <two>require Bacteriorhodopsin</two>? It produces ATP under <one>anoxic conditions</one> and thus supports slow growth.
315
+ - <one>The signature molecule of Bacteria</one>, if we can even define that there is a single such molecule, would be ... ? <one>Peptidoglycan</one>. []
316
+ - Can <one>mycoplasma</one> <two>reproduce outside of living host cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
317
+ - Some <one>Archaea</one> may grow up to about 120°C, but there is also at the least one bacterium that can grow in hot springs at about 90°C. <two>Name this bacterium</two> (or another one with such a high temperature range). A: <one>Thermotoga maritima</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotoga_maritima
318
+ - Das Wort <one>Enzybiotics</one> ist ein Mix aus ... ? <one>Enzyme</one> und <one>Antibiotics</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzybiotics []
319
+ - <one>Woraus</one> kamen die <two>Plastiden</two> und die <two>Mitochondrien</two> jeweils? <one>Plastiden</one> aus <two>Cyanobakterien</two> (→ https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobakterien), <one>Mitochondrien</one> aus <two>Proteobakterien</two>. []
320
+ - Es gibt <one>zwei Electron Transfer Pathways</one> in der Photosynthese bei MO, den cyclic und non-cyclic electron transfer. Bitte charakterisieren sie die beiden. A: In cyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule, passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump, and then returned to the chlorophyll. In noncyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule and used to reduce NAD+ to NADH. Replacement of electrons is accomplished by removing electrons from H2S, which is oxidized to sulfur - hence the name <one>green sulfur bacteria</one>.
321
+ - Name <one>two prokaryotes without a cell wall</one>. A: (1) <one>Mycoplasma</one> (2) <one>Thermoplasma</one>
322
+ - Name two <one>environment-sensitive molecular elements</one> that may provide (genetic) cues for microorganisms. A: (1) "transposable elements" (TEs) (2) "epigenetic components" (ECs)
323
+ - Nenne vier <one>Mechanismen zur Resistenzentwicklung bei Bakterien</one>. A: (1) Verhinderung der Aufnahme: Antibiotikum wird nicht mehr aufgenommen (2) Efflux: Efflux-Pumpen pumpen das Antibiotikum wieder heraus (3) Modifikation: Antibiotikum wird modifiziert, z.B. durch Acetylierung (4) Inaktivierung: Antibiotikum wird gespalten und damit inaktiviert
324
+ - Bei der <one>Auslösung der Sporulation</one> in "Bacillus subtilis" - wieviele Sensorkinasen kommen zum Einsatz? <one>4</one> (<two>KinA</two>, "KinB", "KinC", "KinD"). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1221893/
325
+ - Nenne einen natürlich-vorkommenden Vertreter der auxotrophen Mikroorganismen. A: <one>Milchsäurebakterien</one>.
326
+ - Name a very characteristic property of the "periplasmic binding protein". A: The perisplasmic binding protein has a high affinity for its substrate.
327
+ - <one>Where</one> does the <two>deep sea</two> start? At <one>water depth greater than 1000m</one>. []
328
+ - When we can finally see a colony on an agar plate, how many individual cells there? <one>10⁷ cells</one>.
329
+ - Is <one>Bacillus stearothermophilus</one> <two>a slow grower</two>? <one>No</one>, its <two>generation time</two> is only <three>11 minutes</three>.
330
+ - <one>Thermophiles</one> haben was für einen Membrantypus? A: <one>Rigid</one> - haben also <one>eher starre Membranen</one>.
331
+ - Hängt die <one>Gram-Färbung</one> vom Alter der Bakterien ab? <one>Ja</one>, zum Teil: <two>ältere Bakterien-Kolonien lassen sich allgemein schlechter einfärben als junge Bakterien</two>.
332
+ - A bacterial cell that is <one>spherical or ovoid</one> in morphology is called ... ? A <one>coccus</one>. []
333
+ - <one>Actinomycetes</one> produzieren <two>lange Filamente</two>, die wie genannt werden? <one>Hyphae</one>.
334
+ - <one>Which enzyme</one> is required for making new bacterial cell wall? <one>Autolysin</one>.
335
+ - Ist <one>Thermus aquaticus</one> ein Bakterium oder eine Archaea? Ein <one>Bakterium</one>. []
336
+ - Besitzen die gramnegativen <one>Rhizobien</one> <two>Flagellen</two>? Ja. []
337
+ - <one>Wo</one> genau greift <two>Lysozym</two> an? Es spaltet die Beta-1,4-Bindung zwischen <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> und "N-Acetyl-muraminsäure".
338
+ - How does <one>Epulopiscium</one> reproduce? Epulopiscium reproduces exclusively through <one>an unusual form of sporulation</one>.
339
+ - How to find <one>enzymes that function at high salinity</one>? We can look at <one>halophiles</one>.
340
+ - <one>Welche Bakterien</one> zeigen einen <two>metallischen Glanz</two>? <one>E. coli</one>. []
341
+ - Wie speichern Bakterien, wie zum Beispiel die <one>Pseudomonaden</one>, <two>lösliche Phosphate</two>? Sie speichern sie in Form von <one>Polyphosphat</one>.
342
+ - <one>Who</one> theorized in the early 1970s that <two>Earth behaves like a superorganism</two>? <one>James Lovelock</one>.
343
+ - Are <one>group translocation systems</one> also <two>ABC transporters</two>? No they are not. []
344
+ - What is the <one>dilution rate</one>? This is the rate at which fresh medium is pumped in and spent medium is removed.
345
+ - Wie sieht eine <one>ethanolamine group</one> aus? <one>H3N+ - CH₂ - CH₂ - O</one>.
346
+ - Aufgabe der <one>Autolysine</one>? Machen Löcher in die Bakterienwand. Dort werden dann neue Zellwandstrukturen eingelagert.
347
+ - Angenommen wir geben <one>Cycloheximid</one> zu <two>Archaea</two> und <two>Eukarya</two>. Welchen Effekt mögen wir hierbei sehen? <one>Eukarya</one> sind <two>sensitiv gegenüber Cycloheximid</two>, das als <three>Translationshemmer</three> wirkt.
348
+ - Der <one>oriC locus</one> hat Bindestellen für DnaA, aber es gibt in der Nähe noch einen weiteren locus der 5 DnaA Bindungsstellen hat. Wie heisst diese Locus? <one>datA Locus</one>.
349
+ - Wie sind die beiden Zuckerderivatmoleküle <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> und N-Acetylmuraminsäure miteinander verbunden? <one>Beta (1→4) glycosidisch</one>.
350
+ - Nenne <one>drei gebräuchliche Fluorophore</one> in der Mikroskopie bei Bakterien. A: (1) <one>FITC</one> (2) <one>DAPI</one> (4 Strich 6-Di-amidino-2-phenylindol) (3) Acridine orange
351
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Inokulum</one>? <one>Kleine Menge</one>.
352
+ - Name <one>a particularly effective drug</one> against <two>gram-negative bacteria</two>. A: <one>Gentamicin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicin
353
+ - Vergleicht man <one>Rickettsia prowazekii</one> mit anderen Bakterien-Genomen fällt einem was auf das besonders ist? <one>24% nicht codierender DNA-Anteil</one>; dies ist ein hoher Wert für Bakterien.
354
+ - <one>Rickettsia Prowazekii</one> hat wie viele bp im Genom? <one>1.1 Mio bp</one>.
355
+ - Unterschiede <one>CW</one> und CCW movement of bacterias. A: <one>CCW</one> bewegt die Zelle zu einem attractant (<two>forward</two>), CW veranlasst die Zelle die Richtung zu ändern (<two>change</two>). Also wie bei einem 400 Meter Lauf bei Olympia.
356
+ - Name <one>the two most famous members</one> of the <two>Euryarchaeota</two>. A: (1) the <one>halophiles</one> (2) the <one>methanogens</one>
357
+ - Warum ist <one>Bdellovibrio</one> so besonders? <one>Bdellovibrio</one> infiltriert gram-negative Bakterien, indem es in das Periplasma wandert und dort Biopolymere verdaut. []
358
+ - Wer oder was fungiert als <one>Glucosesensor</one> in Bakterien? Die <one>Adenylat-Cyclase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase []
359
+ - The intracellular response of prokaryotic cells to environmental change is mediated by which two signalling circuits in general? (1) <one>phosphorylation-dependent signalling circuits</one> (2) <one>methylation-dependent signalling circuits</one>
360
+ - <one>Microbial communities</one> can be <two>shaped by predation</two>. Name four influencing factors for these, that is, "predators". A: (1) viruses (2) bacterial predators (3) <one>protozoa</one> (4) <one>microfauna</one>
361
+ - Einige Bakterien verwenden <one>welche Alternative zu Ubichinon</one>? <one>Menachinon</one>.
362
+ - In the <one>gram-positive</one> bacterium <two>Staphylococcus aureus</two>, its interbridge consists of ... ? <one>Five glycines</one>. []
363
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium mit <one>linearen Plasmiden</one>. A: <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi []
364
+ - <one>Wieviele Moleküle Glucose</one> nimmt eine E. coli Zelle pro Sekunde auf? <one>200.000 Moleküle Glucose</one>.
365
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Giemsa Färbung</one>? <one>Trypsin-G Färbung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa-F%C3%A4rbung []
366
+ - <one>Bacteria</one> contain small <two>porin</two> molecules in their cell wall. The diameter of the hole of a porin is about <two>n nm</two>? About <one>1 nm in diameter</one>. Very small molecules can travel through this gap. []
367
+ - Nenne einen Mikroorganismus der sowohl <one>Butanol</one> als auch <one>Aceton</one> herstellen kann. A: <one>Clostridium acetobutylicum</one>.
368
+ - Beim <one>bakteriellen Phosphotransferasesystem</one> zur Aufnahme von Glucose: <two>welches Enzym ist membrangebunden</two>? Das Enzym <one>IIc</one>. []
369
+ - Unterscheide <one>high affinity DnaA binding sites</one> von <two>weak affinity DnaA binding sites</two>. A: Eine "weak affinity DnaA binding sites" kann nur DnaA binden wenn es auch ATP gebunden hat; an die <two>high affinity DnaA binding sites</two> hingegen kann DnaA binden mit aber auch ohne gebundenem ATP.
370
+ - In bacteria: sites of <one>Dam methylation</one> are typically ...? Sequences of GATC, aka <one>GATC sites</one>.
371
+ - Most bacteria are <lightgreen>monomorphic</lightgreen>. What does this mean? This means that these bacteria <one>maintain a single shape</one>; they do not occur in more than a single shape (aka <two>pleomorphic</two>).
372
+ - Viele Bakterien produzieren EPS. Dies steht für ... ? <one>Extrazelluläre polymere Substanzen</one>.
373
+ - Give an example for a bacterium that divides asymmetrically. A: <one>Caulobacter</one>.
374
+ - <one>Bakterielle Langstäbchen</one> haben welche typische Länge? Etwa <one>8 µm</one>.
375
+ - <one>What special structure</one> does <two>Bdellovibrio</two> have? <one>A spherical structure</one> called the <two>bdelloplast</two>.
376
+ - The all-time champion radiation-resistant microorganism is ... ? <one>Deinococcus radiodurans</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans []
377
+ - Was sind <one>Magnetosome</one>? Intrazelluläre Kristallpartikel des Eisenminerals <one>Magnetit</one> (<two>Fe₃O₄</two>).
378
+ - Does <one>penicillin</one> destroy <two>peptidoglycan</two>? <one>No</one> - penicillin simply blocks a key step in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. []
379
+ - <one>Welcher Organismus</one> produziert <two>Tetracycline</two> und wie wirken sie? Tetracycline werden von "Streptomyceten" gebildet und binden an die 30S UE der Ribosomen.
