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data/lib/studium/exam_topics/prokaryote_genetics

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Prokaryote Genetics
+#
+# Contains questions about Bacteria, especially in regards to genetics.
+#
+# Preferentially store prokaryotice genetics here in this section.
+# Also applied bacterial genetics. (Bacteria tag. Prokaryote tag. Prokarya
+# tag. Bact tag, Bakt tag. Bakterien tag, Bac tag. Prokaryotes tag.
+# Prok Tag. Ecoli tag, Plasmid tag, Prok2 tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- <one>UAS (upstream activator sequences)</one> sind in etwa wie lange? Etwa <one>20 bp</one> lang.
+- Der σ-Faktor bindet etwa wieviele Nukleotide stromaufwärts von der Transkriptionsstartelle? Etwa <one>-35 Nukleotide</one> stromaufwärts.
+- An die -35 Box bindet ... ? Der <one>σ-Faktor</one>.
+- When <i>E. coli</i> is mutated in the <one>dam-gene</one>, what may be the consequence of this? <one>dam</one> codes for a <two>DNA adenine methylase</two>. The mutation will block methylation of adenine residues in the recognition sequence 5'-G*ATC-3'.
+- What is <one>the major helicase of E. coli</one>? The <one>DnaB protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaB_helicase []
+- <one>Which species</one> has <two>the most CRISPR clusters</two>? <one>Chloroflexus</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/chloroflexus-aurantiacus
+- Nenne ein Antibiotikum das die bakterielle Polymerase hemmen kann und mit dem Buchstaben 'R' beginnt. A: <one>Rifampicin</one>.
+- <i>Escherichia coli</i> besitzt eine <one>RNA-Polymerase</one> bestehend aus n Untereinheiten. A: <one>Fünf</one> (5) Untereinheiten.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für das <one>F' Plasmid</one>? <one>Substituiertes F-Plasmid</one>.
+- Unterscheiden sich die einzelnen <one>lacO-Sequenzen</one> (<two>lacO1</two>, <two>lacO2</two>, <two>lacO3</two>) im lac-Operon voneinander, qualitativ betrachtet? Ja - sie haben <one>eine unterschiedliche relative Affinität zum lac-Repressor</one>. Von den drei Sequenzen hat lacO1 die höchste Affinität.
+- Wir teilen <one>Plasmide</one> in verschiedene <two>Kompatibilitätsgruppen</two> ein. Welches Kriterium ist hierbei das Entscheidene? Der <one>Replikationsursprung</one> dieser Plasmide.
+- Are <one>F-Pili</one> <two>involved in DNA transfer</two>? No, at the least not directly - they only bring two bacteria close together. The DNA moves through a newly formed conjugation channel.
+- <one>Wann</one> entdeckte Theodor Escherich <two><i>E. coli</i></two>? Im Jahre <one>1886</one>.
+- Es gibt den sogenannten Plaque-Assay. Was aber heisst <one>plaque</one>? <one>Loch</one>. []
+- How does a bacterial cell know that <one>it should induce competence</one>? By accepting <one>competence pheromones</one> when cell density is high.
+- In <one>quorum sensing</one>, at the least for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, the <two>AGR</two> system is important. What does <two>AGR</two> stand for? <one>Accessory gene regulator</one> (AGR) system.
+- Name three sites in the <one>F-factor</one> where <three>DNA replication</three> can be initiated. A: (1) <one>oriV</one> (2) <one>oriS</one> (3) <one>oriT</one>
+- <one>RecA</one> <two>in E. coli</two> ähnelt welchem Protein in Eukaryoten? <one>Rad51</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51
+- In the <one>trp-Operon</one>, <two>at the leader region</two>: <three>which two different states does the resulting mRNA secondary structure have</three>? (1) mRNA secondary structure allowing continued synthesis of the mRNA (2) mRNA secondary structure causing premature termination
+- Is it better to be a <one>male</one> <two>E. coli</two> or rather a <two>female</two>? <one>Female</one>. The male ones are attacked through their pili by phages like M13 or <one>fd</one>.
+- The <one>Beta-Lactamase</one> <two>help against which antibiotic</two> that can also be used against prokaryotic organisms? <one>Ampicillin</one>.
+- Welche drei Abteilungen unterscheidet man innerhalb der Bacteria? (1) <one>Posibacteriota</one> (2) "Negibacteriota" (3) <one>Cyanobacteriota</one>
+- Which two <one>faces</one> does the protein <two>Tus</two> in E. coli have? (1) <one>permissive face</one> (2) <one>non-permissive face</one>
+- Exprimiert <one>E. coli</one> <two>Cellulase</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>In which organisms</one> can the <two>70S ribosome</two> be found? In <one>Prokaryotes</one>. []
+- Besitzt <one>E. coli</one> Protein-Exporter? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>E. coli</one> <two>besitzt wieviele RNA-Polymerasen</two>? Nur eine. (Eigentlich sollten wir dieses Enzym <one>DNA-­abhängige RNA-Polymerase</one> nennen.)
+- <one>Where</one> do we find <one>Z-DNA</one> structurally? In <one>GC-rich</one> or "GT-rich" regions.
+- Eine typische <one>E. coli</one> Zelle <two>hat wieviele RNA-Polymerase Moleküle</two>? Über <one>3000</one>.
+- <one>Specialized transduction</one> requires ...? <one>Lysogenic bacteriophages</one>.
+- Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für eine <one>indirekte Mutation</one> in Bakterien. A: <one>Indirekte Mutationen</one> werden hervorgerufen durch das <two>Einwirken alkylierender Chemikalien</two>. Dies führt dann im Zuge der SOS-Antwort zu einer fehlerhaften Reparatur, oder sogar zur Ausbildung von AP-Stellen.
+- In prokaryotes: what does the <one>CAI index</one> reflect? The <one>Codon Adaption Index</one> reflects the preferred codon usage for an organism.
+- <one>Wann</one> exprimiert eine bakterielle Zelle vermehrt das <two>RpoS-Gen</two>? Am Ende der exponentiellen Phase.
+- <one>Wieviel Prozent der E. coli Gene</one> sind <two>unbekannter Natur</two>? <one>35%</one>.
+- Schnell wachsende wachsende <one>E. coli Zellen</one> teilen sich alle <one>20 Minuten</one>. <two>Wie nennen wir deren Replikationsmodell</two>? <one>Multifork replication</one>.
+- <one>RF1</one> in E. coli (<one>Release factor 1</one>) <two>binds to which mRNA sequence specifically</two>? To <one>UAG</one>.
+- <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> has the <two>TRAP complex</two>. <three>What can it bind</three>? <one>TRAP can bind tryptophan</one>. Since it has 11 subunits, it can bind a total of 11 tryptophan molecules.
+- During <one>conjugation</one>: which two transformation means exist? (1) <one>plasmid transfer</one> (2) <one>partial genome transfer</one>
+- <one>Wie lange</one> ist <two>E. coli</two> (von-bis), als einzelne Zelle? <one>2-4 Mikrometer</one>.
+- In bacteria: <one>TisB-translation</one> is under ... control? It is under <one>LexA control</one>.
+- Die <one>Replikase</one> bei E. coli ist ... ? Die <one>DNA-Polymerase III</one>.
+- <one>Which RNA</one> is <two>a widespread regulator of eubacterial RNA polymerase</two> that <three>resembles an open promoter</three>? The <one>6S RNA</one>.
+- In Bakterien: die <one>Helikase DnaB</one> aktiviert welche Primase? <one>DnaG</one>.
+- The <one>oriC</one> in the E. coli genome contains about n bp? About <orange>260 bp</orange>.
+- <one>Which protein</one> replaces the <two>SSB Protein</two>? <one>PriA</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P17888 []
+- Name <one>a bacterium with three chromosomes</one>. A: <one>Rhizobium meliloti</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensifer_meliloti []
+- Das <one>F-Plasmid</one> kodiert für ein Enzym das auch <two>nickase</two> genannt wird. <three>Nenne ein anderes Wort für dieses Enzym.</three> A: <one>Strand transferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicking_enzyme []
+- Der <one>Exconjugant</one>, in der Genetik, hat <two>welche zwei Elemente</two>? (1) <one>Endogenote</one> (2) <one>Exogenote</one> []
+- <one>rpoH</one> <two>in E. coli</two> kodiert für ...? Den <one>Sigmafaktor-32</one>, ein Protein. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_factor []
+- What is the purpose of the <one>single-trand binding proteins</one> in prokaryotes? These proteins prevent the rejoining of the DNA-strands during DNA replication.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>auxotrophe Stämme</one>? <one>Nährstoffabhängige Mutanten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxotrophie []
+- At the <three>F-Factor</three>: <one>homologous areas</one> act as? They act as <one>a pairing region</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Person</one> löste das <two>Hfr-Rätsel</two> rund um die verschiedenen <three>Hfr maps</three>? <one>Allan Campbell</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Campbell_(biologist) []
+- Die gleichmäßige Verteilung von Plasmiden auf Tochterzellen während der Zellteilung nennt man ... ? <one>Plasmid-Segregation</one>. URL: https://faculty.washington.edu/jkoll/plasmid-segregation.html []
+- The genome size of <one>Mesorhizobium loti</one> is ... <two>n bp</two>? More than 7 million bp.
+- How much percent of E. coli's genome has been acquired from other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer? About <one>17%</one>.
+- Why does <one>transduction</one> normally take place between bacteria of the same or closely related species only? Because <one>most bacteriophages have a limited host range</one>.
+- Do the <one>IS elements</one> in a bacterial chromome 'regulate' anything? <one>Yes</one>, sort of: <two>IS elements regulate insertion into the bacterial chromosome</two>.
+- Is the <one>F plasmid</one> in E. coli an episome? <one>Yes</one>. It <two>controls mating</two>.
+- Why is the <one>origin of replication</one> important for a plasmid? It allows this plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.
+- E. coli alone is estimated to have more than n different types of naturally occurring plasmids? 270.
