studium 0.13.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_c_programming_language

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === The C programming language
+#
+# Everything about the C programming language will be stored here.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- <one>Where</one> does <two>a C program</two> <three>begin its execution</three>? At its <one>main() function</one>. []
+- In C: <one>malloc()</one> is defined in which header? In <one><stdlib.h></one>. []
+- In C: um über <one>printf()</one> einen <three>Pointer</three> auszugeben verwenden wir was genau? <one>%p</one>. []
+- In C: wie können wir mittels <one>printf()</one> eine <three>Zeichenkette</three> ausgeben? Mittels <one>"%s"</one>. []
+- In C: would the following syntax be valid? <one>*pointer = 5;</one>? A: Yes.
+- In C: what is meant with a <one>nullpointer</one> and how may the syntax for this be used? This is, for example, <one>int *pointer = NULL;</one>
+- In C: nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>Mehrfachzuweisung</one>. A: <one>a = b = c = d = 0;</one> []
+- In C: was gibt <one>a = 5; b = 7; a < b</one> zurück? <one>1</one>, somit <two>wahr</two>. 0 würde falsch bedeuten. []
+- In C: we can set variables to use <one>register</one>, such as in "register int x". When should we use register variables? The register should only <one>be used for variables that require quick access</one>, such as <one>counters</one>.
+- Sind <one>Präprozessorkonstanten</one> Konstanten in C? Nein. []
+- In C: if we have an integer variable called <one>a</one> and a double variable called <two>b</two>, and we then use <three>int sum = a+b</three> - what would the variable <three>sum</three> then hold? It would hold <one>a double</one>. []
+- Name <one>two pre-defined constants</one> that are used in C. A: (1) <one>__FILE__</one> (2) <one>__LINE__</one> []
+- In C: what is <one>the default storage class for all local variables</one>? <two>auto</two>, as in, "int mount" being the same as <one>auto int month</one>.
+- In C: um einen <one>long</one> Wert auszugeben, variable <two>foo</two>, mittels <three>printf()</three>, verwenden wir ... ? <one>printf("%ld\n", foo);</one>
+- In C: how to define <one>an Array of characters</one>, called <two>foobar</two> for 10 elements? <one>char foobar[10];</one>
+- In C: nenne zwei besondere Operatoren, die bei Strukturen (also <one>structs</one>) verwendet werden mögen. A: (1) Der <one>Punktoperator</one> <two>.</two> (2) Der <one>Pfeiloperator</one> <two>-></two> []
+- In C: nenne drei qualifiers für den Typ <one>int</one>. A: (1) <one>short</one> (2) <one>long</one> (3) <one>unsigned</one>
+- In C: die <one>Datentypen einer Struktur</one> heißen ... ? <one>Members</one>. []
+- In C können wir <one>a</one>/<one>b</one> und "a%b" verwenden. Was ist der Unterschied? (1) <one>a</one>/<one>b</one>: <two>Division ohne Rest</two> (2) <one>a%b</one>: <two>Divisionsrest</two>
+- In C: how can the length of the string <one>foobar</one> be determined? Use <one>strlen(foobar);</one>. []
+- In C: can <one>structures</one> be nested? Yes. []
+- In C haben alle Operatoren etwas gemein - was ist dies? Sie <one>haben immer einen Rückgabewert</one>. []
+- In C: can the <one>main() function</one> be void rather than int? Yes. []
+- Wieviele Schritte hat ein Algorithmus? <one>Endlich viele Schritte</one>. []
+- In C: can we <one>define a function within a struct</one>? No.
+- In C: der <one>Platzhalter für Strings</one> in <two>printf()</two> ist ... ? <one>%s</one>.
+- In C: zeige wie wir einen String anlegen, genannt <one>foobar</one>. A: <one>char foobar[] = "Hello World";</one>
+- In C: <one>how many arithmetic operators</one> can be used on <two>pointers</two>? <one>Four</one>: <two>++</two>, <two>--</two>, <two>+</two>, and <two>-</two>. []
+- In C: zeige ein Beispiel für einen <one>Cast-Operator</one>. A: <one>(double)</one> []
+- In C: wie deklarieren wir <one>"\n"</one> als eine gut benannte Konstante? Mittels: <one>const char NEWLINE = '\n';</one>.
+- In C: werden <one>Arrays</one> als <three>call by value</three> oder als <three>call by reference</three> übergeben? Als <one>call by reference</one>. []
+- In C, a <one>storage class</one> defines the scope - the visibility - and the life-time of variables and/or functions within a given C Program. These storage classes <three>precede</three> the type that they modify. There are four different storage classes available in C. Name them in the correct alphabetical order. A: (A,E,R,S) (1) "auto" (2) "extern (3) <one>register</one> (4) <one>static</one>
+- What is <one>C's basic philosophy</one>? <one>Programmers know what they are doing</one>. []
+- In C: die Konstante <one>EOF</one> ist in welcher header Datei definiert? In <one>stdio.h</one>. []
+- Name the four basic data types in C. A: (1) <one>char</one> (2) <one>double</one> (3) <one>float</one> (4) <one>int</one> []
+- In the programming language C there are which two different ways to <one>define floating point numbers</one>? (1) via <one>float</one> (2) via <one>double</one> []
+- Does C have <one>__FILE__</one>? Yes. []
+- In C: show syntax for <one>a function pointer</one> to an int. A: <one>void (*foo)(int);</one>
+- In C: which pointer can point to anyone or anything? <one>void* pointers</one>.