380
+ - Die <one>Dipicolinsäure</one> besitzt <two>wieviele N-Atome</two>? <one>1</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipicolins%C3%A4ure []
381
+ - Warum produziert <one>H. pylori</one> <two>Urease</two>? Um im Magen <one>Ammonium</one> (NH4⁺) zu produzieren, welches die Magensäure neutralisiert.
382
+ - Wer entdeckte die <one>Archaea</one>? <one>Carl Woese</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Woese []
383
+ - What role does the <one>GvpC protein</one> have in a gas vesicle? GvpC <one>strengthens the shell of the gas vesicle</one>, by cross-linking copies of Gvp1.
384
+ - <one>Conjugation</one> depends on ...? The <one>F factor</one>.
385
+ - Is <one>Bacillus</one> <two>gram-positive</two> or <two>gram-negative</two>? <one>Bacillus</one> is <two>gram-positive</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus []
386
+ - <one>Geobacter</one> wächst bei n °C? <one>121 °C</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobacter []
387
+ - <one>Welche Domäne</one> im DnaA Protein bindet ATP? <one>Domain III</one>.
388
+ - In Bakterien wie zum Beispiel <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> - was passiert wenn das <two>SpoOA Protein</two> phosphoryliert wird? Die Phosphorylierung des <one>response regulators SpoOA</one> führt zur Expression der Sporulationsgene; und damit zur <two>Endosporen-Bildung</two>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/092325089190061E
389
+ - <one>Which group of bacteria</one> are usually unaffected by Penicillin? <one>Gram-negative Bacteria</one>.
390
+ - <one>Mutations</one> in the <two>ftsZ gene</two> block ... ? <one>Septum formation</one>.
391
+ - <one>When</one> do we use the <two>KOH Test</two>? We use this quick, inexpensive test as <one>a fungal test-system</one>. For instance, to find out whether Candida albicans has infected the skin or not.
392
+ - Wissenschaftliche Bezeichnung für die <one>Schlauchpilze</one>? <one>Ascomycetes</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlauchpilze []
393
+ - Give another name for the <one>generation time</one> in bacteria. A: The <one>doubling time</one>. []
394
+ - Der <one>CRISPR locus</one> hat den <two>cascade complex</two>, der welche Untereinheiten hat? CasA, CasB, CasC, CasD, <one>CasE</one>.
395
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>Teilungsapparat der bakteriellen Zelle</one>? <one>Divisom</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisome []
396
+ - What is the task of <one>transport proteins</one>? Transport proteins accumulate solutes against a concentration gradient.
397
+ - Wie nennen wir den verankerten Teil einer Geißel? Dies ist der <one>Basalkörper</one>. []
398
+ - <one>Golgi Staining</one> wurde <two>wann erfunden</two>? <one>1873</one>.
399
+ - How do <one>mitochondria</one> reproduce? By <one>binary fission</one>. []
400
+ - <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> is <two>gram-positive</two> or <two>gram-negative</two>? Streptococcus pyogenes is <one>gram-positive</one>. []
401
+ - Welche <one>Brücke</one> finden wir bei Gram-positiven Bakterien in der Zellwand? Eine <one>Pentaglycinbrücke</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycane []
402
+ - Give one example for <one>a marine ammonia-oxidizing bacteria</one>. A: <one>Nitrosococcus</one>.
403
+ - Why the name <one>proteo</one> in <two>Proteorhodopsin</two>? It refers to <one>Proteobacteria</one>.
404
+ - Um <one>NADPH</one> herzustellen verwenden <two>Purple Bacteria</two> was? Einen <one>external electron donor</one> (hydrogen, sulfur, sulfite) to feed electrons into a reverse electron transport chain.
405
+ - Wie kann man experimentell zwischen <one>azi S</one> und "azi R" unterscheiden? Durch Verwendung von <one>sodium azide</one>.
406
+ - Wie gleicht <one>Dundiella</one> den externen, osmotischen Wert aus? A: Durch <one>interne Anreicherung an Glycin</one>.
407
+ - Give a specific example for <one>anoxygenic phototrophs</one>. A: <one>Purple bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_bacteria []
408
+ - The bacterium <one>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</one> contains a glucose polymer slime layer. <two>What particular glucose is used there</two>? A thick <one>dextran</one> layer.
409
+ - Nenne einen Inhibitor von <one>Bactoprenol</one>. A: <one>Bacitracin</one>. (Mnemonic: B und B)
410
+ - Das Bodenbakterium <one>Ktedonobacter racemifer</one> hat <two>wieviele Protein-kodierende Gene</two>? <one>11_453</one>.
411
+ - <one>MinCD</one> inhibiert ...? <one>FtsZ</one>.
412
+ - Mittels <one>Photometer</one> können wir die Bakteriendichte messen, aber das hat einen Nachteil (ausgenommen der Tatsache das wir auch tote Zellen zählen mögen). Welchen? Die Messung hat nur einen kleinen Bereich, in dem sie linear verläuft.
413
+ - Can <one>a H⁺ proton</one> diffuse through a bacterial membrane? <one>No</one>. []
414
+ - Nenne eine Bakterienart die <one>Rhamnolipide</one> erzeugt. A: <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>.
415
+ - Was ist <one>das wichtigste, strukturbestimmende Protein bei Prokaryoten</one>? <one>MreB</one>.
416
+ - Nenne einen <one>mikrobiellen Eisenchelatbildner</one>. A: <one>Hydroxamat</one>.
417
+ - Bei der <one>DNA Replikation</one>: was genau macht das <two>Tur protein</two>? Es hält die DnaB Helikase an der Ter-Stelle auf.
418
+ - <one>Pleomorphic bacteria</one> can have many shapes. <two>Give two specific examples for such bacteria</two>. A: (1) <one>Corynebacterium</one> (2) <one>Rhizobium</one>
419
+ - <one>Wo</one> vor allem finden wir <two>Fimbrien</two>? Bei <one>gram-negativen Bakterien</one>.
420
+ - Do <one>Wolbachia species</one> prefer <two>mature eggs<7two> or <two>mature sperm</two>? <one>Mature eggs</one>. []
421
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium das ohne Insertionssequenzen auskommt. A: <one>Bacillus subtilis</one>.
422
+ - In most bacteria, the SRP consists of an RNA molecule (<one>4.5S</one>) and ... which protein? The <one>Ffh protein</one>.
423
+ - In Bacteriology: name <one>two plot-types</one>. A: (1) <one>logarithmic plot</one> (2) <one>arithmetic plot</one>
424
+ - Unter <one>optimalen Wachstumsbedingungen</one> besteht <two>wieviel Prozent der bakteriellen Zellmasse aus Ribosomen</two>, in etwa? In etwa <one>25%</one>. []
425
+ - <one>Welches Bakterium</one> erzeugte <two>Lysostaphin</two>? <one>Staphylococcus staphylolyticus</one>.
426
+ - <one>FtsK</one> hält einen Rekord. Welchen? <one>FtsK</one> ist die schnellste bekannte <two>DNA-Pumpe</two>.
427
+ - Beim <one>Phosphotransferasesystem</one>: <three>HPr</three> findet sich zwischen welchen anderen beiden Komponenten? (1) <one>Enz I</one> (2) <one>Enz IIa</one> []
428
+ - Hat <one>Acinetobacter</one> eine Kapsel? Ja. []
429
+ - Say that you see a <one>rod-shaped bacterium</one> that has <two>type IV pili</two>. <three>Where may these pili be most likely to be found on that particular bacterium</three>? Such pili are <one>present only at the poles of the bacterium</one>. []
430
+ - Was heisst <one>S</one>/<one>V ratio</one>? <one>Surface to volume ratio</one>. []
431
+ - Wo findet man <one>H-Antigene</one>? Bei <one>bakteriellen Flagellen</one>. []
432
+ - The <one>cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria</one> is <two>about n nm thick</two>? About <one>8-10 nanometers</one>.
433
+ - Name two (more or less natural) ways how <one>microbial growth</one> <two>can be halted</two>. A: (1) when nutrients are exhausted (2) accumulation of toxic waste products
434
+ - Name <one>the three basic shapes of bacteria</one>. A: (1) <one>cocci</one> (2) rod-shaped bacillus (3) spiral shape
435
+ - <one>How many bacteria</one> exist on Earth? <one>10³⁰</one>.
436
+ - Haben <one>halophile Organismen</one> einen <two>Nachteil</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Sie stellen ihr Wachstum ein oder sterben, wenn die Salinität unter eine bestimmte Schwelle sinkt.
437
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>Ribozyme</one>. A: Ribozyme sind RNAs, die als Enzyme (RNA-Enzyme) katalytisch wirksam sind.
438
+ - Wie tötet <one>Bacillus thuringiensis</one>? Bacillus thuringiensis bildet kristallförmige Eiweisse, die im Raupendarm in die Giftform konvertiert werden.
439
+ - Bakterien brauchen und verwenden Eisen. Durch welches Atom kann es ersetzt werden? <one>Mn2⁺</one> (Mangane).
440
+ - Are <one>gas vesicles</one> in bacteria <two>permeable to water</two>? No, they are <one>impermeable to water</one>. []
441
+ - We can find <one>D-aminoacids</one> in bacterial cell walls - but name another area in bacteria, where we may be able to find D-aminoacids. A: In some <one>peptide antibiotics</one>, such as in <two>actinomycin D</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycin_D
442
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Zip A</one>? <one>FtsZ-Anker</one>.
443
+ - Was geschieht in den <one>Heterocysten</one> der Cyanobakterien? <one>Stickstofffixierung</one> - hier wird molekularer Stickstoff (N₂) in Ammonium (NH₄⁺) umgewandelt. []
444
+ - What is an <one>oligotroph</one>? This is <one>an organism that grows best at very low concentration of nutrients</one>.
445
+ - <one>Which bacteria</one> use <two>scotophototaxis</two>? The <one>phototrophic purple bacteria</one>.
446
+ - <one>FtsZ</one> <two>verwendet welche Energiequelle</two>? <one>GTP</one>. []
447
+ - Why are so many copies of the <one>Epulopiscium</one> genome necessary? Epulopiscium is <one>a huge cell</one> and requires so many copies to support the translational needs of the cell.
448
+ - Name a bacterium that is <one>spiral shaped</one>. A: <one>Spirilla</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirillum []
449
+ - Wie mag man <one>type I fimbriae</one> erkennen? Sie sind <one>uniform an der Oberfläche der Zelle</one> verteilt.
450
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Bakteriengruppen</one> die <one>anoxygene Photosynthese</one> betreiben. A: (1) <one>Schwefelbakterien</one> (2) <one>Purpurbakterien</one>
451
+ - Name a microorganism used for <one>chlortetracycline production</one>. A: <one>Streptomyces aureofaciens</one>.
452
+ - Über welchen <one>intrazellulären Mechanismus</one> erfolgt die Regulation der Glutamin-Synthase? Über <one>Adenylierung</one>.
453
+ - Is a <one>capsule</one> in <two>Bacteria</two> part of its cell wall? No. []
454
+ - Many <one>prokaryotic cells</one> can exchange genes with neighboring cells. <two>How is this process called in general</two>? <one>Horizontal gene transfer</one>.
455
+ - Which <one>two important factors</one> - other than pH and temperature - can be controlled in a chemostat? (1) Growth Rate (2) Cell density of the culture
456
+ - The largest known bacterium can reach about 2cm in length. Its name is ... ? <one>Thiomargarita magnifica</one>. URL: https://www.science.org/content/article/largest-bacterium-ever-discovered-has-unexpectedly-complex-cells
457
+ - Why is <one>Thiomargarita</one> so big? It needs a large nitrate container, to last out the intervals between storms. About 98% of its volume is storage space, allowing it to hoard large reserves of nitrate under a thin layer of cytoplasm.
458
+ - <one>Actin-like filaments</one> in Bacteria? Mre-Proteins. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MreB
459
+ - Do <one>halophiles</one> require a high concentrations of salt to survive? Yes indeed they do.
