studium 0.13.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Gentechnik2 tag
+#
+# Gentech2 tag. Gen2 tag. Gtech2 tag. Genetech2 tag.
+#
+# Auch Zellbiologie tierischer Systeme und Methoden in der Zellbiologie -
+# letzteres zumindest zum Teil.
+# Methods tag. Methoden Tag. Methoden in der Zellbiologie. Sowie Flow
+# Cytometry tag. Method tag. Vektoren sollten in der Datei "vektoren"
+# gesammelt werden. Auch Golden Gate Cloning.
+#
+# Fragen über Zellkulturen werden in der Datei cell_cultures gesammelt.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Name the major innovative part that the <one>pUC vectors</one> have over the pBR322 vectos. A: They have a <one>MCS site</one> (<two>multiple cloning site</two>).
+- For <one>high throughput screening methods</one>, as part of the screening-phase: <two>which method from molecular biology is immensely useful here</two>? <one>FACS</one>: fluorescence-activated cell sorting. <one>FACS</one> makes it easy to detect the desired mutants.
+- If we wish to <one>renature dsDNA</one>, which temperature would be ideal? The optimal temperature is <one>20°C below the Tm</one>.
+- <one>mRFP1</one> is evidently <two>the red fluorescent protein</two>, but what does the m stand for here? <one>Monomeric</one>.
+- Classical <one>knock-out studies in mice</one> seem great, but <two>what disadvantage do they often have</two>? They may often be <one>embryonically lethal</one>, if the gene is essential in embryonic development.
+- In der Gentechnik bei der PCR, vor allem bei der <one>qPCR</one>: wieso mögen wir die <two>Uracil-N-Glykosylase</two> (UNG) verwenden? Dieses Enzym kann verwendet werden um Kontaminationen zu vermeiden, die auf Verschleppung (<one>carry over</one>) von PCR-Produkten beruhen. Mit anderen Worten, kontaminierte DNA wird abgebaut und in kleine Fragmente gespalten, DNA die uns interessiert jedoch nicht.
+- Name a specific enzyme with a <one>terminal transferase activity</one>. A: The <one>Taq polymerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase []
+- Wieso verwenden wir bei der <one>cDNA-Synthese</one> <two>Oligo(dT)-CTCGAG-Primer</two>? Um eine Schnittstelle für <one>XhoI</one> hinzuzufügen.
+- Bei <one>FRET</one>: wie nennen wir Input und Output noch? (1) Input: Excitation. (2) Output: <two>Emission</two>.
+- The <one>lambda vector</one> <two>can include up to n kb of foreign DNA</two>? Up to <one>23 kb</one>.
+- Wir können 32P-markierte 16S rRNA scheiden mit RNAse T1. <one>Wo</one> schneidet dieses Enzym? Am <one>3'</one> von <two>G</two>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei gebräuchliche Farbstoffe</one>, die wir an Antikörper koppeln. A: (1) <one>Fluoreszein</one> (2) <one>Rhodamin</one>
+- The <one>pH</one> of the <two>electrophoresis buffer</two> is ... ? <one>8</one>.
+- The <one>T4 DNA Ligase</one>, aside from DNA, needs which two components in order to function properly? (1) <one>Mg²⁺ Ions</one> (2) <one>ATP as energy source</one>
+- Is the <one>ccdB</one> helpful for E. coli? No - <one>ccdB</one> it is a lethal gene that targets DNA gyrase. If E. coli has a mutation in its gyrase gene, such as DB3.1, then it can be used to propagate ccdB. The lethal gene is useful for ensuring that the plasmid containing it cannot be propagated in standard E. coli strains (for cloning purposes). The ccdB positive-selection marker acts by killing the background of cells with no cloned DNA, only cells containing a recombinant DNA giving rise to viable clones (insertional inactivation of ccdB).
+- We need <one>growth factors</one> for many eukaryotic cell cultures. <two>What do we use for that</two>? <one>Serum from</one> <two>fetal calf</two>.
+- The <one>DamID method</one> targets which sequence usually? <one>GATC</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781701/ []
+- In <one>xenograft systems</one>: <two>what feature must the target cells possess</two>? They must belong to an immuno-compromized mice (a nude mouse or SCI mouse).
+- Which <one>radioactive isotopes</one> are especially important in molecular biology? (1) <one>³²P</one> (2) <one>³5S</one>
+- What is the <one>minimal requirement</one> for an <two>effective gene expression system</two>? The presence of a strong and regulatable promoter sequence upstream rom a cloned gene.
+- Name a <one>disadvantage</one> of a <two>cell-free translation system</two>. A: One disadvantage is that these systems typically include only a <one>limited energy supply</one>. There may be other disadvantages, though, such as the presence of proteases and nuclease enzymes, which may cleave mRNA.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>pBR322</two> erstmals verwendet? <one>1977</one>.
+- Name a resistance gene commonly used in "YIp vectors". A: The <one>ampicillin gene</one>.
+- What is <one>the difference</one> between a <two>transient transfection</two> and <two>stable transfection</two>? In <one>transient transfection</one> the plasmid remains outside of the genome and is slowly lost.
+- In <one>DNA-cassettes</one>: what does the <two>npt gene</two> encode? <one>Neomycin phosphotransferase</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>allozymes</one>? <one>Allozymes</one> are <two>enzymes from different alleles of the same gene</two>.
+- Eines der heute gebräuchlichsten Systeme bei der <one>Gelelektrophorese</one> ist <two>die Markierung mit ... </two>? <one>Digoxigenin</one>. Digoxigenin kann mit spezifischen Antikörpern sehr einfach nachgewiesen werden.
+- Both <one>GFP</one> and <two>Luciferase</two> can be <three>used for reporter gene assays</three>. Does GFP have an advantage over Luciferase? Yes. <one>Luciferase requires an additional substrate</one>; <two>GFP does not require an additional substrate</two>.
+- Name <one>a technique</one> that allows us to <two>measure nucleic acid and protein synthesis</two>. A: An <one>incorporation assay</one>.
+- Einschränkung der <one>NMR</one> in der Molekularbiologie? Die <one>NMR</one> kann nicht für sehr grosse RNA Moleküle verwendet werden.
+- <one>Where</one> does <two>native protein electrophoresis</two> start? In the <one>middle</one> of the gel.
+- Why may <one>Staphylococcal protein A</one> not be an ideal linker for use in fusion proteins? Because <one>it has a binding activity to IgG</one>, which might hinder it from general use.
+- For selection in mammalian cells: why is <one>a viral thymidine kinase gene</one> employed? Because this gene is not normally found in human cells. That way these human cells can be made sensitive to an antiviral drug.
+- Name 6 vectors for the <one>multiplication of DNA</one>. A: (1) Plasmids (2) Phages (3) Cosmids (4) <one>Phagemids</one> (5) <one>BAC</one> (6) <one>YAC</one>
+- Der <one>Edman-Abbau</one> findet in was für einer Phase statt? In der <one>Gasphase</one>. []
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Aussalzen</one> in der praktischen Biochemie gemeint? Die <one>Zugabe hoher Salzkonzetrationen</one>. Dies setzt die Löslichkeit der meisten Proteine herab.
+- In gene technology: what means the abbreviation <one>DIGE</one>? <one>Difference gel electrophoresis</one>.
+- Wo finden wir eine <one>Affinitätsmatrix</one>? Bei der <one>Affinitätschromatographie</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> was the <two>shrimp alkaline phosphatase</two> such a success? Because it comes from cold-water shrimp and is thus readily destroyed by heat.
+- Nenne zwei mögliche Nachteile von <one>E. coli</one> für die Verwendung in der Molekularbiologie/Biotechnologie/Gentechnik. A: (1) Es sind <one>keine Glykosylierungen möglich</one>. (2) Wenn "Inclusion Bodies intrazellulär akkumulieren", ist die Aufreinigung mitunter kompliziert ("French Press")
+- <one>Who</one> gave the <two>Giemsa-stain</two> its name? <one>Gustav Giemsa</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>differenziellen Interferenzkontrast</one>? <one>Nomarski-Kontrast</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_interference_contrast_microscopy []
+- Name the <one>subunits</one> of the <two>E. coli gyrase</two>. A: (1) <one>GyrA subunit</one> (2) <one>GyrA subunit</one> (3) <one>GyrB subunit</one> (4) <one>GyrB subunit</one>
+- <one>Directed evolution</one> can be used to engineer enzymes with a wide variety of properties. Name three such properties as example. A: (1) substrate specificity (2) thermostability (3) optimum working pH
+- The <one>gusA gene</one> from E. coli codes for Beta-glucuronidase, also known as GUS. What does it cleave? It cleaves D-glucuronic acid conjugates.