+- In C: if we wish to put a variable into another file and then load/make use of this, how is this to be done? We will use the keyword <one>extern</one>, such as in: <one>extern int a;</one>
+- In C: ist dies erlaubte Syntax? <one>int _foo = 5;</one>? A: Ja. []
+- In C: es gibt <one>signed long int</one> sowie <one>unsigned long int</one>. Wie kann man sich das einfach merken? Das Wort <one>signed</one> respektive <one>unsigned</one> bezieht sich auf das <two>-</two> Symbol. Mit anderen Worten: signed long int bezieht sich auf die minimale Zahl <one>-2147483648</one>, wohingegen sich unsigned long int als minimale Zahl <one>0</one> hat. []
+- If we see <one>3.14159</one> in C, how do we call this? This is a <one>floating-point literal</one>.
+- What is the most important function in a C program? <one>main()</one>.
+- Wo werden in einem C Programm typischerweise <one>globale Variablen</one> definiert? Meistens zu Beginn, <two>vor</two> der Funktion <one>main()</one>.
+- In C: darf der Operator <one>&</one> vor dem Variablennamen in scanf() weggelassen werden wenn es sich um eine <three>Zeichenketten</three> handelt? Ja. Beispiel: <one>scanf("%s", text);</one> []
+- Was meinen wir, in C, mit einer "Deklaration"? Dies ist <one>das Anlegen einer Variable</one>.
+- A <one>pointer</one> in C points to ... ? The <one>memory location</one> of another variable.
+- If we have a minimal function in C such as <one>dummy() {}</one>, what is its return type? <one>int</one>. []
+- In C: name a general operator that begins with the letter <one>B</one>. A: The <one>Bitwise Operator</one>. []
+- What is meant with this: <one>warning: implicit declaration of function</one>, in C code? This means that a function is used for which the compiler has not yet seen a declaration, aka <one>a prototype</one>.
+- In C: the name <one>malloc</one> stands for ... ? <one>Memory allocation</one>. []
+- Was ist typischerweise <one>die erste, nicht-Kommentar Zeile in einem C Programm</one>? <one>#include <stdio.h></one> []
+- In C, we can not apply the unary <one>&</one> operator to <two>register</two> variables, such as "register int foobar". Why not? Because <one>register-variables do not have a memory location</one>. They are stored in the register rather than in RAM. []
+- In C: if we wish to <one>read and store into a double</one>, say the <three>variable x</three>, which code-component could be used for this? <one>scanf("%lf", &x);</one> []
+- May any function in C be called recursively? Yes. []
+- In C: gegeben sei <one>call by value</one> sowie <one>call by reference</one>. Welche der beiden ändert Daten auch außerhalb der Funktion? Nur die <one>call by reference</one> Variante. []
+- In C: wenn wir einen <one>int</one> beziehungsweise ein <one>double</one> einlesen möchten, welchen Platzhalter verwenden wir hierbei jeweils für <two>scanf()</two>? (1) <one>int</one>:    <two>"%d"</two> (2) <one>double</one>: <two>"%f"</two> []
+- In general, in the C programming language: what is meant with <one>unsigned integers</one>? These are whole numbers which can only be positive. []
+- In C: is the following syntax valid? <one>int x = 22;</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In C: what does the symbol <one>&</one> do? It <one>yields the address of an object.</one> []
+- Ist folgende Syntax gültig, in C? <one>printf("char: %d\n", sizeof(char));</one>? A: Ja. []
+- In C: <one>getchar</one> ist eigentlich eine Kurzform von ... ? <one>scanf("%c", &zeichen)</one>
+- Was sollten wir machen wenn wir, in C, den Fehler <one>implicit declaration of function strncmp</one> erhalten? A: Füge <one>#include <string.h></one> hinzu. []
+- In C: bei <one>printf()</one>, der Platzhalter eines <three>unsigned int</three> lautet ... ? <one>%u</one>.
+- Nenne eine <one>trigonometrische Funktionen</one> in der Programmiersprache C, aus dem Modul Math. A: <one>sin</one>. []
+- Benenne in der Programmiersprache C ein konkretes Beispiel für die <one>Deklaration und Initialisierung</one> in einer Zeile. A: <one>int x = 0;</one> []
+- Was meinen wir, in C, mit <one>Type Casting</one>? Wenn vor der Ausführung beide Variablen auf denselben Datentyp gebracht werden.
+- In der Programmiersprache C: <one>#include <header></one>, schaut nach welchem Verzeichnis zuerst? In /<one>usr</one>/<one>include</one>/. []
+- In C: wie lesen wir Werte über die Tastatur ein? Mit Hilfe der Funktion <one>scanf()</one>. []
+- In der Programmiersprache C: wann wird der Preprocessor gestartet, wenn wir ein .c Programm kompilieren möchten? <one>Bevor</one> der source code kompiliert wird.
+- Welche Funktion wird in der C Programmiersprache verwendet um den Absolutbetrag einer Zahl anzugeben? <one>fabs()</one>; genauer <two>double fabs(double x);</two>. URL: https://www.techonthenet.com/c_language/standard_library_functions/math_h/fabs.php []
+- In Ruby können wir eine Iteration zum nächsten Element skippen, mittels <one>next</one>. Wie geht das entsprechende Konstrukt hierzu in C? <one>continue;</one>. []
+- In C: how to initialize an Array with values? <one>int array[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };</one>
+- In C: when we wish to use <one>printf()</one>, and we have an integer variable called x, which format specifier are we to use? "%d", as in: <one>printf("value of area: %d", i);</one> []
+- In C: wo befinden sich die Funktionen <one>isalpha(c)</one> sowie <one>isalnum(c)</one>? Im <one>ctype.h</one> header.
+- In C: what does <one>printf()</one> itself return? The <one>number of characters printed</one>.
+- In C: rechtsbündige Formatierung einer <one>int</one> Variablen über printf() geht über ... ? <one>%*d</one>.