460
+ - The <one>phosphotransferase system</one> consists of a family of n proteins that work in concert? <one>Five proteins</one> (<two>5</two>). []
461
+ - What does <one>oxygenic photosynthesis</one> produce? <one>O₂</one>. []
462
+ - In microbiology: the <one>most common staining procedure</one> is ... ? The <one>Gram stain</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_stain []
463
+ - Wann wurde <one>Helicobacter pylori</one> erstmals kultiviert? <one>1982</one> - also erst relativ spät. []
464
+ - The energy to drive the ­phosphotransferase system comes from ... ? <one>Phosphoenolpyruvate</one> (aka PEP).
465
+ - Nenne ein <one>Schwefelbakterium</one>. A: <one>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans</one>.
466
+ - Ist das bakterielle Chromosom mit der Zellmembran verknüpft? Ja. []
467
+ - Die <one>Nitrogenase</one> verwendet welche zwei Metalle? <one>Eisen</one> und <one>Molybdän</one>.
468
+ - Wo kann <one>FeMoCo</one> gefunden werden? In dem Nitrogenase-Enzym, in der Untereinheit I.
469
+ - <one>FAD</one> is derived from ...? A: The Vitamin <one>Riboflavin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin
470
+ - Wie nennen wir die <one>Vorstufe von Protoplasten</one>? <one>Sphäroplasten</one>.
471
+ - Name an antibiotic that can function against <one>Clostridium difficile</one>. A: <one>Vancomycin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin
472
+ - Why does the <one>Epulopiscium cell</one> require so many copies of its genome? Because the volume of that cell is so large. []
473
+ - Bei E. coli: welchen Unterschied gibt es zwischen dem Wachstum in Minimalmedium und dem Wachstum in einem komplexem Medium? Im Minimalmedium teilt sich Ecoli alle 24 Stunden einmal. Im komplexen Medium teilt sich Ecoli alle 20 Minuten.
474
+ - <one>Peptidoglycan</one> can be destroyed by ... ? <one>Lysozyme</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme []
475
+ - <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> mag <two>Axialfilamente</two> besitzen? Zum Beispiel die <one>Spirochäten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroch%C3%A4ten
476
+ - Was entsteht neu bei der bakteriellen Reduktion von Nitrat zu Nitrit? <one>H₂O</one>.
477
+ - Die wichtigste Voraussetzung für <one>bakterielle Magnetotaxis</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Magnetosom</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosom []
478
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>Kieselalge</one>. A: <one>Stephanodiscus</one>.
479
+ - What are <one>cidal</one> agents? Agents that kill organisms - or in this case, bacteria. []
480
+ - <one>Welche funktionelle Gruppen</one> finden wir bei <two>Ethanolamin</two>? <one>-O-CH₂-CH₂-NH₃</one> <two>+1</two>.
481
+ - <one>Growth of lichens</one> per year? <one>1mm</one> / <one>year</one>. []
482
+ - Nenne eine <one>methylotrophe Hefe</one>. A: <one>Pichia pastoris</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichia_pastoris []
483
+ - In <one>E. coli</one>: was ist <two>DnaC</two> und was ist "DnaB"? <one>DnaC</one> ist der <two>Helicase loader</two>, <one>DnaB</one> ist die <two>Helicase</two> (als Hexamer).
484
+ - Der beim <one>Ames-Test</one> verwendete Mineralagar enthält Spuren welcher, für diesen Test sehr wichtigen, <two>Aminosäure</two>? <one>Histidin</one>. []
485
+ - <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> unterscheidet sich von der <two>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</two>. Welches der beiden Moleküle ist grösser und komplexer? <one>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</one>. []
486
+ - Name <one>a bacterium</one> that attacks other bacteria and thus uses them as <two>a bacterial prey cell</two>. A: <one>Bdellovibrio</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio []
487
+ - What is the <one>nucleoid occlusion factor</one>? <one>SImA</one>.
488
+ - Do <one>Entamoeba histolytica</one> have <two>mitochondria</two>? No. []
489
+ - Are <one>bacteria</one> with polar flagella restricted to polar flagella? Not necessarily so. For instance, R. centenum normally is polarly flagellated, but under certain growth conditions they can form - and use - peritrichous flagella.
490
+ - Wie nennen wir Mikroorganismen, die <one>saure Bedingungen für ihr Wachstum bevorzugen</one>? <one>Acidophile Mikroorganismen</one>. []
491
+ - Sind die <one>Mesosomes</one> Organellen? Nein, es sind <one>Artefakte, die durch die chemische Fixierung entstanden sind</one>. []
492
+ - Nenne die 3 Grundstrukturen bei einem bakteriellen <one>Filament</one>. A: (1) Basalkörper (2) <one>Haken</one> (3) <one>Filament</one>
493
+ - Nenne einen konkreten Vorteil wenn <one>P. aeruginosa</one> signal molecules verwendet. A: Die <orange>Biofilm community</orange> ist widerstandsfähiger gegenüber PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).
494
+ - The <one>phosphotransferase system</one> consists of a family of n proteins that work in concert to transport any given sugar. A: <one>5 proteins</one>.
495
+ - <one>Brucella abortus</one> seeks which sugar in the placenta? <one>Erythritol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythritol []
496
+ - <one>Bacteria</one> also require vitamins. Vitamins, in turn, function usually as ... ? <one>Eenzyme cofactors</one>.
497
+ - <one>Autotrophs</one> can synthesize their own organic compounds from ... ? <one>Carbon dioxide</one> (<two>CO2</two>).
498
+ - About n% of a microbial cell's wet weight is taken up by water? About <one>75%</one>.
499
+ - A <one>single cell of Escherichia coli</one> <two>weighs</two> about n g? About <one>10⁻¹² g</one>.
500
+ - In Bacteria: <one>quorum sensing</one> is mediated by ...? <one>Farnesol</one>.
501
+ - <one>Puromycin</one>, an <two>aminonucleoside antibiotic</two>, has been derived from which bacterium? From <one>Streptomyces alboniger</one>.
502
+ - Can <one>Bacteria</one> sense spatial gradients of chemicals? No. []
503
+ - Wo finden wir <one>Phthiocerole</one>? In der <one>äußeren Hülle bei Mycobakterien</one>.
504
+ - Porins (in bacteria) are transmembrane proteins composed of ... how many identical polypeptides? Three. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porin_(protein)#Diversity []
505
+ - If we see a <one>microbial eukaryote</one> that contains a hydrogenosome, what can we say about its metabolism? This eukaryote will, most likely make use of a <one>strictly fermentative metabolism</one>.
506
+ - Name one very deadly <one>toxin</one> <two>produced by fungi</two>. A: <one>Aflatoxin</one>. []
507
+ - The ability of a bacterium to move toward or away from various stimuli has ecological significance. Give two important reasons why such directed movement may be important. A: (1) it may enhance that bacterium's access to resources (2) it may allow that bacterium to avoid harmful substances that could otherwise damage or kill it
508
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium mit <one>zwei circulären Chromosomen</one>. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>. []
509
+ - <one>Which bacteria</one> occur in three dimensional cubes? <one>Sarcina</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcina []
510
+ - <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> besitzt einen Typ-IV Pilus? Die gram-negativen Bakterien.
511
+ - Wie lang, in etwa, ist ein einzelnes, durchschnittliches E. coli Bakterium? <one>2-3 Mikrometer</one>. []
512
+ - Nenne einen Organismus der das <one>LucCDABE-Operon</one> exprimiert. A: <one>Vibrio fischeri</one>.
513
+ - Was passiert wenn wir den <orange>datA Locus</orange> deletieren? Dies führt zu einer <one>deregulierten (also asynchronen) Initiation der Replikation</one>.
514
+ - Anderes Wort für <one>Zip1</one>? <one>FtsZ Anchor</one>.
515
+ - Can <one>sulfate</one> be found in the periplasm of bacteria? Yes. []
516
+ - Bakterien besitzen das <one>DnaA Initiatorprotein</one>. Dieses kann an DnaA-Boxen binden, aber nur wenn welche Kondition erfüllt ist? Der Bereich an den das DnaA Protein binden soll, muss <one>negativ superspiralisiert</one> vorliegen.
517
+ - Welches Bakterium ist mit <one>D50S</one> gemeint? <one>Deinococcus radiodurans</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans []
518
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>Symporter</one>. A: Lac Y-Permease.
519
+ - Anderer Begriff für die <one>Acetobacter</one>? <one>Essigsäurebakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetobacteraceae []
520
+ - Nenne einen Weg wie man nach <one>Karzinogenen</one> suchen ('screenen') kann. A: Man kann den <one>Ames-Test</one> verwenden. []
521
+ - In der Biologie: wo finden wir "fluid-filled channels" auf makrozellulärer Ebene (Eukarya exkludiert)? In einem <one>Biofilm</one>.
522
+ - What is <one>the key intermediate</one> in <two>acetate production</two>? <one>Acetyl-CoA</one>.
523
+ - Der <one>Glyoxylatzyklus</one> ermöglicht es welche Kohlenstoffquelle zu verwenden? <one>Acetat</one>. []
524
+ - Does <one>group translocation</one> move nutrients against a concentration gradient? Yes. []
525
+ - The fastest organism is a microorganism, which is ... ? <one>Methanocaldococcus</one>.
526
+ - How many Bacteria may exist on planet earth? 5 x 10 ** 30. []
527
+ - Mit Hilfe des <one>Kligler-Agar</one> kann man in der mikrobiologischen Diagnostik was genau nachweisen? <one>Gramnegative Bakterien</one>.
528
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>auxotrophe Bakterien</one>. A: <one>Mangelmutanten</one>.
529
+ - <one>Welche Ladung</one> trägt <two>Ethanolamin</two>? <one>+</one>.
530
+ - What is <one>the first protein in a bacterial two-component system</one>? The <one>sensor kinase</one>.
531
+ - Ich möchte <one>FtsI</one> inhibieren. Was könnte getan werden? <one>Penicillin</one> zugeben.
532
+ - Give another name for the <one>generation time</one> for cells in culture. A: The <one>doubling time</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubling_time []
533
+ - In the <one>DnaA Protein</one>: which domain is responsible for dimer-formation? <one>Domain I</one>. []
534
+ - Give an example for <one>conformational protection</one> in microbiology. A: The <one>nitrogenase</one> in Azotobacter is protected from oxygen inactivation by complexing with a specific protein.
535
+ - Warum verwenden wir die <one>Agarstichkultur</one> im mikrobiellen Labor? Um das Verhalten von Bakterien gegenüber <one>Luftstauerstoff</one> festzustellen.
536
+ - <one>NlpD in Bakterien</one> ist <two>ein Divisom-assoziierter Faktor</two>. Was kann er aktivieren? <one>Amidasen</one>.
537
+ - The <one>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</one> is widely distributed among? The <one>pseudomonas</one> group. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas []
538
+ - Bei Mikroorganismen: nenne die spezifische Gruppe und die Abbauschritte ausgehend (und inklusive) von <one>Benzaldehyd</one>. A: Benzaldehyd hat eine -CHO Gruppe, danach kommt Benzoesäure mit -COOH und schliesslich Brenzcatechin mit 2-OH Gruppen.
539
+ - Was heisst der <one>Anstieg</one> bei einem Wachstumsgraphen in einer Bakterienpopulation auf englisch? <one>Slope</one>. []
540
+ - <one>Where</one> in a bacterial cell can <two>cardiolipins</two> be found? In patches called <one>domains</one> near the <two>cell poles</two>.
541
+ - <one>Acidophile Bakterien</one> mögen wozu dienen in der Industrie? A: Extraktion von Metallen.
542
+ - <one>Tubulin</one> in Eukarya ähnelt ... in Bacteria. A: <one>FtsZ</one>. []
543
+ - Was für ein Typ ist das <one>Bacteriohopanetetrol</one>, das man in manchen Membranen finden kann? Ein <one>Hopanoid</one>.