+- In <three>Mycoplasma capricolum</three> kodiert <one>UGA</one> für? Die Aminosäure <one>Tryptophan</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_capricolum []
+- We can group the <one>plasmids</one> into two general groups, <two>conjugative plasmids</two> and <two>non-conjugative plasmids</two>. Which ones are <three>present at a low copy number</three>, in general? The <one>conjugative plasmids</one> tend to be larger and are also present at a low copy number, normally. []
+- Ab wann sprechen wir von einem <one>high-copy-Plasmid</one>? Ab etwa mehr als 20 Kopien pro Bakterienzelle.
+- Der Anteil nichtcodierender DNA ist eher gering bei Prokaryoten. In E. coli beträgt er nur etwa n%? Etwa <one>10%</one>.
+- In der <one>RNA-Polymerase in E. coli</one>: <two>welche Untereinheit ist am größten her vom Molekulargewicht</two>? <one>Beta'</one>; <two>155 kDa</two>.
+- Bacteria that contain a <one>F factor</one> gain which ability? They can <one>transfer genes to other bacteria</one>.
+- In the <one>E. coli genome</one>: <two>the average distance between different genes is n bp</two>? <one>118 bp</one>.
+- Das Protein <one>HU</one> in <two>E. coli</two> hat etwa 60.000 Kopie pro E. coli Zelle. Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>HU</one>? <one>Heat-unstable nucleoid protein</one>.
+- <one>E. coli</one> has <two>how many different DNA-Polymerases</two>? <one>5</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Antibiotika-Klasse</one> greift die "bakterielle Gyrase" an? Die "Chinolone", wie zum Beispiel <two>Ciprofloxacin</two>.
+- Es gibt sogenannte <one>lig-Stämme</one> in E. coli, in denen die Ligase fehlt. <two>Was sieht man bei ihnen</two>? <one>Viele unverbundene Okazaki-Fragmente</one>.
+- The <one>E. coli genome</one> can recognize foreign methylation. <two>Methyl-adenine containing DNA</two> is destroyed by products of which gene? The <one>mrr gene</one>. mcr stands for "methylated adenine recognition and restriction".
+- <one>RNA</one> kann <two>als Sensor in Bakterien</two> dienen. Nenne hierzu zwei allgemeine Beispiele. A: (1) <one>Temperatur</one> (2) <one>Metabolitkonzentration</one>
+- In der prokaryoten Genetik: was gilt allgemein bei Bakterien als der Wildtyp-Stamm? Die <one>prototrophe Form</one>.
+- The <one>CRISPR System</one> is similar to what system in Animal cells? The <one>piRNA pathway</one>.
+- <one>Ändert</one> sich <two>die Stabilität des Sigmafaktors 32</two> bei höherer Temperatur? Ja - Sigmafaktor 32 wird allgemein stabiler bei Temperaturen <one>um 37°C oder mehr</one>. []
+- Das <one>Ecoli Genom</one> weist <three>n IS Elemente auf</three>? <one>20</one>. []
+- The <one>lac-mRNA</one> has a half-life of ...? <one>3 minutes</one>. []
+- What is the "basic idea" behind one-sided termination sequence in E. coli for DNA-replication? Such a setup avoids a <one>fork collision</one>.
+- What happens to <one>old CRISPR spacers</one>? They are <one>sporadically deleted</one>. []
+- Reguliert sich der <one>Sigmafaktor-32</one> selbst? Ja. []
+- Name the <one>three top start codons used in prokaryotes</one>. A: (1) <one>AUG</one> (<two>77%</two>) (2) <one>GUG</one> (<two>14%</two>) (3) <one>UUG</one> (<two> 8%</two>) []
+- Das <one>AraC Protein</one> des Arabinose-Operons interagiert mit wievielen regulierenden Regionen? Mit <one>2</one>; <two>araI</two> und araO2. []
+- Können Bakterien ohne <one>SSB-Protein</one> überleben? Nein. []
+- Im Durchschnitt besteht ein proteincodierendes Gen aus n bp, in Bakterien (von-bis)? <one>600 bp - 1200 bp</one>.
+- Name two general <one>microorganism-groups</one> in which <two>geomic streamlining</two> has occurred. A: (1) <one>symbionts</one> (2) <one>pathogens</one>
+- What happens if <one>datA</one> is deleted in E. coli? This will result in an <one>asynchronic initiation of DNA-replication</one>.
+- <two>When</two> was the division between <one>prokaryotes</one> and <one>eukaryotes</one> firmly established? In the year <one>1962</one>, by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel, in a paper called <two>'The concept of a bacterium'</two>.
+- Bakterien mit induzierbaren Prophagen heissen ... ? <one>Lysogene Bakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysogener_Zyklus []
+- Welches <one>Lambda-Protein</one> stabilisiert cII? <one>cIII</one> (cIII → cII). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CII_protein []
+- The <one>E. coli proteome</one> contains n entries, <two>in 2020</two>? <one>4_391</one>.
+- In E. coli: there is the <one>hflA</one> gene which may have something to do with phages. What does <one>hfl</one> stand for here? <one>High frequency of lysogeny</one>. []
+- What does the <one>emm gene</one> of <two>S. pyogenes</two> code for? It codes for the <one>M protein</one> - easy to memorize. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/streplab/groupa-strep/emm-background.html []
+- Im lac-Operon System: warum der Name <one>I</one> für lac I? <one>I</one> für Inducer. []
+- <one>Generalized transduction</one> was discovered by Joshua Lederberg in 1952, using ... which bacterium? <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one>. []
+- When is the <one>rpoH mRNA</one> translated? At <one>high temperature</one>. []
+- Was ist die erste Aminosäure in einem bakteriellen Bakterium? <one>fmet</one> (aka <two>N-formylmethionine</two>). []
+- Since when was the process of <one>conjugation</one> in bacteria known? Since 1946, thanks to Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum.
+- <one>Which gene</one> codes for <two>adenylate cyclase</two>? <one>cya</one>.
+- In <one>type II segregation</one> in bacteria, <two>bacterial ALP filaments</two> drive plasmid separation. <two>ALP</two> stands for ... ? <one>Actin-like protein</one>.
+- <one>Welche Proteine</one> sind in Bakterien für die dichte Packung des Nucleoids wichtig? Die <one>NAPs</one> (<two>nucleoid associated proteins</two>).
+- <one>Wieviel % der prokaryotischen Gene von B. subtilis</one> werden durch <two>Riboswitches</two> reguliert? <one>2%</one>.
+- Die Grundlage des bakteriellen <one>Ntr Zwei-Komponentensystem</one> ist das Protein NtrB. Was für ein Typ ist dieses Protein? Es ist eine Sensorkinase.
+- In Bakterien nennt man <one>Riboswitches</one> auch ... ? <one>Regulator RNA</one>.
+- In a given <one>prokaryotic operon</one>, if a repressor protein manages to bend the DNA, how is this phenomenon commonly called? <one>Repressive loop formation</one>. This loop will typically block access to the given promoter at hand.
+- In <one>Escherichia coli</one>: <two>sodB</two> codes for ... ? An <one>iron superoxide dismutase</one>.
+- Was sind <one>leaderless mRNAs</one>? <one>Leaderless mRNA</one> sind mRNAs ohne 5' untranslated Region (5' UTR). Sie starten somit sofort mit einem 5' AUG Start codon und können vor allem bei gram+ Bakterien, wie bei Streptomyces, gefunden werden. Poly-U wäre zum Beispiel eine  leaderless mRNA.
+- Was sind <one>RNA Antitoxine</one>? RNA Antitoxine unterdrücken die Translation von mRNAs, die für Toxine kodieren.
+- Do Bacteria have Introns? Yes. []
+- Erkennen Sigmafaktoren unterschiedliche Sequenzen? Ja. []
+- Name a <one>plasmid</one> in E. coli that replicates <two>unidirectionally</two>. A: The <one>ColE1 plasmid</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColE1
+- The <one>ROSE element</one> can be found in several gram-negative bacteria, including Rhizobia. It is present in the 5'-UTR of which genes in particular? Of <one>small heat-shock genes</one>.
+- Wie lange sind die Terminationssequenzen in <one>Prokaryoten</one>? Etwa <one>40bp</one>. []
+- <one>Wie lange dauert</one> es bis das lac-operon in E. coli nach Zugabe von Lactose inudizert wird? Etwa <one>3 Minuten</one>.
+- <one>Streptomycin</one> wirkt gegen welches prokaryote, ribosomale Protein? <one>S12</one>.
+- <one>Branch Migration</one> und <one>Auflösen der Holliday-Strukturen</one> bei Bakterien werden über welche Proteine orchestriert? Über <one>RuvABC-Proteine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuvABC
+- Ein <one>RecA Filament</one> mag in einer prokaryoten Zelle wozu fürhen? Zur Einrichtung einer <one>Holliday Struktur</one>.
+- In E. coli: das RecBCD Enzym arbeitet mit welch anderem Protein sehr eng zusammen? Mit dem <one>RecA-Protein</one>.
+- In E. coli: was passiert unmittelbar wenn das RecBCD Enzym an eine chi-Sequenz gelangt? Das RecBCD Enzym hält an.
+- Das <two>E. coli Genom</two> besitzt n <one>chi Elemente</one>? <one>1000</one>.
+- Die Nukleotidsequenz die vom RecBDC Enzym erkannt wird, ist ... ? Die Chi-Sequenz (chi: cross over hot spot instigator).
+- Das <one>RecBCD-Enzym</one> in E. coli kann an DNA binden. Welche Untereinheit ermöglicht dies? Die <one>RecC-Untereinheit</one>.
+- Das <one>RecBCD-Enzym</one> in E. coli besitzt eine Helikase-Aktivität sowohl in 3'-5' Richtung als auch in 5'-3' Richtung. Welche zwei Teile vermitteln dies? <one>RecB</one> und <one>RecD</one>.
+- Das <one>Arabinose-Operon</one> in Bakterien wird benötigt um den Zucker <two>Arabinose</two> abzubauen. Dieser Zucker wird zu welcher Substanz konvertiert? Zu <one>Xylulose 5-Phosphat</one>, einem Zwischenmolekül im Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
+- <one>Which molecule</one> degrades the <two>lambda cII-Protein</two>? The <one>FtsH host cell protease</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei Bakterien</one> die natürlicherweise Transformation verwenden. A: (1) <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> (2) <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one> (3) <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one>
+- Die <one>rho-unabhängige Termination</one> in Bakterien wird auch als ... bezeichnet. A: <one>Intrinsic termination</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_termination []
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> bindet in Bakterien an überkreuzte DNA? Das <one>Ruv A Protein</one>.