+- In C: which value is used for <one>true</one> and <one>false</one>? (1) <two>true</two>  is <one>1</one> (2) <two>false</two> is <one>0</one> []
+- In C: which header defines constants such as <one>SIGABRT</one>, <one>SIGKILL</one> or <one>SIGINT</one>? <one>signal.h</one>. []
+- In C: was meinen wir mit einer lokalen Variable? Dies ist eine Variable, die innerhalb einer Funktion definiert wurde.
+- Sind in der Programmiersprache C <one>Deklaration und Initialisierung</one> einer Variable auch in einer Zeile möglich? Ja, zum Beispiel <one>int x = 0;</one>. []
+- In C können wir <one>call-by-reference über pointer</one> realisieren. Dabei müssen wir auch die Symbole * sowie & verwenden. Wo jeweils? * verwendet man zum Beispiel bei <one>void foobar(int* y) {</one>, während man beim Aufruf dann & verwendet, wie eben in <two>foobar(&x);</two>.
+- In C: for using printf() with <one>sizeof(int)</one>, what format identifier should be used? <one>"%zu"</one>, such as in <two>printf("%zu\n", sizeof(int));</two>
+- In C: der Platzhalter bei <three>scanf()</three> für <one>int</one> ist ... ? <one>%d</one>. []
+- In C: kann mehr als eine <one>main()</one> Funktion existieren? Nein.
+- In C: ist <one>double x[3] = {1,2,3};</one> valide Syntax? Ja. []
+- In C: how do we call a number that looks like <one>0213</one>? This is an <one>octal number</one>. []
+- In C: wie lesen wir einzelne Zeichen ein? Via <one>getchar()</one>. []
+- Give a specific example in C for a <one>rvalue</one>. A: <one>10 = 20;</one> - this would be an invalid statement, and would generate a compile-time error.
+- In C: when using <one>scanf()</one>, which two characters do we typically have to use? <one>%</one> and then <one>&</one> such as in <two>scanf("%d",&x)</two>. []
+- Nenne ein keyword in C das mit dem Buchstaben <one>g</one> beginnt. A: <one>goto</one>. []
+- In C: nenne ein allgemeines Beispiel für <one>Include Guard</one>. A: <one>#ifndef NAME; #define NAME</one> []
+- In C: wir können eine Variable definieren, wie zum Beispiel über <one>int var;</one>. Zeige wie ein Pointer auf diese Variable, genannt ptr, dargestellt wird. A: <one>int* ptr = &var;</one> 
+- Erfordert <one>C99</one> <two>int main() {</two>? Ja; früher ging es auch ohne <one>int</one>. []
+- In C: would this code print out the text <one>Foobar</one>? <one>if (0) { printf("Foobar"); }</one>? No. []
+- On linux, any program that uses the <one>read() function</one> must include which header? <one>unistd.h</one>
+- In C: die Funktionen der <three>math standard library</three> sind <one>int</one> oder <one>double</one>? <one>double</one>. []
+- Is "\t" a <one>valid character literal</one> in the programming language C? Yes. []
+- Ist C eine <one>imperative Programmiersprache</one>? Ja. []
+- In C: how can we do <one>commandline-comparisons</one>, syntax-wise? Via <one>if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--autotest")) {</one>.
+- In C: ein besserer Begriff für <one>statische Arrays</one> wäre ... ? <one>Fixed-length Arrays</one>.
+- Beim <one>Testen</one> möchten wir was finden? <one>Fehler</one>. []
+- In C: for the <one>printf()</one> function, what does <three>%6d</three> mean? Print as <one>a decimal number</one>; at the least 6 characters wide.
+- In C: für <one>Gleitkommazahlen</one> sollten wir welchen Datentyp verwenden? <one>double</one>. []
+- In C: wie geht eine <one>Endlosschleife</one>? <one>while (1) {</one>
+- In C: wie beenden wir eine <one>#if</one> Anweisung? Mittels <one>#endif</one>. []
+- Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel, das den Unterschied zwischen dem <one>C89-Standard</one> und dem <one>C99-Standard</one> betont. A: <one>main() {}</one> versus <one>int main() {}</one>
+- In C: ist folgende Syntax valid? <one>#include<stdio.h></one>? A: Ja. []
+- In C: was ist quasi die Umkehrung der <one>Präprozessoranweisung</one> <three>#ifdef</three>? <one>#ifndef</one>.
+- In C: what is the use case for the keyword <one>static</one>? The <one>static</one> modifier instructs the compiler to keep a local variable in existence during the life-time of the program, rather than creating and destroying it each time it comes into and goes out of scope. This thus allows us to use local variables between function calls. Example: "static int count = 5; /* global variable */"
+- Ab wann können wir sagen das eine Funktion <one>rekursiv</one> ist? Wenn sie sich selber aufruft. []
+- In C: how to define the two boolean values <one>true</one> and <one>false</one>? <one>typedef enum {true, false} bool;</one>
+- In C: how to read in, as <three>user input</three>, an integer variable named <one>x</one>? <one>scanf("%d", &x);</one>
+- In C: how to exit from a <one>for-loop</one> early? Via <one>break;</one> []
+- In C: how to display an <one>error</one>? <one>fprintf(stderr, "error here");</one>
+- Was meinen wir mit einem <one>atomaren Berechnungsschritt</one>? Dies ist einer der nicht in kleinere Teilanweisungen zerlegt werden können.
+- In C: how do we call a number that looks like <one>0x4b</one>? This is a <one>hexadecimal number</one>. []
+- In C: was bedeutet die Rückgabe von 0? Das <one>kein Fehler aufgetreten ist</one>.
+- In C: nach der <one>Deklaration</one> einer neuen Variable sollte sofort was erfolgen? Die <one>Initialisierung</one> dieser Variablen. Beispiel: <two>int x = 0;</two>
+- In C: is <one>float mark[5];</one> a valid Array? Yes it is. []
+- How to output a value of a float, in C? 'printf("%.2f", float_goes_in_here);'
+- Name 3 ways how to round in the C programming language. A: (1) round (2) floor (3) ceil

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_cellcycle

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === THE_CELLCYCLE
+#
+# Cellcycle tag. Cellc tag. Cell cycle tag.
