studium 0.13.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Antibodies and Antigens
+#
+# Antibodies tag, Antigens tag. Antibody tag. Antibod tag.
+# Abod tag. Atag. Anti tag. Antikörper tag. Abody tag.
+#
+# Everything about antibodies and antigens. It is also ok to collect
+# information related to the natural production of antibodies in this
+# file here. Antibody engineering is also stored here.
+#
+# "Therapeutic Antibodies" are collected in the file biological_therapeutics.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- The suffix <one>-omab</one> for a monoclonal antibody means ... ? This must be a <one>murine monoclonal antibody</one>. []
+- An <one>antigen-antibody complex</one> can be removed by reacting the solution with <two>which protein</two>? With <one>protein A</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_A []
+- The <one>Fc segment of an antibody</one> typically has two domains, called <two>CH₂</two> and <two>CH₃</two>. The <two>CH₂</two> domain is especially important for <three>effector functions</three>, but the CH3 may also have at the least one important function. Which one is that? It helps for a <one>long half-life</one> of this antibody.
+- Give a technical example for an <one>antibody-antigen interaction</one>. A: The <one>ELISA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISA []
+- The <one>molecular weight</one> <two>of a typical IgG molecule</two> is, on average, about ... <two>n kDa</two>? ~<one>150 kDa</one>. []
+- Ist <one>IgE</one> größer, vom Molekulargewicht her betrachtet, als <one>IgG1</one>? Ja, sogar deutlich grösser - <mediumseagreen>IgE</mediumseagreen> hat ein Molekulargewicht von <one>190 kDa</one> versus dem Molekulargewicht von <one>150 kDa</one> für <mediumseagreen>IgG1</mediumseagreen>. []
+- <one>Antibodies</one> allow the immune system to t..... a microbe. A: To <one>tag</one> a microbe.
+- Name one disadvantage of <one>IgM</one>. A: <one>IgM</one> has a <two>low affinity</two> (<three>low binding strength</three>) for antigens.
+- <one>Welcher Antikörper</one> liegt typischerweise als ein <two>Dimer</two> vor? <one>IgA</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_A []
+- <one>Which company</one> created the <two>Nanobodies</two>? <one>Ablynx</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablynx []
+- Can <one>Plasmin</one> <lightseagreen>cut antibodies</lightseagreen>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmin []
+- <one>Circulating IgM</one> <two>has a half-life of about n days</two>? <one>4 days</one>.
+- The <one>Kd of antibodies</one> produced <two>in a typical humoral immune response</two> usually varies from about which value to which other value M? From about <one>10⁻⁷ M</one> to about <one>10⁻¹¹ M</one>.
+- Was sind <one>S-Antikörper</one>? Antikörper gegen das <one>Spike-Protein</one> eines Virus.
+- In early investigations of antigen binding to antibodies: what was the major source of large quanitities of <one>a single type</one> of antibody molecule? <one>Tumors of antibody-secreting cells</one>. []
+- Can the <one>binding of an antigen to an antibody</one> <two>induce a conformational change in the latter</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In <one>immunotherapy</one>: what general kind of <two>antigens</two> may be very useful? <one>Differentiation antigens</one>. URL: https://lvts.fr/Pages_html/Encyclopedies/FundamentalImmunology/ramiCOMMAND=applyStylesheet(interface.xsl,pau@CH048S0302.pub)&p_userid=pau.html []
+- <one>Antikörper</one> gehören zu welcher <two>Proteinfamilie</two>? Antikörper sind <one>Glykoproteine</one> und gehören zu den <two>Globulinen</two>. []
+- <one>Pepsin</one> kann verwendet werden um Antikörper zu spalten. <one>Pepsin</one> ist was für ein Enzymtyp genau? <one>Pepsin</one> ist eine <two>Serinprotease</two>.
+- <one>Which company</one> developed the <two>SEEDbody</two>? <one>EMD Serono</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Serono []
+- <one>Protective antibodies</one> against <two>viruses</two> recognize ... ? <one>Viral coat proteins</one>. []
+- What is <one>sIgA</one>? This refers to <one>secretory IgA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A []
+- <one>Hybridomas</one> are usually <two>used for the creation of monoclonal antibodies</two>. Name two problems that hybridomas may often have. A: (1) <royalblue>Hybridomas</royalblue> are <one>often unstable</one> (2) <one>Hybridomas</one> have <two>a tendency to lose productivity</two>
+- Which <one>IgG subclass</one> can <lightseagreen>NOT</lightseagreen> activate the <two>classical complement pathway</two>? <one>IgG4</one>. []
+- <one>Welcher Antikörper</one> wurde zuerst zur <two>Behandlung von Brustkrebs</two> eingesetzt? <one>Herceptin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab []
+- Für die <one>Produktion von monoklonalen Antikörper</one>: <two>was genau benötigen wir von der Maus</two>? Die <one>Milzzellen</one>. []
+- The <one>structure of an antibody</one> is related to ... ? its <one>function</one>. []
+- The <one>typical linker</one> used for the construction of <two>scFvs</two> has which formula and how many amino acids? (<royalblue>GGGGS</royalblue>)3 - aka <one>Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-</one><mediumseagreen>Ser</mediumseagreen> <one>-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-</one><mediumseagreen>Ser</mediumseagreen> <one>-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-</one><mediumseagreen>Ser</mediumseagreen> and so forth, for a total of 15 amino acids. (Mnemonic: <royalblue>scFv-(GGGGS)3</royalblue>). []
+- <one>Mutations outside of the CDR-loops</one> are also called ... ? <one>framework mutations</one>. []
+- Besitzt das <one>dsFV-Fragment</one> einen <two>Linker</two>? <one>Nein</one> - nur eine <two>Disulfidbrücke</two> zwischen den beiden Fragmenten.
+- Is the <one>sequence variability</one> evenly distributed in the variable region of an antibody? <one>No</one> - it is <two>concentrated in certain segments</two>.
+- How many <one>disulfide bonds</one> can be seen between an <two>antibody's light chain</two> and an <two>antibody's heavy chain</two>? <one>One</one>. []
+- Bei <one>welchen Antikörpern</one> sehen wir <two>Subklassen</two> im menschlichen Organismus? (1) <one>IgA</one> (2) <one>IgG</one> []
+- <one>scFv-Fragment</one>: Größe dieses Fragments, <two>in kDa</two>? Etwa <one>27 kDa</one>. URL: https://blog.allelebiotech.com/tag/scfv/
+- <one>Which three different antibodies</one> can cause <two>hypersensitivity reactions</two>? (1) <one>IgG</one> (2) <one>IgE</one> (3) <one>IgM</one> (Mnemonic: <two>GEM</two>) []
+- The <one>nanobodies</one>, derived from antibodies of the <two>camelidae</two>, <three>lack which constant domain</three> (CH)? They lack the constant domain <one>CH1</one>. They do have the two constant domains <two>CH2</two> and <two>CH3</two>. URL: https://media.nature.com/lw926/nature-assets/srep/2014/141024/srep06760/images_hires/srep06760-f1.jpg []
+- Wo beziehungsweise durch wen werden <one>rekombinante Antikörper</one> produziert? In/durch <one>Bakterien</one> - oder durch <two>Zellen in Zellkultur</two>.
+- <one>Welcher Antikörper</one> wird von <two>Säugetieren</two> am meisten (quantitativ betrachtet) produziert? <one>IgA</one>. []
+- Kann <one>IgG</one> die <two>Plazentaschranke</two> überqueren? <one>Ja</one> - mit Hilfe bestimmter <two>Transportrezeptoren</two>.
+- The <one>Fc fragment</one> of <two>a typical IgG</two> corresponds to which domains? (1) <one>CH₂</one> (2) <one>CH₃</one> []
+- Does <one>IgD</one> <two>bind complement</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- Name <one>three different methods</one> <two>for enhancing the serum half-life of monovalent antibodies</two>. A: (1) Conjugation of <one>polyethylene glycol</one> (<two>PEGylation</two>) (2) Conjugation of <one>fatty acids</one> (<two>bind to serum albumin</two>) (3) Fusion to <one>albumin-binding peptides</one>
+- <one>65 VH segments</one> code for the N-aminoterminal heavy (H) chains of human antibodies. Each of these <two>VH segments</two> encodes most of the N-terminal of the antibody, including ... how many of the hypervariable regions? <one>The first two</one> - but not the third.
+- Wieso mögen wir <one>monoklonale Antikörper</one> in der angewandten molekularen Medizin? Da sie gegen <one>Krebszellen</one> eingesetzt werden können; wir können dadurch gezielt <two>Krebszellen bekämpfen</two>. []
+- <one>Antibodies</one> often have what kind of amino acids in their <two>antigen-binding site</two>? <one>Aromatic amino acids</one>. URL: https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)35719-7/fulltext
+- Why does a prepared <one>HAT medium</one> have to be <two>stored in the dark</two>? Because <one>aminopterin</one> is <two>light-sensitive</two>.
+- In <one>Immunooncology</one> the protein PD-1 is important, which was first described in the year <two>1992</two> by Tasuku Honjo and colleagues. The abbreviation <three>PD-1</three> stands for ... ? <one>Programmed cell death 1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1
+- The <one>farmer's lung</one> is <two>caused by dust</two>, stimulating the production of which antibody? <one>Immunoglobulin G</one> (<two>IgG</two>). []
+- Give <one>two reasons</one> as to why early efforts to <one>generate bispecific antibodies</one> failed. A: (1) <one>low production yields</one> (2) a <one>lack of stability</one>
+- Gegeben sei <one>Immunglobulin G</one>. Wir setzen die Enzyme <two>Papain</two> und <two>Pepsin</two> ein. <three>Wieviele verschiedene Fragmente erhalten wir hierdurch jeweils</three>? (1) <one>Papain</one>: liefert uns <two>3 Fragmente</two> (2) <one>Pepsin</one>: liefert uns <two>2 Fragmente</two> []
+- Why is it desired to have antibodies that display <one>good tissue movement</one>? So that these antibodies can <one>infiltrate into tumors</one>. []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is the main actor that <two>blocks the entry of microorganisms from external surfaces to the tissues</two> themselves? <one>IgA</one>. []
+- Name an important function of the <one>C domain of the antibodies</one>. A: <one>Complement binding</one>. []
+- Can <one>IgM</one> bind to cells via their <two>Fc receptors</two>? <one>Yes</one> - at the least to some of these cells. []
+- In <one>ADCs</one> (<two>antibody-drug conjugates</two>) we can sometimes see <three>hydrazone</three> used in the linker. How many N-atoms do <three>hydrazones</three> typically contain? <one>Two</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>epitope mapping</one>? <one>Epitope mapping</one> is <two>the process of identifying the binding site of a protein to its corresponding antigen</two>.