544
+ - <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> 'produziert' <two>Schwefel</two>? Die <one>Purpurschwefelbakterien</one>.
545
+ - Welches Bakterium wird auch <one>"Conan the barbarian"</one> genannt? <one>Deinococcus radiodurans</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans []
546
+ - Nenne drei mögliche Nachteile die Proteine aufweisen können wenn sie in Bakterien (für Eukaryoten) produziert werden. A: (1) Instabil (2) keine biologische Aktivität und (3) eventuell verunreinigt trotz sorgfältiger Reinigung
547
+ - Was sind <one>Endomycetes</one>? <one>Sprosspilze</one>.
548
+ - When we compare <one>archaeal flagella</one> to <two>bacterial flagella</two>: what is the most easily noticable difference? Archaeal flagella are significantly thinner than bacterial flagella.
549
+ - Give a specific example for <one>quorum sensing</one>. A: <one>Pathogenic bacteria</one>. The coordinated expression of a toxin may successfully cause disease.
550
+ - Are <one>Streptomyces</one> bacteria? <one>Yes</one> - they are the largest genus of the <two>Actinobacteria</two>.
551
+ - What can be found in <one>Carboxysomes</one>? A lot of the enzyme <one>RuBisCO</one> (Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)
552
+ - <one>Staining</one> is widely used in light microscopy. Name a disadvantage of staining, though. A: Staining often kills cells; it can also distort their features.
553
+ - <one>Acetic acid bacteria</one> such as Acetobacter, can create vinegar, by using alcohol. Energy for this is taken from ... ? <one>ATP</one>.
554
+ - Der <one>oriC</one> besitzt wieviele <two>GATC Sequenzen</two>? <one>11</one>.
555
+ - What means <one>lophotrichous</one>? When several flagella appear only at the same (one) pole.
556
+ - What is <one>the final step in cell wall synthesis</one>? <one>Transpeptidation</one>.
557
+ - Are <one>Archaea</one> <two>prokaryotic cells</two>? Yes. []
558
+ - The <one>DnaA protein</one> has a domain IV. What is the role of this domain? This domain of 11 kDa in size, constitutes the <one>DNA-binding domain</one>.
559
+ - Wann wenden wir die <one>Gassterilisation</one> (chemische Sterilisation) an? Bei <one>hitzelabilen Gegenständen</one>.
560
+ - What is the <one>counterstain</one> used in gram staining? <one>Safranin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safranin []
561
+ - What molecule inhibits the synthesis of cyclicAMP? Glucose. []
562
+ - In Bacteria: do <one>type IV pili</one> rotate? No, they do not rotate. []
563
+ - Why the name <one>defined media</one>? Because we know the exact composition of the (defined) medium.
564
+ - Name an important reason why some bacteria make use of gas vesicles. A: <one>Phototrophic bacteria</one> benefit from gas vesicles. They allow these bacteria to adjust their vertical position in a water column, by sinking or rising to regions where the light intensity is optimal for photosynthesis.
565
+ - Name the 3 <one>philes</one> in microbiology in regards to pH. A: (1) <one>acidophiles</one> (2) alkaliphiles (3) <one>neutrophils</one>
566
+ - Define <one>selective medium</one> in Microbiology. A: A <one>selective medium</one> contains compounds that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms, but not others.
567
+ - Warum wachsen die <one>Mycobakterien</one> so langsam? Ihre wichtige <one>Lipidschicht behindert den Nährstoffaustausch</one>. Sehr viel Energie wird für für die Synthese dieser Lipide verwendet.
568
+ - <one>Acetogenese</one> versus <one>Methanogenese</one>. Wer liefert mehr Energie? Die Methanogenese liefert mehr Energie. []
569
+ - Give an example for a <one>lactic acid bacterium</one> that begins with the letter <two>L</two> and builds a <three>slime layer</three>. A: <one>Leuconostoc</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuconostoc []
570
+ - What exactly is the <one>FtsK</one> in a bacterium? <one>FtsK</one> is a septum-located <two>DNA translocase</two>.
571
+ - Is there <one>a well-defined microbial species concept</one>? No. []
572
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: was sind <one>EHEC-Stämme</one>? <one>Enterohämorrhagische E.coli Stämme</one> (begleitet von <two>blutigem Durchfall</two>).
573
+ - Was heisst <one>Desinfektion</one>? <one>Keimreduzieren</one>.
574
+ - Is the <one>SIM Medium</one> used to detect <two>gram-positive</two> or <two>gram-negative</two> bacteria? The <one>SIM Medium</one> is used to detect <two>gram-negative</two> bacteria. []
575
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>Proteorhodopsin</two> erstmals entdeckt? Im Jahr <one>2000</one>.
576
+ - <one>Magnetosome synthesis</one> in bacteria typically begins with ... ? The <one>insertion of magnetosome-specific proteins into the cytoplasmic membrane</one>, followed by invagination of the membrane to form a vesicle.
577
+ - Bacteria tend to use make use of storage granules such as PHB (poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid). The monomer of PHB is <two>hydroxybutyrate</two>. How many C-atoms does <two>hydroxybutyrate</two> contain? <one>Four</one>.
578
+ - Just about the <one>most common, natural inclusion body</one> in prokaryotic organisms is ... ? <one>PHB</one>: <two>poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid</two>.
579
+ - Give an example used in transmission electron micrography to reveal the capsule of a bacterium. A: Use <one>ruthenium red</one>.
580
+ - Name <one>five parameters</one> that affect the growth of microorganisms. A: (1) Temperature (2) pH (3) Water activity (== Humidity) (4) Salt (Osmolarity) (5) Oxygen supply
581
+ - Why do bacteria make use of a <one>capsule</one>? This helps as a defence against the immune system. The immune cells can not recognize pathogens as foreign thanks to the bacterial capsule.
582
+ - Bacterial <one>capsules</one> are readily visible by light microscopy if these cells are treated with ... ? <one>India ink</one>.
583
+ - Is a <one>capsule</one> the same as a <one>slime layer</one>, in Bacteria? No. For instance, a capsule is <one>tightly attached</one> to the cell wall, which is a difference to a <one>slime layer</one>.
584
+ - Name a fairly common protein in bacteria that can be found as part of the outer membrane. A: The <one>porins</one>.
585
+ - Eine einzelne <one>E. coli Zelle</one> besitzt <two>wieviele DnaA Moleküle</two>? Etwa <one>~1000</one>.
586
+ - In microbiology: what is the role of the protein called <one>MinE</one>? MineE directs the formation of the <two>FtsZ ring</two>.
587
+ - Was machen Mikroben mit <one>D-Aminoacids</one>? Sie verwenden diese für <one>nonprotein-structural molecules</one>.
588
+ - Wieviele <one>Ascomyceten</one>-Arten sind bekannt? ca. <one>60.000 Arten</one>.
589
+ - Name a problem of proteins destined to the periplasm. A: They are <one>delivered unfolded</one> and thus <two>require a set of chaperones</two>.
590
+ - How does <one>a bacterial cell</one> <two>know</two> that <three>the competence pheromone comes from other cells</three>? By cutting out the peptide as a larger protein as it passes through the membrane of the cell in which it is synthesized.
591
+ - How do we call <one>four rod-shaped bacteria attached to one another in a linear manner</one>? <one>Streptobacilli</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptobacillus
592
+ - Nenne einen typischen <one>Einschluss</one> in <two>E. coli</two>. A: <one>Glykogeneinschlüsse</one>.
593
+ - In bacteria: what do we mean with <one>a dim domain</one>? This is <one>a dimerization domain</one>; thus, it is important for dimerization.
594
+ - What is <one>decontamination</one>? The treatment of a surface to make it safe to handle.
595
+ - Which four aminoacids can be found in the <one>glycan tetrapeptide</one>? (1) <one>L-alanine</one> (2) <one>D-alanine</one> (3) <one>D-glutamic acid</one> (4) <one>L-lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)</one>
596
+ - Nenne ein <one>Vitamin</one>, das <two>Neurospora crassa</two> benötigt. A: <one>Biotin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin []
597
+ - What is the name of the <one>nucleoid occlusion factor</one>? <one>SImA</one>.
598
+ - Why the name <one>penicillin-binding protein</one>? These proteins are inhibited by penicillin.
599
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Mikroorganismen</one> in denen echte Denitrifikation erfolgt. A: (1) <one>Pseudomonas stutzeri</one> (2) <one>Paracoccus denitrificans</one>
600
+ - <one>Durchmesser</one> eines bakteriellen Gasvesikels? <one>100 nm</one>.
601
+ - What is <one>Chlamydia</one>? <one>Chlamydia</one> is <two>an intracellular bacterial parasite</two>.
602
+ - What is <one>sterilization</one>? The killing or removal of all viable organisms.
603
+ - Im <one>Glyoxylat-Zyklus</one>: was geschieht mit <two>Isocitrat</two>? Es wird gespalten in Succinate (4C Körper, für Biosynthesis) und Glyoxylate (2C).
604
+ - <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> verwendet die <two>Aminopeptidase</two>? <one>Gram-negative Bakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopeptidasen []
605
+ - Die <one>light-harvesting Systems</one> in Cyanobacteria haben statt dem Chlorophyll was? <one>Phycobilins</one>.
606
+ - Name <one>an unusual contributor to a mycoplasma cell wall</one>. A: <one>Sterols</one>.
607
+ - Das <one>Lipopolysaccharid</one> bei <two>gram-negativen Bakterien</two> hat eine äquivalente Funktion zu ... von <three>gram-positiven Bakterien</three>. A: <one>den Teichonsäuren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichons%C3%A4uren []
608
+ - <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> has a protein called CFS. This abbreviation stands for ... ? <one>Competence and sporulation factor</one>.
609
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>peritriches Bakterium</one>. A: <one>Proteus sp</one>.
610
+ - Was ist die <one>Anhydrobiose</one>, wo finden wir sie? <one>Anhydrobiose</one> ist <two>Leben ohne Wasser</two>. Wir finden sie bei den Tardigrada (den Bärtierchen).
611
+ - <one>Wie lang</one> kann <two>Spirulina</two> werden? A: Einen halben Millimeter (<lightgreen>0.5 mm</lightgreen>).
612
+ - Name <one>an organism</one> that <two>can replicate asymmetrically</two>. A: <one>Hyphomicrobium</one>.
613
+ - Was kann man mit dem <one>Phenolrot Boullion Test</one> nachweisen? <one>Zuckerfermentation</one>.
614
+ - Define the term <one>glycocalyx</one>. A: A Glycocalyx is a polymer secreted by a microorganism that coats the surface of the microorganism.
615
+ - Nenne <one>eine chemische Substanz</one>, mittels deren Hilfe bakterielle Zellen aufgebrochen werden können. A: <one>Chloroform</one>.
616
+ - Welche Organismen haben <one>Peptidoglycan</one>? Nur <one>Bakterien</one>.
617
+ - Wie wird die <one>Luftkeimzahl</one> bestimmt? Mit Hilfe eines "Luftkeimsammlers".
618
+ - <one>Wie viele Chromosomen</one> hat <two>Dictyostelium discoideum</two>? <one>6</one>.
619
+ - <one>Wie wird die <two>Dipicolinsäure</two> <three>quervernetzt</three>? Über <one>Ca²⁺ Ionen</one>.
620
+ - What does the <one>LuxS gene</one> produce? <one>Autoinducer AI-2</one>.
621
+ - Es gibt ausser <one>O₂</one> auch alternative Elektronenakzeptoren. Nenne drei energiereiche davon. A: (1) <one>Fe3+</one> (2) NO3- (3) <one>NO₂</one>
622
+ - Which bacteria have a <one>S-layer</one>? <one>Gram⁺ bacteria</one>. []
623
+ - The <one>competence master regulator</one> in bacteria is ... ? The <one>ComK-protein</one>.
624
+ - Give another name for the <one>gram-negative cell wall</one>. A: <one>Cell envelope</one>.