+# Alles über den Zellzyklus kommt hier rein.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Der Zellzyklus hat mehrere Kontrollpunkte ("checkpoints"). Welcher Kontrollpunkt liegt unmittelbar vor der Initiation der Replikation? Der <one>G1-S</one> Kontrollpunkt. 
+- Werden die <one>CDKs</one> (<two>cyclin-dependent kinases</two>) durch Bindung an Cycline aktiv oder inaktiv? Sie werden nach Bindung an Cycline aktive Komplexe.
+- Im Zellzyklus: bleibt die Konzentration an Kinasen gleich? <one>Ja</one>. Die Kontrolle im Zellzyklus erfolgt auf der Ebene der Cyclinkonzentration.
+- Der bevorzugte Modellorganismus für die Studien zur Kontrolle des Zellzyklus ist ... ? die <one>Hefe</one>.
+- Die <one>G0-Phase</one> wird eingeschlagen ausgehend von welch anderer Zellzyklusphase? Ausgehend von <one>G1</one>.
+- Bei den Replikationsursprüngen auf Chromosomen bei Eukaryoten: werden die Replikationsursprünge gleichzeitig aktiviert, im Zuge der DNA Replikation? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Im Zellzyklus die <one>G0</one> Phase: wie wird diese Phase genauer genannt? <one>Gap Zero</one>.
+- Wenn wir die <one>S-Phase</one> nachweisen möchten: <two>welches modifizierte Nukleotid mag hier zur Anwendung kommen</two>? <one>BrdU</one>: <two>Bromodeoxyuridine</two>.
+- The shortest stage of mitosis is ... ? The <one>anaphase</one>.
+- Which interesting event takes place in the early phase of the <one>cell cycle's prophase</one> in an animal cell? The <one>migration of two pairs of centrioles to opposite ends of the cell</one>.
+- The cell cycle consists of S, G1, M and G2 phase. Which part of the cell cycle usually takes the longest, in regards to the duration? The <one>G1 stage</one>.
+- Can we observe <one>DNA synthesis</one> in the <two>G₁ phase</two>? No.
+- What name has been given to the stage of the cell cycle where each chromosome is composed of two chromatids? <one>G2</one>.
+- Welche Rolle spielt die <one>E2F-Familie</one> im Zellzyklus? Beim G1/S-Übergang ist E2F sehr wichtig.
+- <one>Which protein</one> induces the assembly of the mitotic spindle? The <one>protein kinase</one> <two>M-Cdk</two>.
+- Die <one>Genomverdopplung</one> einer durchschnittlichen Säugetierzelle beträgt ... ? <one>8 Stunden</one>.
+- The cell cycle has <one>four stages</one>, in a human cell: G1, S, G2 and M. Which of these four stages takes the longest typically? The <one>S stage</one>, which <two>may take 7 hours for its completion</two>.
+- The <one>START phase in yeast</one> occurs when exactly in the cell cycle? Near the end of the G1 phase.
+- Wenn wir die <one>G1</one> und <one>G2</one> Phasen des Zellzyklus miteinander vergleichen: welche davon ist (maximal betrachtet) länger? Die G1-Phase. Die G2-Phase dauert nur zwischen 2-4 Stunden; die G1-Phase hingegen zwischen 2-20 Stunden.
+- The <one>karyotype</one> shows which phase of the cell cycle? <one>Mitosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype []
+- How can the <one>RB proteins</one> control the G1/S checkpoint? RB proteins bind to EGF and keep it inactive.
+- <one>Cyclin D</one> wacht über welchen <two>checkpoint</two>? Den <one>G1</one>/S-Restriktionspunkt".
+- Im Zuge des Zellzyklus, <one>wo</one> findet man <two>Replication Factors</two> vor allem? Oft in Präparationen der Kern-Matrix.
+- Nenne die beiden <one>CDK-I Familien</one> (cdk-Inhibitoren). A: (1) "INK4-Familie" (2) "CIP/KIP-Familie"
+- <one>CyclinB</one>/<one>CDK1</one> kann welches Histon phosphorylieren? <one>Histon H1</one>.
+- Nenne die <one>Phasen der Mitose</one>. A: (1) Prophase (2) Prometaphase (3) Metaphase (4) Anaphase (5) <one>Telophase</one>
+- The <one>spindle-assembly checkpoint</one> delays the onset of which stage? It delays the onset of the Anaphase.
+- <one>Wodurch</one> ist die G2-Phase gekennzeichnet? 3 Punkte nennen. A: DNA-Kontrollmechanismen, Reparatur oder Apoptose.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für "Wachstumsfaktoren", die den Zellzyklus fördern. A: <one>Mitogene</one>.
+- In Bezug auf den Zellzyklus: wann ist der SAC (spindle assembly checkpoint) aktiv? Vom Eintritt der Zelle in die Mitose, bis zur Metaphase.
+- In der <one>Anaphase</one> wird <two>welches Cyclin</two> <three>abgebaut</three>? <one>Cyclin B</one>.
+- The eukaryotic cell cycle also has a phase called <one>G0</one>. Is this phase more closely associated with the G1 phase or with the G2 phase? It is more closely associated with the <one>G1 phase</one>.
+- Genes that encode elements of the <one>signal transduction pathways</one> are typically ... ? Proto-oncogenes. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00690421
+- <one>Mitosis</one> in a human cell has typically four sub-stages, aka Pro Met Ana Tel. Which one of these takes the longest to complete? The <one>Pro-phase</one>; it takes 36 minutes.