+- The <one>D-segments</one>, aka <two>diversity gene segments</two>, code for ... ? The <one>third hypervariable region</one>. []
+- Warum können wir nicht <one>normale B-Zellen</one> für die Produktion monoklonaler Antikörper verwenden? Da sie auch unter hervorragenden Kulturbedingungen <one>in-vitro</one> <two>nur ein paar Tage überleben würden</two>. []
+- What means <one>humAb</one>? This refers to a <one>human monoclonal antibody</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody#Human_antibodies []
+- Define the term <one>Serology</one>. A: The <one>use of serum antibodies</one> to <two>detect antigens</two>. Thus, this refers to the <three>diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology []
+- Bei den <one>menschlichen Antikörpern</one> sehen wir auch einen <lightseagreen>Kohlenhydratanteil</lightseagreen>. Dieser reicht von ... bis ... %? Von <one>3%</one> (<two>IgG</two>) - <one>13%</one> (<two>IgE</two>).
+- What is meant with: <one>the act of immuno-localizing a particular antigen in a tissue</one>? <one>Immunohistochemistry</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistry
+- Ein <one>bispezifischer Antikörper</one> besteht aus ... ? Zwei verschiedenen <one>scFv-Fragmenten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispezifischer_Antik%C3%B6rper []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is the most important one for <two>allergy-based immune reactions</two>? The <one>IgE antibody</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E []
+- <one>Protein A</one> can be <two>used in affinity purification</two> to bind to the Fc-domain of monoclonal antibodies, but we often try to avoid it. Why? Because of the <one>high price</one> of <two>protein A</two>.
+- <one>Omalizumab</one> <two>neutralizes which antibody in the blood</two>? <one>IgE</one>. []
+- Kommt der <one>IgD Antikörper</one> membrangebunden auf <two>B-Zellen</two> vor? Ja. []
+- The <one>hinge-region of an antibody</one> is rich in which particular <two>aminoacid</two>? <one>Proline</one>. []
+- Give another name for a <one>scFv fragment</one>. A: An <one>antigen-binding fragment</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-chain_variable_fragment
+- What is meant with the word <one>mIg</one>? This refers to a <one>membrane-bound Immunoglobulin</one> - on <two>B cells</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12886015 []
+- Does the <one>CAR T-cell Therapy</one> make use of a <two>virus</two>? Yes - <one>an inactive viral vector</one>, <two>which introduces the artificial gene in the C-cells</two>.
+- Is the <one>scFv</one> a <two>homodimer</two>? No, it is a (non-covalent) <one>heterodimer</one>.
+- The <one>Zybody</one> from <two>Zyngenia</two> has a <three>MRD</three>. <four>What does this abbreviation stand for</four>? <one>MRD</one> is <two>a molecular recognition domain</two>. URL: https://www.creativebiolabs.net/zybody.htm []
+- Do <one>monovalent antibody fragments</one> form <two>immune complexes</two>? <one>No</one>, they do not. []
+- Most typically, <one>antibody fragments</one> such as <two>scFv</two> are <three>expressed in which organism</three>? In <one>E. coli</one>. []
+- An <one>antibody's heavy chain</one> contains <two>n constant domains</two>? <one>3-4</one>. []
+- Human serum <one>IgM</one> antibodies have <two>how many glycosylation sites on the heavy chain</two>? <one>5</one>. []
+- The <one>Immuno-PCR</one> relies on the use of an antibody which has been <two>conjugated</two> to ... ? An <one>oligonucleotide</one>. []
+- The <one>first cleavable linkers</one> used were ... ? <one>Acid-cleavable linkers</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383521001143 []
+- What is the <one>length</one> of a typical antibody, in nm? About <one>12nm</one> (or <one>10nm-15nm</one>). URL: https://www.leica-microsystems.com/science-lab/new-labeling-tools-can-help-to-realize-the-full-potential-of-super-resolution-microscopy/ []
+- Is the <one>Fab-mediated</one> function of an antibody dependent on its <lightseagreen>Fc part</lightseagreen>? Not really; that is why antibodies can be quite easily modified in various ways. []
+- The <one>heavy chain V domain</one> of an antibody is encoded through which genes? <one>V, D and J genes</one>. []
+- How toxic is <one>PEG</one> when it is conjugated to an antibody? <one>PEG is non-toxic</one>, at the least in this context. []
+- Seit welcher <one>Tiergruppe</one> gibt es (oder finden wir) Antikörper? Seit den <one>Chordatieren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik%C3%B6rper []
+- <two>Herceptin</two> does what exactly? Herceptin binds to <one>HER2-receptor</one> and then <two>inhibits the growth of that cell</two>. This may be helpful to <three>breast cancer patients</three>.
+- Der <one>Mensch</one> hat <two>welche Subklassen von IgA</two>? (1) <one>IgA1</one> (2) <one>IGA2</one> []
+- <one>Fab'</one> versus <one>Fab</one> Fragment - <two>welches der beiden Fragmente ist größer</two>? Das <one>Fab'-Fragment</one> ist größer. []
+- The <one>Fc</one> portion of an antibody <two>includes which CH domains</two>? (1) the <one>CH2 domain</one> of the heavy chain constant region (2) the <one>CH3 domain</one> of the heavy chain constant region []
+- If we apply the enzyme <one>papain</one> onto an antibody, <two>how many fragments will be (usually) obtained</two>? <one>3</one>; at the least if the antibody is <two>IgG</two>. []
+- Der monoklonale Antikörper <two>TGN1412</two> ist gegen <one>welches CD-Molekül</one> gerichtet? Gegen <one>CD28</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theralizumab []
+- The <one>INN System for Monoclonal Antibodies</one> <two>specifies which general stem for their name</two>? <one>-mab</one>. URL: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02732-X/fulltext []
+- <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte die <two>Antikörper</two>? <one>Emil von Behring</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_von_Behring []
+- When we say <one>sweeping antibody</one>, what is meant with that expression? That we will <one>accelerate the turnover rate of antigen degradation</one> (at the least for a <two>recycling-antibody</two>).
+- <one>Where</one> could <two>monomeric IgM</two> be bound? <one>Membrane-bound</one>, <two>on B cells</two>. []
+- <one>IgE</one> has a <two>half-life</two> of about n days when circulating? About <one>2 days</one> only. []
+- Say that a company provides you with <one>monoclonal antibodies that may block an enzyme from functioning</one>. Yet, when these antibodies are used, and it is in fact determined that these antibodies also do happen to bind to the target enzyme, the enzyme still remains active. Why may that be the case? It may be that the antibody is <orange>binding</orange> to an area on the protein/enzyme that <one>is not important for enzymatic activity</one> and so may not have the classic <royalblue>blocking</royalblue> activity.
+- Jeder <one>IgG-Antikörper</one> besteht aus <two>n Untereinheiten</two>? <one>4</one>. []
+- The <one>Fc-domain of an antibody</one>, such as <two>IgG</two>, typically includes which domains? <one>CH2</one> and <one>CH3</one>. []
+- Was zeigt der Zusatz <one>Pegol</one> an bei einem Antikörper? Das dieser Antikörper <one>pegyliert</one> ist. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegol []
+- Does <one>ADCC</one> (<two>antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity</two>) <three>depend</three> on the <four>immune complement system</four>? No it does not. []
+- In <one>antibody-drug conjugates</one>, we can <two>attach cleavable linkers to the antibody</two>. Name the three main mechanisms as to how these can be cleaved off. A: (1) through an <one>acidic pH</one> (2) by reduction of disulfide bonds (3) by <one>cleavage via lysosomal proteases</one>
+- What is an <one>antigen</one>? That is a substance that <one>can evoke the production of one or more antibodies</one> - or, more accurately, it will amplify the response of the B-cell that synthesizes this antibody. []
+- A human produces n gram of <one>secretory IgA</one> every day? <one>5g - 15g</one>. []
+- Can <one>haptens</one> be <two>recognized by antibodies</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Do <one>antigen-specific antibodies</one> <two>persist</two> in the circulation for many years? <one>Yes</one>, which can be shown by survivors of an infection (e. g. the Influenza pandemic in 1918). []
+- Following the binding of a monoclonal antibody to a specific target on a tumour cell, <one>which complement factor</one> interacts with the CH₂ constant region of the monoclonal antibody? The <one>C1q complement factor</one>. []
+- A <one>carbohydrate</one> that may be found in an antibody, can typically be found where? In the <one>heavy chain</one>; in particular in the <two>CH2</two> domain.
+- Von den verschiedenen <one>IgG Unterklassen</one>: <two>welche ist am größten, physisch betrachtet</two>? <one>IgG3</one>. []
+- In <one>antibody engineering</one>: what does the abbreviation <two>ADAs</two> stand for? <one>Antidrug antibodies</one>. []
+- <one>IgY</one> können wir, zum Beispiel, woraus isolieren? Aus dem <one>Eigelb</one> (<two>Y</two> steht hier für <two>yolk</two>). []
+- <one>From the natural immunoglobulins</one>: which one tends to be the most stable, that is the one with the longest half-life? <one>IgG</one>. []
+- Name a very well known <one>motif</one> in antibodies. A: The <one>immunoglobulin fold</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_domain []
+- Nenne <one>drei verschiedene Beispiele</one> für <two>Antikörper-Fragmente</two>. A: (1) <one>scFv</one> (2) <one>Fab</one> (3) <one>Fv</one>
+- The <one>Ka</one> between an <two>antigen</two> and an <two>antibody</two> can be determined via ... ? <one>Equilibrium dialysis</one>. URL: https://www.harvardapparatus.com/overview-equilibrium-dialysis
+- All <lightseagreen>naive B cells</lightseagreen> express which <one>cell-surface antibodies</one>? (1) <one>IgD</one> (2) <one>IgM</one> []
+- Bei einem <one>Fc-Fragment</one>: <two>wo</two> finden wir die Region, die für die <three>Komplementerkennung</three> wichtig ist? In der <one>CH₂-Region</one> - also nicht ganz am Ende des Antikörpers.