+- Die <one>native Fällung</one>, wo Proteine ihre natürlichen Struktur beibehalten, mit Hilfe von <two>Ammoniumsulfat</two>, hat zumindest einen gravierenden Nachteil. Welchen? Es verbleibt eine <one>hohe Salzkonzentration</one> zurück, die wieder abgetrennt werden muss.
+- Name <one>the three major elements of validation of a cell line</one>. A: (1) authentication (2) <one>provenance</one> (3) <one>contamination</one>
+- Half-life of <one>32P</one>? <one>14 days</one>.
+- In <one>Topo Cloning</one>: which brand name do we use if we wish to stick together blunt ends of DNA? <one>Zero Blunt Topo</one>. URL: https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/450245 []
+- In <one>protein engineering</one>: <two>we can modify the substrate-binding site of an enzyme in order to increase its specificity</two>. This will also decrease ... ? The <one>extent of undesirable side reactions</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>STED</one>-Technik in der Gentechnik? <one>Stimulated emission depletion</one>.
+- Is <one>Golden Gate cloning</one> performed <two>in-vivo</two> or <two>in-vitro</two>? <one>Golden Gate</one> cloning is performed <two>in-vitro</two>.
+- In der Gentechnik: <one>Maximalspannung</one> bei der <two>Elektroporation</two> liegt bei etwa wieviel Volt? Etwa <one>2500 Volt</one>. []
+- In protein design: <one>rigid linkers</one> typically contain which amino acid? <one>Proline</one>. []
+- The <one>HACs</one> (human artificial chromosomes) can accept how much DNA? Up to <one>10 Mb</one>.
+- Name <one>three advantages of FACS</one>. A: (1) Quantitative (2) Fast (3) <one>Sorting</one>
+- Was ist der größte Nachteil aller auf PCR basierender Klonierungen? Die <one>hohe Fehlerrate der Polymerase</one> bei der DNA-Synthese.
+- How can <one>supercoils from cccDNA</one> be removed? Treat that DNA mildly with <one>DNase I</one>. []
+- What is the difference between <one>ddNTPS</one> and <one>dNTPs</one>? ddNTPs have a H on the 3-prime carbon of the deoxyribose sugar, instead of the normal OH found at that position in a dNTPs.
+- Name the 3 main classes of <one>S. cerevisiae expression vectors</one>. A: (1) <one>episomal</one> (2) <one>plasmid</one> (3) <one>vectors</one> (such as YEPs)
+- <one>Wieso</one> wird bei der <two>Mikroinjektion</two> in den männlichen statt in den weiblichen Vorkern injiziert? <one>Da dieser größer ist</one>. []
+- <one>Welches Enzym</one> negiert die Wirkung der <two>Polynucleotide Kinase</two>? Die <one>alkaline Phosphatase</one>.
+- Die <one>ESTs</one> (<two>expressed sequence tags</two>) stammen aus ...? <one>mRNA</one>. []
+- <one>Polynucleotide kinase</one> can transfer a phosphate from ATP to both DNA and RNA? Yes - this kinase can work on both DNA and RNA. []
+- <one>Why</one> was <two>plasmid pCP3</two> created? A: To obtain the highest possible level of <one>foreign protein production</one> in a recombinant E. coli strain. URL: https://www.cabri.org/CABRI/srs-bin/wgetz?-newId+-e+-page+qResult+[NCCB_PLASMID-id:%27NCCB%203060%27]
+- <one>By 1940</one>, <two>how many enzymes</two> had been obtained in pure form? <one>20</one>.
+- We can use the <one>3C</one> (<two>Chromosome conformation capture</two>) for ...? For the identification of distal gene regulatory elements within a threedimensional chromatin context.
+- Bei <one>wieviel Volt</one> wird die <two>Elektroporation</two> durchgeführt, in Bakterien und Hefen jeweils? (1) <one>Bakterien</one>: <two>2500 Volt</two> (2) <one>Hefen</one>:     <two>1500 Volt</two>
+- The <one>halflife</one> of <two>thermostable DNA-Polymerases</two> is typically measured at which temperature? At <one>95°C</one>.
+- Does the Lambda <one>replacement vector</one> or the Lambda <one>insertion vector</one> have a larger coding capacity? The <one>replacement vector</one> does - it has a coding capacity of about <two>10-20 kb</two>.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>yeast two-hybrid system</two> developed? In <one>1989</one>.
+- Name <one>three techniques</one> that are commonly used to transform yeast. A: (1) <one>electroporation</one> (2) lithium acetate treatment (3) cell wall removal (aka protoplasts)
+- Nenne zwei Beispiele für <one>PCR-Inhibitoren</one>. A: (1) <one>Heparin</one> (2) <one>Hämoglobin</one>
+- In order for <one>FRET</one> to work the fluorophores have to be approximately how many nm apart? <one>5 nm or less</one>. []
+- Name <one>a difference</one> between the <two>araBAD promoter</two> or the <two>araC promoter</two>. A: araC is constitutively on, the araBAD promoter is inducible with arabinose.
+- <one>Illumina sequencing technology</one> works in which three basic steps? (1) <one>amplify</one> (2) <one>sequence</one> (3) <one>analyze</one>
+- Wir möchten ein <one>rekombinantes Protein</one>, das mehrere Untereinheiten besitzt, in Säugetierzellen exprimieren. Welches Problem mag hierbei existieren? Die Untereinheiten müssen erst in einer Säugetierzelle zusammengebaut werden; stellt man sie in separaten Kulturen her und vermischt sie später, so erhält man kein aktives Protein.
+- The <one>YEp vectors</one> are based on ... ? The high-copy number <one>2µm plasmid</one>. URL: https://www.biologydiscussion.com/plasmids/3-main-parts-of-yeast-episomal-plasmids-yep-genetics/84645 []
+- Between <one>Excitation</one> and <one>Emission</one>, for a fluorescent molecule, lies what range? The <one>Stokes Shift</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Beispiele</one>, wie wir <two>nichtkovalente Verbindungen</two> in einem Protein zerstören können. A: (1) <one>Harnstoff</one> (2) <one>Guanidiniumchlorid</one> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidinium_chloride
+- What does the word <one>DGGE</one> mean in Gene Technology? <one>Denaturing Gradient Gel Electorphoresis</one>.
+- <one>Streptavidin</one> is sometimes used in affinity-purification of our target protein. But why may this not be ideal? Because the streptavidin-biotin interaction is so strong that it is hard to break up again.
+- In der Gentechnik: was heisst die Abkürzung bei der <one>iCLIP-Methode</one>? Individual-nucleotide resolution Cross-Linking and ImmunoPrecipitation
+- Name a disadvantage of <one>fetal calf serum</one>. A: It is fairly expensive, approximately 100 Euro per Liter.
+- What is the major advantage of <one>A-T cloning</one> through <two>Taq polymerase</two>? If we use a vector with T overhangs, then we can use these directly to clone a PCR product without digesting it with restriction enzymes.
+- What is <one>the biological function of restriction endonucleases</one>? Degrade foreign DNA, e. g. viral DNA.
+- Name <one>a variant of GFP</one>. A: <one>EGFP</one>: <two>enhanced GFP</two>.
+- Name two different techniques of <one>viral propagation</one> in the laboratory. A: (1) via <one>cell culture</one> (2) via <one>embryonated eggs</one>
+- How can we determine whether there is a protein bound to a DNA? By using <one>DNA Footprint experiments</one>.
+- In <one>flow cytometry</one>: what is the difference between <two>forward scatter</two> and <two>side scatter</two>? (1) Forward scatter is light bounced off at small angles from the cell. (2) Side scatter is light bounced off in other directions.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie wir die Entstehung von "Inclusion Bodies" eines rekombinanten Proteins unterdrücken können. A: Mittels <one>Herstellung des rekombinanten Proteins als Fusionsprotein</one>.