+- The RNA polymerase <one>holoenzyme</one>, from E. coli, has a molecular weight of n Da? Almost <one>500.000 Dalton</one>.
+- <one>Which protein</one> recognizes the ter-site in E.coli and B. subtilis, respectively? (1) <one>E. coli</one>:     <two>Tus</two>. (2) <one>B. subtilis</one>: <two>RTP</two> (Replication Terminator Protein).
+- A surprising variety of partitioning systems exist in prokaryotes. Most of them rely on <one>three components</one>: → a <two>centromeric DNA region</two> → a cytomotive filament, and ... ? An <one>adaptor protein</one> linking these two other components.
+- In Bakterien: das <one>mer-operon</one> kodiert für ... ? <one>mercury resistance</one>. []
+- <one>Conjugation</one>, <one>Transformation</one> and <one>Transduction</one> in Bacteria - which of these three is <three>sensitive to Dnase</three>? <one>Only</one> <two>Transformaton</two> is sensitive to DNase. []
+- Das <one>Pol-III Holoenzym</one> besteht aus <two>n Untereinheiten</two>? Mindestens <one>10 Untereinheiten</one>.
+- In welchem System finden wir das <three>RNA-bindende Protein</three>, <one>TRAP</one>? A: In <one>Bacillus subtilis</one>. URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088097 []
+- In bacteria and their genomes: give another name for <one>genomic sites that determine infectivity</one>. A: <one>Virulence factors</one>.
+- <one>How many genes</one> can be found in the E. coli genome? About <one>4405 genes</one>.
+- Name a characteristic feature of the <one>Trp Leader</one> in <two>E. coli</two>. A: It contains <one>two consecutive Trp codons</one> (<two>UGG|UGG</two>).
+- Können <one>Bakterien</one> Gene mit <two>Eukaryoten</two> austauschen? Ja. []
+- Eine einzelne <two>E. coli Zelle</two> besitzt n Kopien des <one>HU-Proteins</one>? <one>60.000</one>.
+- The <one>DnaA Protein</one> of <two>E. coli</two> can bind where to exactly? It <one>can bind to the 9-mers in oriC</one>. About 10-20 DnaA proteins can bind to these 9-mer repeats.
+- Welche <one>zwei Haarnadelschleifen</one> gibt es im <two>trp-Operon</two>? (1) Terminator-Haarnadelschleife (2) Antiterminator-Haarnadelschleife
+- Lab strains used for protein expression usually come from E. coli <one>B strains</one>, because this strain lacks ... which gene? It lacks the gene coding for the <one>lon protease</one>, which results in an improved protein yield.
+- <one>Where</one> does the <two>replication of the bacterial chromosome</two> typically <three>start</three>? At the <one>oriC</one> - the <two>origin of chromosomal replication</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_replication []
+- Do <two>bacteria</two> have <one>retrotransposoons</one>? No. []
+- The classic example of <one>transcriptional attenuation</one> in Bacteria is ... ? The <one>trp-Operon</one> in <two>E. coli</two>.
+- The <one>master initioator protein in bacteria for chromosomal replication</one> is called ... ? <one>DnaA</one>. []
+- <one>Bacterial mRNA</one> is usually <two>degraded first from which end</two>? From the <one>5' end</one>.
+- Give another word/term for the bacterial <one>-10 consensus sequence</one>. A: The <one>Pribnow box</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribnow_box
+- In der Genetik gibt es <one>REP</one> im bakteriellen Genom, <two>repeated extragenic palindrome</two>. Was ist das und welche Funktion mögen diese REPs haben? REPs besitzen Sequenzabschnitte von 30-40 bp, machen insgesamt etwa 0.5% der Gesamt-DNA aus, sind bevorzugte Proteinbindungsstellen und haben wohl eine Rolle bei der Ausbildung der Domänenschleifen und der mRNA Stabilität.
+- The <one>simplest bacterial transposons</one> are ... ? The <one>IS elements</one> (<two>insertion sequences</two>). []
+- The <one>Klenow fragment</one> is derived from E. coli's ... ? <one>DNA Polymerase I</one>. []
+- Which two processes can we find in the <one>CRISPR defense system</one>? (1) <one>Immunization process</one> (2) <one>Immunity process</one>
+- Welches <one>bakterielle Genom</one> ist dem mitochondrialem Genom am ähnlichstens? Das von <one>Rickettsia prowazekii</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_prowazekii
+- <one>Which antibiotics</one> kill bacteria by inhibiting DNA gyrase? <one>Quinolone antibiotics</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für ein <one>Codon</one>? <one>Triplett</one>. []
+- Name one amazing strategy used by E. coli to <one>get iron</one>. A: E. coli uses a plasmid-encoded siderophore called "aerobactin" that readily removes iron bound to transferrin (acts as a thief).
+- Ein durchschnittliches E. coli Gen macht wieviel % des Gesamt-DNA aus? <one>0,01%</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Anti-Sigmafaktor, der gegen Bakterien zum Einsatz kommen mag. A: Der anti-Sigmafaktor AsiA, vom T4-Phagen.
+- Das <one>ara-Operon</one> kodiert für Enzyme, die beim Abbau von Arabinose involviert sind. Normalerweise ist das <one>ara-Operon</one> abgeschaltet. Welches Gen in dem ara-Operon fungiert hier als Repressor, der in Abwesenheit von L-Arabinose an den ara-Operator binden kann? <one>araC</one> (Mnemonic: C für Control).
+- Nenne drei Operons in Bakterien, die vom Protein <one>CAP</one> (Catabolite Activator Protein) induziert werden können. A: (1) das lac-operon (2) das Ara-operon (3) das Gal-operon
+- Name a technique with which we could identify <one>riboswitches</one>. A: Via <one>in-line probing</one>.
+- Give an example for a gene in the E. coli genome that can be called a <one>Thermosensor</one>. A: The <one>rpoH gene</one>, coding for <two>sigmafaktor 32</two>. It is expressed as part of the <three>heat shock response</three>.
+- The <one>binding of SSB to ssDNA</one> <two>protects it from</two> ... ? <one>Degradation</one>. []
+- We can see the so called <one>discriminator element</one> past the TATA box, which usually has G-residues such as "GGG". What does this element do? The "discriminator element"  determines the half-life of the "open complex"; in other words, <one>the G residues destabilize the open complex</one>.
+- Compare the speed of the <one>T7-Polymerase</one> with the <three>speed</three> of the "E. coli Polymerase". A: The T7-Polymerase is <one>significantly faster</one>.
+- Name a <one>regulatory RNA</one> in E. coli. A: The <one>6S RNA</one>.
+- Die beiden Proteine <one>GroEL</one> und <one>GroES</one> sind Chaperone. Wieso der Buchstabe E? Da sie mit dem <one>GenE-Protein des Lambda-Phagen</one> interagieren.
+- <one>Riboswitches in bacteria</one> are more typically found in the 5'UTR or in the 3'UTR? They are <one>more commonly located in the 5' untranslated regions</one> (<two>5'UTR</two>) of a bacterial mRNA.
+- When we see <one>Escherichia coli</one> cells with 100S ribosome-dimers, what can we conclude? That E. coli is undergoing "nutrient starvation"; hence, <one>the 100S ribosome-dimers are a way to globally reduce and adapt gene expression</one>.
+- Der <one>stringent factor</one> ist ein Enzym, das <three>wo</three> in der bakteriellen Zelle gefunden werden mag? An jedem 100. bis 200. <one>Ribosom</one>, locker daran gebunden.
+- Im <one>Mal-operon</one> ist das Aktivatorprotein ... ? <one>MalT</one>. Es kann nur dann an den Mal-Operator binden wenn auch Maltose an MalT gebunden ist.
+- Do <three>Bacteria</three> contain <one>retrotransposons</one>? No. []
+- The CcdA/CCdB Toxin-antitoxin system ... what does <one>ccd</one> stand for? <one>Control of cell death</one>.
+- Wieviele <one>superhelikale Schleifen</one> hat das Genom von E. coli (von-bis)? Es hat zwischen 50 und 100 superhelikale Bereiche, die in der Zellmembran verankert sind. []
+- Nenne einen <one>harmlosen E. coli Stamm</one>. A: <one>K12</one>. []
+- <one>Wieviele Aminosäuren</one> heftet ein Ribosom in einer E. coli Zelle pro Sekunde im Zuge der Translation an, in etwa? <one>20</one>.
+- Is the <one>trp-promoter</one> a <three>strong promoter</three>? Yes. []
+- Die <one>Primase</one> in E. coli (<one>DnaG-Protein</one>) hat ein Molekulargewicht von etwa <three>n kDa</three>? <one>60 kDa</one>.
+- Das <one>SSB-Protein</one> bedeckt n Nukleotide? <one>8-12</one>.
+- Pol III: welcher Komplex erhöht die Prozessivität? Der Gamma-Komplex (und die Beta-Untereinheiten).
+- In welchem Jahr wurde Pol II (die replikative DNA-Polymerase II) erstmals isoliert? Im Jahr <one>1969</one>.
+- Ist die Pol III ein Monomer oder ein Dimer? Pol III ist ein <one>Dimer</one>, verbunden durch das Protein <two>Tau</two>.
+- What happens when <one>RecA</one> is mutated? <one>Genetic recombination</one> will be reduced 1000-fold.
+- Das <one>E. coli Genom</one> besitzt <three>n REPs</three>? <one>581</one> REPs</one>. []
+- <one>How many genes</one> are required for <three>plasmid transfer</three>? <one>Over 30 genes</one>.
+- Das <one>lacY-Gen</one> (in <two>E. coli</two>) kodiert für ... ? Die <one>lac-Permease</one>. []
+- Anderes Wort für den <one>heat-shock sigma factor</one>? <one>Sigma 32</one>. []
+- What is <one>attenuation</one>? A form of <one>transcriptional control</one> that function by <two>premature temination of mRNA synthesis</two>.