+- <one>Which complement factor</one> can interact with the <two>CH₂ constant region</two> of a monoclonal antibody? The <one>C1q complement factor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1q []
+- <one>IgM</one> has <two>how many four-chain units</two>? <one>5</one>. []
+- The linker in a <one>scFv fragment</one>, is <two>typically made up of which aminoacid</two>? <one>Glycine</one>, due to <two>Glycine's flexibility</two>. []
+- In the method called <one>Hydrogen</one>/<one>Deuterium eXchange mass spectrometry</one>, which is also <two>used to study epitopes</two>, the protein is submerged into ... ? <one>D₂O</one>. []
+- <one>Welcher Antikörper</one> spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei <two>Autoimmunkrankheiten</two>? <one>IgD</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_D []
+- A <one>scFv</one> has <two>how many different components</two>, if we ignore the linker? <one>Two</one>: <two>VH</two> and <two>VL</two>.
+- When we do happen to find <one>IgA</one> in a <two>polymeric form</two>, what do we also instantly know about it, <three>structure-wise</three>? That this IgA-antibody must have a <one>J-chain</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A []
+- What is a <one>trifunctional antibody</one>? A <royalblue>trifunctional antibody</royalblue> is a <one>monoclonal antibody</one> with <three>binding sites for two different antigens</three>.
+- <one>Catumaxomab</one>, ein <two>bispezifischer Antikörper</two>, wird eingesetzt zur Behandlung welcher Krankheit? Der <one>malignen Aszites</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catumaxomab []
+- For the mechanism of action of immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates: <one>what is the second step</one>? Internalization of the <one>receptor-immunotoxin complex</one>.
+- If we see a <one>19S immunoglobulin</one>, we know that this is which antibody? <one>IgM</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC322453/ []
+- <one>IgM</one> versus <one>IgG</one>: which of these two antibodies is more efficient at <two>activating complement</two>? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- Wie gross, <two>in kDa</two>, ist ein <one>scFv-Fragment</one>? Etwa <one>25 kDa</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-chain_variable_fragment []
+- How long, in <three>n aminoacids</three>, is a typical <one>human antibody light chain</one>? About <one>211</one> to <one>217</one> amino acids long. (<one>211-217</one>) []
+- <one>Rituximab</one> is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein <one>CD20</one>. What happens when this antibody binds to <two>CD20</two>? <one>Rituximab</one> will <two>trigger cell death</two>.
+- The presence of <one>multiple identical determinants</one> in an antigen is referred to as ... ? <one>Polyvalency</one> / <one>Multivalency</one>. []
+- Hat die <one>Milz</one> irgendeinen Bezug zu den Antikörpern? Ja; <one>in der Milz</one> werden die Immunglobuline <two>teilweise zerlegt</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milz#Die_wichtigsten_Aufgaben_der_Milz []
+- Können <one>Antikörper</one> eine Antikörper-Bildung auslösen? Ja - sogenannte <one>anti-Antikörper</one>, wie bei der <two>HAMA response</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anti-mouse_antibody
+- In <one>phage display</one>, we may have <two>a phagemid</two> and a helper phage. Can the helper phage reproduce? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Given a <one>typical IgG antibody</one>, we may find <two>three hypervariable regions</two> in the V domain - <violet>HV1</violet>, <violet>HV2</violet> and <violet>HV3</violet>. Which of these three is the most variable one? The <one>HV3 region</one>. []
+- <one>Herceptin</one> erkennt <two>welchen Oberflächenrezeptor</two>? <one>HER2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HER2/neu []
+- Welche <one>vier Kräfte</one> sind bei der <two>Antigen-Antikörper Bindung</two> wichtig? (1) <one>Wasserstoffbrücken</one> (2) <one>Elektrostatische Kräfte</one> (3) <one>Van-der-Waals-Wechselwirkungen</one> (4) <one>Hydrophobe Kräfte</one>
+- What could be another word for an <one>immunoconjugate</one>? <one>Antibody-drug conjugate</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-drug_conjugate []
+- What is <one>the minimal length</one>, <two>in n aminoacids</two>, of the linker required to bridge from the C-terminus of VH to the N-terminus of VL, in a scFv fragment? About <one>15 amino acids</one>. []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is typically called to be <two>heat-labile</two>? <one>IgE</one>. []
+- <one>Where</one> in an antibody can the <twoe>CDR</two> be found? Within the <one>amino-terminal area</one>.
+- <one>Naive mature B cells</one> <two>produce which two antibodies</two>? (1) <one>IgD</one> (2) <one>IgM</one> []
+- Give an example for <one>an amino acid</one> that is <lightskyblue>over-represented</lightskyblue> in antigen-binding site of an antibody. A: <one>Tyrosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine []
+- Das <one>adaptive Immunsystem</one> kann <two>n verschiedene Antikörper</two> produzieren? <one>10⁸</one>.
+- Name the two general <one>types</one> of epitopes. A: (1) <one>linear        epitopes</one> (2) <one>discontinuous epitopes</one> []
+- Some antibodies may be either <one>membrane-bound</one>, or <one>soluble</one> in the serum. <two>What is the molecular reason as to how this can be achieved</two>? This can be achieved via <one>differential splicing</one>. []
+- Name an <one>anti-VEGF</one> <two>monoclonal antibody</two>. A: <one>Avastin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avastin []
+- <one>Immunglobulin G</one> hat welche schwere Kette? <one>Gamma</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6787596/ []
+- What is a <one>hapten</one>? This is a substance that <one>can bind to antibodies</one>, but <two>cannot induce an immune response because it is too small</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapten
+- Say that we may wish to <one>use antibodies against membrane proteins</one>. <two>What problem may we face here</two>? <one>Membrane proteins</one> tend to have quite short antigenic regions - aka <two>short epitopes</two>. <three>These often only fold correctly in the context of a lipid bilayer</three>.
+- Can <one>antibodies</one> <two>cross the plazenta barrier</two>? Yes - see <one>Rh-negative</one> and <one>Rh-positive</one> mother/offspring situations.
+- <one>Fab-Fragment</one> versus <one>Fv-Fragment</one>. <two>Welches Fragment ist stabiler</two>? Das <one>Fab-Fragment</one>, da es eine <two>Disulfidbrücke</two> enthält, die das Protein stabilisiert.
+- Do we find <one>IgD-dimers</one>? No - <one>IgD</one> is only found as <two>a monomer</two> (at the least in humans). []
+- <one>Which cells</one> have <two>Fc receptors</two> for <three>IgE</three>? <one>Eosinophils</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil []
+- Die <one>Immunglobulinfraktion</one> im Serum beträgt etwa <lightseagreen>n%</lightseagreen>? <one>30%</one>. []
+- What is the <one>diameter</one> of a typical (<peru>IgG</peru>) antibody, give or take? About <one>12nm</one>. []
+- A <one>single serum IgM molecule</one> can bind how many larger antigens simultaneously? Only <one>5 or fewer</one>, due to <two>steric hindrance</two>. []
+- Name <one>two points</one> how the <two>four different IgG-subclasses</two> differ from one another. A: (1) The <one>size of their hinge region</one> (2) Number and position of the <one>interchain disulfide bond</one>, between their <two>heavy chains</two>
+- In <one>secondary responses</one> where antibodies may become more refined (<two>affinity maturation</two>), the <three>affinity increases</three> and the Kd value decreases to ... a value of about? <one>10⁻¹¹ M</one> or even less.
+- Name a <one>hapten</one> that was used by <two>Karl Landsteiner</two>. A: <one>Aminobenzene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminobenzene []
+- <one>Triomab</one> combines <two>hybridoma-generated segments</two> <two>from which two animals</two>? (1) <one>rat</one> (2) <one>mouse</one> []
+- Is <one>IgM</one> a <two>secretory immunoglobulin</two>? Yes. Not as important as IgA, but it can bind to <one>receptors on secretory cells</one>, thanks to its <two>J chain</two>.
+- In der <one>Allergieforschung</one> gibt es den <two>Prick-Test</two>. Welcher Antikörper wird dadurch indirekt getestet? <one>IgE</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_allergy_test []
+- Warum hat <one>IgM</one> den Buchstaben <lightseagreen>M</lightseagreen>? <one>M</one> steht hier für <two>Makroglobulin</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_M []
+- <one>Isotype switching</one>: does it occur in the <lightseagreen>V-region</lightseagreen> or in the <lightseagreen>C-region</lightseagreen> of an antibody? It occurs in the <one>C-region</one>, as a <two>B-cell</two> matures and proliferates. []
+- Bei den <one>Antikörpern</one>: was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <two>IVIG</two> und wo kommt dieser Begriff zur Anwendung? Dies sind <one>intravenöse Immunglobuline</one>. Diese finden zum Beispiel bei <two>Bluttransfusionen</two> Verwendung.
+- Is the role of <one>IgD</one> in serum known? <one>No</one> - the role that <two>IgD</two> plays in the serum is uncertain. []
+- Does <one>IgE</one> have <two>an extra domain</two>? Yes, in its <one>constant region</one>; called <two>CH4</two>. []
+- <one>Protein A</one> kann an den Fc-Teil von IgG binden. <two>Wie können wir diese Bindung aufbrechen</two>? Eine <one>Elution</one> kann <two>durch Senken des pH-Wertes</two> erreicht werden (sprich: <three>Zugabe einer Säure</three>).
+- Initially, the <one>first-generation mAbs</one> (mAbs: <two>monoclonal Antibodies</two>) were generated from mouse and rat hybridomas, but they found only limited use in clinic usage. Give <three>two reasons</three> as to why that was the case. A: (1) <one>high immunogenicity</one> (2) <one>short half-lives</one>
+- The <one>antigen-antibody interactions</one> occur in <two>n stages</two>? <one>Three</one> (<two>3</two>).
+- What is meant with the term <one>Mumab</one>? <one>Murine mAb</one>: <two>murine monoclonal antibody</two>. URL: https://www.proteogenix.science/scientific-corner/antibody-production/murine-monoclonal-antibodies-and-their-use-in-modern-medicine/ []
+- Which <one>human herpes virus</one> shows <two>significant B cell tropism</two>? The <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one>. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13557 []
+- Hat <one>IgD</one> ein höheres Molekulargewicht als <one>IgE</one>? Nein. <one>IgE</one> hat <two>190 kDa</two> und <one>IgD</one> hat <two>175 kDa</two>. []
+- Monoclonal antibodies: <one>-zumab</one> versus <one>-umab</one> - which ones are more human? (1) <one>-umab</one> refers to <two>human monoclonal antibodies</two> (2) <one>-zumab</one> refers to <two>humanized monoclonal antibodies</two>.