+- Extra amino acid sequences to expression vectors often come with what <one>site</one>? A <one>protease cleavage site</one>.
+- <one>Luciferase</one> needs ATP as fuel, and can then convert which substance into what other substance? It can then convert <one>luciferin</one> to <one>oxyluciferin</one>. []
+- Was kommt <one>vor</one> der <two>Giemsa-Färbung</two>? Eine <one>Vorbehandlung mit Trypsin</one>. []
+- What exactly are <one>Transfections</one>? Transfection refers to the incorporation of DNA into mammalian cells.
+- Bei den <one>Knockout-Mäusen</one>: Es gibt 3 verschiedene Resultate nach Aufnahme des Plasmids. Welche? A: (1) <one>nonrecombination</one> (2) homologous recombination (3) <one>nonspecific-recombination</one>
+- What type is <one>Cas9</one>? <one>Cas9</one> is <two>a RNA-guided nuclease</two>.
+- What is <one>Fiber-FISH</one>? Fluorescence in situ hybridization on deproteinized, stretched DNA.
+- Are <one>homing endonucleases</one> better than restriction enzymes? Somewhat. Single base changes in their recognition sequence does not abolish their cleavage, but instead reduces their efficiency to variable extents.
+- Warum wollen wir ein <one>konstantes Absorptions- und Migrationsverhalten</one> erreichen bei Immuno-Tests? Diese garantieren eine <one>Test-zu-Test Reproduzierbarkeit</one>.
+- Name two important, <one>real-time PCR related terms</one>. A: (1) <one>Baseline</one> (2) <one>Threshold</one>
+- A <one>restriction enzyme</one> typically functions as a <two>heterodimer</two>. What may we assume about this enzyme? This enzyme may <one>recognize asymmetrical sequences</one>.
+- In <one>Golden Gate cloning</one>: <two>which ligase</two> is commonly employed? The <one>T4 DNA ligase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T4-DNA-Ligase []
+- Why the name <one>restrict</one> in <two>restriction endonucleases</two>? Because <one>these enzymes restrict incoming DNA of viruses</one>.
+- A file called <one>cpg.bed</one> may contain ... ? It may represent <one>CpG islands in the human genome</one>.
+- <one>In which direction</one> does <two>chemical DNA synthesis</two> proceed? In the <one>3'→5' direction</one>. []
+- Wie nennen wir eine <one>DNA-Übertragung in eukaryotische Tierzellen</one>? <one>Transfektion</one>. []
+- What do we mean with an <one>isoschizomer</one>? This is the case when different enzymes recognize the same target sequence. For example, DraI and AhaIII both recognize and cut at -TTT_cut_AAA-.
+- What do we mean with a <one>terminal transferase activity</one>? This is <one>to add a single nucleotide to the 3' end</one>, <two>usually Adenine</two>.
+- <one>How</one> can <two>mRNA be purified</two> in the laboratory? Via an <one>affinity chromatography</one>.
+- The <one>E. coli gyrase</one> is <two>a heterotetrameric enzyme</two>. Which subunit contains the catalytic domain? The <one>GyrA subunit</one> contains the catalytic domain.
+- We can make use of the reportergene called <one>EGFP</one>. What is meant with <one>EGFP</one>? <one>Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein</one>. []
+- The <one>His-tag</one> is often used for affinity purification steps. What would be a slightly better name than His-tag? <one>Hexa-His tag</one>. This indicates that six histidines are used in series. []
+- <one>SmaI</one> erkennt welche Sequenzfolge? <one>CCCGGG</one>.
+- Erkennungstelle des Restriktionsenzyms <one>NcoI</one>? <one>CCATGG</one>; cuts between the two C.
+- Bei der <one>DMT-Schutzgruppe</one> ... wofür steht DMT? <one>Dimethoxytrityl</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMT-Schutzgruppe
+- Give another name for <one>Electroporation</one>. A: <one>Electropermeabilization</one>.
+- What is an <one>ORFTRAP</one>? A selection system for the cloning of open reading frames (ORFs).
+- What is, in general, <one>the ideal temperature for protein purification</one>? <one>4°C</one>. []
+- <one>Why</one> is a <two>flow chamber</two> used in flow cytometry? Cells flow through the flow chamber one at a time very quickly, about or 500 cells per second. They are then passed over to the light detector and the laser.
+- Name a potential disadvantage for the use of <one>alternative binder scaffolds</one> in protein engineering, compared to antibodies. A: Alternative binder scaffolds may potentially be immunogenic, if the scaffold is of non-human origin.
+- Die <one>ATCC</one> besitzt wieviele <two>tumor-derived cell lines</two>? Mehr als <one>4000</one>.
+- For <one>Biotinylation</one>: name <two>two high affinity binding partners</two>. A: (1) <one>Avidin</one> (2) <one>Streptavidin</one> []
+- In <one>Cot Curves</one>: what does "<two>cot</two>" mean? <one>Concentration of time</one>.
+- How are <one>Meganucleases</one> defined? These are <one>endodeoxyribonucleases</one> characterized by <two>a large recognition site</two> of about 12-40 base pairs.
+- <one>Recombineering</one> wird vor allem <two>wann</two> respektive <two>wobei</two> eingesetzt? Bei <one>sehr grossen Inserts</one>, wie zum Beispiel für <two>BACs</two>.
+- Name <one>a SUMO-specific protease</one> that is often employed for working with fusion proteins. A: <one>Ulp1</one>.
+- Why does the old <one>mutagenesis-selection strategy</one> rarely result in any significant beneficial changes to the target enzyme? Because <one>most amino acid changes decrease the activity of an enzyme</one>.
+- In <one>chemical synthesis of DNA</one>, <two>depurination</two> happens when a oligonucleotide is exposed to .., in order to remove the '-DMT group? To <one>Acid</one>.
+- Give one example for a <one>sequence-specific fluorescent probe</one>. A: The <one>TaqMan probe</one>.
+- Nenne eine sehr <one>deutsche</one>, <two>thermostabile DNA-Polymerase</two>. A: Das <one>Stoffel Fragment</one>. []
+- What do we mean with <one>Golden Gate cloning</one>? This is the efficient and seamless assembly of DNA fragments.
+- Why do we use the <one>two hybrid system</one>? To <one>study protein-protein interactions</one>.
+- Wie heissen die beiden Fluorophore bei <one>FRET</one>? (1) <one>Reporter</one> (2) <one>Quencher</one>
+- Wie kann der <one>Metallothionein-Promotor</one> aktiviert werden? Durch Zugabe von <one>Zink</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>two-hybrid system</two> entwickelt? <one>1989</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening#History []
+- <one>At which temperature</one> should we reanneal two DNA-strands? At a temperature <one>20-25°C below the Tm</one>.
+- Name one <one>fluorescent</one> and one <one>non-fluorescent</one> stain. A: (1) a <one>fluorescent stain</one>:       Quinacrin (2) a <one>non-fluorescent stain</one>: <two>Giemsa</two>
+- Ist die <one>gezielte Mutagenese</one> bei Proteinen für die Forschung hilfreich? Ja, denn sie kann bei der Aufklärung von Proteinfunktionen helfen.
+- Anderer Begriff für eine <one>Lipofektion</one>? A: <one>Liposomenfusion</one>.
+- Why could a scientist say that <one>gene knock-ins</one> may be artificial? The <two>transgene</two> may be expressed at higher levels with strong promoters.
+- In the <one>yeast-two-hybrid system</one>: what is the purpose of the <two>Activation Domain</two>? <one>It has to interact with RNA-Pol II</one>; and thus, <two>activate transcription</two>.
+- Was ist <one>das Substrat der Glutathion-S-Transferase</one>? <one>Glutathion</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathion-S-Transferasen []
+- Give another name for <one>DNA footprinting</one>. A: <one>Dnase I protection analysis</one>.
+- Why the name <one>binary vector</one> of Agrobacterium? Because it contains the ORIs of two organisms: <one>A. tumefaciens</one> and <one>E.coli</one>.
+- How could we <one>delete the central parts of a protein coding sequence</one>? We could make use of a <one>template-switching PCR</one>.
+- In protein design: <one>flexible linkers</one> typically contain which amino acid? <one>Glycine</one>. []
+- In gene technology: what means <one>full restriction</one>? <one>To cut at every possibility</one>.