+- Warum der Name <one>Cycline</one>? Da sich die Menge an Cyclinen während des Zellzyklus verändert.
+- Wer hat die <one>Cycline</one> entdeckt? <one>Tim Hunt</one>. URL: https://history.archives.mbl.edu/exploring/exhibits/cyclins-mbl/narrative/tim-hunt-and-his-discovery-cyclin
+- Consider that we would like to inhibit the <one>eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication</one>. Name a substance from a fungus that can block the cell cycle at an early S phase. A: <one>Aphidicolin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphidicolin 
+- The <one>retinoblastoma-protein pRB</one> is normally inactivated in which phase of the cell cycle? During the <one>G1-phase</one>.
+- Was benutzen wir allgemein um die <one>S-Phase</one> nachzuweisen? <one>BrdU</one> (<two>Bromodesoxyuridin</two>) sowie <one>monoklonale Antikörper</one>.
+- How do we call the end-part of mitosis? <one>Mitotic exit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_exit
+- Welche Entscheidung trifft die Zelle am <one>Restriktionspunkt</one>? Ob sie einen erneuten Zellzyklus durchlaufen soll oder in eine Ruhephase eintritt.
+- Zum Nachweis der <one>S-Phase</one> beötigt man oft welches <two>modifizierte Nukleotid</two>? <one>BrdU</one>: <mediumseagreen>Bromodeoxyuridin</mediumseagreen>
+- Do cells return to the previous cell-cycle-stage once they start "<u>anaphase</u>"? No, never. It is <one>an irreversible decision</one>.
+- In welcher <one>Zellzyklus-Phase</one> wird das eukaryote Protein "Geminin" produziert? In der <one>S-Phase</one>.
+- The process of mitotic spindle reorganization and central spindle formation is caused by the decline of ... which CDK activity during anaphase? <one>CDK1 aktivity</one>.
+- Rapamycin treatment arrests cells in which phase of the cell cycle? In the <one>G1 phase</one>.
+- p15 hat welchen Effekt auf den Zellzyklus einer Zelle? p15 hemmt den Zellzyklus einer Zelle. Es ist ein Tumor-Suppressorgen. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02885957
+- P15 beeinflusst den Zellzyklus normalerweise wie? P15 hemmt normalerweise den Zellzyklus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKN2B
+- Die <violet>Interphase</violet> besteht aus welchen Phasen? (1) <one>G1-Phase</one> (2) <one>S-Phase</one> (3) <one>G2-Phase</one>
+- E2F stimuliert die Transkription von welchem Cyclin? "Cyclin E".
+- Welcher Komplex (cdk-Komplex) kontrolliert die Mitose? CDK1 + Cyclin B.
+- Wie werden Cycline abgebaut? Über den "ubiquitinabhängigen Weg".
+- Das menschliche Genom hat n CDK-Gene? 4; und zwar CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6.
+- Wo genau kann p53 den Zellzyklus aufhalten? In der späten G1-Phase.
+- Give an example for a "mitotic cyclin". A: Cyclin B.
+- Die Effektorkinase CDK1 ist mit welchem Cyclin assoziiert? Cyclin D.
+- Welche CDK startet die Mitose? CDK1.
+- The "Cycline-E-CDK2 complex" forms between which two stages of the cell cycle? G1/S.
+- Cyclin A und Cyclin B have what characteristic area at their amino terminus? They have "destruction boxes".
+- CENP-F ist typisch für welche Zellzyklus-phase? G2 (und auch die Prophase).
+- Why was the term "cyclin" chosen? Because the concentration of this "regulatory protein" rises and falls in a predictable pattern, with each cell cycle.
+- APC/C, wofür steht das 2. C? Für "cyclosome".
+- The activation of which complex triggers the "metaphase to anaphase transition"? The APC, the "anaphase promoting complex".
+- Name a dye that is used for "cell cycle analysis". A: Propoidium-Iodide.
+- Effect of caffeine on cell cycle? Caffeine overrides the cell cycle checkpoint control and creates MUGs ("Mitosis with unreplicated genomes").
+- Name 2 roles of the cyclin protein in vertebrate cells. A: (1) activate its Gdk partner (2) direct it to specific target proteins
+- Vertebrate cells have n Cdks? 4.
+- Die Mitose wurd durch den MPF-Faktor eingeleitet. Dieser Faktor besteht aus welchen 2 Komponenten? (1) Cyclin B (2) CDK 1
+- Nenne einen berühmten CDK-Inhibitor. A: p21
+- Das Rb-Protein inaktiviert (durch Bindung) normalerweise welchen Transkriptionsfaktor? E2F.
+- Mit welcher CDK ("cyclin-abhängiger Proteinkinase") interagiert Cyclin D? Mit CDK4.
+- Nenne das wichtigste G1 Cyclin. A: Cyclin D.
+- Es gibt den G1/S Checkpoint im Zellzyklus. Wann wird dieser Checkpoint aktiv? Gegen Ende von G1.
+- Wenn das zelluläre Rb Protein phosphoryliert ist, was passiert dann mit dieser Zelle? Normalerweise inhibiert Rb den Transkriptionsfaktor E2F. Durch die Phosphorylierung kann es dies jedoch nicht mehr tun, und somit kann E2F aktiv werden. Die Zelle wird dadurch wieder im Zellzyklus aktiv.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_european_union

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === The EU Tag
+#
+# Inkludiert Fragen über die EU.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- The <one>EU single market</one> allows any person of an EU country to work in any area in the European Union. But is there any limitation here? Yes. Activities covered by the prerogative of public authorities, such as <one>the armed forces</one>, are exempt from this.
+- What is the highest court of the European Union? The <one>European Court of Justice</one> (<one>ECJ</one>) is the highest court.