+- <one>Pepsin digestion</one> applied onto an <two>IgG-molecule</two> will lead to ... ? One <one>F(ab)₂</one> fragment. []
+- <one>Yeast display</one> is also <two>used for the display of antibodies</two>. At the cell wall of the yeast cells, which particular yeast protein is usually used here? The <one>Aga2p mating agglutinin protein</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the antibody <two>IgE</two> discovered? In the year <one>1966</one>, and also in the year <one>1967</one>, ironically enough. A joint paper was written in <one>1969</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E#Discovery []
+- <one>Dual targeting IgGs</one> can be engineered to use their 6 CDRs in order to accomodate two binding sites against two structurally unrelated antigens. <two>Give two such examples for antigens like this</two>. A: (1) <one>EGFR</one> (2) <one>Her3</one>
+- <one>ADCC</one> (<two>antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</two>) <three>was first described in which year</three>? In <one>1967</one>. []
+- Sind <one>polyklonale Antikörper</one> funktionell unterschiedlich? <one>Ja</one> - sie <two>besitzen eine unterschiedliche Affinität in Bezug auf die unterschiedlichen Epitope eines Antigens</two>.
+- <one>Chimeric antibodies</one>, even though perceived as less foreign and therefore less immunogenic than mouse monoclonal antibodes, <two>have been shown to induce ... which response</two>? The <one>HACA response</one> (<two>human anti-chimeric antibody response</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anti-chimeric_antibody
+- <one>Lipids</one> <two>can stimulate the production of which antibody</two>, in the human body? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- The <one>scFv</one> has a viable linker peptide, which typically has the two aminoacids <two>Glycine</two> and <two>Serine</two>. <three>Why ought the aminoacids be hydrophilic</three>? This may avoid intercalation of the peptide with or between the variable domains throughout protein folding.
+- The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its <one>Fc region</one>, which is located at the base of the "Y"-structure. This area also contains a conserved glycosylation site. <two>Is this site involved in these interactions</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Hersteller von <one>Trastuzumab</one> ist ... ? Die Firma <one>Roche</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab []
+- Name <one>three roles</one> that antibodies play in <two>host defence</two>. A: (1) <one>neutralization</one> (2) <one>opsonization</one> (3) <one>complement activation</one> []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is, by far, <two>the most efficient one</two> at <three>complement fixing</three>, among the different natural antibodies? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- In a <one>typical IgG molecule</one>, the <two>CL domain</two> is paired with ... ? The <one>CH1 domain</one>. []
+- Einige wenige Antikörper, wie zum Beispiel IgM, besitzen eine <one>J-Kette</one>. <two>Dieses Peptid hat ein Molekulargewicht von n kD</two>? <one>15 kD</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>sezernierte Antikörper</one>? <one>Lösliche Antikörper</one>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biochemie/immunglobuline/3076 []
+- <one>ZMapp</one> is <two>an experimental biopharmaceutical drug</two> comprising ... how many chimeric monoclonal antibodies, for treatment of the Ebola virus disease? There are <one>three</one> chimeric monoclonal antibodies part of ZMapp. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZMapp
+- <one>Humanized antibodies</one> are human antibodies that contain <two>mouse-derived CDRs</two> ... where? In their <one>variable regions</one>.
+- Der <one>monoklonale Antikörper</one> <two>Herceptin</two> bindet an ...? <one>HER2-Rezeptoren</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HER2/neu []
+- Do antibodies that are <one>able to bind to the native protein</one> also bind to its <two>denatured state</two>? No, <one>not necessarily so</one>. []
+- <one>Plasma cells</one> <two>produce and release about n antibodies per second</two>? About <one>2.000 antibodies per second</one>. []
+- The <one>coating of target cells with antibodies</one> is called ... ? <one>Opsonization</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody_opsonization []
+- For the <one>production of monoclonal antibodies</one>, we also need <two>myeloma cells</two>. <three>Which gene is lacking in these cells</three>? The <one>HGPRT gene</one> (thus <two>HGPRT-</two>). The full name is <three>Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxanthine-guanine_phosphoribosyltransferase
+- Besitzt ein <one>Fab-Fragment</one> eine <two>Disulfidbrücke</two>? Ja. []
+- In <one>humans</one> we can find <two>the kappa-light chain</two> and <two>the lambda-light chain</two> in antibodies. Which one is more frequently found? The <one>kappa light chain</one>; in a <two>2:1 ratio</two>. []
+- <one>ADCC</one> (<two>antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity</two>) usually <two>requires a specific cell</two>; and <three>a specific antibody</three>. In most cases, these two are ... ? (1) a <one>natural killer cell</one> (a <two>NK cell</two>) (2) an <one>IgG antibody</one> []
+- <one>Circulating IgA</one> has a <two>half-life</two> of about n days? <one>3 days</one>. []
+- Give another name for the <one>llama antibodies</one>, also two words. A: <one>Miniature antibodies</one>. []
+- For <one>murine monoclonal antibodies</one>, what is the <two>suffix</two>? <one>-omab</one> (<two>-o-</two>).
+- Name <one>two prominent aminoacids</one> that are part of the <two>hinge region</two> of a typical antibody. A: (1) <one>cysteine</one> (<two>C</two>) (2) <one>proline</one>  (<two>P</two>)
+- <one>Bence-Jones proteins</one> are essentially ... ? <one>Immunoglobulin L-chains</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence_Jones_proteins []
+- Say that there is <one>an antibody-antigen complex</one> within a (living) cell. <two>What will happen with this complex in the long run</two>? It will eventually be <one>degraded</one> in a <two>lysosome</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome
+- Say that we have <one>a cleavable linker</one> attached to an antibody. <two>Where inside of the cell</two> will this linker be cleaved off? It will be cleaved off in the <one>endosome</one> or in the <one>lysosome</one> of the target cell. []
+- Welches <one>Immunoglobulin-Molekül</one> hat die längste Halbwertszeit und wie lang ist diese? <one>IgG - und zwar etwa 3 Wochen</one> (also <two>21 Tage</two>). []
+- Wir können viele Antikörper auch bei <one>-20°C</one> einlagern, wenn wir <two>welche Substanz hinzufügen</two>? <one>Glycerin</one> (<two>Glycerinzusatz</two>). URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Glycerin_Skelett.svg []
+- Given a typical <one>IgG</one> molecule, which area(s) are quite <two>flexible</two>? (1) the <one>hinge area</one> (2) the <one>V-C junction</one>
+- <one>Peptide arrays</one> can be used to screen antibody specificities, through the presentation of overlapping peptides. <two>They are quite limited, though</two>. Name a reason as to why that is so. A: The general approach is limited by the fact that most broadly neutralizing antibodies recognize <one>conformational epitopes</one> and <one>glycans</one> that are not represented in the arrays.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Bindungsstärke eines Antikörpers</one>? <one>Avidität</one> - zumindest bei einem multivalenten Antikörper. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidit%C3%A4t []
+- Which antibody can be found to be <one>especially prevalent in human breast milk</one>? <one>Secretory IgA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A#Secretory_IgA []
+- Name three <one>Fc-mediated effector functions</one> of antibodies. A: (1) <one>ADCC</one>: <two>antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</two> (2) <one>ADCP</one>: <two>antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis</two> (3) <one>CDC</one>:  <two>complement-dependent cytotoxicity</two>
+- The <one>FLAG epitope</one> is recognized by commercially available <two>M1</two> and <two>M2 antibodies</two> in a .... dependent binding. A: <one>Calcium-dependent binding</one>. []
+- From <one>IgG1</one>, <one>IgG2</one>, <one>IgG3</one>, <one>IgG4</one> - which one of these four antibody subtypes has <two>11 interchain disulfide bonds</two>? <one>IgG3</one> - in other words - <two>the largest IgG variant also has the highest amount of disulfide bonds</two>. []
+- Das Medikament heisst <one>Herceptin</one> - aber <two>wie heißt der dazugehörende Antikörper</two>? <one>Trastuzumab</one> (<two>Tras-tu-zu-mab</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab []
+- What is the general reason why <one>antibodies of camels and llamas</one> may be so important in biotechnology? Because <one>their antibodies have only heavy chains</one>. Such antibodies may thus be able to attach to some targets that are not accessible to conventional antibodies.
+- What does the abbreviation <one>mAb</one> stand for? <one>Monoclonal antibody</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is also known as <two>11S immunoglobulin</two>? <one>sIgA</one> - aka <two>secretory IgA</two>.
+- The <one>Fc fragment</one> of an antibody has a role in <one>effector functions</one> and <one>complement fixation</one>. But aside from this it is also important ... why? The Fc fragment <one>influences the half-life of the antibody</one>.
+- How heavy is <one>a single Fab fragment</one>, in kDa - aka one light chain and half a heavy chain combined. A: The <one>molecular weight</one> of a single Fab fragment is about <two>~50 kDa</two>. []
+- <one>Attenuated vaccines</one> require how many doses in order to <three>induce long-lasting immunity</three>? Usually <one>only one</one>. []
+- Für den <one>selektiven Transport von IgG</one>, von der Mutter auf den Fötus, ist <two>welcher Rezeptor in der Plazenta</two> verantwortlich? <one>FcRn</one> - <two>das IgG-Transportprotein</two>.
+- <one>Where</one> may <two>epitope mapping</two> be useful? For <one>vaccine development</one>.