+- Nenne die 5 Schritte beim <one>Western-Blotting</one>. A: (1) Absättigen (2) Primären Antikörper zugeben (3) Waschen (4) Sekundären Antikörper zugeben (5) Farbreagenz hinzufügen
+- <one>TALENs</one> are derived from ...? From the <one>Xanthomonas Effector AvrBs3</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil der <one>Fällung mit PEG</one>. A: Die Methode ist ungeeignet für die Präzipitation kleiner DNA Mengen.
+- The construction of functional fusion proteins often requires ... ? a <one>linker sequence</one>.
+- Why is the <one>DamID</one> technique employed? So that we can map the binding sites of DNA- and chromatin-binding proteins in eukaryotes.
+- Why do we actually require <one>PFGE Electrophoresis</one>? We require <one>Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis</one> when we have <two>very large DNA fragments</two>, such as 100 kb and large, which can not be separated in normal agarose gels.
+- <one>SAGE</one> is <two>serial analysis of gene expression</two>. In order to use this technique, what must be known beforehand? The <one>3' sequence</one>.
+- For the design of a fusion protein, we often want to extend ... what exactly? The <one>plasma half-live</one> of this protein, in order to achieve an enhanced therapeutic effect.
+- Für den <one>Nachweis einer Histonmodifikation</one> können wir zum Beispiel welche Technik verwenden? Die <one>Chromatin-immunopräzipitation (ChIP)</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>GOI</one> in der Gentechnik? <one>Gene of interest</one>. []
+- Wieso sollten wir bei der <one>cDNA-Klonierung</one> eine <two>gekühlte Zentrifuge</two> verwenden? Um Hydrolyse durch unspezifische Nucleasen zu vermeiden.
+- Das Enzym <one>ATP sulfurylase</one> akzeptiert welches Molekül als Input? <one>PPi</one>.
+- Nenne eine Alternative zu <one>SYBR Green</one> in der Gentechnik. A: <one>TaqMan</one>.
+- Nenne ein Reagenz mit dem <one>Disulfidbrücken gespalten werden können</one>. A: <one>Beta-Mercaptoethanol</one>. []
+- <one>Bisbenzimide</one> is a <two>fluorescent stain</two>. It binds where to? It binds to A-T rich regions of DNA and can decrease its density.
+- Why are most <one>eukaryotic vectors</one> shuttle vectors? Because recombinant DNA procedures are technically difficult to carry out with eukaryotic cells.
+- Nenne eine Substanz, die <one>RNase</one> denaturieren kann. A: <one>Guanidinium-Thiocyanat</one>.
+- In gene technology: what does <one>RAPD</one> mean? <one>Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA</one>.
+- What happens if we supply <one>manganese</one> rather than <two>magnesium</two> into a PCR mix? Mutations will be introduced.
+- Name a way how to detect <one>bent DNA</one>. A: Via <one>electrophoresis</one>.
+- <one>What enzymes</one> are used in <two>Golden Gate assembly</two>? <one>Type II endonucleases</one>.
+- <one>FRET</one> ("Förster resonance energy transfer") can be used to detect protein-protein interactions. We have two general components here. How do we call them? "Donor" and <one>Acceptor</one>.
+- What is the principle idea behind the <one>DamID</one> method? Binding of the protein of interest to DNA localizes the methyltransferase in the region of the binding site. Adenosine methylation does not occur naturally in eukaryotes and therefore adenine methylation in any region can be concluded to have been caused by the fusion protein.
+- Was heisst <one>DamID</one>? <one>DNA adenine methyltransferase identification</one>.
+- What do we mean with <one>R-M system</one>? This refers to a <one>restriction-modification system</one>. []
+- What is the <one>LASL technique</one> in gene technology? <one>Construction of Linker Library</one>.
+- Which company created <one>MiSeq</one>? <one>Illumina</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina,_Inc. []
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>chemical transfection methods</two>. A: (1) DNA-Calcium precipitates (2) Liposome mediated transfection
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>MS-HRM</one>? Methylation sensitive high resolution melt analysis.
+- What is meant with the term <one>Base Calling</one> in Illumina? <one>Fluorescence Signals</one> are converted into <two>sequence data</two>.
+- Give an example for <one>an artificial fusion protein</one>. A: <one>Chimeric antibodies</one>.
+- Give another word for <one>in silico</one>. A: <one>Without cells</one>.
+- When we wish to sort cells, we have at least <one>two modes</one> available - exclusion and recovery mode. Which one do we use if we wish to aim for high purity? The <one>Exclusion-Mode</one>. []
+- In gene technology: what do we mean with <one>off-target cleavage</one>? This is when not the target site is used but another site, usually because of lack of specificity, or because the same sequence may occur multiple times in a genome.
+- How can we <one>measure DNA denaturation</one>? By measuring the absorbance of UV light passed through a solution of DNA.
+- Ist die <one>Elektrophorese</one> eine <two>Chromatographie</two>? Ja. []
+- Wie schnell kann eine <one>Ultrazentrifuge</one> sein (upm)? Etwa <one>130.000 Umdrehungen pro Minute</one>.
+- Was ist eine <one>Multiplex-PCR</one>? Dies ist eine spezielle Variante der PCR, bei der simultan durch mehrere Primerpaare mehrere Zielsequenzen in einem PCR-Ansatz gleichzeitig amplifiziert werden können.
+- In a <one>Southern Blot</one>: do we use <two>dsDNA</two> or <two>ssDNA</two>? <one>ssDNA</one>. []
+- What is the defining characteristic for the <one>penicillin antibiotics</one>? They all contain a <one>beta-lactam ring</one>.
+- In gene technology: what does the name <one>RSL-method</one> stand for? <one>Reverse strand labeling method</one>.
+- The process of collecting data from samples using the <one>flow cytometer</one> is termed ... ? <one>Acquisition</one>.
+- <one>When</one> were cosmids first described? Cosmids were first described by Collins and Hohn in <one>1978</one>. []
+- Name a technique we could use to find out where the nucleosomes are sitting. A: <one>N-ChIP</one>.
+- Das Enzym <one>Apyrase</one> hat welche Aufgabe? Die Apyrase katalysiert die Hydrolyse von ATP zu AMP und PPi. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apyrase
+- <one>Histidine-Tags</one> have a high affinity for ...? <one>Nickel</one>. []
+- In <one>quantitative Realtime-PCR</one>: what is actually measured? The fluorescence of the dye intercalating into the ds DNA, which usually is SYBR green. Bound SYBR green is 1000x more fluorescent than the unbound one.
+- <one>Morpholino-Oligos</one> haben anstatt der Phosphorgruppe welche Gruppe? Ein <one>Phosphorodiamidate</one>.
+- Nenne ein gentechnisch-basiertes Argument, das gegen die Freisetzung von GVOs (gentechnisch veränderte Organismen) spricht. A: Es werden oft, im Zuge der Selektion auf Zellen mit einem modifizierten Gen, auch die Marker-Sequenz freigesetzt. Dies ist dann üblicherweise ein Antibiotika-Resistenz-Gen.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# Physik2 tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Was ist <one>Kinematik</one>? <one>Kinematik</one> ist <two>die Beschreibung der Bewegung von Körpern</two> in Raum und Zeit.
+- Was ist "Dynamik" in der Physik? Dynamik ist die Beschreibung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Bewegung und Kraft.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === FUNGI
+#
+# FUNGI TAG. PILZ TAG. Pilze tag. Fungus tag.
+# Note that yeast is gathered in another file, called "yeast".
+#
+# Pilzkrankheiten von Kuchler werden in einer anderen Datei gesammelt;
+# mögen aber langfristig hier eingegliedert werden.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Wie heisst der <one>Mutterkornpilz</one>? <one>Claviceps purpurea</one>. []
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>Fungistase</one>? Dies ist die "Hemmung der Vermehrung von Pilzen".
+- Besitzen Pilze Chlorophyll? Nein. []
+- Wie heissen die <one>Schimmelpilze</one>"? <one>Fusarien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium []
+- Bilden <one>Steinpilze</one> <two>haploide Sporen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- What is the "Plectenchyma"? This is a term that is used to describe <one>fungal tissues</one>.
+- Haben Pilze Chloroplasten? Nein. []
+- Besitzen Pilze <one>Chitin</one> in ihrer Zellwand? Ja.