+- Wie sind <one>bakterielle Chromosomen</one> organisiert und wie sind sie gewunden? <two>Bakterielle Chromosomen</two> sind <three>in loops organisiert</three> und sind <one>negativ supercoiled</one>. []
+- Was ist <one>die Hauptaufgabe der DNA-Polymerase II</one>? Die <one>Reparatur von DNA-Schäden</one>.
+- Die Proteine <one>GroEL</one> und <one>GroES</one> bilden eine Art Zylinder; interagieren somit. Wieso der Buchstabe <one>L</one> und <one>S</one>, jeweils? <two>s</two> steht hier für <one>small</one>; <two>l</two> steht für <one>large</one>. []
+- The <one>E. coli map</one> is set to zero where exactly? At <royalblue>thrABC</royalblue> - the <one>threonine operon</one>. []
+- Im <one>E. coli Genom</one>: wieviel beträgt hier der durchschnittliche Abstand zwischen zwei Genen? Etwas mehr als <one>100bp</one>.
+- What is the <one>hsd locus</one> in E. coli doing? It includes restriction and modificating genes.
+- The <one>T3SS complex</one> contains approximately how many different proteins? <one>30</one>. []
+- Das <one>groL Gen</one> kodiert für das GroEL Protein (<three>Hsp60</three>). Warum aber die Abkürzung gro hier? <two>gro</two> steht hier für <one>growth</one> (<three>growth of phages</three>). []
+- Das Protein <one>MukB</one>, in E. coli, hat grosse Ähnlichkeit zu welch anderer Proteingrupe? Zu den <one>SMC</one> - <two>Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMC_protein
+- Nenne zwei Bestandteile eines <one>R-Plasmids</one>. A: (1) Resistenztransferfaktor (RTF-Segment) (2) R-Determinanten
+- Nenne ein Kennzeichen der <one>REPs</one> im <three>E. coli Genom</three>. A: Sie besitzen <one>Palindromsequenzen</one>.
+- <one>E. coli</one> enthält in der Zelle was für <three>"Typen"</three> an DNA? (1) <one>genomische DNA</one> (2) <one>Plasmid-DNA</one>
+- What is the <one>bacterial initiator protein</one>? <one>DnaA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaA []
+- Give two examples for <one>natural transformation</one> in <three>gram-negative bacteria</three>. A: (Mnemonic: <two>HaeNei</two>) (1) <one>Haemophilus influenzae</one> (2) <one>Neisseriae gonorrhoeae</one>
+- How many <one>GATC sequences</one> can we see within the oriC region and the promoter of the dnaA gene, in the E. coli genome? <one>11</one>.
+- Der <one>Tryptophan-Repressor</one> kann an seinen Operator binden - aber nur wann welche Bedingung erfüllt ist? Wenn Tryptophan vorhanden ist. []
+- Give an example of <one>a global regulon</one> in Bacteria. A: The <one>virulence genes of pathogenic bacteria</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5093120/
+- Was heisst <one>Cas genes</one> in Prokaryoten? <one>CRISPR-associated genes</one>. []
+- Why are the two <one>Lambda-Terminase</one> subunits required? One subunit binds to the <one>cos-site</one>; the other subunit cuts the DNA.
+- <one>How many differenct CRISPR systems</one> have been identified so far? <two>3</two> so far, termed <one>type I</one>, <one>II</one> and <one>III</one>.
+- In E. coli: how do we call <one>the assemblage of proteins reponsible for DNA synthesis</one>? This refers to the <one>Replisome</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>3 Komponenten des NER-Repair</one> in <two>E. coli</two>. A: (1) <one>uvrA</one> (2) <one>uvrB</one> (3) </one>uvrC</one> []
+- In Bakterien: anderes Wort für das <one>9mer</one>? <one>DnaA-Box</one>. []
+- How long does it take for the two <one>replisomes</one> in E. coli to complete the replication of the E. coli genome? It takes them <one>about 38 minutes</one> to complete one round of replication. []
+- What will happen if the protein <one>SpoOA</one> becomes <three>highly phosphorylated</three>, in <two>Bacillus subtilis</two>? This <one>will trigger sporulation</one>; in other words, <one>sporulation will begin</one>.
+- In E. coli: <one>which enzyme</one> gets rid of the <three>catenated chromosomes</three> after DNA replication? The <one>DNA topoisomerase IV</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase_IV
+- Was war <one>lac-Iq</one>? Ein mutierter E. coli Stamm, der etwa 10x soviel lac-Repressor Moleküle enthält wie E. coli Wildtyp.
+- Allgemein formuliert: <three>rRNA-Gene in Bakterien</three>, zumindest in E. coli, sind <one>wie organisiert</one>? In Form von <one>Operons</one>.
+- What do the 3 different processes of <one>conjugation</one>, <one>transformation</one> and <one>transduction</one> all have in common, mechanistically viewed? All three require the transferred DNA to undergo recombination with the bacterial chromosome.
+- Does the E. coli <one>DNA ligase</one> require ATP? No. []
+- In the <one>lac-operon</one>, the inducer is <three>allolactose</three>. But which molecule creates allolactose within the bacterial cell? Allolactose is derived from lactose, in a reaction catalyzed by the <one>Beta-Galactosidase</one>. []
+- Name one key difference between <one>animal viruses</one> and <one>prokaryotic viruses</one>. A: Animal virions typically enter the animal cell, prokaryotic viruses do not.
+- Why the name <one>Col plasmids</one>? Because they contain genes that <one>code for bacteriocins</one>.
+- The <one>lac-repressor</one> contains <three>n binding sites</three> <two>"for"</two> IPTG? <one>4</one>.
+- The mechanism of attenuation for the <one>trp-operon</one> in Bacillus subtilis involves a protein called <two>TRAP</two>. What does this stand for? <one>trp RNA-binding attenuation protein</one>.
+- Where can we find the genes for the cholera toxin? This toxin is carried by <one>phage CTX(phi)</one>, a temperate bacteriophage.
+- <one>Bacteria</one> <three>prefer which stop codon</three>? <one>UAA</one>. []
+- Findet man <one>Ubiquitin</one> in Prokarya? Nein. []
+- Anderer Begriff für das <one>Bakterienchromosom</one>? <one>Kernäquivalent</one>. []
+- Welche <one>drei natürliche Möglichkeiten</one> hat ein Bakterium <three>DNA aufzunehmen</three>? (1) <one>Konjugation</one> (2) <one>Transformation</one> (3) <one>Transduktion</one> []
+- Im <three>E. coli Genom</three> finden wir <one>n rRNA Gene</one>? <one>7</one>.
+- E. coli hat n Kopien von <one>HU</one>? <one>60.000</one>. []
+- Was <one>garantiert</one> ein <three>Operon</three>? Ein Operon garantiert die <one>koordinierte Expression zusammengehörender Gene</one>.
+- Warum wird die <one>w-Untereinheit</one> (<violet>omega</violet>) der bakteriellen Polymerase benötigt? Sie hat eine <one>Funktion beim Zusammenbau des Enzyms</one>.
+- Wie lange (physische Längenangabe) ist das E.coli-Chromosom? <one>1.1 mm</one>.
+- What means <one>Transferability</one>? The ability of certain plasmids to move from one bacterial cell to another.
+- Eine normale E. coli Zelle hat, bei normaler Temperatur, wieviele <one>Sigma-32 Moleküle</one>, pro Zelle, in etwa? Etwa <one>30</one>. []
+- Name a <lightgreen>major cold shock protein</lightgreen> of E. coli. A: <one>CspA</one>, a <two>RNA chaperone</two>.
+- Nenne eine Einschränkung bei der <one>Transduktion</one>. A: Die Bakteriophagen können nur jeweils wenige Bakterien infizieren (<one>limited host range</one>).
+- Der <one>Lambda-Vektor</one> kann in das <three>E. coli Genom</three> integrieren. Wo genau? Zwischen <one>attP</one> (Lambda) und "attB" (E. coli; das liegt zwischen dem <two>gal-Operon</two> und dem <two>bio-Operon</two>).
+- Why did Lederberg use <one>double auxotroph mutations</one> in his experiment 1948? Because double auxotroph mutations made sure that no revertants occur, which may have had a rate of 10 **-12 to 10 **-14.
+- In Bacteria, what normal role does <one>NrpR</one> play? It represses nitrogen assimilation.
+- Wir können sogenannte <one>SASPs</one> in Bakterien finden. Was bedeutet dieser Name, und was machen diese SASPs? SASPs heisst <one>Small, acid-soluble spore proteins</one>. Sie binden eng an die "Core-DNA" und schützen sie so gegen "wet heat damage". URL: http://aem.asm.org/content/75/16/5202.full
+- In E. coli: what does <one>RseA</one> do? It is an anti-sigma factor that can bind to Sigmafactor-E.
+- Im Zuge der <one>Konjugation</one> bei Bakterien wird DNA Material übertragen. Wie nennen wir die beiden Zellen, die dabei involviert sind? (1) <one>Donor</one> (2) <one>Rezipient</one> []
+- Do bacteria use <one>pre-mRNA</one>? No. []
+- Was passiert wenn einer E. coli Zelle das <one>Sigma-32-Protein</one> fehlt? Dann sind <one>Temperaturen über 30°C</one> tödlich für diese E. coli Zelle/Zellen. []
+- Liebevoller Name für <one>E. coli</one>? <one>The Bug</one>. []
+- In prokaryotes: may an <one>extended -10 sequence</one> compensate the lack of a <three>-35 sequence</three>? Yes. []
+- Does <one>antigenic variation</one> occur in bacteria? Yes - in <one>Salmonella</one>, for instance. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_variation []
+- Name 3 factors that the <one>generation time</one> of bacteria depends on. A: (1) temperature (2) nutritional factors (3) genetic factors
+- In <one>Prokaryotes</one>: the large 50S ribosomal subunit consists of which RNAs? 5S rRNA and 23S rRNA
+- The <one>sigmafactor 70</one> is encoded by which gene? The <one>rpoD</one>" gene. (Mnemonic: <two>D</two> for <two>default</two>) []
+- In a <one>bacterial cell</one>: compare the amount of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA, among the RNAs that this cell has, in percent. A: (1) <one>rRNA</one>: <two>~80%</two> (2) <one>tRNA</one>: <two>~15%</two> (3) <one>mRNA</one>:<two> ~ 2%</two>
+- The <one>corepressor</one> of the <three>TrpR repressor protein</three> is ... ? <one>Tryptophan</one>. []
+- <one>IS elements</one> were first found where exactly? In the E. coli <one>gal operon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_operon []
+- The E. coli protease called <one>Lon</one> - why does it have this name? Lon stands for <one>long form</one> of proteins when this protease is absent.