+- Kann das <one>Bence-Jones Protein</one> <two>kristallisiert</two> werden? Ja. Es war auch als <one>Paraprotein</one> bekannt. []
+- Bei der <one>Synthese monoklonaler Antikörper</one> kann es <two>zwei falsche Hybridome</two> geben. Welche sind diese? (1) <one>B+B</one>: also <two>zwei fusionierte B-Lymphozyten</two> (2) <one>M+M</one>: also <two>zwei fusionierte Myelomzellen</two>
+- Antibodies can occur in which <one>physical forms</one>? (1) a <one>soluble form</one> that is secreted from the cell to drift free in the blood plasma (2) a <one>membrane-bound</one> form that can be found attached to the surface of a B cell []
+- Welcher Antikörper <one>'übernimmt'</one> nach <two>IgM</two>, nach Exposition mit einem Antigen? <one>IgG</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G []
+- In the 1940s, <one>Linus Pauling</one> confirmed the <two>lock-and-key theory</two> proposed by Ehrlich by showing that the interactions between antibodies and antigens depended more on their ... than their chemical composition. A: <one>shape</one>. []
+- Just about the <one>most frequently seen antigens</one> are of what class ... ? <one>Proteins</one>. []
+- For the hybridoma technique in a <lightseagreen>HAT medium</lightseagreen>, we make use of antibody-producing plasma cells and myeloma cells. Which of these two cells <one>will survive in a HAT medium</one>? Only the <one>antibody producing plasma cells</one> will survive in a HAT medium. []
+- In <lightseagreen>antigen-binding</lightseagreen>: does the <one>Vh domain</one> or the <one>Vl domain</one> contribute more? The <one>Vh domain</one> contributes more, usually. []
+- If we wish to obtain <one>F(ab)₂</one> - aka <two>two Fab fragments bound together</two> - <three>which enzyme should we use</three>? <one>Pepsin</one> - so we should <two>perform a pepsin digestion</two>. []
+- <one>Wodurch</one> wird die Antikörperklasse festgelegt? Durch die <one>konstante Region der schweren Immunglobulinkette</one>.
+- <one>Welche zwei Klassen von Proteinen</one> können <two>im Blutserum</two> unterschieden werden? (1) <one>Albumine</one> (2) <one>Globuline</one>
+- Sind <one>Globuline</one> wasserlöslich? Nein, sie sind salzlöslich.
+- The <one>hybridomas</one> created in <two>1975</two>: <three>do they secrete antibodies in culture</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Nanobodies</one> <two>have only which chain</two>? They have only <one>a heavy-chain</one>. []
+- <one>Infliximab</one> is <two>a purified, recombinant DNA-derived chimeric IgG monoclonal antibody</two>. <three>From which two species has it been derived</three>? <one>Human</one> and <one>mouse</one> - thus, it is a <two>human-mouse monoclonal antibody</two>.
+- Kann eine <one>Antikörperbindung</one> zu einer <two>Konformationsänderung eines Antigens</two> führen? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Polyclonal antibodies</one> are derived from the serum of ... ? <one>Immunized individuals</one>. []
+- Bei der <one>Herstellung monoklonaler Antikörper</one>: <two>wie bringen wir die Milzzellen und die Myelomzellen zur Fusion</two>? Wir können <one>Polyethylenglykol</one> (<royalblue>PEG</royalblue>) hinzufügen, dann beobachtet man <two>Fusions-Ereignisse</two>.
+- In <one>flow cytometry</one>: <two>which type of antibodies are typically used</two>? <one>Fluorescent antibodies</one>. []
+- Bei der <one>Herstellung polyklonaler Antikörper</one>: <two>wie werden die Tiere immunisiert</two>? Über eine <one>intramuskuläre Injektion unseres Antigens</one>.
+- Bei <one>IgY</one>: wofür steht das <two>Y</two>? Für <one>yolk</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk []
+- A healthy, <one>70kg adult human</one> produces how many <two>serum-antibodies</two> every day, in gram? <one>2-3g</one> of antibodies every day. []
+- Compare the amount of amino acids found in an <one>antibody heavy chain</one> and in an <one>antibody light chain</one>. A: (1) The <one>heavy chain</one> has <two>440 AA</two>. (2) The <one>light chain</one> has <two>220 AA</two>. []
+- <one>IgG</one> is <lightseagreen>the major Immunoglobulin in serum</lightseagreen>. <two>How much percent of serum Immunoglobulin is IgG</two>? About <one>75%</one>. []
+- Say that we may wish to want to <one>study the antibody flexibility and fluctuation</one>. Name a <peru>technique</peru> that could be used for this. A: Via <one>ET</one>, aka <two>electron tomography</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_tomography
+- <one>Antikörper</one> können in Glyzerin-hältiger Lösung mit ... als <two>Konservierungsmittel</two> viele Jahre gelagert werden. A: <one>Natriumazid</one> (<two>NaN₃</two>).
+- If a human being lacks <one>IgG2</one> antibodies, <two>which infection type may increase as a consequence</two>? <one>Infection with encapsulated bacteria</one>.
+- Gelangen Antikörper in die <one>Lymphe</one>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Nanobodies</one> could be <two>used against which disease</two>? <one>Nanobodies</one> could be used against the <two>Parkinson disease</two>.
+- Can <one>antibodies</one> recognize <two>polysaccharide coats</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Name the two different <one>forms</one> of <two>IgM</two>. A: (1) <one>planar form</one> (2) <one>staple form</one> []
+- The <one>antibody structure</one>: <two>antibodies are organized into ... </two>? <one>domains</one>. []
+- The <one>total collection of antibodies with different specificities</one> <two>represents</two> the ... ? <one>antibody repertoire</one>. []
+- <one>Epitopes</one> are generally divided into which <two>two general classes</two>? (1) <one>linear</one> (2) <one>conformational</one>
+- Nenne <one>drei Eigenschaften</one>, die <two>ein guter Antikörper</two> besitzen sollte. A: (1) möglichst <one>hohe Antigenspezifität</one> (2) möglichst <one>hohe Avidität zum spezifischen Antigen</one> (3) möglichst <one>hohe Eigenstabilität</one>
+- When we see an antibody, such as <one>ipilimumab</one> - what can we infer from the suffix <two>-mumab</two>? That this is <one>fully human</one>.
+- How many <one>different heavy chain constant regions</one> are known to exist for the <two>heavy antibody chains</two>? <one>5</one>. []
+- <one>Fab-Fragmente</one> werden hergestellt durch ... im Bereich ... ? <one>proteolytische Spaltung</one> ... im Bereich der <one>hinge-Region</one>. []
+- Top ten selling drugs in the year <one>2018</one> - <two>which antibody reigns supreme here</two>? <one>Humira</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalimumab []
+- Ein typisches <one>IgG</one>-Molekül besitzt, in Summe, <two>n CDRs</two>? <one>12</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity-determining_region []
+- Can <one>monoclonal antibodies</one> be <two>used in protein purification</two>? <one>Yes</one>, as they have a high affinity for a particular epitope. []
+- Können <one>Antikörper</one> die <two>Blut-Hirn-Schranke</two> durchqueren? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- The <one>CAR T-cell Therapy</one> has a step call <two>leukapheresis</two>. What does this mean, basically? That <one>we collect T-cells with a specialized blood filtration system</one>.
+- <one>Nanobodies</one> may be fused with a to a bispecific antibody fragment. <two>Why are HSA-specific nanobodies used in general</two>, though? They show an <one>improved serum half life</one> compared to plain nanobodies.
+- Name a <one>mammalian cell platform for antibody selection</one>. A: <one>IONTAS</one>. URL: https://www.iontas.co.uk/ []
+- Wie nennen wir den Bereich <one>zwischen</one> den beiden <two>scFv-Fragmenten</two> eines <two>diabodies</two>? <one>Linker</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-chain_variable_fragment []
+- Sind alle <one>IgG Antikörper</one> <two>plazentagängig</two>? Nein - <one>IgG2</one> ist nicht plazentagängig.
+- Antibodies can have <two>a linker</two>. Which <three>two general groups</three> can we distinguish for these linkers? (1) <one>cleavable</one> (2) <one>stable</one> []
+- <one>Welche Antikörpertypen</one> finden wir in <two>Muttermilch</two> vor allem? <one>IgA</one>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/magazin/immunschutz-durch-muttermilch/822831 []
+- Name an antibody that is involved in <one>ADCC</one> (<two>antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</two>). A: <one>IgG</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cell-mediated_cytotoxicity#By_NK_cells []
+- <one>Wie schwer</one> ist die leichte und die schwere Kette eines Antikörpers (in kDa)? (1) <one>Leichte Kette</one>: <two>25 kDa</two> (2) <one>Schwere Kette</one>: <two>55 kDa</two> []
+- Are <one>mAbs</one> <two>toxic</two> for the cells that express them? Usually not. []
+- <one>Heavy-chain only antibodies</one> were discovered in the serum of camelids, by Hamers-Casterman, <two>in which year</two>? In <one>1995</one>.
+- <one>IgG</one> bound to an antigen can bind to which receptor? <one>FcRs</one>: <two>gamma heavy chain-specific Fc receptors</two>.
+- Name one <one>intrinsic disadvantage of IgM</one>. A: Because of its <one>large size</one>, <two>IgM does not diffuse well</two>. []
+- The <one>strength</one> of binding between one V domain and an antigen is called ... ? The <one>affinity</one> of the antibody. []
+- Why can only antibodies bound to antigen <one>trigger effector functions</one>? (1) <one>First</one> - <two>this ensures that free antibodies do not wastefully and inappropriately trigger these responses</two>. (2) <one>Second</one> - the reason as to why only two or more antibodies trigger a response is that they need to be adjacent in order to invoke this effector response. In other words: there is a <two>requirement for adjacent antibody molecules</two>.
+- What is <one>the major antibody</one> that can be found in <two>tears</two>? <one>IgA</one>. []
+- Do <one>antibody microarrays</one> exist? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody_microarray []
+- <one>Wo</one> finden wir die <two>Effektorfunktion eines Antikörpers</two>? Im <one>Fc-Teil</one>.
+- For an <cadetblue>effector cell</cadetblue> to be able to <one>interact with antibodies coating a pathogen</one>: <two>which structural entity is especially important for said antibody</two>? The <one>Fc domain</one> / <one>Fc region</one>.
+- <one>Epitopes</one> formed by several <two>adjacent amino acid residues</two> are called ... ? <one>Linear determinants</one>. []
+- Do the <one>CH3 domains</one> in a typical <two>IgG</two> antibody pair with one other? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> <two>deals with virus</two> <three>on mucosal surfaces</three>? <one>IgA</one>. []
+- <one>Which Immunoglobulin</one> can <three>agglutinate viral particles</three> especially well? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- The <one>secondary antibody</one> recognizes what? The <one>primary antibody</one>. []
+- <one>Protein A</one> ist ein Membranprotein aus Staphylococcus aureus, mit einem Molekulargewicht von <two>42 kDa</two>. Es kann an IgG binden. Diese Bindung erfolgt über welchen Bereich in IgG? Die Bindung erfolgt über den <one>Fc-Teil</one> von IgG. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_A []
+- When we notice a <one>nonliving-antigen</one>, what will we also know? That this antigen can <one>NOT</one> proliferate. []
+- <one>Antibodies</one> are <two>what kind of proteins</two>? <one>Antibodies</one> are <two>Glycoproteins</two>. []
+- What was the <one>first fully human antibody product from transgenic mice</one>? <one>Panitumumab</one> (<two>Panitum-u-mab</two>).