+- Nenne 4 Fakten zu den <one>Ascomycota</one>. A: Es sind Pilze, mit mehr als 64.000 Arten. Sie besitze einen Ascus, in dem die Ascosporen gebildet werden. Sie wachsen in Form von Hyphen.
+- Besitzen Pilze Vakuolen? Ja.
+- Was sind "endophytische Pilze"? Dies sind Pilze, die "in oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen leben ohne die Pflanze zu schädigen.
+- Wie heißen die 4 Pilzarten, die den Menschen am häufigsten infizieren? (1) "Cryptococcus" (2) "Candida" (3) "Aspergillus" (4) "Pneumocystis"
+- What do we mean with the "Minimum Inhibitory Concentration" (MIC), in regards to fungi? The "MIC" is the lowest drug concentration that still visibly inhibits fungal growth.
+- "Superficial mycoses" affect ... give three examples here. A: (1) affect the "skin" (2) affect the "hair" (3) affect the "nails"
+- A. W. für "Ergot"? Mutterkorn.
+- What is the most wanted and/or most used fungal biochemical reaction? This is the conversion of sugar into alcohol and CO2, aka "fermentation. The chemical formula is: "C6H12O6 <--> 2xC2H5OH + 2xCO2".
+- Was meinen wir mit "Mykorrhizapilzen"? Dies sind Pilze, die mit Waldbäumen in einer engen Lebensgemeinschaft leben.
+- N Pilze sind bis heute (~2019) klassifiziert worden? "70.000".
+- How do we call the "cross walls of hyphae" from fungi? Septae.
+- What is the "dominant fungal membrane sterol"? Ergosterol.
+- Name three components of fungal cell walls. A: (1) chitin (2) glucans (3) mannose-proteins
+- Do fungi have cell walls? Yes, they do.
+- Schlauchpilze n Arten? 20.000.
+- Speichersubstanz bei den Pilzen? Glykogen, wie bei den Tieren.
+- Wer entdeckte die <one>Cephalosporine</one>? <one>Guiseppe Brotzu</one>.
+- Was sind die poky-Mutanten in Neurospora crassa? Dies ist eine mitochondriale Deletion, die zu einer geringeren Anzahl an Ribosomen (auf Grund verminderter rRNA-Synthese) führt.
+- Was fehlt höheren Pilzen, zellulär betrachtet? Sie besitzen keinen Golgi-Apparat sondern nur "Golgi-Zisternen".
+- Deutsche Bezeichnung für die "Chytridiomycota"? Töpfchenpilze.
+- Nenne einen "räuberischen Pilz" der mit dem Buchstaben "A" beginnt. A: "Arthrobotrys anchonia"
+- Wie nennen wir "Pilzvergiftungen" lateinisch? Mycotoxicose.
+- Was sind "Trichothecenes"? Trichothecenes sind Mykotoxine, die von Trichoderma und Fusarium produziert werden.
+- Was sind "Mykotoxine"? Dies ist eine kollektive Bezeichnung für Toxine, die als sekundäre Stoffwechselprodukte von Schimmelpilzen produziert werden.
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der "Deuteromyceten". A: Penicillium candidum
+- Unterschied zwischen Teleomorphen und Anamorphen? Teleomorphe haben eine sexuelle Vermehrung mit typischen Fruchtkörpern; Anamorphe haben eine asexuelle Vermehrung mit typischen asexuellen Sporen.
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der "Fungi imperfecti". A: Penicillium.
+- Fungi cause n% of all plant diseases? About ~70%.
+- Was heisst "ignis sacer"? "heiliges Feuer".
+- Welcher Pilz setzte den GIs im Pazifikkrieg zu? Trichoderma.
+- Nenne 1 wichtigen Unterschied zwischen Hefe und Schimmelpilzen. A: Schimmelpilze sind mehrzellige Lebewesen.
+- Some fungi develop a so called "Bullers drop." How does it start? Sugar is released on top of the apiculus, and water condenses there.
+- Are there fungi with flagella? Yes, the "chytrids".
+- The most is the most precise description of Trichoderma life style is ...? Mycotrophy on fungi.
+- What happens to Trichoderma when the host plant dies? Trichoderma also dies.
+- How do we call the study of fungi? Mycology.
+- Warum heisst der "Fliegenpilz" so? Weil man damit Fliegen töten kann, indem man den Pilz zerkleinert und in Milch gibt. Die Fliegen trinken davon und sterben. Oder auch nicht - sie leben noch und fliegen nach 10 Minuten wieder, leicht betäubt, weg.
+- Are mice natural Candida hosts? No.
+- A. W. für "Cryptococcosis"? fungal meningitis.
+- What is "cryptococcis"? This is a potentially fatal fungal disease, a defining opportunistic infection for AIDS. A: URL: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcosis
+- We have the "DHS System" in the Human Fungal Pathogens. What does DHS stand for? (1) Dermatophytes (2) Hefen (3) Schimmel
+- Was heisst "Phytophthora infestans" übersetzt? Die Blattvernichtende.
+- Ähneln Eukaryoten den Mikrosporidien? Ja, aber Mikrosporidien haben keine Mitochondrien.
+- A. W. für "Ascomyceten"? Schlauchpilze.
+- Name a fungi that can create Aflatoxins. A: Aspergillus flavus
+- Give an example for a "superficial mycose". A: Infection of the nails.
+- Wie vermehren sich die Ascomycota vegetativ? Durch Konidienbildung.
+- Bei den "Champignons", wo findet die Meiose statt? In der Basidie.
+- Welchen Speicherstoff verwenden Pilze? "Glykogen" (wie die Tiere auch).
+- Was bewirken Azol-Antimykotika wenn sie gegen Pilze eingesetzt werden? Sie hemmen die Ergosterol-Biosynthese in Pilzen.
+- Warum besteht die Zellwand von Pilzen nicht aus Zellulose? Da sie sich sonst selbst aufessen würden.
+- Was ist der "Homothallismus" bei Pilzen? Dies ist die Fähigkeit zum Paarungstypwechsel.
+- Was ist ein "Myzel"? Ein Geflecht von Pilzfäden, das jedoch kein echtes Gewebe ist.
+- Wieviele Pilzarten wurden bis heute beschrieben? Etwa 100.000 Arten.
+- Bei welchen Pilzen finden wir die Konidien-Bildung? Bei den Schlauchpilzen.
+- Was sind "Mykorrhiza"? Zusammenschluss von Pilz und Wurzel.
+- Nenne eine Gruppe die Konidien bildet. A: Die Schlauchpilze.
+- Welche Farbe hat die "Bärentatze"? Gelb. Ist ein Pilz.
+- For Fungi, what do the terms "teleomorph","anamorph" and "holomorph" mean? (1) Teleomorph is the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body (2) Anamorph is the asexual reproductive stage (morph), often mold-like (3) Holomorph is the whole fungus, including anamorphs and teleomorph
+- Nenne zwei Pilzgruppen. A: (1) Basidiomyceten (2) Ascomyceten
+- Der "Woronin-Körper" bei Pilzen besteht aus welchem Protein? Aus dem HEX-1 Protein.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Genetische Krankheiten
+#
+# Alles über genetische Krankheiten wird hier gesammelt. Auch Fakten die
+# dazu Bezug nehmen.
+#
+# Auch "Pathophysiology for Biotechnologists".
+#
+# Genetic diseases tag, genetic disease tag. Gendisease tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Was ist die <one>Achondroplasie</one> und wie entsteht sie? Eine <one>Achondroplasie</one> ist eine Mutation, welche das Wachstum des Skelettsystems betrifft, und zu einer <two>verfrühten Verknöcherung</two> führt. Ursache für diese Krankeht ist eine Punktmutation im Gen FGFR-3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3).
+- The disease called <one>Diamond-Blackfan anemia</one> is caused by a mutation in which gene? The <one>RPS19 gene</one>.
+- <one>Every childbearing couple</one> faces an approximately <two>n percent risk of having a child with a genetic anomaly</two>? About <one>3%</one> (at the least in the USA). []
+- Give an example for a <one>amino acid disorder</one> in humans. A: <one>Phenylketonuria</one> (<two>PKU</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylketonuria []
+- Beim Menschen: gib eine andere Bezeichnung jeweils für <one>Trisomie 13</one>, <one>Trisomie 18</one> und <one>Trisomie 21</one>. A: (1) <one>Trisomie 21</one>: <two>Down-Syndrom</two> (2) <one>Trisomie 18</one>: <two>Edwards-Syndrom</two> (3) <one>Trisomie 13</one>: <two>Pätau-Syndrom</two>
+- The genetic name for <one>dwarfism</one> is ... ? <one>Pseudoachondroplasia</one>.