+- <one>When</one> was <two>Euratom</two> founded? In the year <one>1957</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community
+- Wer aller ist ein <one>EU Unionsbürger</one>? <one>EU Unionsbürger</one> ist, wer die Staatsangehörigkeit eines EU Mitgliedstaats besitzt.
+- Is <one>the UK</one> part of <two>The Schengen Area</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- <one>Macedonia</one> wants to join the EU. How many people live in Macedonia? Almost 2 million people. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia []
+- <one>Wie oft</one> tritt der <two>europäische Rat</two> zusammen? Alle sechs Monate, also <one>halbjährlich</one>, für einige Tage. []
+- <one>When</one> did the <two>first enlargement of the EU</two> happen? In <one>1973</one>, from six to nine members. []
+- Wann wurde der <one>Vertrag von Lissabon</one> beschlosen? Im Jahr <one>2007</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Lissabon []
+- Österreich ist praktisch zeitgleich mit welchen zwei anderen europäischen Ländern der EU beigetreten? (1) <one>Finnland</one> (2) <one>Schweden</one> []
+- In the EU, what means the "SET Plan"? A <one>Strategic Energy Technology</one> Plan. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/technology-and-innovation/strategic-energy-technology-plan
+- The <one>EU judicial system</one> consists of two levels. Name the higher level. A: The "Court of Justice" (Europäischer Gerichtshof).
+- Name two EU symbols. A: (1) The <one>European flag</one> (2) The <one>European anthem</one>
+- Which were the six founding countries of the EU? Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, BeNeLux (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg). []
+- What is the motto of the EU? <one>United in Diversity</one>.
+- How do we call the meetings of the European council with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission? <one>EU summits</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Council_meetings []
+- Nenne eine "ausschließliche Zuständigkeit" der EU. A: Die <one>Zollunion</one>.
+- Warum ist <one>Robert Schuman</one> historisch wichtig? 1950 hat er eine historische Erklärung für die Neukonstruktion Europas verkündet, beginnend mit der Montanunion.
+- In 2017, <one>who</one> was the <two>president of the European Parliament</two>? Antonio Tajani. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament
+- What are the <one>three pillars</one>, its main three policy areas, of the EU? (1) The Community domain (2) The common foreign and security policy (3) The police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters
+- <one>Agricultural productivity</one> in the EU has dramatically gone up. While in the 1960s, 40% of the population worked in farming, it is now only ... %? <one>3%</one>. []
+- In the EU, what means the acronym "GMES"? <one>Global Monitoring for environmental security</one>.
+- Total membership in the EP (<one>European Parliament</one>), as number, in 2017? <one>751</one>.
+- The EU has a so-called <one>qualified majority vote</one>. How many people in the EU are meant with that? At the least 65% of the population of the EU. []
+- What is the body in the EU that <one>represents the citizens</one> and that exercises political supervision over EU activities? The European Parliament (EP). []
+- What is <one>the primary objective of the ECB</one>? To <one>keep inflation low</one>.
+- Ist der <one>Europarat</one> (<two>Council of Europe</two>) ein Organ der EU? Nein. []
+- The <one>EU slogan for the future</one> says that ... ? The key to the future is <one>innovation</one>.
+- The EU <one>common agricultural policy<one> (CAP), originally had which 4 original goals? (1) achieve a fair standard of living for the farming community (2) stabilise the markets (3) supply the consumers at reasonable prices (4) modernise farming infrastructure
+- Name an operation from <one>Eunavfor</one>. A: <one>Atalanta</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atalanta
+- The <one>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</one>, the ECDC, resides in which city? It resides in <one>Stockholm</one>. []
+- What is the <one>European Banking Union</one>, essentially? This is an <one>European supervision system for banks</one>.
+- How many years need to pass before the EU Parliament can be elected again? 5 years. []
+- How many <one>member states</one> does the EU have? 28 in the year 2017; soon 27 without the UK. []
+- How much percent of the fish stocks in EU waters are currently overfished? 80%. []
+- Was heisst <one>ECOFIN</one>? Council of Economic and Finance Ministers. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council
+- The <one>EU ETS</one>: what does the ETS stand for? ETS is the <two>Emissions Trading System</two> in the EU.
+- How do we call the criteria for a country joining the Eurozone? <one>Maastricht Criteria</one>. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria []
+- In 2013, which country joined the EU? <one>Croatia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia []
+- What is <one>the main purpose of the EMU</one> (<two>Economic and Monetary Union</two>)? Its main purpose is to help bring stability and sustainable economic growth to Europe.
+- Nenne zwei "Grundfreiheiten des EU-Binnenmarktes". A: (1) "Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit" (2) "Niederlassungsfreiheit"
+- Welche 3 Mitglieder hat das "institutional triangle" der EU? (1) Europäische Kommission (2) Rat der Europäischen Union (3) Europäisches Parlament
+- Welche 3 Institutionen teilen sich die Rechtsetzungsgewalt in der EU? (1) die Europäische Kommission (2) das Europäische Parlament (3) der "Rat der Europäischen Union"
+- Which is the only body in the EU that has the "right of initiative"? The EU Commission, which makes it the motor of "European Union law".
+- How many people live in the EU? 503 million people.
+- What are the four main political parties of the EU? (1) European Peoples Party (2) Socialists and Democrats S&D (3) Alliance of Liberals ALDE (4) The Greens European Greens-EFA
+- The Roman Empire, in the year 117 AD, had how many people? 70 million people were living in the Roman Empire.
+- What are "the four freedoms" in the EU Single Market? (1) people (2) goods (3) services (4) money - all four of these can move around freely
+- The EU Single Market has which 4 important "aspects", that can "move around freely"? (1) people (2) goods (3) services (4) money
+- In 1993, the Copenhagen criteria for further enlargement of the EU was established. Name the three major points for a candidate state who wants to join. A: (1) The candidate must have "stable institutions guaranteeing democracy", such as the rule of law, human rights and respect for minorities. (2) It must have a "functioning market economy". (3) It take on board all the "acquis" and support the various aims of the European Union.