+- <one>Anti-Rh antibodies</one> <two>belong to which immunoglobulin class</two>? <one>IgG</one>. []
+- Even <one>monoclonal antibodies can evoke negative effects</one>, such as <two>the cytokine release syndrome</two>. This release of cytokines depends on which structural part of the antibody? It depends on the <one>Fc region</one> of the antibody.
+- <one>If</one> we wish to use an antibody that is <two>good at agglutinating</two>, <three>which antibody should we use first</three>? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- In einem <one>schwach sauren Medium</one> bewirkt der Zusatz von <two>kurzkettigen Fettsäuren</two> (<three>Caprylsäure</three>) das Ausfällen der meisten Serumproteine - <four>mit Ausnahme welchen Antikörpers</four>? <one>IgG</one>. []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is essentially the <two>BCR</two>? <one>IgD</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_D []
+- In general: <one>which antibody types</one> can <two>activate the classical complement pathway</two>? (1) <one>IgG</one> (2) <one>IgM</one> []
+- Können <one>Antikörper</one> <two>reversibel denaturiert</two> werden? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- What is the target for <one>Catumaxomab</one>? <one>EpCam</one> (<two>Epithelia cell adhesion molecule</two>).
+- Say that you have the two antibodies <one>rituximab</one> and <one>trastuzumab</one>. You treat <one>genetically modified mice</one> with these antibodies and <two>observe no therapeutic activity in these mice</two>. What might be the reason for this? These mice may lack expression of activating Fc-gamma-R or be defective in Fc-gamma-R signaling.
+- <one>Since when</one> is it possible to <two>produce monoclonal antibodes</two>? Since as of the year <one>1975</one>. []
+- <one>Halbwertszeit</one> von <two>IgG</two> im menschlichen Körper? <one>21 Tage</one> - also <two>drei Wochen</two>. []
+- Is the <one>Fv fragment</one> smaller than the <one>Fab fragment</one>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Are <one>monoclonal antibodies</one> <two>commercially important</two>? <one>Yes</one> - they show a <two>high commercial revenue</two>. 6 of the 10 best-selling biopharmaceutics in 2013 were <three>therapeutic mAbs</three>.
+- <one>Where</one> in a typical <two>IgG</two> antibody can we find the CDRs? In <one>VH</one> and <one>VL</one>.
+- In antibody engineering: the <one>FcRn</one> is ... ? The <one>neonatal Fc receptor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_Fc_receptor
+- Antibody in-vivo half life is mediated by contact between Fc and ... which receptor? The <one>neonatal Fc receptor</one>.
+- <one>Infliximab</one>, the first biosimilar monoclonal antibody approved, is used to treat ... ? <one>Autoimmune diseases</one>.
+- Since <one>which year</one> is it possible to <two>efficiently produce monoclonal antibodies</two> (<three>mAbs</three>)? Since as of the year <one>1975</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody#History []
+- If we wish to obtain a <one>Fab</one> fragment (<two>antigen-binding fragment</two>), which enzyme should we use? <one>Papain</one> - thus, we ought to perform a <two>papain digestion</two>. []
+- Bei der <one>Kryopräservierung</one> wird oft welche Substanz eingesetzt, um <lightseagreen>Antikörper langgfristig lagern zu können</lightseagreen>? <one>Glycerin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerin []
+- Do <one>antibody microarrays</one> exist? <one>Yes</one> they do. []
+- <one>Where</one> in an antibody can we find the <two>hinge region</two>? The <one>hinge region</one> can be found between the <two>CH1 domain</two> and the <two>CH2 domain</two>.
+- Which person discovered <one>the genetic principle of antibody diversity</one> in the year <two>1976</two>? <one>Susumu Tonegawa</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa []
+- Are <one>Immunglobulins</one> <two>glycoproteins</two>? Yes. []
+- <one>Infliximab</one> <two>mimics which immunoglobulin specifically</two>? <one>IgG</one>. []
+- How many different <one>classes of antibodies</one> can we find based on the structure of their <two>heavy-chain C domains</two>? <one>Five</one> (<one>5</one>). []
+- When <one>IgA</one> is found in secretions it also has another protein associated with it called ... ? The <one>secretory piece</one>; also called the <two>T piece</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_component
+- Can a <one>single hapten</one> <two>simultaneously bind to two antibodies, at the same time</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>drei wichtige Kriterien</one> bei der <two>Reinigung von Antikörpern</two>. A: (1) <one>Ausbeute</one> (2) <one>Erhöhung der Reinheit</one> (3) <one>Erhaltung der biologischen Aktivität</one>
+- <one>Recombinant Therapeutic Antibodies</one> can be sold. <two>Which group</two> of antibodies are the commercially most successful ones? The <one>anti-TNF antibodies</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF_inhibitor []
+- The <one>covalent association of heavy and light chains of antibodies</one>, stabilized by the formation of disulfide bonds, occurs where inside of a cell? In the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one> (<two>ER</two>). []
+- Die <one>Leihimmunität</one> von Mutter-zu-Kind, über die Plazenta, wird über welches Immunglobulin vermittelt? <one>IgG</one>. []
+- Beim <one>Menschen</one>: welche Antikörper binden bevorzugt an das <two>Protein G</two>? Die <one>IgG-Antikörper</one> (leicht zu merken!). []
+- Name <one>four different ways</one> how to disrupt the interaction between an antibody and its antigen. A: (1) by <one>high salt concentration</one> (2) extremes of pH (3) <one>detergents</one> (4) competition with high concentrations of the pure epitope itself
+- Give another name for <one>humanized antibodies</one>. A: <one>CDR-grafted antibodies</one>.
+- Which <one>IgG subclasses</one> exist in the human species? (1) <one>IgG1</one> (2) <one>IgG2</one> (3) <one>IgG3</one> (4) <one>IgG4</one> []
+- Do <one>monovalent antibody fragments</one> form <two>immune complexes</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- Both <one>IgG</one> and <one>IgM</one> <two>can initiate the complement cascade</two>. <three>Which one of these two is more efficient here</three>? <one>IgM</one> is <two>much more efficient at initiating the complement cascade</two>. []
+- An antibody has <one>HV regions</one> and <one>FR regions</one>. HV are the Hypervariable regions, but what is <lightseagreen>FR</lightseagreen>? The <one>Framework regions</one> - with a fairly <two>low variability</two>.
+- The <one>IgA</one> antibody has <two>how many subclasses</two>? <one>Two</one>. []
+- In the <one>mouse</one>: which antibody has only <lightgreen>two</lightgreen> rather than <lightgreen>three</lightgreen> constant regions in its <two>heavy chain</two>? <one>IgD</one>. []
+- <one>Infliximab</one> is <two>what kind of antibody</two>? <one>Infliximab</one> is a <two>chimeric monoclonal antibody</two>.
+- Wie liegt <one>IgE</one> im Körper normalerweise vor? <one>IgE</one> liegt <two>an Mastzellen gebunden</two> vor. URL: https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Mastzelle []
+- Bei den <one>chimären, monoklonalen Antikörpern</one> von Maus und Mensch: woher jeweils stammen die konstanten Regionen und woher die variablen Regionen? (1) Die <one>konstante Region</one> stammt aus dem <two>Menschen</two>. (2) Die <one>variable Region</one> stammt aus der <two>Maus</two>. []
+- A <one>single Fab fragment</one> has a molecular mass of <two>n kDa</two>? About <one>55 kDa</one>.
+- In the past, <one>horse antiserum</one> was sometimes applied against ... ? Infection by <i>Clostridium tetani</i> in a wound, in particular against its <one>Tetanus toxin</one>.
+- <one>Which immunoglobulin</one> is responsible for <two>the hypersensitivity reaction</two>? <one>IgE</one>. []
+- The <one>human fetus</one> <two>synthesizes which antibody first</two>? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- Ein typisches <one>IgG</one>-Molekül hat <two>wieviele Fab-Fragmente</two> und <two>wieviele Fc-Fragmente</two>? <one>2 Fab-Fragmente</one> und <one>1 Fc-Fragment</one>. URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/2fab_fc.svg []
+- Can modern <one>Antibody-Drug Conjugates</one> (<two>ADCs</two>) <three>release the cytotoxic agent inside of cells</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Naive B cells</one> <two>simultaneously produce which two antibodies</two> that <three>function as membrane receptors for antigens</three>? (1) <one>IgD</one> (2) <one>IgM</one> []
+- Are <one>monovalent antibody fragments</one> secreted through the <two>kidneys</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Die <one>Antigen-Antikörper</one> <two>Reaktion</two> ist mit welchen zwei anderen <two>Reaktionen</two> vergleichbar? (1) <one>Enzym-Substrat  Bindung</one> (2) <one>Ligand-Rezeptor Bindung</one> []
+- Can <one>vitamins</one> act as <two>haptens</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- From <one>IgG1</one>, <one>IgG2</one>, <one>IgG3</one>, <one>IgG4</one> - which one is the largest? <one>IgG3</one>. []
+- There are <one>5 different heavy chains</one> in humans. <two>How are these collectively called</two>? <one>Isotypes</one>. []
+- <one>Disulfide linkers</one> are typically <two>cleaved</two> how and where? They are typically cleaved by <one>glutathione</one>, in the <two>endosome</two>.
+- The complement protein <one>C1q</one> <two>can bind to which two antibodies</two> in particular? (1) <one>IgG</one> (2) <one>IgM</one> []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für künstliche <one>Schwerketten-Antikörper</one>. A: <one>Nanobodies</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einzeldom%C3%A4nenantik%C3%B6rper []
+- Nenne einen typischen <one>Früh-Antikörper</one>. A: <one>IgM</one>. []
+- What do we mean with <one>antibody-recycling</one> in biotechnology/antibody engineering? This is, for example, <one>when the antigen is selectively degraded</one>, whereas the antibody is not. The idea here is <one>to be able to re-use the antibody</one>. <two>SMART-IG</two> makes use of that, for instance. The same antibody can thus bind to the antigen multiple times.