+- For the disease <one>phenylketonuria</one> (PKU), can the genotype <two>P</two>/<two>p</two> be the cause for it? No, because PKU is a recessive disease, so the genotype must be <one>p</one>/<one>p</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the human disease <two>cystic fibrosis</two> discovered? <one>1938</one>. []
+- Are there known effective strategies for reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease? No. []
+- Is phenylketonuria (PKU) a recessive disease? Yes.
+- In the <one>Rett syndrome</one>, the <two>MECP2-gene</two> is the major functional cause of this syndrome. Of what type is the product of the MECP2-gene? It is a <one>transcriptional repressor</one>.
+- Give an example for a genetic disease that shows an age-dependent penetrance effect. A: The <one>Huntington disease</one>.
+- Give an example for a genetic disease that is ultimately caused by a <one>nondisjunction</one>. A: The <one>Down syndrome</one>.
+- Mutations responsible for <one>Tay-Sachs</one> are remarkably common among ... ? <one>Ashkenazi Jews</one>, with as many as one out of thirty carrying one disease-causing mutation.
+- When the <one>ApoE gene</one> is mutated, which disease may be more likely to occur? <one>Alzheimer's disease</one>.
+- Name a gene in the human genome, beginning with the letter 'S', that when mutated may cause <one>epileptic encephalopathy</one>. A: The <one>SCN1A gene</one>.
+- In 2021, of the almost 20.000 human genes, how many are known to be able to cause <one>autosomal recessive diseases</one>, roughly? Roughly about <one>2150</one> of these genes.
+- The gene for the <one>Huntington's disease</one> was localized how ... ? Via <one>linkage mapping</one>.
+- Bei der <one>PKU</one> liegt was erhöht vor? <one>Phenylalanin</one> (zumindest <two>im Blut</two>). []
+- The <one>most common mutation</one> that causes cystic fibrosis is ... ? <one>deltaF508</one>.
+- Ein Defekt im Presinilin-2-Gen führt zu welcher Krankheit? <one>Alzheimer</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer-Krankheit []
+- <two>When</two> was it discovered that the <one>fragile X syndrome</one> was due to <three>expanded trinucleotide repeats</three>? In <one>1991</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome []
+- Name <one>four single-gene disorders in humans</one>. A: (1) cystic fibrosis (2) sickle cell anemia (3) Huntingtons disease (4) hereditary hemochromatosis
+- <one>Achromatopsie</one> ist die <two>totale Farbenblindheit</two>. Wieviele Personen sind hierbei, in Deutschland, betroffen? Etwa 3000 Personen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbenblindheit []
+- <one>X0 monosomy</one> patients may show <two>gonadal dysfunction</two>. Give another term for the latter. A: <one>Sterility</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome []
+- <one>On which human chromosome</one> can we find the <two>Huntingtin Gene</two>? On the <one>short arm of chromosome 4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin#Gene []
+- A <one>point mutation in collagen</one> can <two>lead to which disease</two>? <one>Osteogenesis imperfecta</one>. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta []
+- Bei der <one>Sichelzellanämie</one>, im Hb(S) Allel: wieso ergibt sich ein Unterschied auf molekularer Ebene? Weil eine polare Aminosäure gegen eine unpolare Aminosäure umgetauscht wird.
+- Does <one>Pentasomy X</one> (<two>XXXXX</two>) exist in humans? Yes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentasomy_X []
+- Name a human, genetic disease able to <one>cause blindness</one>. A: <one>Leber's congenital amaurosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber%27s_congenital_amaurosis []
+- Bei der <one>cystischen Fibrose</one> ist oft das CFTR-Protein defekt. Wieviele Aminosäuren hat dieses Protein? <one>1480</one>. []
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit die Krankheit <one>PKU</one> zu diagnostizieren. A: Mit Hilfe des <one>Guthrie-Tests</one>, bei dem das Bakterium <two>Bacillus subtilis</two> eingesetzt wird.
+- <one>Duchenne-Muskeldystrophie</one>: weches Gen ist defekt? Das <one>Dystrophingen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin []
+- Wie lange dauert es bis man nach Auftreten der <one>Huntington Symptome</one> verstirbt? <one>15-20 Jahre</one>. []
+- The <one>SLC12A3 gene/<one> may cause the <two>Gitelman syndrome</two> if it is affected by a loss-of-function mutation. What does this gene normally encode for? An <one>ion transporter</one>.
+- <one>Xeroderma pigmentosum</one> (XP) is a genetic disorder. Is it a recessive or dominant disease? <one>Xeroderma pigmentosum</one> is <two>a recessive disease</two>. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum []
+- Give another name for <one>alkaptonuria</one>. A: <one>Black urine disease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaptonuria []
+- Males are quite often affected by <one>hemophilia</one>. <two>Two factors</two> are usually modified, <three>factor 9</three> or "factor 8". Which one is more commonly mutated? <one>Factor 9 deficiency</one> is more common than <one>Factor 8 deficiency</one> (<three>9 > 8</three>).
+- Nenne eine Krankheit, bei der man molekular betrachtet keine Exzisionsreparatur sieht. A: <one>Xeroderma pigmentosum</one>. 
+- <one>Normal red blood cells</one> last about 4 months (120 days) in the bloodstream. <two>Fragile sickle cells</two> break down after ...? After about <one>10-20 days</one>, which causes <two>anemia</two>.
+- Das <one>Waardenburg-Syndrom</one> führt zu interessanten Entwicklungsstörungen, wie zum Beispiel … ? Verschiedenfarbige Augen, eine weiße Locke und Schwerhörigkeit. Die Ursache ist ein verändertes Pax-3-Gen.
+- Does the <one>Systemic lupus erythematosus</one> show a gender-specific pattern? Yes. It affects about 90% females, and only 10% males.
+- The most famous person suffering from the <one>Proteus Syndrome</one>, was probably ... ? The <one>Elephant Man</one>, aka <two>Joseph Merrick</two>.
+- Taking the population as a whole, single-gene disorders affect n% of the population sometime during an entire life span? <one>2%</one>.
+- <one>Cystic fibrosis</one> is commonly caused by ... ? A deletion of <one>Phenylalanin-508</one> (<two>delta F508</two>).
+- <one>Single-gene defects</one> are caused by individual ... ? <one>mutant genes</one>.
+- Beim menschlichen <one>malignen Gliom</one> (Glioblastoma) wird oft welcher Wachstumsfaktor überproduziert? <one>IGF</one>: <two>insulin-like growth factor</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4559821/
+- Humans may have <one>XXXX</one> chromosomes, Tetrasomy X. When was this first described? In <one>1961</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir die Krankheit "Mukoviszidose" in der deutschen Sprache? <one>Zäher Schleim</one>.
+- Genetische Ursache für die <one>Progeria</one> Krankheit? "Frame shift mutation" in Lamin A und Lamin C.
+- The <one>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</one> arises through a mutation in which gene? "TP53" (the one that codes for p53).
+- In people diagnosed with <one>sickle cell disease</one>, at least one of the beta-globin subunits in hemoglobin is replaced with another hemoglobin variant. How do we call this hemoglobin variant? <one>Hemoglobin S</one>. []
+- Wie hoch ist die <one>Inzidenz bei SCID</one>? A: <one>1 : 1_000_000</one>. []
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>BRCA-1 gene</one>? Breast cancer 1, early onset gene. URL: https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/672.html
+- Take the following statement: <one>"Any hereditary disease in which cellular metabolism is abnormal results from an inherited defect in an enzyme."</one>. Which person coined this statement? <one>Archibald Garrod</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Garrod []
+- The <one>age of onset</one> in the Huntington diseas, correlates with ... ? The <one>repeat length</one>.
+- Give a fancy name for <one>xeroderma pigmentosum</one>. A: The <one>Vampire Disease</one>. []
+- Provide another term for <one>Achromatopsia</one>. A: <one>Total colour blindness</one>.