+- In der prokaryoten Genetik: gegeben sind zwei absolut idente Bakterienkulturen, eines mit Plasmid, eines ohne. Wer setzt sich durch nach 10000 Replikationsdurchgängen? Die <two>Bakterien ohne Plasmid</two>, da sie schneller wachsen können als Bakterien mit Plasmid, und dies ihnen einen <one>Selektionsvorteil</one> verleiht. []
+- <one>F' cell conjugation</one> produces what? <one>Merozygotes</one> aka <two>partial diploids</two>, which are <three>cells with two copies of some genes</three>.
+- Wieviele Aminosäuren finden wir im <one>Rho-Protein</one>? <one>419</one>.
+- <one>Lambda Excision</one> requires which two enzymes? (1) <one>Lambda integrase</one> (2) <one>Lambda excisase</one>
+- Der <one>E. coli oriC Locus</one> befindet sich wo? Bei <one>84.3 Minuten</one>. []
+- Das E. coli Genom besitzt <one>Ter-Stellen</one>, an die welche Proteine binden können? <one>Tus-Proteine</one>. []
+- Was sind <one>kryptische Plasmide</one>? <one>Plasmide ohne erkennbaren Phänotyp</one>.
+- Where on the <one>E. coli map</one> can we find the <three>oriC</three>? <one>84.3</one>. []
+- Name a bacterium that uses and codes for <one>Pyrrolysine</one>. A: The bacterium <one>Desulfitobacterium hafniense</one>.
+- Hauptunterschied zwischen <one>gram-negativen</one> und <one>gram-positiven Bakterien</one> bei der <two>Konjugation</two>? <one>Grampositive Bakterien</one> bilden im Gegensatz zu den <one>gramnegativen Bakterien</one> <two>keine Sexpili</two> aus.
+- In <one>E. coli</one>: nenne die beiden jeweiligen Consensussequenzen von -10 und -35. A: (1) <one>-10</one>: <two>TATAAT</two> (2) <one>-35</one>: <two>TTGACA</two> []
+- Where may we find <one>positively supercoiled DNA</one>? In certain species of <one>Archaea</one> that <two>grow at very high temperatures</two>. []
+- The <one>Lex-A repressor</one> can, in general, bind to ...? A <one>SOS box</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressor_lexA []
+- <two>Grampositive Bakterien</two> sind bei der <one>Konjugation</one> flexibler als <two>Gramnegative Bakterien</two>. Sie können nicht nur Plasmide verwenden, sondern auch Konjugation über ... vermitteln? Auch über <one>konjugative Transposons</one>. []
+- <three>E. coli</three> has a protein called <one>HU</one>. What does this stand for? <one>Heat unstable</one> protein.
+- What is a <one>Toxin-antitoxin system</one> in Prokarya? Two proteins are encoded - the toxin, and the antitoxin. This ensures that plasmid-carrying daughter cells are propagated whereas newborn bacteria without such a plasmid copy, will be killed - which is also called "post-segregational killing".
+- Das <one>E. coli Genom</one> enthält <one>n tRNA-Gene</one>? <one>83</one>. []
+- Do the <one>E. coli laboratory strains</one> usually contain <three>wild-type dam genes</three>? Yes. []
+- In <one>Transduction</one>, does <three>recombination</three> occur? Yes. []
+- Warum sind <one>IS Elemente</one> wichtig fürs Bakterium? Da <one>Crossing-over</one> stattfinden kann zwischen IS Elementen.
+- Which two genes encode for <one>IHF</one>? (1) "him A" (2) <one>him D</one>
+- An <one>RNA thermosensor</one> can <three>control the expression of virulence genes</three>. Name one organism where we may find this specifically. A: <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12230973
+- Ist der <one>Sigmafaktor</one> für die <two>Elongation</two> wichtig? Nein. []
+- How do we denote the <one>elongation component of DNA-Polymerase III</one>? <one>DnaE</one>. URL: http://rsob.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/9/170146
+- The <one>E. coli genome</one> can recognize foreign methylation. "Methyl-cytosine containing DNA" is destroyed by products of which gene? The <one>mcr gene</one>. <one>mcr</one> stands for <two>methylated C recognition</two>.
+- Nenne einen Weg im Labor um das das dichte Knäuel des bakteriellen Nucleoids aufzulösen. A: Wir verwenden eine <one>Endonuclease</one>.
+- Why can <one>some plasmids replicate in only one species</one>? Because their <one>origin of replication</one> is only recognized and working there.
+- Das Nucleotid am Startpunkt der RNA-Synthese wird mit +1 bezeichnet - oder auch ...? <one>TSS</one> (<two>transkriptionelle Startstelle</two>).
+- <three>Where</three> were <one>IS elements</one> originally discovered? In the E.coli <one>gal operon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion_sequence []
+- What is the <one>major helicase</one> of <two>E. coli cells</two>? <one>DnaB</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaB_helicase []
+- In the plasmid <one>pTP10</one>, the <two>resistance gene Em</two> protects against ... ? <one>Erythromycin</one>. []
+- Der <cadetblue>Standard-Sigmafaktor</cadetblue> von E. coli hat an der -10 Region die Sequenz <one>TATAAT</one>. Welche Sequenz hat der <three>Hitzeschock-Promotor</three> an dieser Stelle? <one>CCCCAT</one>.
+- What is the role of <one>poly(A)</one> in Prokarya? <two>Poly(A)</two> in Prokarya <one>triggers degradation of prokaryotic mRNA</one>.
+- Finden wir <one>Adenylylcyclasen</one> / <one>Adenylatzyklasen</one> in Prokaryoten? Ja; zumindest in manchen Prokaryoten. []
+- How does <one>Rifamycin</one> kill a bacterial cell? It inhibits the bacterial cell by inhibiting RNA polymerase. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifamycin
+- The <one>TATA box</one> in bacteria is at the -10 position. What three nucleotides are upstream of this box normally? <one>TGN</one>.
+- <one>TrpR-Mutanten</one> zeigen was? In diesen Zellen läuft niemals eine Repression ab.
+- Bacteria may benefit from <one>din genes</one> how? Din genes help the cell <one>survive DNA damage</one>.
+- Im <one>Spacer-Bereich</one> zwischen dem 16S-rRNA-Gen und dem 23S-rRNA-Gen, im E. coli Genom, finden wir häufig ein oder zwei Gene, die für ... kodieren. A: <one>tRNA</one>. []
+- <one>The largest sequenced bacterial genome</one>, in 2015, was ...? <one>Sorangium cellulosum</one>, having a genome size of <two>13.0 Mb</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorangium_cellulosum
+- Why does <one>E. coli</one> make use of <three>colicin E1</three>? Colicin E1 is used <one>to kill other bacteria</one>. []
+- Bakterien mit einer <one>mutierten DNA-Polymerase I</one>, bei denen die <three>5'-3'-Exonuklease entfernt wurde</three>, zeigen welches Phänomen? Sie sind <one>gegenüber UV-Strahlung viel empfindlicher</one>.
+- The plasmid <one>pTP10</one> was isolated from a <two>multiresistant corynebacterium</two>. Approximately how many base pairs, in k bp, does it contain? About <one>51.4 kbp</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10732668
+- Give another term for <one>bacterial chromosomal segregation</one>. A: <one>Partitioning of daughter chromosomes</one>.
+- Do <one>virulence plasmids</one> exist? Yes. []
+- What are <one>merodiploids</one>? These are <one>partial diploid bacteria</one>. []
+- A <one>conjugation R- plasmid</one> has which 2 components? (1) resistance transfer factor (2) <one>R-determinant</one>
+- What means <one>Lambda-immunity</one>? If a bacterium is already infected with Lambda, it will express a repressor which will bind to new invading Lambda-Genome Ol and Or, thus blocking it.
+- What do we mean with <one>antisense Toxin-Antitoxin systems</one>? This is when an unstable antisense RNA blocks the translation of the toxin. An example is the plasmid-encoded hok/sok system.
+- What is a <one>gene transfer agent</one> (<three>GTA</three>)? This is a bacteriophage-like element produced by several bacteria that mediates horizontal gene transfer. GTAs package random segments of DNA present in the host bacterium, which can be transduced to a recipient cell.
+- Was zeigten E. coli <one>lacI Mutanten</one>? Das wenn der lacI-Repressor verändert ist er nicht mehr an die Operatorregion binden kann.
+- What exactly binds to the <one>CAP box</one>? <one>CAP</one> <two>+</two> <one>cAMP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon#Regulation
+- The <three>E. coli genome</three> contains <one>n protein-coding genes</one>, at the least as investigated in 1997? <one>2657</one>.
+- <one>Wie lange dauert</one> eine Runde der Replikation in E. coli? <one>40 Minuten</one>. []
+- The <one>1990</one> <three>genetic map of E. coli</three> showed n genes? <one>1400</one>. []
+- Woraus besteht der E. coli <one>cascade complex</one>, der bei CRISPR eine Rolle spielt? Aus CasA, CasB, CasC, CasD und CaseE. It cleaves pre-crRNA within the repeat region.
+- There are the <one>R plasmids</one>. Give a better word for these plasmids. A: <one>Conjugative R plasmids</one>.