+- Werden <one>Antikörper</one> eher durch <two>alkalische</two> oder <two>azide</two> Bedingungen geschädigt? Eher durch <one>alkalische Bedingungen</one>. []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is generally thought to have been <two>the first to appear during evolution</two>? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- Can the <one>Fab fragment</one> be expressed in <two>yeast</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>mAb</one>? <one>Monoclonal antibody</one>. []
+- Does <one>lysis of cells</one> occur in <two>antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity</two> (<three>ADCC</three>)? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Give an example of <one>how</one> the determinant of an antigen may be <two>lost</two>. A: For example, due to <one>denaturation</one>, such as through <two>significant heat increase</two>.
+- Antibodies can be used to <one>quantitate the presence of an antigen</one>. <two>Name two techniques that allow us to do so</two>. A: (1) using a <one>radioimmunoassay</one> (<springgreen>RIA</springgreen>) (2) using an <one>enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay</one> (<springgreen>ELISA</springgreen>)
+- <one>Welche Antikörper</one> können den <two>klassischen Komplementweg</two> aktivieren? (1) <one>IgG</one> (2) <one>IgM</one> []
+- Name two different ways how infants acquire <one>maternal antibodies</one>. A: (1) through the <one>placenta</one> (2) through <one>breast milk</one> []
+- Is a <one>Fv fragment</one> smaller than an <one>Fab fragment</one>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Give another name for the <one>antibody-binding</one> and the <one>antibody tail</one> part of an IgG molecule. A: (1) <one>antibody-binding</one>: <two>Fab</two> (2) <one>antibody tail</one>:    <two>Fc</two>
+- If we wish to generate <one>a single F(ab)2 fragment</one>, which enzyme should we employ? <one>Pepsin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsin []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> <two>remains membrane-bound</two>? <one>IgD</one>. []
+- Ist <one>IgG</one> <two>plazentagängig</two>? Ja - <one>IgG</one> ist ein <two>sehr kleiner Antikörper</two>. []
+- <one>Welches spezifische Antigen</one> wird bei der <two>Blutgruppe AB</two> gebildet? <one>Keines</one>.
+- <one>Antibody-drug-conjugates</one> (<two>ADCs</two>) may have <three>which advantage over classical chemotherapy</three>? <one>ADCs may kill only the cancer cells</one> - and spare healthy cells.
+- <one>IgM</one> has how many <two>identical binding domains</two>? <one>10</one>. []
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is <two>the phylogenetically oldest immunoglobulin</two>? <one>IgM</one>. (See the book "Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice", Chapter 5.3.1, IgM). []
+- Can <one>unbound antibodies</one> <two>initiate effector functions</two>? <one>No</one>. They must have bound antigens, in order to <two>make use of the effector functions of antibodies</two>. []
+- The <one>crescendo discovery platform</one> is based on ... ? <one>Transgenic mice</one>. URL: https://www.crescendobiologics.com/vh-technology/discovery-and-development/
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>Frühantikörper</one>, der üblicherweise zudem ein Hinweis für eine Infektion ist. A: <one>IgM</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_M []
+- Compared to the other antibodies, why does <one>IgM</one> not diffuse well? Due to its <one>large size</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M []
+- Two <one>Fab fragments</one> can be gained by the action of <two>which enzyme</two>? <one>Papain</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papain []
+- If we compare <one>chimeric antibodies</one> and <one>humanized antibodies</one>, which ones contain more foreign parts, e. g. <two>more murine parts</two>? The <one>chimeric antibodies</one> <two>contain more foreign parts</two>; humanized antibodies have mostly just the CDR part modified. []
+- On an antibody: what does the abbreviation <one>CDR</one> stand for? <one>Complementarity determining region</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity-determining_region []
+- The <one>Bence-Jones protein</one> actually refers to ... ? The <one>antibody light chain</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence-Jones-Protein []
+- Which <one>IgG subclass</one> <two>does not fix complement very well</two>? <one>IgG4</one>. []
+- Mit welcher <one>Technik</one> kann der <two>KD-value eines Antikörpers</two> bestimmt werden? Mit Hilfe eines <one>indirekten ELISAs</one>. []
+- Can we <one>use antibodies against</one> <lightseagreen>5-methyl-cytosine</lightseagreen>? Yes we can. []
+- <one>Human antibody-secreting cells</one> (<two>ASCs</two>) can be immortalized by ... ? An <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one> (<two>EBV</two>) infection. []
+- Besitzt <one>DNA</one> eine <two>antigene Wirkung</two>? Unter bestimmten Umständen <one>ja</one>. []
+- Does <one>ADCC</one> (<two>antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</two>) depend on <three>phagocytosis</three>? No it does not. []
+- Welche <one>natürlichen Antikörper</one>, zumindest im Menschen, besitzen eine <two>J-Kette</two>? (1) <one>sekretorische IgA</one> (2) <one>IgM</one> []
+- <one>Welche Antikörpergruppe</one> führt zu <two>allergischen Reaktionen vom Soforttyp</two>? Die <one>Immunglobulinklasse E</one> (<two>IgE</two>). []
+- <one>In order to produce antibodies</one>, a <two>B cell</two> <three>must receive signals from which other cell</three>? From <one>T helper cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell []
+- The number of <one>different</one> kinds of antibody molecules that a human can generate is about ... ? <one>2.5 x 10⁷</one>.
+- Can <one>monoclonal antibodies</one> recognize a <two>phosphorylated epitope</two>? <one>Yes</one>, <two>in principle they can</two>. []
+- What is meant with the term <one>cryoglobulin</one>? A <one>cryoglobulin</one> is <two>an antibody that precipitates on cooling of a blood sample</two>.
+- <one>To which part of a monoclonal antibody</one> does <two>Protein A</two> from Staphylococcus aureus bind to? To the <one>Fc-region</one> (<two>fragment crystallisable</two>).
+- <one>Which antibody</one> appears to function only on the <two>surface of B cells</two>? <one>IgD</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_D []
+- Does <one>IgD</one> bind <two>complement</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- In <one>yeast display</one>: <two>why is mating important</two>? Mating allows the generation of libraries with <two>randomly paired heavy and light chain</two>.
+- <one>Welche Antikörper</one> sind <two>plazentagängig</two>? Nur <one>Immunglobulin G</one> (<two>IgG</two>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_G []
+- How to <one>improve the half-life of an antibody</one>? Attach <one>Polyethylene glycol</one> (<two>PEG</two>) to it.
+- <one>Catumaxomab</one> <two>can bind three different cells</two>. Which ones specifically? (1) A <one>tumour cell</one>, via <two>EpCAM</two> (2) A <one>T cell</one> via <orange>CD3</orange> (3) A <one>Macrophage</one> (or a NK cell or a dendritic cell), via the Rc receptor
+- Does <one>ADCC</one> belong to the <two>adaptive immune response</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity []
+- For the <one>production of mAbs in mammalian cells</one>: <two>which promoter is typically used</two>? The <one>CMV promoter</one>, which is <two>a strong constitutive promoter</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirus#Genetic_engineering
+- Are there <one>plasma cells</one> that can produce and secrete <two>IgA</two>? Yes. []
+- What is a <one>sdAb</one>? A <one>single-domain antibody</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-domain_antibody []
+- Warum der Name <one>D segments</one> in Antibody <two>CDR3 segment</two>? <one>D</one> ... stands for <two>diversity</two>. []
+- Was sind <one>Abzyme</one>? <one>Abzyme</one> sind <two>katalytisch wirksame Antikörper</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abzyme []
+- <one>IgG</one> can bind to <two>FcRn</two> - but <three>where does it do so</three>, exactly? In an <one>endosome</one>.
+- Antibodies are, in general, structured like a <one>Y</one>. The lower part of this <one>Y</one> has which end? It has a <one>carboxy-terminus</one> (<two>COO⁻</two>).
+- Hat das <one>scFV-Fragment</one> einen <two>Linker</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Mastzellen</one> haben an ihrer Oberfläche Rezeptoren für <two>welches Immunglobulin</two>? Für das Immunglobulin <one>IgE</one>. []
+- <one>Recombinant antibodies</one> <two>for use in humans</two> <three>are typically expressed in which cell system</three>? In <one>CHO cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_hamster_ovary_cell []
+- Can <one>Protein A</one> <two>bind to monoclonal antibodies</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In immunology: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>BsAb</one>? This refers to <one>bispecific antibodies</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispecific_monoclonal_antibody []
+- <one>IgA</one> verwendet <two>welchen Rezeptor</two> um an Schleimhautdeckgewebe zu binden? Den <one>Poly-Ig-Rezeptor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeric_immunoglobulin_receptor
+- Is <one>phage displayed</one> <two>used to engineer antibodies for pharmaceutical use</two>? Yes. []
+- <one>Bevacizumab</one>, <two>a humanized mAb</two>, is used to treat ... ? <one>Various tumors</one>.
+- <one>Antigenic determinants</one> depend not only on <two>primary structure</two>, but also on ... ? <one>Protein folding</one> - in other words, <two>the conformation of the protein at hand</two>.
+- Nenne einen <one>monoklonalen Antikörper</one> mit dem <two>Brustkrebs</two> behandelt werden kann. A: <one>Herceptin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab []
+- Can the <one>MAC</one> (<three>membrane-attack complex</three>) <two>lead to the lysis of tumour cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Which antibody is <one>the first one</one> that is produced in a primary response to an antigen? <one>IgM</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_M []
+- Does <one>IgA</one> <two>fix complement</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- Does <one>a humanised monoclonal antibody</one> contain more human parts than <one>a chimeric monoclonal antibody</one>? Yes. []
+- Can the method called <one>Hydrogen</one>/<one>Deuterium eXchange mass spectrometry</one> (<two>HDX-MS</two>) be used to study both linear and conformational epitopes of antigens? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In der <one>menschlichen Schleimhaut</one> finden wir <two>vor allem welchen Antikörpertyp</two>? Den <one>IgA-Typ</one>. []
+- Wogegen richten sich <one>monoklonale Antikörper</one>? Sie richten sich <one>gegen ein einzelnes Epitop</one>. []
+- In general: a <one>typical IgG-molecule</one> has how many domains in total? <one>12</one>. []
+- Name the two <one>antibody light chains</one>. A: (1) <one>kappa</one> (2) <one>lambda</one> - Menmonic: <royalblue>KL</royalblue>, like in the alphabet. []
+- Wie gross sind <one>Nanobodies</one>, verglichen mit <two>herkömmlichen Antikörpern</two>? Sie sind nur etwa <one>1</one>/<one>10</one> so groß wie herkömmliche Antikörper. []
+- Welche Antikörperklasse führt zur <one>Antikörper-vermittelten Zelltoxizität</one> als auch zur <one>Antikörper-vermittelten Opsonierung</one> und <one>Phagozytose</one>? <one>IgG</one>. []
+- <one>Streptavidin-protein A</one> can bind to biotin and ... <two>which antibody</two>? <one>Streptavidin-protein A</one> can also bind to <two>immunoglobulin G</two> (<three>IgG</three>). []
+- <one>Which person</one> coined the term <two>antibody</two>? <one>Paul Ehrlich</one>. He called them <two>Antikörper</two>, which is the german word for <three>antibody</three>. []
+- Are the <one>IgG's</one> monomers? Yes. []
+- Every <one>B cell</one> begins by expressing ... which antibody? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- The three main components of <one>ADCs</one> (<two>antibody-drug conjugates</two>) are ... ? (1) the <one>antibody</one> (2) the <one>linker</one> (3) the <one>payload</one>
+- <one>Nanobodies</one> can not only be found in the camelidae but also in ... ? <one>Sharks</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-domain_antibody#From_heavy-chain_antibodies []
+- In <one>ADCs</one>, we may see the term called <one>bystander killing</one>. <three>What is meant with this term</three>? This means that the <one>cytotoxic payload</one> can escape from the targeted cell and, in the process called <two>bystander killing</two>, <three>attack neighboring cells</three>.