625
+ - What does the word <one>PRION</one> stand for? <one>Proteinaceous infectious agent</one>.
626
+ - <one>Wann</one> findet die <two>bakterielle Sporulation</two> statt? Wenn das Wachstum zum Stillstand gekommen ist (Trigger: ein limitierender Faktor)
627
+ - In nature: <one>microbial cells</one> typically live in groups called ... ? <one>Microbial communities</one>. []
628
+ - In microbiology: which <one>two (technical) means of fixation of bacteria</one> are commonly employed in the laboratory? (1) <one>heat fixation</one> (2) <one>chemical fixation</one>
629
+ - In <one>welche zwei Teile</one> kann man den Stoffwechsel einteilen? (1) Energiestoffwechsel (2) <one>Leistungsstoffwechsel</one>
630
+ - The <one>sensor kinase</one> typically interacts strongly with which other protein, in a <two>bacterial two-component system</two>? With a <one>response regulator</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_regulator []
631
+ - Nenne <one>ein Bakterium mit linearer DNA im Genom</one>. A: <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one>.
632
+ - <one>FtsW</one> hat was für eine Aufgabe? Es bringt <one>FtsI</one> an den Z-Ring.
633
+ - The <one>proton motive force</one> in bacteria is analogous to .... which technical innovation of mankind? The potential energy present in <one>a charged battery</one>.
634
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: was ist die <one>Generation</one>? Die Zeiteinheit die eine Zelle benötigt um zwei Zellen zu bilden.
635
+ - Nenne drei Beispiele für bakterielle <one>Rhodopsin-Pigmente</one>. A: (1) Bacteriorhodopsin (2) Proteorhodopsin (3) Xanthorhodopsin
636
+ - Bei der Synthese von Aminosäuren: welche zwei Wege stammen aus dem Citratzyklus? Alpha-Ketoglutarat (E,P,Q,R) und <one>Oxalacetat</one> (D,N,K,M,T,I)
637
+ - How do we call <one>three-dimensional cubes</one> in bacteria? <one>Sarcina</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcina_(Bakterium) []
638
+ - Why does <one>attenuation</one> occur in the laboratory? These attenuated bacteria may grow faster than the more virulent strains.
639
+ - In general, by which logic can we identify <one>virulence genes</one> in a bacterium? Mutations that inactivate these genes, will render the bacterium <one>non-pathogenic</one>. []
640
+ - Was ist <one>NodM</one>? Eine <one>Glucosaminsynthetase</one>, die an der Nod-Faktor Synthese beteiligt ist.
641
+ - Is <one>Treponema pallidum</one> a bacterium? <one>Yes</one>, it is.
642
+ - What are <one>Bacteriocins</one>? Bacterially produced, small heat-stable peptides that are active against other bacteria.
643
+ - Compare <one>the general division strategy</one> between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A: Prokaryotes divide by fission, eukaryotes divide by mitosis and cytokinesis.
644
+ - Warum gibt es <one>Magnetotaxis</one> bei den Bakterien? Zur Orientierung. Sie können so zum Boden des Teiches schwimmen.
645
+ - <one>Which two aminoacids</one> are very important in <two>two-component systems</two>? (1) <one>Aspartate</one> (2) <one>Histidine</one>
646
+ - <one>Chlorella</one> und <one>Scenedesmus</one> haben was für eine Wand? A: Cellulosewand mit Sporopollenin-Einlagerung.
647
+ - Wer widerlegte die <one>Urzeugungstheorie</one>? <one>Louis Pasteur</one>.
648
+ - What is a <one>regulon</one>? When more than 1 operon is under the control of a single regulatory protein.
649
+ - Was können <one>Methanobacterien</one>? <one>CO₂</one> zu Methan reduzieren.
650
+ - Was ist der <one>assimilatorische Stickstoffwechsel</one>? Die Verwendung von <one>NO3⁻</one> SO4 2-, CO₂.
651
+ - Why can we use <one>Isoniazid</one> against <two>Mycobacterium</two>? <one>Isoniazid</one> interferes with the synthesis of mycolic acid, a mycobacterial cell wall component.
652
+ - <one>Where</one> could <two>phycocyanins</two> be found? In <one>cyanobacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycocyanin []
653
+ - Give a specific example for a <one>global response</one> widespread in all 3 domains of life. A: The <one>heat shock response</one>.
654
+ - Ist <one>ein Chemostat</one> <two>kontinuierlich</two> oder <two>diskontinuierlich</two>? <one>Kontinuierlich</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemostat-Bioreaktor []
655
+ - <one>How much ATP</one> is <two>required</two> <three>per fixed N₂</three>? <one>16 ATP</one>. []
656
+ - <one>Wie</one> ist das bakterielle Chromosom in der Zelle organisiert? In Form von <one>superhelikalen Schleifen</one>, die durch Proteine wie HU stabilisiert werden.
657
+ - <one>FtsZ</one> is a homolog towards? <one>Tubulin</one>.
658
+ - <one>Welche chemische Reaktion</one> führt die ATPase durch? Sie katalysiert ADP + Pi -> ATP (und die reverse Reaktion).
659
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> hat erstmals Bakterien (mit einem Mikroskop) sehen können? <one>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek
660
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>die Sequenzierung von S. pneumonia</two> abgeschlossen? <one>2001</one>.
661
+ - Name a bacterium that is used in <one>denitrification</one>. A: <one>Pseudomonas stutzeri</one>.
662
+ - <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> kodiert für <two>n verschiedene Sigmafaktoren</two>? <one>18</one>.
663
+ - <one>Antibacterial agents</one> can be classified into which 3 classes? (1) bacteriostatic (2) bacteriocidal (3) <one>bacteriolytic</one>
664
+ - Name a <one>halophilic archaeon</one>. A: <one>Haloarcula Marismortui</one>.
665
+ - Wofür steht der Name <one>ABC transport systems</one>? <one>ABC</one> steht für <two>ATP-binding cassette</two>. Diese Struktur kann also ATP binden. []
666
+ - The cytoplasmic membranes of some Bacteria are strengthened by sterol-like molecules called ... ? <one>hopanoids</one>.
667
+ - Salopp formuliert, was machen <one>Integrons</one>? Sie fangen Gene aus anderen Quellen ein; sind Bestandteil einiger Transposons.
668
+ - What is the <one>archaellum</one>? <one>A whip-like structure</one> on the <two>cell surface of many archaea</two>.
669
+ - Was heisst <one>Fts KOPS</one>? <one>FtsK Oriented Polar Sequences</one>. Die Sequenzfolge lautet: <two>GGGNAGGG</two>.
670
+ - The cytoplasmic membrane is usually called a <one>lipid bilayer</one>; but may sometimes be called a <two>unit membrane</two>. Why? Because each phospholipid <one>leaf</one> <two>forms half of the unit</two>.
671
+ - Wozu dient dem Bakterium <one>Alcaligenes eutrophus</one> das aus Zucker erzeugte PHB (Polyhydroxybutyrat)? Als <one>Energiespeicher</one>.
672
+ - Why does <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one> produce pili? Because these pili are required in order for Neisseria gonorrhoeae to attach to the <one>urogenital epithelium</one>.
673
+ - The <one>major cellular function</one> of the <two>cytoplasmic membrane</two> is ... ? <one>Selective permeability</one>.
674
+ - Besitzen <one>Hefezellen</one> <two>Vakuolen</two>? Ja. []
675
+ - <one>Welches Bakterium</one> <two>sieht aus wie ein gekrümmtes Stäbchen</two>? <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
676
+ - Die <one>Sporangien</one> gehen woraus hervor? Aus dem <one>Mycel</one>.
677
+ - In microbiology: the term morphology means ... ? <one>cell shape</one>.
678
+ - In Bacteria, <one>type IV pili</one>, aside from <two>facilitating twitching motility</two>, they have which other, important property? They help pathogenic bacteria to attach to their host tissues.
679
+ - <one>Xenophyophores</one> are <two>amoeba-like, single-celled organisms</two> that <three>live exclusively</three> where? They live in the <one>deep ocean</one>.
680
+ - Give another name for <one>bacterial pheromones</one>. A: <one>Autoinducers</one>.
681
+ - Was machen <one>Methanobacteriae</one>? Konvertieren <one>CO₂</one> zu <one>Methan</one>.
682
+ - Do <one>insects</one> <tomato>love</tomato> <two>Wolbachia</two>? Sort of! Without Wolbachia, some can not reproduce or even survive. []
683
+ - Name a <one>DNA-bridging protein</one> <two>in Bacteria</two>. A: <one>H-NS</one>.
684
+ - <one>SIM-Agar</one>: was heisst <two>SIM</two>? <one>Sulfide</one>, <one>Indole</one>, <one>Motility</one>.
685
+ - Name a bacterium where no septum formation occurs upon cell division. A: <one>Caulobacter</one>.
686
+ - <one>The smallest bacteria</one> are n micrometer in diameter? About <one>0.3 Micrometer</one>. []
687
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>Sequestrierung des dnaA Gen Promoters</one>? Das dieser Promoter an die Zellwand geheftet wird.
688
+ - Give an example for a <one>gliding myxobacterium</one>. A: <one>Myxococcus xanthus</one>.
689
+ - <one>Chemolitotrophs</one> use <two>which substance as their carbon source</two>? <one>CO₂</one>. []
690
+ - Give another name for <one>mordant</one>. A: <one>Binding agent</one>.
691
+ - Name <one>three responses in bacteria</one> controlled by <two>quorum sensum</two>. A: (1) Virulence factor secretion (2) Biofilm formation (3) <one>Sporulation</one>
692
+ - What does <one>Glycocalyx</one> mean, literally? <one>Sugar coat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocalyx []
693
+ - Was sind die <one>F-Antigene</one>? Das sind die Proteine der Fimbrien.
694
+ - Kommen <one>Magnetosomen</one> in Eukaryoten vor? Ja. In <one>Algen</one>.
695
+ - <one>Bacterial culture medium</one> may be of which type? (1) <one>liquid</one> (2) <one>solid</one>
696
+ - Are <one>MCPs</one> important in Phototaxis? No - they are <one>replaced by a light sensor protein</one>.
697
+ - What is the main statement of the <one>GAIA Theory</one> from <two>James Lovelock</two>? Life on Earth functions as a single organism which actually defines and maintains environmental conditions necessary for its survival.
698
+ - Name <one>the main structural motif</one> of <two>membrane-spanning transporters</two> in Bacteria. A: <one>12x Alpha-Helices</one>.
699
+ - Längeres Wort für <one>Alarmone</one>? <one>Alarmsubstanzen</one>.
700
+ - <one>Beggiota</one> belongs to which general group? Beggiota belongs to <two>chemolitotrophic organisms</two> that feed solely on inorganic minerals.
701
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>thermotoleranten Organismen</one>? Dies sind <one>Organismen</one>, die <two>bis zu 50°C</two> noch zu wachsen vermögen.
702
+ - In Bacteria: what can be found in the <one>spacer</one> between <two>16S + 23S rRNA gene</two>? A <one>tRNA gene</one>.
703
+ - Define <one>Attenuation</one>. A: <one>Attenuation</one> is <two>the decrease or loss of virulence of a pathogen</two>.
704
+ - Formel für das <one>Wachstum der Bakterien</one>? <one>2 ** n</one>, wobei n die Generation ist. Generation 10 ist also 2 ** 10.
705
+ - Bakterien können ihre <one>Membranzusammensetzung verändern</one>, vor allem mittels <two>Fettsäuren</two>. Vergleiche niedrige und hohe Temperatur. A: Wächst das Bakterium bei niedriger Temperatur so hat es mehr ungesättigte Fettsäuren in der Membran. Bei hoher Temperatur haben die Phospholipide mehr gesättigte Fettsäuren.