+- The nominal GDP per capita of Romania for 2015 n % of the average of the EU? 30%.
+- Austria pays n billion Euro per year to the EU? 2.8 billion Euro.
+- Define the key tasks of the European Central Bank. A: Implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone.
+- In Europe, the EEC (the European Economic Community) was renamed to ... ? The "European Community" (EC).
+- Name 3 structural problems of the EU. A: (1) high taxes (2) aging society (3) excessive bureaucracies
+- What were the 3 "major imperial powers" in the nineteenth century? (1) England (2) France (3) Spain
+- Name 3 major weakness of the EU. A: (1) lack of financial coordination among the member states at the EU level (2) high immigration, but "lack of common asylum policy" (3) lack of a "common foreign policy", e. g. Syria
+- The ECB, the "European Central Bank", was established in what year? In 1998.
+- Which task does the European Ombudsman have? His position is to "bring the EU closer to its citizens".
+- Name 3 strengths of the European Union. A: (1) largest economic region in the world (2) the best education system in the world (3) sustainable development
+- Warum gibt es seit einigen Jahren in der EU ein verstärktes Interesse an "biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln"? Da die Pflanzenschutzmittelverordnungen immer restriktiver werden.
+- How much of the EU budget goes into research, via the "Research Policy"? About 5% of the EU budget. This is hoped to "increase competition".
+- Name 3 EU solidarity policies. A: (1) Regional Aid (2) CAP: Common Agricultural Policy (3) CFP: Common Fisheries Policy
+- Name three important "European Union Agencies". A: (1) EMEA: European Medicines Agency (2) EFSA: European Food Safety Authority (3) EASA: European Aviation Safety Agency
+- The two biggest political parties in the European Parliament are ... A: (1) EPP (2) S&D
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung "Europol"? European Police Office.
+- Name 3 "Maastricht Criteria". A: (1) deficit of state budget limited to 3% (2) national debt limited to 60% of GDP (3) "sanctions" for deviation up to 0,2% of GDP; this would be 700 million EUR for Austria 
+- What is the "annual budget of the European Union", at the least during the period from 2014-2020? 137 billion Euro.
+- How much percent of its "primary energy does the EU currently, in 2017 at the least, import? About 54%.
+- Community research activities in the EU, give 3 examples for these. A: (1) Euratom (2) GEOSS aks "Global Earth Observation System" (3) GMES aka "Global Monitoring for Environmental Security"
+- The EU transfers funds from rich to poorer countries. How many Euros per year? About 30 billion Euros per year.
+- The 3 core elements of the EU Lisbon Agenda aiming at sustainable development are. A: (1) Economic Growth (2) Social Equilibrium (3) Environmental Quality
+- The EU has a "EU budget". How much percentage of it comes from direct contribution of its member states? About 70% of the EU budget comes from the member states directly.
+- The "Eurozone" has how many member states, in 2017? 18.
+- Name two major societal challenges that the EU wishes to address via its Innovation Policies. A: (1) climate change (2) sustainable transport
+- What is the "unit price" for a single "Eurofighter Typhoon", in Euro? About 90 million Euro.
+- What means "EU acquis"? When a candidate joins the EU, it means "taking the EU as you find it". Candidate countries have to accept the acquis before they can join the EU.
+- How many members does the European Commission have, in 2017? 28 - one for each member state.
+- Give some kind of fancy abbreviation for "The European Anti-Fraud Office". A: OLAF.
+- As of 2017, how many members does the EU have? 28 (EU-28), but soon 27, without the UK. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union
+- Name the candidates for membership in the EU in the year 2017. A: (1) Macedonia (2) Montenegro (3) Turkey
+- How does the EU govern the "Council Presidency"? It is executed by each Member State, which will rotate every six months.
+- Allgemein formuliert, wer leitet den europäischen Rat? Der "Ratspräsident".
+- What does the DOHA-Agenda mandate? That Europe and the USA are pushed to "open their markets for agricultural products".
+- What is the "Highest-level policy-making body" in the European Union? The European Council.
+- In the Budet of the European Union, what was the biggest expenditure from between 2007 and 2013? Sustainable Growth.
+- Wann wurde das <one>Schengen Agreement</one> verabschiedet? 1985.
+- When did Greece join the "European Community"? In 1981.
+- What means "ECSC" (which was created in the year 1950)? European coal and Steel Community.
+- What is the "Schumann Day", when is it? 9th May. It is the "official holiday of the EU".
+- What is the primary objective of the ECB? Is to "keep inflation low".
+- In der EU bei den 3 Pillars, wie unterscheiden sich die Wahlmöglichkeiten? Pillar 1 and Pillar 3 must take its decision by a "qualified majority", Pillar 2 unanimously.
+- Wofür steht "EAD" (bei EU)? Europäischer Auswärtiger Dienst.
+- What are the 3 main legislative acts of the EU? (1) Regulations (2) Directives (3) Decisions
+- Name three items of the Lisbon Treaty. A: (1) Possibility of a member state to "leave the Union" (2) Creation of a European prosecution attorney (3) A legally binding Charter of Fundamental Rights guaranteeing the freedoms and rights of European citizens.
+- The overall GDP in EUR is about ... billion Euros? It is about 12.500 billion Euros.
+- There are three pillars in the EU. Which one is the weakest and why? The second pillar is the weakest one, as it can be veto-blocked by any single country.
+- What is the "official motto of the European Union"? United in Diversity.