+- <one>Gendichte bei E. Coli</one> (1 Gen / x Nukleotide)? <two>1 Gen</two> pro <one>1400 Nukleotide</one>. []
+- Nenne ein Bakterium, das ein grösseres Genom als die Hefe hat. A: <one>Bacillus megaterium</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_megaterium []
+- May plasmids contain <one>IS elements</one>? Yes. []
+- How much of the DNA <one>in E. coli</one>, in percent, encodes proteins? <one>More than 90%</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>zwei konkrete Beispiele</one> für <two>negative Kontrolle der Transkription</two> in Bakterien. A: (1) trp-Repressor (2) <one>lac-Repressor</one>
+- <one>Sex-pili</one> of bacteria may have originated from ...? <one>Filamentous phages</one>. []
+- Warum ist <one>Parasexualität</one> für Prokaryoten so wichtig? Sie stellt den einzigen Weg der <one>genetischen Rekombination</one> dar.
+- The <one>Actinomycete bacteria</one> produce n% of all known antibiotics? About <one>~50%</one>.
+- Are the <one>F-Pili</one> involved in DNA transfer? No - only in <one>establishing cell contact</one>. []
+- In the E. coli genome: what is <one>oriS</one>? A <one>secondary origin</one> that can be used as origin of replication if the oriV is missing or non-functional.
+- <one>Starke Promotoren</one> in E. coli besitzen was oft noch ... ? Ein <one>UP-Element</one>. []
+- What does the term <one>vertical gene transfer</one> actually mean? This is when members of the same species transfer genetic information.
+- Nenne <one>3 Komponenten des NER-Repair Pathways</one> in <two>E. coli</two>. A: (1) <one>uvr A</one> (2) <one>uvr B</one> (3) <one>uvr C</one> []
+- Wer genau erkennt das <one>UP-Element</one>? Die <one>Alpha-Untereinheit</one> der RNA-Polymerase.
+- Der <one>lac-Repressor</one> hat n Aminosäuren? <one>360</one>.
+- In <one>Prokaryoten</one> kommen als Startcodons UUG, GUG und AUG zur Verwendung. Nenne den prozentualen Anteil jeweils. A: (1) <one>AUG</one> <two>80%</two> (2) <one>GUG</one> <two>13%</two> (3) <one>UUG</one> <two> 3%</two> []
+- Welches Ende des <one>lac-Repressors</one> bindet an die Operator-DNA? Das <one>N-Terminale Ende</one>. []
+- Do <one>bacterial cells</one> process their tRNA molecules after transcription? Yes. []
+- The <one>type IV secretion systems</one> of Gram-negative bacteria are evolutionarily related to ... ? <one>Bacterial conjugation systems</one>.
+- Do bacteria make use of <one>phosphorylation</one>, as a post-translational modification? Yes. It is <one>associated with pathogenicity in bacteria</one> there.
+- Das <one>E. ecoli Genom</one> besitzt n tRNA-Gene? <one>83</one>. []
+- Ohne <one>E. coli</one> gäbe es, überspitzt fomuliert, keine ... ? <one>Gentechnik</one>. []
+- Welches Protein bindet an die <one>ter-sites</one> in <three>E. coli</three>? Das <one>tus-protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus_%28biology%29 []
+- Das <one>E. coli Genom</one> inkludiert n Operons für rRNAs? <one>Sieben</one> (<one>7</one>).
+- <one>LexA-repressor</one> autocleavage is similar to ... ? <one>Lambda repressor autocleavage</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_phage#Induction
+- Warum der Name <one>rpoH</one>? <one>RNA polymerase subunit heat shock</one>.
+- <one>rRNA-Operons</one> im E. coli Genom besitzen wieviele Promotoren? <one>Zwei</one> - P1 ist um einiges stärker als P2.
+- Wird der <one>Sigmafaktor sigma</one> für die Transkription von Genen in der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase benötigt? Nein - der <two>Sigmafaktor sigma</two> wird nur in der <one>stationären Phase</one> benötigt.
+- Welche Polymerase ist wichtig bei der <one>SOS-Antwort</one> in E. coli? <one>Pol II</one>. []
+- A <one>SAM-sensing riboswitch</one> in <two>Bacillus subtilis</two> may sense which aminoacid? <one>Methionine</one>. []
+- Mnemonic für das <one>trp-Operon</one>? <one>RPOLA-EDCBA</one>.
+- When are bacteria more likely to generate <one>non-stop mRNAs</one>? During <one>stress</one>. []
+- Name two operons that are controlled by <one>CRP-cAMP</one>. A: <two>lac-gal</two>, thus: (1) <one>lac operon</one> (2) <one>gal operon</one>
+- Is <one>bacterial mating</one> like sexual reproduction? No, because the recipient gains a new feature - <one>the very ability to conjugate</one>.
+- <one>DNA-Helicases</one> need what other protein to work effectively in bacteria? <one>SSB</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-stranded_binding_protein []
+- What is the task of the <one>replisome</one> in E. coli? It catalyses DNA synthesis at a DNA replication fork.
+- <one>E. coli</one> is estimated to have how many different naturally occurring plasmids? At the least <one>270</one>.
+- E. coli has about 4000 genes. How many of these are expressed at any given time? About <one>1000</one> - so one-fourth of them.
+- What is the "key component" of CRISPR? The bacterial <one>Cas9 protein</one>.
+- What is the <one>nucleoid</one>? This is a "nucleus-like", irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains the genetic material.
+- <one>Most plasmids replicate how</one>? Via <one>bidirectional replication</one>. []
+- <one>Ampicillin</one> applied to a population of cells (bactiera) has what effect? Ampicillin will <one>kill growing cells</one>. []
+- Wo im <one>E. coli Genom</one> liegt die bakterielle Integrationsstelle <two>attBB'</two>? Zwischen dem <one>gal-operon</one> und dem <one>bio-operon</one>. []
+- <one>DNA polymerase</one> and <one>RNA polymerase</one> can collide. Name a bacterial protein that can remove the RNA polymerase in this event. A: <one>Mfd</one>: also called <two>transcription repair coupling factor</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086674
+- Describe briefly how the <one>hok</one>/<one>sok system</one> of plasmid R1 works. A: The "hok/sok system of plasmid R1" mediates post-segregational killing. The Sok antisense RNA is unstable and decays very rapidly, whereas the hok mRNA is more stable and rendered translationally competent by being processed. When hok is translated, it can damage the membrane and kill the cells.
+- Die <one>Primase</one> in E. coli wird von welchem Gen kodiert? <one>DnaG</one>. []
+- Aufgabe der <one>tmRNA</one>? Entfernt beziehungsweise rettet aufgehaltene Ribosome.
+- Was zeigen Bakterien mit einer <one>purA-Deletion</one>? Sie können <one>Purine nicht mehr selber herstellen</one>.
+- Der <one>oriC</one> in Bakterien besitzt <two>wieviele 9mers</two>? <one>4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_replication#Bacterial_Genome_Origins []
+- Many <one>din-genes</one> in bacteria are regulated by ... ? The <one>SOS response</one>.
+- Was <one>verliert</one> der lac-Repressor wenn der Induktor an ihn bindet? Seine <one>Affinität zur DNA</one>.
+- The <one>tmRNA</one> can bind to ...? The <one>E-site</one> of a <two>ribosome</two>.
+- If we see a <one>petite colony</one> under optimal conditions, what may we deduce from this? That this bacterium <one>may have had some mutations that slowed down the growth rate of this colony</one>.
+- Name <one>a group of antibiotics</one> that kill bacteria by binding to DNA gyrase. A: <one>4-quinolones</one>.
+- At the <one>F factor</one>: what exactly <three>regulates insertion into the bacterial chromosome</three>? <one>IS2</one> and <one>IS3 elements</one>.
+- How do we call <one>the protein complex at the replication fork</one>, at the least in bacteria? The <one>Replisome</one>. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replisome []
+- What do we mean with a <one>toxin-antitoxin system</one>? A toxin-antitoxin system is a set of two or more closely linked genes that together encode both a protein "poison" and a corresponding "antidote".
+- Gib ein Beispiel für ein <one>Regulon</one> in E. coli. A: Das <one>Hitzeschockregulon</one>. []
+- Welche <one>Leucin-Gene</one> hat E.coli? <one>4</one> → <two>Leu A</two>, <two>Leu B</two>, <two>Leu C</two>, <two>Leu D</two>. []
+- Welches Enzym wird oft als die <one>Replikase</one> in Bakterien bezeichnet? Die <one>DNA Polymerase III</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_III_holoenzyme
+- Im <one>E. coli Genom</one> - was liegt zwischen <three>origin</three> und <three>terminus</three>? (1) <one>Replichor 1</one> (2) <one>Replichor 2</one> []
+- Are <one>recD mutants</one> of <two>E. coli</two> capable of recombination? Yes. []
+- <one>Die Einheit der biologischen Genkarte von E. coli</one> ist ... ? Die <one>Minute</one>. []
+- In E. coli there is <one>Hfq</one>, which is important for <three>riboregulation</three>. How many subunits does this protein have in E. coli? Six; it is a <one>hexamer</one>. []
+- Wie gross, in <one>kDa</one>, ist das <two>recA-Protein</two>? <one>38 kDa</one>.
+- The <one>SacB Gene</one> from Bacillus subtilis codes for ... ? <one>Sucrase</one>.
+- The <one>Primase DnaG</one> is a DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase. It binds to ... which other protein, in E. coli? It binds to the <one>DnaB hexamer</one>.
+- Do <one>gram-negative bacteria</one> and <two>gram-positive bacteria</two> use the same machinery for natural transformation? No. []
+- Why do bacteria make use of "parasexual mechanisms"? So that they can <one>generate new combination of genes</one>.
+- <one>Wieviele verschiedene Sigmafaktoren finden wir in E. coli</one>? <one>7 verschiedene</one>.
+- Das <one>Ecoli K-12 Genom</one> hat n Basenpaare? A: <one>4_639_675</one> (<one>4.639.675</one>). URL: http://solcyc.solgenomics.net/ECOLI/organism-summary?object=ECOLI
+- <one>How many systems</one> does the E. coli genome contain to "recognize foreign methylation"? <one>Two</one>.
+- Name a way how the <one>LexA repressor</one> can become unbound from DNA. A: Via <one>UV damage</one>.
+- Das <one>E. coli Genom</one> besitzt n ter-sites? <one>10</one>.