706
+ - Für die <one>DNA Replikation in Bakterien</one> gibt es <two>ein Protein</two> das <three>DiaA</three> benannt wurde. Was heisst <three>DiaA</three>? <one>DnaA initiator-associating protein</one>.
707
+ - What is the <one>evolutionary rate</one>? This is <one>the number of nucleotide changes per site per year</one>.
708
+ - <one>Chemolithotrophic bacteria</one> <two>obtain their carbon</two> <three>from</three> ... ? <one>CO₂</one>.
709
+ - <one>Sergei Winogradsky</one> observed that ... <two>which bacterium</two> would not grow on the rich nutrient media used by Koch? <one>Beggiatoa</one>.
710
+ - <one>Wo</one> wurden die <two>Volutinkörner</two> entdeckt? In <one>Spirillum volutans</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirillum_volutans
711
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Vertreter</one> der <two>Euryarchaeota</two>. A: (1) methanogens (2) <one>extreme Halophile</one>
712
+ - Name <one>a bacterium</one> that has a <two>phage-inducible chromosomal island</two>. A: <one>Staphylococcus aureus</one>.
713
+ - <one>Wann</one> ist die Erde entstanden? Vor etwa 4.5 Mrd Jahren.
714
+ - <one>Bei welchen Bakterien</one> verwenden wir <two>Karbolfuchsin</two>? Bei <one>gram-negativen Bakterien</one>.
715
+ - <one>Pseudomonas</one> love which sugar source? <one>Succinate</one>.
716
+ - Was sind <one>Protoplasten</one>? <one>Zellwandlose Bakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplast
717
+ - <one>The best known gliding bacteria</one> are ... ? The <one>filamentous cyanobacteria</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123858764000049
718
+ - <one>DnaA</one> has an intrinsic ... activity. A: <one>DnaA</one> has an <two>intrinsic ATPase activity</two>. []
719
+ - <one>CrcZ</one> in Pseudomonads, is what exactly? <one>CrcZ</one> is a <two>regulatory RNA</two>.
720
+ - <one>Sigmafactor RpoS</one> has which cellular task? <one>Adaptation to environmental stress</one>.
721
+ - What happens structurally if <one>the AAA+ domain of DnaA</one> binds ATP? In the <one>ADP-bound state</one> the <two>base</two> and the <two>lid</two> adopt a closed conformation. This conformation will rearrange to a more open state in the presence of ATP, and will thus permit binding of a second subunit.
722
+ - <one>Wie lange</one> dauert <two>Flash Pasteurization</two>? <one>15 Sekunden</one>.
723
+ - Can <one>bacteria</one> make <two>coloured antibiotics</two>? Yes. []
724
+ - Koch's crowning scientific accomplishment was ... ? .. his <one>discovery of the causative agent of tuberculosis</one>.
725
+ - The <one>SimA dimer</one> can bind what exactly? Two FtsZ protofilaments.
726
+ - <one>Which bacteria</one> are renowned for their many vitamin requirements? <one>Lactic acid bacteria</one>.
727
+ - What does <one>bacilli</one> mean, translated? <one>Little staffs</one>.
728
+ - What type is <one>FtsA</one>? <one>FtsA</one> is an <two>ATPase</two>.
729
+ - Explain <one>bridging DnaA</one>? Yes. The DiaA tetramer can bind multiple molecules of DnaA, and thus serves as a bridge to bring two DnaA molecules together.
730
+ - In Bacteria: what do the <one>Rsb proteins</one> activate? The <one>stress sigma factor Sigma B</one>.
731
+ - The <one>mycoplasma</one> belong to which genus? They belong to the <one>Mollicutes</one>.
732
+ - <one>PEP</one> can be synthesized from which key intermediate of the <two>CAC</two> (citric acid cyclce)? <one>Oxalacetate</one>. []
733
+ - <one>Where</one> can we find an <two>interbridge</two> among the Bacteria? In the <one>cell wall of gram-positive bacteria</one>, like <two>Staphylococcus aureus</two>.
734
+ - Das cytoplasmatische Material in einer Bakterienzelle, also Ribosomen, Plasmide etc., wird wie auf die Tochterzellen verteilt? Es wird nach dem <one>Zufallsprinzip</one> segregiert; es erfolgt also eine <two>dispersive Segregation</two>.
735
+ - Was macht das Enzym <one>ATP-Sulfurylase</one>? Heftet Sulfation an ein Phoshphat an ATP. Es entsteht APS DAS IST NOCH NICHT PERFEKT HIER.
736
+ - <one>Wo</one> genau finden wir das Protein <two>RelA</two>? Es ist assoziiert mit der 50S Untereinheit des Ribosoms.
737
+ - <one>Where</one> could <two>marine snow</two> be found? In the <one>deep ocean</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_snow []
738
+ - <one>Which bacteria</one> have a <two>periplasm</two>? Only <one>gram negative bacteria</one>. []
739
+ - Was ist der <one>Aw-Wert</one>? <one>Activity of Water</one>. Die Wasseraktivität ist ein Mass für frei verfügbares Wasser in einem Material (p / p0). Wichtig ist er wegen der Haltbarket von Lebensmitteln.
740
+ - Der <one>Erreger der Kreuzlähme bei Pferden</one> ist ... ? <one>Trypanosoma equinus</one>.
741
+ - In microbiology and microscopy: give an example for a <one>basic dye</one> that begins with the letter <two>s</two>. A: <one>Safranin</one>.
742
+ - Nenne eine <one>kristallbildende Bakterienart</one>. A: <one>Pseudomonas syringae</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae []
743
+ - How many microbial cells exist on earth, roughly? About <one>2 * 10³⁰ microbial cells</one> exist on Planet Earth.
744
+ - Give another word for <one>Bioluminescent colonies</one> of the bacterium Photobacterium. A: <one>Light-emitting colonies</one>.
745
+ - Wo bindet <one>Arg399</one> des DnaA-Proteins am oriC allgemein? In die minor groove der DNA - aber nur wenn die DNA negativ superspiralisiert ist.
746
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium mit <one>3 Chromosomen</one>. A: Sinorhizobium meliloti. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinorhizobium_meliloti
747
+ - What is <one>aerotaxis</one>? <one>Movement towards or away from oxygen</one>. Aerobic bacteria show positive aerotaxis, anaerobic bacteria show negative aerotaxis.
748
+ - <one>GvpA</one> macht wieviel Prozent des Gasvesikels aus? <one>97%</one>.
749
+ - Wieso besitzen <one>Protisten</one> eine kontraktile Vakuole? Sie scheiden damit aufgenommenes überschüssiges Wasser aus. Protisten leben im Süßwasser. []
750
+ - What is the <one>thermal death zone</one>? The time it takes to kill all cells at a given temperature.
751
+ - Was sind <one>aseptic environments</one>? These are <one>environments free of microbes</one>.
752
+ - Give another name for <one>microorganisms</one>. A: <one>Microbes</one>.
753
+ - What are the <one>Alkaliphiles</one>? The <one>Alkaliphiles</one> are a class of extremophilic microbes capable of survival in alkaline environments, with an optimal pH of about 10, and a preferred pH range of 8.5-11.
754
+ - Wie konnten vor vielen Jahren die <one>BIF</one> entstehen? A: Fe2+ wurde zu Fe3+ oxidiert, diese Eisenoxide sammelten sich an als Banded Iron Formation (BIF)
755
+ - What is a <one>one-component regulatory system</one>? This is a system in where a single protein detecs a signal and carries out a regulatory response.
756
+ - Nenne ein chemisches Gift für die meisten <lightgreen>Pilze</lightgreen>. A: <one>Phenol</one>.
757
+ - <one>Pneumococcus</one> besitzt wie viele <two>smooth capsid-types</two>? <one>3</one>. []
758
+ - Give a specific example for <one>group translocation</one> in Bacteria. A: The <one>Phosphotransferase System</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEP_group_translocation []
759
+ - What exactly is a <one>RNA Thermosensor</one>? A <one>RNA Thermosensor</one> is typically stable at low temperatures, unstable at high temperatures.
760
+ - <one>Spirilla</one> have what shape? <one>Spiral-shaped</one>.
761
+ - Nenne einen <one>bakteriellen Lipidcarrier</one>. A: <one>Bactoprenol</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenol []
762
+ - Is <one>E. coli</one> smaller than a <two>human platelet</two>? Yes. []
763
+ - Welche <one>3 Aminosäuren</one> werden im <two>3-Phosphoglycerate Weg</two> synthetisiert? Mnemonic: In 3-Phosphoglycerate kommt s, g und c vor, ergo -> (1) <one>Serin</one> (2) <one>Glycin</one> (3) <one>Cystein</one> []
764
+ - What is the role of the <one>thumb</one> of the DNA-Polymerase? This thumb binds the DNA as it exits the enzyme - this is important for processivity.
765
+ - The <one>DNA synthesis initiator</one> <two>DnaA</two> contains <three>how many domains</three>? <one>4</one>. []
766
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Organismus, in dem wir <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one> finden können. A: <one>Halobacterium</one>.
767
+ - <one>Zymogene Bodenorganismen</one> sind <two>bei höherer Stoffzufuhr</two> <three>kompetitiver</three> oder <three>weniger kompetitiv</three> als andere Populationen? Zymogene Bodenorganismen sind <one>bei höherer Stoffzufuhr kompetitiver als andere Populationen</one>. []
768
+ - What are <one>phenazines</one>? Phenazines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
769
+ - Why should we prefer the term <one>poly-Beta-hydroxyalkanoate</one> rather than <two>poly-Beta-hydroxy-butyric acid</two>? Because butyric acid implies C4, whereas there can be C3 up to C18 C-Atoms instead.
770
+ - In microbiology: give an example for a <one>differential plate</one>. A: The <one>McConky Plate</one>. It uses Lactose to differentiate one bacteria from another.
771
+ - <one>FtsA</one> ähnelt welch anderem Protein? <one>Actin</one>. (Mnemo: A ... Actin) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FtsA []
772
+ - Nenne einen Mikroorganismus der <one>Citronensäure</one> herstellt. A: Der Pilz <one>Aspergillus</one>. []
773
+ - <one>Photocyanins</one> absorb what? <one>Longer-wavelength red light</one>.
774
+ - Name an enzyme that is used by many bacteria able to catalyze the reduction of Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰ (aka mercury variants). A: The <one>Mercury(II) reductase</one>, an <two>oxidoreductase enzyme</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_reductase
775
+ - What is the <one>key property of living organisms</one>? A: They <one>carry an internal description of themselves</one>.
776
+ - Name a bacterium that can form a structure within a cell used as a factory to creating more of that bacterium. A: The <one>Chlamydia reticulate body</one>.
777
+ - What is <one>Adenylylation</one>? This is a posttranslational modification, involving a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group of the molecule undergoing adenylylation and the phosphate group of AMP.
778
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>Infektion</one>. A: Jede Situation in der ein Mikroorganismus auf oder in einem Wirt Fuß fassen und sich vermehren kann, unabhängig davon ob der Wirtsorganismus dadurch geschädigt wird.
779
+ - Was heisst <one>HOSCH-Filter</one>? Hochleistungs-Schwebstoff-Luftfilter.
780
+ - In regards to the <one>oriC</one>: what are <three>slow-stop mutants</three>? These are bacteria with defects - they can complete the current round of replication, but can not initiate a new round of DNA replication.
781
+ - Give one example for a <one>peptide siderophore</one>. A: <one>Aquachelin</one>.
782
+ - The <one>neutral theory of evolution</one> follows a ...? A <one>stochastic approach</one>.
783
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: was geht der <one>septum formation</one> voraus? <one>Cell elongation</one>.