+- Name 5 parties of the European Parliament. A: (1) Social Democrats (2) Green / Regionalists (3) Liberal / Centrists (ALDE) (4) Christian Democrats (Conservatives) (5) Conservatives only (ECR)
+- Was ist die Aufgabe des "European Ombudsman"? Seine Rolle ist die Untersuchung von Beschwerden (complaints) gegen EU Institutionen und Einrichtungen.
+- The EU fined Intel for 1.06 Billion Euros, for abuse of dominant market position. When did this fine happen? May 2009.
+- Name 4 goals for the EU energy policy. A: (1) increase competition (2) encourage investment (3) diversify energy resources (4) establish a new treaty framework
+- 1957, with the Treaties of Rome, two new institutions were created. Which ones? Euroatom and the EEC ("European Economic Community").
+- Wieviel kostet jeden EU Bürger die europäische Union im Jahr? 270 Euro pro Jahr.
+- What Treaty created the EU, and when? The Maastricht Treaty, 1993.
+- Which charter was created in the Treaty of Lisboa 2007? The Charter of Fundamental Rights.
+- What does the EU Acquis include? All the EU treaties, laws, declarations and resolutions and international agreements on EU affairs.
+- Name 3 mission of Europe in the 21th century. A: (1) provide peace and prosperity (2) promote sustainable development (3) overcome the divisions of the continent
+- Which 2 courts can we find in the EU judicial system? (1) The Court of First Instance (2) Court of Justice
+- What is the EU RAPEX? This is the EU rapid alert system ("rapid exchange service"). It facilitates rapid exchange of information between Member States and the Commission on measures taken to prevent the marketing of products posing a serious risk to health and safety of consumers (except for food, pharmaceutical and medical devices, which are covered elsewhere).
+- How many people live in the EU? 500 Million People.
+- In the EU, economy, what means the acronym "CDS"? Credit default swap. 
+- When was the "ECTS system" introduced? 1989, mostly as a pilot project as part of ERASMUS.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_interferon_system

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === The Interferon system
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Why was the name <one>Interferon</one> chosen? Because it <one>interferes with viral replication</one>. []
+- Molekulargewicht der Interferon-Proteine, in etwa, in n k Da? 20 kDa.
+- Interferon-Alpha besitzt wieviele Aminosäuren? <one>166</one>.
+- <one>Typ I Interferone</one> besitzen wieviele Untergruppen im menschlichen Genom? <one>8</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferone
+- Warum wirken <one>Typ-I Interferone</one> auch <two>tumorhemmend</two>? Da sie auch die Zellteilung inhibieren. Dies wirkt, per Definition, auch gegen Tumore.
+- Interferon ist ein Cytkon - aber welche Bezeichnung, die das Wort Cytokin inkludiert, wäre noch besser geeignet statt dem Wort Interferon? <one>Induzierbares Cytokin</one>.
+- The <one>IFN-β proteins</one> are produced in large quantities by which cells? By <one>fibroblasts</one>.
+- Name a very <one>short-named protein</one> that is induced by Interferon. A: <one>Mx</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX1
+- Welche Zellen bilden <one>Gamma-Interferon</one>? Aktivierte T-Zellen und <one>natürliche Killerzellen</one>.
+- Das <one>Interferon-Beta Enhanceosom</one> zieht mindestens zwei Komplexe heran. Welche? A: Den "Swi-SNF remodeling complex" sowie die <one>GCN5 Histon Acetyl-Transferase</one>
+- How is <one>Interferon synthesis</one> induced? It is induced in response to the <one>presence of double-stranded RNA</one>.
+- <one>Which cytokine</one>, an interferon, is NOT produced by viral infection? <one>IFN-Gamma</one>.
+- Welches Interferon wird zur Behandlung von septischer Granulomatose eingesetzt? <cadetblue>IFN-Gamma</cadetblue>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18991804
+- Interferon Gamma is secreted by which cells? By "Th1 T-cells".
+- Interferon Gamma activates which cells? <orange>Macrophages</orange>.
+- <orange>Interferon alpha</orange> and <orange>interferon beta</orange> will lead to the production of which type of proteins? Antiviral intracellular proteins.
+- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells also secrete large amounts of ... which Interferon type? "Type I interferons".
+- Humans have at the least how many members of "type I interferons"? At the least 5 (e. g. IFN-Alpha, IFN-Beta and so forth).
+- Wieviele Subtypen von "Alpha-Interferon" sind bekannt? 16.
+- How many major groups of Interferon exist? 3 - "alpha", "beta" and "gamma".
+- Which Interferon is produced last during a viral infection? "IFN-Gamma".
+- Name 4 side-effects of antiviral therapy through interferon. A: (1) fever (2) tiredness (3) muscle pains (4) sickness
+- The Interferon receptor is coupled to ...? Janus family tyrosine kinases.
+- Wann wurde Interferon entdeckt? 1957.
+- Wie viele Interferongruppen existieren? 3.
+- When is the human Beta-Interferon gene transcribed? When a viral infection occurs.
+- In welchen Zellen wird vor allem "Beta-Interferon" gebildet? In Fibroblasten.
+- What can you say about the structure of Interferon I and Interferon II? IFN 1 is a monomer, IFN 2 is a homodimer.
+- Name an "interferon-inducible protein". A: "Mx". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973384/
+- Mice that lack the gene for "Mx" show what phenomenon? They are "highly susceptible to infection with the influenza virus".
+- Which TLR induces the synthesis of IFN-Alpha and IFN-Beta? "TLR-3". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLR3
+- The "Interferon receptor" is coupled to ... ? A "Janus-family kinase".
+- Give another name for the "interferon-producing cells". A: "Plasmacytoid dendritic cells". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmacytoid_dendritic_cell
+- Name a serine-threonine kinase that is activated by "IFN-alpha" and "IFN-beta". A: The "PKR kinase".