+- <one>Transcriptional regulator-proteins</one> in Bacteria often have what motif? A <one>HTH motif</one> (helix-turn-helix).
+- Wie können wir Transposons inaktivieren? Durch <one>Methylierung</one>.
+- <one>Chi-sites</one> are found on average every n bp in the E. coli genome? Every <one>5000 bp</one>.
+- The <one>tetracycline-resistance operon</one> of E. coli is encoded where? In <one>Tn10</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49329/
+- What may be one consequence of a mutation in the <one>dam methylase</one> gene of E. coli? This gene plays a role in the "mismatch repair"; if it is inactivated that the consequence will be "highly elevated mutation rates".
+- Nenne eine <one>Protease</one>, die das RpoS-Genprodukt abbaut. A: <one>ClpXP</one>.
+- The <one>Mycoplasma</one> show what characteristic feature? They <one>lack a cell wall</one>. []
+- Why do some plasmids contain <one>host-killing properties</one>? To ensure that they are not lost by the host cell.
+- Nenne eine E. coli Mutante, bei der die <one>stringente Kontrolle</one> nicht mehr funktioniert. A: <one>rel A</one> Mutanten. []
+- Welche zelluläre Aufgabe erfüllt E. coli <one>DnaK</one>? It <one>binds unfolded proteins</one>.
+- Does the <one>SSB</one> (<two>single-stranded DNA binding protein</two>) bind to ssDNA in a <three>sequence-independent manner</three>? Yes. []
+- Im Bakterium <one>Escherichia coli</one>: welches Enzym produziert die Primer des lagging strand? Die <one>dna-G Primase</one>. []
+- <one>Bakterien</one> benötigen auch <three>Stickstoff</three>. Für die Stickstoffaufnahme über Stickstoff-Fixierung in die Zelle ist welches System zuständig? Das <one>Ntr-System</one> (<two>nitrogen regulation system</two>). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC239390/
+- How many <one>protein-coding genes</one> does E. coli have? <one>4288</one>.
+- The tunnel in the prokaryotic ribosome can accomodate how many amino acids of the growing polypeptide chain? About <one>35 amino acids</one>.
+- Why does the <one>lac-Operon</one> contain more than one Operator? The lacI-Repressor can bind to 2 Operators, which results in a DNA-Loop.
+- Give an example how Bacteria extend their possibilities via <one>symbiotic relationship</one>. A: They enable other organisms to <one>survive in inhospitable environments</one>.
+- Wann wird <one>der lysogene Weg</one> in Lambda bevorzugt? In einer <one>nährstoffarmen Umgebung</one>.
+- Die <one>formyl-group</one> für f-Met stammt woher? Aus dem <one>Tetrahydrofolate cofactor</one>.
+- In Bakterien: nenne ein Indiz, das gegen <one>gekoppelte Translation</one> spricht. A: Viele RNA-Polymerasen können an anderen Stellen in der Bakterienezelle vorkommen, als die Ribosomen.
+- What means <one>F' plasmid</one>? This is an F-Plasmid carrying <one>bacterial, genomic DNA</one>.
+- In <one>bacteria</one>: are the genes that control <two>galactose metabolism</two> inducible? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- The <one>Type III secretion (T3S) systems</one> are widespread among ...? The <one>gram-negative bacteria</one>. []
+- An <one>Insertion Sequence</one> in E. coli, may have which 3 important sequences? (1) Terminal Sequence (2) Internal Sequence (3) Inverted terminal sequence
+- Die <one>Replikation des E. coli Genoms</one> dauert ... <two>n Minuten</two>? <one>40 Minuten</one>. []
+- In <one>E. coli</one>: which two proteins solve the supercoiling problem? (1) <one>DNA gyrase</one> (2) <one>Topoisomerase IV</one>
+- Name the correct sigmafactor-cascade for endospore formation in Bacillus subtilus. A: <one>F-G-E-K</one>. (1) <two>sigma F</two> (2) <two>sigma G</two> (3) <two>sigma E</two> (4) <two>sigma K</two>
+- The <one>oriC</one> in E. coli has <violet>5 DnaA-boxes</violet>. How many of these five are particularly strong, that is, bind DnaA very tightly so? <one>Three</one> of them bind DnaA particularly strongly. []
+- <one>LacI</one> kodiert für? Den <one>lac-Repressor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_repressor []
+- Do <one>Archaea</one> also have <three>Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems</three>? Yes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea []
+- The <one>GAL4 protein</one> in <two>yeast</two> can bind to another protein, called ... ? <one>GAL80</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P04387 []
+- Die <one>Halbwertszeit durchschnittlicher, bakterieller mRNA</one> beträgt n Sekunden (von-bis)? <one>30-120 Sekunden</one>. []
+- <three>Which gene</three> codes for the E. coli <one>Primase</one>? <one>dnaG</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaG []
+- Does the <one>RecBCD protein</one> contain a <three>helicase activity</three>? Yes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecBCD []
+- In <one>E. coli</one>: how long are its <three>Ter-sites</three>? <one>23 bp</one>. []
+- Was genau bindet an die <one>CAP box</one>? <one>CAP</one> mit gebundenem <two>cAMP</two>.
+- Who loads the <one>DnaB-Helicase</one> onto the prokaryotic DNA? The <one>DnaC-loader</one>. []
+- Nenne die drei Strukturgene des <one>Mal-Operons</one> in E. coli. A: (1) <one>MalE</one> (2) <one>MalF</one> (3) <one>MalG</one>
+- <two>Wo</two> im E. coli Genom liegt <one>oriC</one>? Bei <one>84,3 Minuten</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4236916/ []
+- What means the word <one>T3S Systems</one> in Genetics? <one>Type III secretion systems</one>. []
+- In general, in bacteria: what do we mean with the <one>mob-genes</one>? These are <one>mobility genes</one>. []
+- Which protein in bacteria helps <one>hemi-methylated DNA</one> bind to the cell membrane? <one>SeqA</one> (the <two>sequestration-protein</two>). []
+- Bacteria such as <one>E. coli</one> may use the Activator called <two>FNR</two>. Under which conditions may they do so? Under "anaerobic conditions" such as lack of O2.
+- Wann wurde der <one>CRISPr locus</one> erstmals erkannt? 1980.
+- In <one>E. coli</one>: wie lange (n Nukleotide) ist eine durchschnittliche mRNA? Etwa <one>~1.2 Kilobasen</one>.
+- <one>Hemimethylated DNA</one> in <three>Bacteria</three> attracts ... which protein? The <one>SeqA protein</one>.
+- What is the <one>major helicase</one> that can be found in E. coli? The <one>DnaB protein</one> (<two>DnaB-Helikase</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaB_helicase []
+- A single <one>E. coli cell</one> contains about n molecules of the <two>initiator protein DnaA</two>? About <one>~1000</one>. []
+- In <one>E. coli</one>: the product of the recB and recC genes is ... ? The enzyme <one>ExoV</one>, an <two>exonuclease</two>.
+- In <one>E. coli</one>: the typical mRNA half-life is ...? About <one>3 minutes</one>. []
+- Die <one>50S</one> <three>ribosomale Untereinheit</three> besteht aus welchen rRNAs? (1)  <one>5S rRNA</one> (2) <one>23S rRNA</one>
+- Bei den Bakterien: nenne ein anderes Wort für die <one>DNA-Gyrase</one>. A: <one>Topoisomerase II</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_topoisomerase
+- What exactly means the term <one>episome</one>? An episome is a plasmid that can integrate into the chromosome.
+- In <one>light-dependent repair</one> in bacteria, ... cleaves the thymine dimers. A: <one>Photolyase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase []
+- Welche zwei biologische Systeme untersuchten Hershey und Chase? Das Bakterium <one>E. coli</one> und den <one>Bakteriophagen T2</one>. []
+- <one>AREs</one> (<two>AU-rich elements</two>) are usually associated with which "cellular function"? <one>mRNA-degradation</one>. []
+- Name three different <one>classical ways</one> to modify DNA of Bacteria. A: (1) <one>Conjugation</one>:    via Plasmids (2) <one>Transformation</one>: via free DNA (3) <one>Transduction</one>:   via Phages []
+- Beim <one>bakteriellen lacI Repressor in E. coli</one>: wir sehen ein Helix-Turn-Helix-Motiv. Eine zentrale Funktion hat Helix II. Wie wird diese Helix noch genannt, mit einem trivialen Namen? <one>Erkennungshelix</one>. []
+- The <one>1963</one> E. coli genetic map showed n genes? <one>100</one>. []
+- Wenn ein Bakterium in der Rekombination defekt ist, ist es sonst auch noch <one>wo defekt</one>? In der <one>Reparatur von DNA-Schäden</one>. []
+- The <one>integration of an episome into the bacterial genome</one> depends on the presence of ...? <one>IS elements</one>. []
+- Name an <one>ATP-dependent protease</one> in E. coli. A: The <one>lon protease</one> (<two>long form of protein</two>). []
+- Warum ist das <one>ara-Operon</one> einzigartig? Es hat ein regulatorisches Protein, das in der Lage ist, sowohl positive als auch negative Kontrolle auszuüben.
+- <one>IS elements</one>: what does the <three>IS</three> stand for here? <one>Insertion sequences</one>. []
+- Das Genom von <one>E. coli K-12</one> umfast wieviele Basenpaare? <one>4_639_221</one> []
+- Warum der Name <one>geschlossener Promotorkomplex</one>? Weil in diesem Stadium die DNA noch in der Doppelhelix erhalten bleibt.
+- Name <one>a bacterium</one> with a <three>linear chromosome</three>. A: <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one>. []
+- How do we call a medium that lacks an essential nutrient? A <one>selective medium</one>.