784
+ - Aufgrund des <one>pH-Werts</one> können wir grob welche 3 Gruppen an Mikroorganismen unterscheiden? (1) <one>acidophile</one> Mikroorganismen (2) <one>alkalophile</one> Mikroorganismen (3) <one>neutrophile</one> Mikroorganismen []
785
+ - Most stringent <one>Biosafety Level</one>? <one>Level 4</one>. []
786
+ - Welche herausragende Eigenschaft hat <one>Pyrolobus fumarii</one>? <two>Pyrolobus fumarii</two> ist <one>sehr hitzeresistent</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii
787
+ - <one>Welcher Sigmafaktor</one> erkennt den <three>Hitzeschock-Promotor</one>? <one>Sigmafaktor 32</one>. []
788
+ - What are <one>extremozymes</one>? Extremozymes are Enzymes that <one>function at environmental extremes</one>, such as high or low temperature, or pH.
789
+ - The largest phylum of bacteria can be found among the ... ? The <one>Proteobacteria</one>.
790
+ - Name two different <one>cocci-form</one> of bacteria. A: (1) <orange>diplococci</orange> (2) <one>streptococci</one>
791
+ - Wie nennen wir <one>Viererpakete von Bakterien</one>? <one>Sarcinen</one>.
792
+ - <one>Volvox</one> kann wieviele Zellen haben? A: <one>20.000</one>. []
793
+ - Was hat <one>Bacteriochlorophyll</one> im Zentrum? <one>Mg</one> (<one>Magnesium</one>). []
794
+ - Name two molecules that are able to <one>trigger a stringent response</one>. A: (1) <one>ppGpp</one> (2) <one>pppGpp</one> []
795
+ - Name a stain that is used for <one>M. tuberculosis</one>. A: The <one>Ziehl-Neelsen stain</one>.
796
+ - Was weiss man allgemein wenn man <one>petite</one> colonies sieht? Die <one>Wachstumsrate dieser Bakterien ist verlangsamt</one>.
797
+ - Define the term <one>Progenote</one>. A: This is <one>the last universal common ancestor</one>.
798
+ - <one>n %</one> der marinen Organismen können biolumineszieren? <one>75%</one>.
799
+ - <one>Why</one> do Bacteria use the <three>carbon catabolite repression</three> system? It allows them to swiftly adapt to "changing nutrient supplies".
800
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein "green non-sulfur bacteria". A: <one>Chloroflexi</one>.
801
+ - <one>Zymomonas mobilis</one> ist gram + oder gram -? Zymomonas mobilis ist <one>gram -</one>, so wie auch E. coli. []
802
+ - What is a <one>Barophile</one>? Also provide a general example for this term. A: A <one>barophile</one> is an organism which thrives at high pressures, such as "deep sea bacteria".
803
+ - Why is the <one>Winogradsky column</one> employed? The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms.
804
+ - How does <one>Myxococcus</one> kill bacteria? <two>Myxococcus</two> will kill and lyse bacteria through a strategy of <one>cooperating swarms of single cells</one>.
805
+ - Das <one>Mesosom</one> entspricht was? Gar nichts. Es sind Artefakte, siehe URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosome
806
+ - In molecular biology: what is the <one>pan-genome</one>? This is the full complement of genes in a species. It is the union of the gene sets of all the strains of this species.
807
+ - Where exactly does <one>transpeptidation</one> occur? Outside the cell, where ATP is unavailable.
808
+ - ... ... stimulieren die Septumbildung in Bakterien. A: <one>Replizierende Nukleotide</one>.
809
+ - Briefly differ between the tasks of class I und class II <one>bacteriocins</one>. A: (1) class I Bacteriocins blocks the transport of units for peptidoglycan and forms a pore. (2) class II Bacteriocins makes leakage in membrane.
810
+ - What is <one>codon bias</one> and does it correlate with anything? Certain codons for the same amino acid are more frequently transcribed rather than others. Apparently these codons are preferred over others that encode the same amino acid. Codon bias is correlated with <one>a corresponding bias in the concentration of different tRNA molecules</one>.
811
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für eine <one>osmotisch inerte Form</one>? <one>Wasserunlöslich</one>.
812
+ - <one>Bdellovibrio</one> attacks which bacteria? Only <one>gram-negative bacteria</one>. []
813
+ - Why the name <one>permissive face</one> for the Tus-Protein? Because when the replisome makes contact with it, the Tus protein dissociates from the DNA.
814
+ - What is the <one>major shape-determining protein</one> in prokaryotes? <one>MreB</one>.
815
+ - <one>DnaA assembly</one> is incompatible with ...? With binding dsDNA.
816
+ - Nenne zwei Funktionen der <one>Peptidoglykanschicht</one>. A: (1) gibt dem Bakterium seine Form und Stabilität (2) schützt das Bakterium vor osmotischen Lyse
817
+ - Können Bakterien ihre <one>Fluidität anpassen</one>? Ja. Bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen werden Phospholipide mit unterschiedlicher Länge der Fettsäureresten mit oder ohne Doppelbindung eingebaut.
818
+ - Name <one>a bacterial protein capable of producing Alarmones</one>. A: <one>RelA</one>.
819
+ - Welche Person gilt als <one>Begründer der modernen Mikrobiologie</one>? <one>Robert Koch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch
820
+ - Allgemein: wie ist <one>DNA in einer bakteriellen Zelle</one> <three>angeordnet</three>? In <one>loops</one>, die <two>domains</two> genannt werden.
821
+ - When a plasmid belongs to the same <one>Inc group</one>, what does this mean? That this plasmid can not replicate in the same cell as other plasmids with the same Incompatibility group.
822
+ - Do <one>bacterial chaperones</one> also <three>help assemble multiprotein complexes</three>? Yes they do. []
823
+ - Nenne 5 <one>Proteobacteria-Vertreter</one>. A: (1) Agrobacterium (2) Acetobacter (3) Bordetella (4) Neisseria (5) Aeromonas
824
+ - Beim <one>Tyndallisieren</one> setzen wir welchen Temperaturbereich ein (von, bis)? <one>70 - 100 °C</one>.
825
+ - Input, Output bei den <one>Nitrifiers</one>? (1) <one>Input</one>: <two>NH4+</two>. (2) <one>Output</one>: <two>NH3-</two>.
826
+ - Welche zwei Metalle finden wir in <one>Ferredoxin</one>? <one>Eisen</one> + <one>Schwefel</one>. []
827
+ - Give an example for a bacterium which may show <one>cannibalism</one>. A: Sporulating <one>Bacillus subtilis</one>.
828
+ - The bacterium <one>Wolbachia</one> infects in particular ... ? <one>Arthropods</one>.
829
+ - In microbiology: what is a <one>pure culture</one>? A pure culturei is a culture containing only a single kind of microorganism.
830
+ - Warum genau verwenden wir ausgerechnet <one>Leberenzyme</one> im Ames-Test? Um die Chemikalien in ihre aktive, mutagene Form zu konvertieren.
831
+ - <one>Clostridium</one> has what shape? It has <one>a drumstick-shape</one>.
832
+ - Temperaturrekord (Hitze) für Bakterien? <one>121 °C</one>.
833
+ - <one>Mycoplasma genitalium</one> has n genes? <one>485 genes</one>.
834
+ - Name a <one>developmental process</one> in bacteria. A: <one>Sporulation</one>. []
835
+ - What is <one>Hydrotaxis</one>? This allows bacteria that inhabit dry environments to glide toward a gradient of increasing moisture.
836
+ - Welches ist das wichtigste Modell um <one>bakterielle Membranen</one> zu beschreiben und wer hat es aufgestellt? Das <one>Fluid Mosaic Model</one>. Aufgestellt wurde es von <two>Singer und Nicholson</two>.
837
+ - How many different <one>Type secretion systems are known in Bacteria</one>? <one>6</one>.
838
+ - Name a bacterium that employs a <one>twitching motility</one>. A: <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa
839
+ - Was bringt eine <one>Rodacplatte</one>? Diese <one>Abklatschplatte</one> erlaubt es uns die Keimbelastung an einer Oberfläche zu beurteilen.
840
+ - <one>ppGpp</one> is synthesized from ...? <one>GTP</one>.
841
+ - Is <one>Arthrobacter luteus</one> gram-positive or gram-negative? It is a species of <one>gram-positive bacteria</one>.
842
+ - Give an example for <one>a green, nonsulfur bacterium</one>. A: <one>Chloroflexus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus []
843
+ - For <one>tmRNA rescue</one> to happen, the tmRNA needs which protein, in order to form a complex? <one>SmpB</one>.
844
+ - <one>Quorum sensing</one> was first discovered in ...? <one>Vibrio fischeri</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliivibrio_fischeri
845
+ - Das <one>Propionibacterium</one> ist <two>gram-positiv</two> oder <two>gram-negativ</two>? <one>Gram-positiv</one>. []
846
+ - Was sind die <one>Gallionella</one>? Dies sind die <one>Eisenbakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallionella
847
+ - Who is <one>the most abundant prokaryote in the ocean</one>? <one>Pelagibacter</one>.
848
+ - Wie unterscheiden sich <one>Typ I Topoisomerasen</one> von <one>Typ II Topoisomerasen</one>? (1) <one>Typ I Topoisomerasen</one> machen einen <two>Einzelstrangbruch</two>. (2) <one>Typ II Topoisomerasen</one> hingegen einen <two>Doppelstrangbruch</two>.
849
+ - Anderer Begriff für die <one>Syntrophie</one>? <one>Interspezies H2-Transfer</one>.
850
+ - Name <one>two key regulatory proteins</one> of the <two>SOS response</two>. A: (1) <one>LexA</one> (2) <one>RecA</one>
851
+ - Nenne eine ungewöhnliche Gruppe von Bakterien die <one>Sauerstoff zum Wachstum</one> benötigt. A: <one>Mikroaerophile Bakterien</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microaerophile
852
+ - Wann kommt es in <one>E. coli</one> zur sogenannten <two>stringenten Kontrolle</two>? Zum Beispiel <one>bei Aminosäuremangel</one>.
853
+ - Name two major types of <one>cell movement for bacteria</one>. A: (1) <one>gliding</one> (2) <one>swimming</one>
854
+ - Ein Vertreter der <one>säurefesten Bakterien</one>? Die <one>Mykobakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykobakterien
855
+ - Warum ist die <one>Diaminopimelinsäure</one> so wichtig für die Struktur einer Bakterienzelle? Die Zellwand der Bakterien hat spezifische Tetrapeptide, die direkt miteinander verbunden sind. Die Aminogruppe der Diaminopimelinsäure des einen Peptids ist mit der Carboxygruppe des terminalen D-Alanins des benachbarten Peptids verknüpft.
856
+ - Nenne einen <one>Aflatoxin-Bildner</one>. A: <one>Aspergillus flavus</one>.
857
+ - Was sind <one>Kompatible Solute</one>? Osmolyte, die auch bei hohen cytoplasmatischen Konzentrationen nicht mit dem Zellstoffwechsel interferieren.
858
+ - Im <one>Phosphotransferasesystem</one>: was heisst <two>Hpr</two>? <one>Histidine-rich protein</one>.
859
+ - Name an enzyme that <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one> lacks. A: <one>Phosphofructokinase</one>.
860
+ - Nenne ein <one>monopolar monotriches</one> Bakterium. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
861
+ - The <one>Primase</one> forms a complex with ...? <one>Helicase</one>.
862
+ - The <one>polymerized Fts Z molecules</one> attract which two other <two>divisome proteins</two>? (1) <one>Fts A</one> (2) <one>Zip A</one>
863
+ - Wie erkennen wir ob das Enzym <one>Katalase</one> bei Bakterien aktiv ist? Durch <one>Entwicklung von Gasbläschen</one>.
864
+ - Name a technique that <one>Beijerinck</one> has developed. A: The <one>enrichment culture technique</one>.
865
+ - Give a specific example for a <one>two-component regulatory system</one> in bacteria. A: The "ComP/ComA" regulatory system. It is composed of: (1) the sensor histidine kinase <lightgreen>ComP</lightgreen> (2) and the response regulator <lightgreen>ComA</lightgreen>
866
+ - Definiere <one>bacteriostatic agents</one>. A: These are <one>agents that inhibit bacterial growth</one>.