+- Beim <one>Rett-Syndrom</one> ist das Gen <two>MeCP2</two> (<two>Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2</two>) betroffen. Wo genau liegt dieses Gen? Es liegt in der chromosomalen Region <one>Xq28</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir die genetische Krankheit <one>44XXX</one> mit trivialer Bezeichnung? <one>Superfemale</one>. []
+- What are the typical symptoms of <one>X-SCID</one>? The symptoms include <one>life threatening infections</one>, already in newborns.
+- <one>Ein Mangel an B12</one> führt zu welcher Krankheit? <one>Perniziöser Anämie</one>.
+- Warum verstarb der berühmte <one>bubble boy</one> David bei einer Transplantation? Die Spenderin, seine Schwester, trug den <one>Epstein-Barr-Virus</one> in sich.
+- Welches Problem haben <one>Phenylketonurie-Personen</one>? Sie können die Aminosäure Phenylalanin nicht abbauen. Dadurch reichert sich diese Aminosäure im Körper an.
+- Ursache des <one>Xeroderma Pigmentosum</one> Defekts? Die <one>Nucleotide Excision Repair</one> (<one>NER</one>) ist fehlerhaft.
+- <one>Dyslipoproteinämie</one> können auch vererbt werden. Was meinen wir mit einer <one>Dyslipoproteinämie</one> eigentlich? Dies bezeichnet ein gestörtes Verhältnis der Lipoproteinfraktionen im Blutserum, insbesonders ein Missverhältnis von <one>HDL</one> zu "LDL".
+- Nenne <one>eine genetische Krankheit</one> bei der wir die <two>Bildung eines schädlichen Produkts durch Substratentzug</two> verhindern mögen. A: Die <one>Phenylketonurie</one>, <two>PKU</two>. []
+- Name <one>a human disease</one> where we may encounter <two>hypogonadism and sterility</two>. A: The <one>Klinefelter syndrome</one>.
+- Welches disease ist <one>XLA</one>? <one>X-linked Agammaglobulinemia</one>.
+- Are <one>lysosomal storage disorders</one> <two>multisystem</two>? Yes - they <one>typically affect several organs</one>.
+- In the disease <one>Diamond-Blackfan anemia</one>, which gene is mutated? The ribosomal protein gene called <one>RPS19</one>.
+- Eine (<one>genetische</one>) Störung der Chromosomenzahl erfolgt, zum Beispiel, durch ...? <one>Non-Disjunction</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Disjunction []
+- Name an <one>early method</one> that could be used to identify <two>disease genes</two>? <one>Positional cloning</one>.
+- Can we treat <one>XLA</one> (<two>X-linked agammaglobulinemia</two>)? Yes, via gammaglobulins, in particular IgG.
+- What is <one>the main cause of morbidity and mortality</one> in individuals with <two>cystic fibrosis</two>? <one>Lung disease</one>.
+- <one>MeCP2</one> kann im Komplex-Verbund was? Histone deacetylieren (also Acetylgruppen von Histonen entfernen). Dies <one>silenced</one> ein Gen (schaltet es also aus). 
+- <one>Mit welcher Krankheit</one> ist <two>MECP2</two> assoziiert? Mit dem <one>Rett syndrome</one>. (Merkschema: <one>MacRett</one>) URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett-Syndrom []
+- How many <one>single-gene disorders</one> are known in <two>humans</two>? <one>6.000</one>. []
+- In general: what kind of <one>mutation</one> can cause <two>anticipation</two>? <one>Dynamic mutations</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Krankheit</one> haben <two>Alkaptonuria Patienten</two> häufig? <one>Arthritis</one>.
+- Was sind <one>orphan diseases</one>? Das ist der Fall wenn wir nur wenige PatientInnen haben bei seltenen Erkrankungen.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>genetic load</one>? Virtually all members of a diploid species carry a number of deleterious recessive mutations.
+- Name a typical therapy for <one>X-SCID</one>. A: Via <one>stem cell transplantation</one>.
+- <one>In welchem Gen</one> liegt die <two>Ursache für die Sichelzellanämie</two> begründet? Dies ist eine Punktmutation im <one>Beta-Globingen</one>.
+- Name a common cause for the <one>Swyer-Syndrom</one>. A: A point mutation or a deletion in the <one>SRY gene</one>.
+- Name a <one>X-chromosomal recessive disease</one>. A: <one>Haemophilia</one> - only male carriers are affected by this disease. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilia
+- What do we mean with the <one>Swyer-Syndrom</one>? These are <one>XY females</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swyer-Syndrom
+- <one>Mukoviszidose</one> entsteht aus einem Defekt im <two>CFTR-Gen</two>. Auf welchem Chromosom finden wir dieses Gen? Auf dem <one>Chromosom 7</one>.
+- The <one>first disease interpretable at the molecular level</one> was ... ? <one>Sickle-cell anaemia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease []
+- The <one>Werner syndrome helicase</one> (WRN helicase) is associated with some sort of genetic disease / aging-related effects. We could use a <one>slightly longer</one> but better name for this helicase. Which one would that be? <one>Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_syndrome_helicase
+- When was the <one>Leber's Congenital Amaurosis</one> first described? In <one>1869</one>.
+- In <one>SCID</one>, in humans: are more male or female people affected? <one>More males</one> are affected by SCID. []
+- Give two examples for <one>autosomal recessive diseases</one> caused by defects in Nucleotide excision repair. A: (1) <one>Cockayne Syndrome</one> (2) <one>Xeroderma Pigmentosum</one>
+- Das <one>CFTR-Gen</one>, das bei der cystischen Fibrose involviert ist (und mutiert vorliegt), findet sich auf welchem Chrosomon im menschlichen Genom? Auf <one>Chromosom 7</one>.
+- Wenn das <cadetblue>ATM-Gen</cadetblue> mutiert ist, haben betroffene Menschen welches Problem? Ein <one>gehäuftes Auftreten von Tumoren</one>.
+- Nenne eine genetische Ursache für eine <one>chronische Granulomatose</one>. A: Ein <one>Defekt</one> im <two>NADPH-Oxidase-System</two>.
+- Name a genetic disease in which a <one>missense mutation</one> is the genetic culprit. A: The <one>sickle cell disease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease
+- The strongest genetic risk factor for <one>rheumatoid arthritis</one> is which gene (or rather, variants in that gene)? The <one>HLA-DRB1 gene</one>.
+- In der Biochemie: was bedeuten die Buchstaben beim <one>LHON</one> disease? <one>Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber%27s_hereditary_optic_neuropathy []
+- Patients with the <one>Diamond-Blackfan anemia</one> (DBA) disease, often have a mutation in which gene? They often have a mutation in the ribosomal protein gene called <one>RPS19</one>.
+- What happens if a <one>chromosome breakage</one> occurs within a gene? The result will be the <one>functional disruption of that gene</one>.
+- Nenne eine Krankheit, die aufgrund einer defekten <one>Nucleotide Excision repair</one> im Menschen entsteht. A: <one>Xeroderma Pigmentosum</one>; die <two>Mondscheinkinder</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum []
+- Give another term for "Hypertrichosis". A: <one>Werewolf Syndrome</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das Rett-Syndrom erstmals beschrieben? <one>1966</one>.
+- Name <one>three examples</one> for <two>conventional primary immunodeficiencies</two> (PID). A: (1) SCN:  Severe congenital neutropenia (2) XLA:  lack of B cells (3) <one>SCID</one>: <two>lack of T cells</two>
+- <one>How many</one> different <two>lysosomal storage diseases</two> have been described up until 2019, give or take? More than <one>40</one>.
+- The genetic disease commonly known as <one>the butterfly skin</one>, is also called more appropriately ... ? <one>Epidermolysis Bullosa</one>.