+- <one>Dna-A Boxen</one> in E. coli haben wie viele Nukleotide und kommen im ORI wie oft vor? Wir finden <three>4 DnaA Boxen</three> im Genom von <two>E. coli</two>, die jeweils 9 bp umfassen (also <one>9mer</one> sind). []
+- Give an example of a <one>toxin-antitoxin system</one> that is induced by the SOS response system, in response to DNA damage. A: The <one>TisB-IstR toxin-antitoxin system</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TisB-IstR_toxin-antitoxin_system
+- Das E. coli Genom besitzt sogenannte <one>REP-Sequenzen</one>. Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>REP</one>? <one>Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6378385
+- Welche Polymerase ist die <one>Replikationspolymerase</one> in Prokaryoten? <one>DNA Polymerase III</one> (<two>Pol III</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_III_holoenzyme []
+- Can a free <one>sigmafactor-70</one> bind to DNA? No it can not.
+- E. coli kann <one>Isoleucin</one> in 5 Schritten ausgehend von welcher anderen AA herstellen? <one>Threonin</one>.
+- Was zeigen <one>polA1 Mutanten</one>? Sie können <one>ihre DNA kaum reparieren</one>.
+- The <one>E. coli genome</one> contains two systems recognizing foreign methylation. How are the two respective genes called/designated? (1) <one>mcr gene</one> (2) <one>mrr gene</one>
+- What is <one>the inducer of the Maltose-Operon</one>? The sugar <deepskyblue>Maltose</deepskyblue>.
+- <one>Which operon</one> is required for <three>Arabinose uptake</three>? <one>araFG operon</one>.
+- Wie <one>kontrolliert</one> die bakterielle Zelle das die DNA-Replikation nur einmal abläuft? Der Origin ist <two>hemimethyliert</two>. Erst wenn er <one>vollständig methyliert</one> vorliegt kann eine erneute Replikation stattfinden. []
+- In E. coli, what is <one>the first enzyme</one> of the trp-Operon (trpD+trpE)? <one>Anthranilate synthase</one>.
+- What means <one>zygotic induction</one>? When we cross Hfr with F minus strains, the entry of the Lambda prophage immediately triggers the prophage into a lytic cycle.
+- Many large, low-copy number plasmids encode <one>active segregation systems</one> to avoid ... ? <one>Stochastic loss</one>.
+- Die bakterielle <one>Hfl AB-Protease</one> zerstört ... ? Das <one>cII-Protein</one>.
+- Welches Problem haben <one>MukB-Mutanten</one> in <two>E. coli</two>? Den Nachkommen fehlt das <one>Nucleoid</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22523
+- Name a general example for <one>trans-acting elements</one> in prokaryotes. A: <one>Transcription factors</one>.
+- What is <one>crRNA</one>? short, complementary single-stranded RNA, the so-called <one>CRISPR RNA</one>.
+- Das <one>H-NS</one> protein - diese Abkürzung steht für ... ? <one>Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-like_nucleoid-structuring_protein
+- Im Kontext eines bakteriellen Operons: was bedeutet der Begriff <one>positive Kontrolle</one>? Dies bedeutet das ein Aktivatorprotein an die DNA binden muss, damit ein Operon transkribiert wird.
+- Does <one>transformation</one> occur in <two>E. coli</two> naturally? No - E. coli lacks the genes that encode DNA-uptake membrane proteins. []
+- The <one>Lederberg-Tatum experiment</one> has shown which two points? (1) Bacteria like E. coli can bring genetic information from two different cells into one cell to for recombinants (== gene transfer) (2) The recombinants are genetically stable, and they propagate the A+B+C+D+ information
+- <one>Bakterien</one> besitzen <two>formylated initiator tRNA</two>. Wo genau ist die tRNA formylated? An der "Aminogruppe" der Aminosäure. URL: https://i.imgur.com/p30Y9HR.jpg
+- <one>rpoS</one> kodiert für welchen Sigmafaktor? Für den <one>stationären Sigmafaktor Sigma-38</one>, auch <two>Sigma-S</two> genannt.
+- What is the normal role of <one>GAL80</one> in yeast? It will bind to GAL4 and prevent GAL4 from activating transcription - but only when there is an <two>absence of galactose</two>.
+- The <one>GAL4 transcriptional activator protein</one> in <two>yeast</two> contains which motif? It <one>contains a zink finger</one>.
+- For a bacterial cell: what appears to be the most significant, natural impediment for DNA-Polymerases? <one>Transcription</one>.
+- Unterscheiden sich <one>Hfr-Stämme</one> voneinander? Ja - sie tragen das F-Plasmid jeweils an unterschiedlichen Abschnitten des Hauptchromosoms.
+- Ist der <one>lac-Repressor</one> ein Sensor? Ja - ein <one>Sensor für Laktose</one>, über die Allolaktose.
+- Der <one>stringent factor</one> ist ein Enzym, das in Bakterien an Ribosomen gebunden sein kann. Nenne den langen (und offiziellen) Namen dieses Enzyms. A: <one>pppGpp-Synthetase</one>
+- Welche <one>Endonuclease</one> trennt die einzelnen Abschnitte der rRNA-präRNA auf, in die Bestandteile wie 16S-rRNA und 23S-rRNA? Die Endonuclease <one>RNase III</one>.
+- Die komplexe Antwort von Bakterien auf einen <one>Aminosäuremangel</one> bezeichnet man als ... ? <one>Stringente Kontrolle</one>.
+- Chaperone sind wichtig für Bakterien. Was ist ein <one>Chaperon</one>? Ein Chaperon ist ein Proteinkomplex, der <one>die korrekte Faltung von Polypeptidketten ermöglicht</one>.
+- Wenn wir allgemein Sigmafaktoren in Bakterien betrachten, welche Aufgabe ist ihnen gemeinsam in Bezug auf Vermittlung von Wechselwirkungen? Sigmafaktoren müssen zwischen der RNA-Polymerase auf der einen Seite, und den Anfängen von Genen auf der anderen Seite unterscheiden.
+- <one>Sigmafaktor-28</one> in E. coli ist wichtig für ... ? Die <one>Synthese von Flagellen</one>.
+- Nicht jedes Plasmid ist automatisch ein Episom. Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Episom</one> daher eigentlich gemeint? Dies meint ein DNA-Molekül, das sowohl extrachromosomal (eben wie ein Plasmid) also auch im Hauptchromosom integriert, vorliegen kann.
+- <one>Katabolitrepression</one> ist für Bakterien wie E. coli sehr wichtig. Wieviel Prozent aller E. coli Gene werden über Katabolitrepression beeinflusst? Etwa <one>10%</one>.
+- Die <one>bakterielle RNase P</one> besteht aus einem Protein und einer RNA. Das Protein hat etwa 120 Aminosäuren; die RNA hat etwa wieviele Nukleotide? <one>377</one>.
+- Die <one>tRNA Gene im E. coli Genom</one>: wie sind sie organisiert? (1) entweder in operons (2) oder sie kommen einzeln vor
+- Wieso benötigen Bakterien <one>Regulons</one>? Damit sie auf Veränderungen in der Umwelt reagieren können, wie zum Beispiel einer <one>erhöhten Temperatur</one> oder <one>UV Strahlung</one> die den SOS-Reparaturweg induzieren kann.
+- Gib eine andere Bezeichnung für <one>F'-Plasmide</one>. A: <one>Substitutierte F-Plasmide</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil bei der alten Vermessung der E. coli Genkarte über die <one>unterbrochene Paarung</one>, i. e. mit dem <orchid>Hfr-Plasmid</orchid>. A: Die Lage und die <one>Abstände</one> eng benachbarter Gene können nicht oder nur höchst <one>ungenau bestimmt werden</one>.
+- Give an example of a low-fidelity DNA-polymerase in <one>E. coli</one>. A: <one>DNA polymerase IV</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_IV
+- Manche Enzyme können an ein <one>TT-Dimer</one> binden. Gib ein Beispiel hierzu an sowie in welchem Organismus man dieses findet. A: Die "Endonuclease V", im T4-Bakteriophagen.
+- Most bacteria have only a single chromosome. Does this also mean that there is only one copy of this chromosomal DNA in each bacterial cell? No, not necessarily so. Often new rounds of replication can be initiated without the older chromosome having been fully replicated yet.
+- A problem of linear DNA in E. coli is that it is very rapidly degraded by exonucleases, particularly by the enzyme ... ? "ExoV".
+- Give another term for "CRISPR system". A: "Type II system".
+- How much percent of the genes in a bacterial cell are expressed under any particular set of growth conditions? "25%".
+- Name a substance with which we could eliminate the "F-Plasmid". A: We treat the cell with "Acridin Orange".
+- Is "E. coli" naturally competent? No, it is not.
+- Welches Gen kodiert für denn lac-repressor? Das "LacI-Gen". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon
+- Warum ist es für den "lac-Repressor" wichtig, das es mehr als eine Operator-Sequenz gibt, im lac-Operon? Da die DNA dazwischen gebogen wird, durch Bindung des lac-Repressors; Diese Schleife verschliesst den gesamten Regulationsbereich - einschließlich des Promoters.
+- Give a specific example for an "episome". A: The "F-factor". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_factor_%28bacteria%29
+- How many Type 3 Secretion Systems can be distinguished in gram-negative bacteria? At least 5 of these systems.
+- Name the 3 main types of transposable elements in Bacteria. A: (1) "IS elements" (2) "composite transposons" (3) "TN3-like elements"
+- Nenne eine wichtige Aufgabe der bakteriellen DNA-Polymerase II. A: "DNA-Reparatur", vor allem im Zuge der SOS-Antwort.
+- Which 3 major types of plasmids exist in E. coli? (1) F-Factor plasmids (2) R-type plasmids (3) Col plasmids
+- Aus einer Graphik, die das Wachstum eines Bakteriums zeigt, wie ermitteln wir die spezifische Wachstumsrate k? Sie entspricht der "Steigung der Geraden".
+- What happens to foreign DNA in regards to the CRISPR locus? Foreign DNA is processed by "cellular nucleases" into so-called "protospacers".
+- Which E. coli gene codes for the "sigma factor 70"? RpoD.
+- Länge des E. coli Genoms? 1,5-1,6 mm.
+- Nenne die 5 Hauptklassen von Plasmiden. A: (1) Fertility F-Plasmide (2) Resistance R-Plasmide (3) Col plasmids (4) Degradative plasmids (5) Virulence plasmids
+- E. coli has how many different Hsp ("heat-shock-proteins")-genes? About 30.
+- Do Eubacteria have histones? No.