867
+ - Maximale Absorption in Nanometer bei Bacterochlorophyll a (von-bis)? <one>800-925 nm</one>.
868
+ - Allgemein formuliert: <one>Darmbakterien</one> sind <two>besonders resistent</two> gegenüber welchen <three>Säuren</three>? <one>Gallensäuren</one>.
869
+ - In der Mikrobiologie setzen wir die sogenannte <one>Ziehl-Neelsen-Färbung</one> ein. Wieso tun wir dies? Wir können so "säurefeste" Bakterien, wie die <tomato>Mykobakterien</tomato> und die <tomato>Nocardien</tomato>, von den sogenannten nicht "säurefesten" Bakterien, unterscheiden.
870
+ - The <one>hyperthermophiles</one> contain which unique enzyme? <one>Reverse DNA gyrase</one>.
871
+ - Was macht <one>RelA</one>? It adds <royalblue>two phosphate groupe from ATP</royalblue> to either GTP or GDP, thus producing <one>pppGpp</one> or ppGpp.
872
+ - How is the <one>cholera toxin</one> exported? Through a type II secretion system.
873
+ - In microbiology: what is <one>a viable cell</one>? One that is able to divide and form offspring.
874
+ - Langer Name für <one>Bactoprenol</one>? <one>Undecapenoldiphosphate</one>.
875
+ - Name a bacterium that can grow near pH0. A: <one>Ferroplasmum</one>.
876
+ - In Microbiology: what is <one>Volutin</one>? <royalblue>Volutin</royalblue> granules are intracytoplasmic granules complexed, inorganic polyphosphate. It is <one>a storage form</one>.
877
+ - Was sind <one>Spiroplasmen</one>? Schnelle, spiralförmige Bakterien.
878
+ - Warum benötigen die Bakterien das Enzym <one>Katalase</one>? Für <one>aerobes Wachstum</one>.
879
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium, das <one>Granulose</one> enthält. A: <one>Clostridium butyricum</one>.
880
+ - <one>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</one> is not only very large, but has what other curious feature? It <one>contains multiple copies of its genome</one>.
881
+ - Der <one>datA Locus</one> hat 5 hochaffine DnaA Bindungsstellen. Wozu? Dies hilft die freie Menge an DnaA Proteinen zu titrieren, ausserhalb des oriC Locus.
882
+ - What is a <one>viable bacterial organism</one>? This is <one>a bacterium capable of replicating</one>.
883
+ - Formel für die <one>durchschnittliche Generationszeit</one> bei Bakterien? g = t / n
884
+ - Die <one>Zellwand der Hefe</one> besteht aus? <one>Chitin</one> und <one>Hemicellulose</one>.
885
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Antibiose</one> gemeint? Wenn die Vermehrung phytopathogener Bodenkeime durch andere Mikroben unterdrückt wird.
886
+ - How is <one>microbial growth</one> defined? This is <royalblue>an increase in the number of cells in a population</royalblue>.
887
+ - Lebenszyklus der <one>Rickettsia</one>? Dies sind <one>Parasiten</one>.
888
+ - How old is the <one>first evidence of microbial life</one>? A: About <one>3.45 billion years ago</one>.
889
+ - Die <one>bakterielle DNA-Polymerase III</one> besteht aus <two>n Untereinheiten</two>? <one>10</one>.
890
+ - Name a <one>classification system</one> based on <two>cell wall properties</two>. A: (1) <one>mycoplasma</one> (2) gram + (3) gram -
891
+ - Which <one>two phyla</one> are part of the <two>Archaea</two>? (1) <one>Euryarchaeota</one> (2) <one>Crenarchaeota</one>
892
+ - In Bacteriology: where do we find <one>nucleoid occlusion</one>? Around the nucleoid.
893
+ - Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen den <one>Basenanaloga</one> und den <one>alkylierenden Verbindungen</one>. A: Basenanaloga wirken nur in replizierender DNA, alkylierende Verbindungen wirken auch in nichtreplizierender DNA.
894
+ - Was geschieht im <one>Hydrogenosom</one>? Die Oxidation von Pyruvat zu Acetyl-CoA, CO2 und H2.
895
+ - Difference between a <one>batch culture</one> and a <one>continuous culture device</one>? (1) A batch culture is a closed system. (2) A continuous culture is not closed.
896
+ - The <one>initiator</one> (of DNA synthesis) binds to ...? The <one>replicator</one>.
897
+ - Was ist die <one>durchschnittliche Generationszeit</one>? Dies ist die Zeit, die eine aktiv wachsende Bakterienkultur zur Verdoppelung benötigt.
898
+ - Name one organism that <one>produces red pigments</one>. A: <one>Serratia marcescens</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia_marcescens
899
+ - Name four risks of <one>newly emerging diseases</one>. A: (1) zoonotic pathogens from wildlife (2) drug-resistant pathogens (3) zoonotic pathogens from non-wildlife (4) vector-borne pathogens
900
+ - Der <one>Zellertrag durch Bakterien</one> ist, biochemisch betrachtet, <two>direkt proportional der</two> ...? A: Der <one>produzierten ATP Menge</one>.
901
+ - <one>Welches Bakterium</one> erzeugt <two>Lysostaphin</two>? <royalblue>Staphylococcus simulans</royalblue>. Es wirkt gegen Staphylococcus aureus. Andere Quellen sagen das dies von Staphylococcus staphylolyticus erzeugt wird.
902
+ - Nenne einen Organismus, der eine <one>parakristalline S-Schicht</one> besitzt. A: <one>Thermoproteus</one>.
903
+ - "Salmonella typhimurium" produziert welche "phenolische Siderophore"? <tomato>Enterobactine</tomato>.
904
+ - In which bacteria-group could we find "axial filaments"? In the "<slateblue>spirochete</slateblue>" group. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaete
905
+ - Which two main techniques are widely used for bacterial transformation? (1) electroporation (2) treat cells with calcium ions and use a brief heat shock to pulse DNA into cells
906
+ - Nenne ein oder zwei sehr hitzebeständige Organismen. A: (1) "Pyrolobus fumarii" (2) "Strain 121"
907
+ - Wie sah die frühe Atmosphäre aus? A: Kein Sauerstoff - aber viele Sulfide dank der Reserven.
908
+ - Ohne Mikroorganismen würde höheres Leben nicht existieren. Gib hierzu ein Beispiel an. A: Sauerstoff in der Atmosphäre entstand durch die Aktivität des mikrobiellen Stoffwechsels.
909
+ - "Bakterielle Gasvesikel" bestehen aus welchen 2 Proteinen? GvpA und GvpC.
910
+ - Nenne 3 Möglichkeiten bei der Konsistenz der bakteriellen Nährmedien. A: (1) feste Medien (2) Halbfeste Medien (3) flüssige Medien
911
+ - What means "morphology" in microbiology? Cell shape.
912
+ - Was verändert sich in einer Batch-Kultur nicht? Das Medium.
913
+ - Familie von E. coli? Enterobacteriaceae.
914
+ - Sind Mycobakterien bei der Gram-Färbung eher gram-negativ oder gram-positiv? Gram-positiv.
915
+ - Gib ein Beispiel wo die Gram-Färbung nicht funktioniert. A: Säurefeste Bakterien wie "Mycobacterien" sind nicht Gram-differenzierbar.
916
+ - Name two differences of pili, compared to fimbriae, in bacteria. A: (1) Pili are typically longer than fimbriae (2) There is usually only one Pili on the surface to be found
917
+ - Es gibt spezifische Tetrapeptide in der bakteriellen Zellmembran. Dabei ist vor allem die Diaminopimelinsäure wichtig für die Quervernetzung, die an ... welcher Aminosäure erfolgt? An die Carboxygruppe des terminalen D-Alanins des benachbarten Peptids.
918
+ - Nenne ein sehr kälteliebendes Bakterium, das auch bei Temperaturen von -10°C noch herumschwimmen kann! A: Colwellia psychrerythraea. URL: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Colwellia_psychrerythraea
919
+ - How do we call organisms with an optimal pH at 5.5 - 7.9? Neutrophils.
920
+ - Welche Energie verwendet FtsZ? GTP.
921
+ - Warum benötigt das DnaA Protein eine Alpha-Helix und Arginin an Position 399? Diese sind für die spezifischen Erkennung der DnaA box verantwortlich.
922
+ - Why do eukaryotic microbes reach stationary phase sooner than Bacteria? They are bigger - that is why.
923
+ - Name an antibiotic that "Serratia marcescens" can produce. A: "prodigiosin".
924
+ - Was machen "Penicillin-bindende Proteine" (PBPs) normalerweise? Sie katalysieren die Polymerisation von NAG und NAM (Transglycosylierung) sowie die Verknüpfung zwischen den Peptidbrücken (Transpeptidierung).
925
+ - Was nimmt der SRP Komplex als Energie? GTP, da er eine GTPase-Aktivität hat.
926
+ - How is "growth" defined in microbiology? An increase in the number of cells.
927
+ - Die bakterielle DNA ist um strukturelle Proteine gewickelt. Nenne 3 davon. A: (1) H-NS (2) IHF (3) HU
928
+ - Was ermöglicht der <one>Chemostat</one>? Er ermöglicht es das eine Kultur von grossen Bakterienmengen bei konstanten Bedingungen wachsen kann.
929
+ - <one>SecB</one> gehört zu welchem Sekretionssystem? Type II secretion pathway.
930
+ - In der Mikrobiologie, welches Medium steht hinter "CMD"? Cornmeal dextrose agar.
931
+ - Do Prokaryotes have an immune system? Yes, CRISPRs.
932
+ - The CRISPR system provides a form of acquired immunity. How does it achieve this? Short segments of foreign DNA (= "spacers") are incorporated into the genome between CRISPR repeats, and serve as a memory of past exposures.
933
+ - What means "Diauxie"? Growth on two sugars, such as lactose and glucose.
934
+ - Wie geht die mikrobielle "Alkoholreihe"? Ethanol zu Acetaldehyd zu Essigsäure (EAE).
935
+ - What does "Teicoplanin" do? This antibiotic inhibits the construction of bacterial cell walls.
936
+ - In Biology, what is "disruptive selection" and when does it take place? It takes place when two phenotypes with high fitness are separated by intermediate phenotypes of lower fitness. This usually occurs in patchy environments, with more than one discrete phase.
937
+ - In dem zellulären Stoffwechsel wird NAD/NADH und NADP/NADHPH eingesetzt. Wie genau allgemein? NAD für katabole Prozesse, NADP für anabole Prozesse.
938
+ - The "S. aureus" colonization of abiotic surfaces depends on ..? The charge of its teichoic acid.
939
+ - Welche Bakterien können (allgemein) Stickstoff fixieren? Diazotrophe Bakterien.
940
+ - Typische Grösse von Bakterien (von, bis)? 1 bis 5 Mikrometer.
941
+ - Arginine Biosynthesis beginnt mit ...? Condensation of Glutamate mit Acetyl-CoA.
942
+ - Was macht Beggiota mit H2S? Oxidiert es zu H2SO4.
943
+ - Wie viel Prozent der Photosynthese (von-bis) auf der Erde werden durch die Cyanobacteria erledigt? 20-30%.
944
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium der green-sulfur-bacteria Art, das bei 2500 Metern Tiefe lebt. A: GSB1
945
+ - Anderes Wort für Alkanhefe? A: Candida.
946
+ - Gib 4 Gründe an warum rRNA ein guter Chronometer ist! A: (1) Die rRNA Sequenz ist lange und hat viele hypervariable Regionen. (2) rRNA ist in praktisch allen Organismen vorhanden (3) funktionell ähnelt sich rRNA da alle Organismen in Proteinsynthese partizipieren müssen (4) rRNA Sequenzen ändern sich nur langsam (gut für Chronometer) und können so gut zwischen 2 Organismen verglichen werden.