+- Das <one>sickle hemoglobin</one> unterscheidet sich von <two>normalen Hemoglobin</two> inwiefern? An <one>Position 6</one> der <two>Hämoglobin Beta-Untereinheit</two> ist E gegen V ausgetauscht. (Mnemonic: "SicklE-V"; Delta 6, E -> V, Glutaminsäure wird zu Valin) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease
+- Das <one>Rett-Syndrom</one> betrifft <two>Mädchen</two>. <three>Welches Gen liegt mutiert vor</three>? Das <one>MeCP2-Gen</one>. []
+- Angenommen ein Mensch hat <one>Chorea Huntington</one>. Ist es etwas besser wenn dies vom <two>Vater</two> oder von der <two>Mutter</two> stammt? Von der <one>Mutter</one>, da die Krankheit dann etwas weniger schlimm verläuft. []
+- Is the <one>Huntington's disease</one> transmitted in an <two>autosomal recessive</two> or in a "dominant" manner? The Huntingon disease is <one>transmitted dominantly</one>. []
+- The <one>Huntington disease</one> occurs at <two>which frequency</two>? About <one>1 patient per 100.000 individuals</one>. []
+- If the <one>Factor VIII gene</one> is defect, what disease may result from this? <one>Hemophilia A</one>.
+- Was passiert wenn ein Mensch einen genetischen Defekt in <one>MyD88</one> hat? Dann kommt es zum Beispiel zu einer vermehrten Infektion mit <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one>.
+- Is the <one>Cockayne syndrome</one>, a rare inherited disorder, associated with cancer? No.
+- Is <one>polydactyly</one> dominant? Yes. []
+- <one>PKU Inzidenz</one> beim Menschen? <one>1 : 10_000</one>.
+- Bei der <one>PKU</one> (<one>Phenylketonurie</one>) ist welches Enzym defekt? Die <one>Phenylalaninhydroxylase</one>. []
+- What will be the effect of <one>high levels of deoxyadenosine</one> in the human body? This will kill B and T cells of the immune system. Thus, the body will be open to infection by bacteria and viruses.
+- What may be the <one>world's most common genetic diseases</one>? <one>Hemoglobinopathies</one>.
+- The <one>BCR-ABL fusion gene</one> produces too much of which protein? <one>Tyrosine kinase</one>.
+- Is <one>achondroplasia</one> <two>a dominant mutation</two>? Yes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondroplasia []
+- What does the abbreviation <one>MSMD</one> stand for? <one>Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease</one>.
+- The <one>P23T mutation</one> in <two>human γD-crystallin</two> shows a markedly decreased solubility and leads to ... ? <one>Childhood onset of cataracts</one>.
+- Patients affected by the <one>PKU disease</one> (the <one>Phenylketonuria disease</one>) typically have a mutation in the PAH gene that tends to be ... where? The mutations tend to typically be affecting the initiation codon <one>AUG</one>, which means that these patients fail to produce any <two>PAH polypeptide</two>.
+- In gene therapy we can treat <one>X-SCID patients</one> through <three>stem cell transplantation</three>, but this may have potential side effects. Name one such side effect. A: A <one>virus infection</one>, e.g. through "EBV".
+- Wann wurde die <one>Leber's Congenital Amaurosis</one> erstmals beschrieben (+- 5 Jahre sind ok)? A: <one>1869</one>.
+- If the <one>PSEN1 gene</one> is mutated, what disease may follow? <one>Early onset Alzheimer</one>.
+- In the <one>sickle cell disease</one>, the amino acid E is changed into a V. But within that particular codon, which nucleotide position is changed? The <one>second one</one>; <two>position two</two> within that codon. []
+- In <one>sickle cell disease</one>, for homozygous carriers, how can we label the alleles? HbS + HbS.
+- Give another name for the <one>Gilbert's syndrome</one>. A: <one>Hyperbilirubinemia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert's_syndrome
+- Nenne eine molekularbiologische Ursache der Diagnose <one>Situs Inversus</one> beim Menschen. A: Ein <one>Ciliendefekt</one> ist dafür verantwortlich das die inneren Organe schliesslich in der jeweils anderen Körperhälfte liegen.
+- <one>Spinal muscular atrophy</one> is linked to a genetic mutation in which gene? In the <one>SMN1 gene</one>.
+- Nenne drei Merkmale des <one>Angelman-Syndroms</one>. A: (1) <one>geistige Behinderung</one> (2) Krampfanfälle (3) Störungen des Spracherwerbs
+- When the <one>Dyskerin gene</one> is mutated, which genetic disease may be the consequence? <one>X-linked dyskeratosis congenita</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskerin
+- Bei welchem genetischen Phänomen treten sehr häufig genetische Störungen auf? Bei der <one>Inzucht</one>.
+- Give another name for the <one>progerin</one> protein. A: <one>Prelamin A protein</one>.
+- Wenn der <one>Harnstoffzyklus blockiert</one> ist, nach Synthese des "Argininosuccinat", entsteht <three>welche Krankheit</three>? <one>Hyperammonämie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperammon%C3%A4mie []
+- The <one>Werner's syndrome</one> has been described by <violet>Otto Werner</violet>, in the year ... ? <one>1904</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_syndrome#Background_and_history []
+- What is the cause of the <one>Bowen-Conrad syndrome</one>? <one>Defective ribosome biosynthesis</one>.
+- What is the cause of <one>Xeroderma pigmentosum</one>? A defect in one of the proteins that "help correct damaged DNA".
+- Bei der <one>spinalen Muskelatrophie</one> ist oft ein Gendefekt im Gen "SMN1" entscheidend. Wofür steht SMN hier? <one>Survival of motor neuron</one>.
+- The disease <one>Azoospermia</one> refers to ... ? The <one>absence of sperm in semen</one>.
+- Name two ways how we can <one>treat SCID</one> effectively, past the year 2017. A: (1) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (2) gene therapy
+- Das <one>Retinoblastomgen</one> ist auf welchem Chromosom zu finden? Auf <one>Chromosom 13</one>.
+- <one>Mutations in the dystrophin gene</one> can cause ... ? <one>Duchenne muscular dystrophy</one>.
+- Das Gen <one>HYLS1</one> geht beim Menschen mit welchem Syndrom einher? Mit dem <one>Hydroletalus-Syndrom</one>.
+- Give an example, how we can show, that genetics of the host is involved in infectious diseases. A: Individuals in a population, infected with the same microbe, show a <one>high clinical variability</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>dominant lethales</one> Allel beim Menschen. A: Die <one>Huntington-Krankheit</one>.
+- Nenne zwei Genprodukte, die bei der <one>Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria</one> betroffen sind. A: (1) <one>Lamin A</one> (2) <one>Lamin C</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeria#Lamin_A []
+- The <one>L1 (LINE) element</one> can cause genetic diseases. Give one such example. A: <one>Hemophilia A</one>.
+- By the year <one>2009</one>: how many diseases could we <two>detect by genetic tests</two>? About <one>2000</one>. []
+- How may <one>Xeroderma pigmentosum</one> be treated? Affected individuals should <one>avoid the sun</one>. []
+- Inzidenz bei der Krankheit <one>Alkaptonuria</one>? <one>1 : 200.000</one>. []
+- Name one way how to demonstrate <one>reciprocal translocation</one>? By <one>chromosome painting</one>.
+- How many men are <one>red-green colour blind</one>, in percent? About <one>8%</one>. []
+- Warum ist gerade <one>Trisomie 21</one> beim Menschen so häufig? Weil das Chromosom 21 so klein ist; daher ist es relativ gesehen nicht so ein Problem verglichen mit, zum Beispiel, dem grössten Chromosom Nr. 1.
+- In <one>osteogenesis imperfecta</one> there is a point mutation in ... ? The <one>collagen sequence</one>.
+- Name two lysosomal storage disorders/diseases in mankind. A: (1) the <one>Gaucher disease</one> (2) the <one>Fabry disease</one>
+- Name <one>a genetic disease</one> that can be translated with the words <two>hereditary dwarfism</two> (in humans). A: <one>Achondroplasia</one>.
+- Nenne eine Krankheit, bei der <one>ein angeborener Defekt in der Kollagenbiosynthese</one> vorliegt. A: Die <one>Osteogenesis imperfecta</one> - die Glasknochenkrankheit.
+- Ursache der <one>CML Krankheit</one>? Translokation des Chromosoms 22-9.
+- Bei der PKU (<one>Phenylketonurie</one>) kommt es nach Ausfall der Phenylalaninhydroxylase auch zu einer mentalen Retardation. Wieso eigentlich? Da <one>Dopamin</one> nicht gebildet wird.
+- If we can detect the <orange>Bence Jones protein</orange> in the urine, this may be indicative of which disease? <one>Multiple myeloma</one>. 
+- Frequency of the Huntingon disease in Western countries? About 5 people per 100_000 are affected by HD.