+- <one>Monoclonal Antibodes</one> (<two>mAbs</two>) can be used alone, aka naked, or coupled. Give another name for a <three>coupled mAb</three>. A: <one>Conjugated</one>. []
+- <one>Pollen antigens</one> are combated by which <two>Ig</two>? <one>IgE</one>. []
+- Antibodies are <one>glycoproteins</one>. The <three>site of attachment for carbohydrates</three> is usually restricted to ...? The <one>constant region</one>. []
+- In der Biotechnologie: welches Ziel verfolgen wir mit einem <one>scFv-Fragment</one> oft? Ein bestimmtes Zielmolekül mit Hilfe dieses <one>scFv-Fragments</one> zu erkennen.
+- The <one>hinge region</one> of a typical antibody can be <two>subdivided into which distinct regions</two>? (1) <one>upper hinge region</one> (2) <one>core hinge region</one> (3) <one>lower hinge region</one>
+- Können wir Antikörper als <one>Rezeptoren</one> bezeichnen? Ja. []
+- Is it possible to <one>patent</one> <two>the precise definition of an epitope</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In antibody-drug conjugates: <one>when</one> are the <two>table linkers</two> released? Only <one>after complete degradation of the antibody</one>.
+- Was ist ein <one>diabody</one>? Dies sind <one>zwei scFv-Fragmente</one>, die mit Hilfe eines <one>linkers</one> miteinander verbunden sind.
+- Nenne <one>drei Beispiele für Antikörper-Fragmente</one>. A: (1) <one>Fab Fragment</one> (2) <one>Fv Fragment</one> (3) <one>scFv Fragment</one>
+- Give an example for a 'breakthrough' in antibody engineering. A: The <one>single-chain Fv</one> can be considered to have been a breakthrough in antibody engineering.
+- In human serum, <one>IgG</one> is the most prevalent antibody. <two>IgG has four different subtypes</two>. What is their corresponding percentage value in the serum there? (1) <one>IgG1</one>: <two>60%</two> (2) <one>IgG2</one>: <two>25%</two> (3) <one>IgG3</one>: <two>10%</two> (4) <one>IgG4</one>:  <two>5%</two>
+- The <one>membrane-bound form of an antibody</one> may be called a <two>membrane immunoglobulin</two> (<three>mIg</three>). Give another name for this. A: A <one>surface immunoglobulin</one> (<two>sIg</two>).
+- How can we measure the <one>protection level</one> in immunology? With the <one>antibody titer</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody_titer
+- The <one>pentameric IgM antibody</one> can be in the <two>planar form</two> or in the <two>staple form</two>. It can also interact (bind to) with C1q, a complement protein. Which IgM form is significantly more effective in binding to C1q? The <one>staple form</one>.
+- Name an advantage of a high half-life of an antibody in circulation, from the point of view of the patient. A: A <one>longer half-life</one> means <two>patients don't need to be dosed as often</two>.
+- Are <one>monovalent antibody fragments</one> transported through the <two>placenta</two>? <one>No</one>; <two>this functionality is mediated by the Fc-Receptor</two>, which these fragments can not bind to, as <three>they lack the Fc domain</three>.
+- <two>Antibodies</two> generated by B-cells can <one>switch to other isotypes</one>, but this can only happen when ... ? These B-cells have been <one>stimulated by antigen</one>.
+- Why is the name <one>poly-IG receptor</one> partially a <two>misnomer</two>? Because the receptor is also transported, along with e. g. IgA, across a membrane and then released together with polymeric IgA into the "mucous secretion".
+- Name <one>three methods</one> how to enhance the serum half-life of antibody fragments. A: (1) <one>Conjugation of polyethylene glycol</one> (<two>pegylation</two>) (2) Conjugation of fatty acids (bind to <one>serum albumin</one>) (3) Fusion to <one>albumin-binding peptides</one>
+- <one>IgG</one> is not as efficient as <one>IgM</one> when it comes to activating the complement cascade. In fact, two IgG molecules must be within a distance of <three>n nm</three> on a target surface in order to provide attachment sites for <lightseagreen>C1q</lightseagreen>? About <one>30-40 nm</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>FaB</one> eigentlich? Für <one>Fragment antigen-binding</one> - aber einfacher merken lässt es sich mittels <two>Fragment of antigen binding</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_antigen-binding
+- The <one>J segment</one> for antibodies contains how many amino acids? <one>13-15</one>.
+- Die <one>Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktion</one> ist eine Gleichgewichtsreaktion. Das Antigen kann an den Antikörper binden. Wie geht die <two>Massenwirkungsformel</two> dieser Reaktion? <one>[Ag:Ak]</one> / <one>[Ag] x [Ak]</one>
+- During the <one>cytokine release syndrome</one>, we can see that monoclonal antibodies bind to target cells and then may secrete ... what kind of cytokines? <one>Inflammatory cytokines</one>.
+- Does <one>IgM</one> exist as a <two>monomer</two>? <one>Yes</one> - normally it exists as a pentamer, but it can also exist as a monomer, expressed on the plasma membrane of B lymphocytes.
+- Im Jahre <one>2013</one> wurde <two>der erste biosimilare monoklonale Antikörper</two> zugelassen. Wie war sein Name? <one>Infliximab</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infliximab
+- Which <one>cells</one> make antibodies? (1) <one>B cells</one> (2) <one>plasma cells</one>
+- Can <one>antibodies</one> be used to <two>identify DNA-binding proteins</two>? Yes.
+- What was the name of the <one>first monoclonal antibody</one> that was approved for <two>treating tumors</two>? <one>Rituximab</one> (<two>1997</two> zugelassen von der FDA). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab
+- Give another term for <one>Fc-mediated functions</one>. A: <one>Effector functions</one>. URL: https://absoluteantibody.com/antibody-resources/antibody-overview/antibody-effector-functions/
+- Ist <one>IgY</one> grösser als <one>IgG</one>? Ja - <one>IgY</one> hat eine Molekülmasse von etwa <two>167 kDa</two> (<one>IgG</one> hat eine Molekülmasse von <two>150 kDa</two>; also <royalblue>+17 kDa Differenz</royalblue>.
+- In <one>phage display</one>: to the protein product of gene III we typically add ... ? <one>scFv</one> which will protrude to the outside, ready to bind to an antigen.
+- <one>DVD-IgG</one> has been created by which company? <one>Abbott</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories
+- Wie entfernt der menschliche Körper <one>Immunkomplexe</one> aus Antikörpern und Viruspartikeln? <one>Makrophagen</one> und <one>neutrophile Granuloycten</one> phagozytieren diese.
+- Name a vaccine that is <one>formaldehyde inactivation</one>. A: The <one>Salk polio vaccine</one>.
+- <one>Humanized monoclonal antibodies</one> carry which suffix? <one>-zumab</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy#Chimeric_and_humanized
+- The <one>7S immunoglobulin</one> is which antibody? <one>IgG</one>.
+- The antibody <one>recognizes</one> an antigen via ... ? <one>The Fab's variable region</one>.
+- <one>Which antibody</one> is the one that most often goes through <two>transcytosis</two>? <one>IgA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcytosis
+- A <one>Natural Killer cell</one> expresses Fc receptors, which allows them to bind to the Fc portion of an antibody, such as IgG. Give an example for such a Fc receptor. A: <one>CD16</one>.
+- Name an antibody with a <one>CH₄ domain</one>. A: <one>IgM</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M
+- <one>Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity</one> (<two>ADCC</two>) requires a target cell coated with IgG antibodies, and an effector cell which is typically which cell? A <one>natural killer (NK) cell</one>.
+- If we have a monoclonal antibody with the suffix <one>-ximab</one>, what do we know about this antibody? It must be a <one>chimeric monoclonal antibody</one>.
+- <one>Elotuzumab</one> is <two>a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody</two> directed to the surface glycoprotein ... ? <one>SLAMF7</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAMF7
+- <one>Which IgG antibody subtypes</one> can <two>activate the classical complement pathway</two>? (1) <one>IgG1</one> (2) <one>IgG2</one> (3) <one>IgG3</one>
+- Does the <one>human circulating antibody repertoire</one> retain specificity to <two>self</two> proteins? <one>No</one> - at the least not normally.
+- The first biological assay for <one>IgE activity</one> was the <two>P-K reaction</two>. Why this name? The name is from the two who developed that assay; <one>Prausnitz</one> and <one>Küstner</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prausnitz%E2%80%93K%C3%BCstner_test
+- In <one>M13</one>, for <two>phage display</two>, the <two>scFv</two> is fused to ... which gene? <one>gene III</one>.
+- The <one>first monoclonal antibody</one> approved by the <three>FDA</three> occurred in which year? In <one>1986</one>.
+- What is <one>the primary advantage of scFv fragments</one>? The antigen binding side, that is the paratope, can be retained, whereas the overall size of the fragment was decreased.
+- The <one>MMR vaccine</one> is not given before 12-15 months of age. Why not? Because passively acquired maternal antibody may interfere with the effectiveness of the measles vaccine.
+- Welche Antigene werden in der Regel zuerst als <one>fremd</one> erkannt? <one>Antigene auf der Oberfläche eines fremden Mikroorganismus</one>.
+- If we mix <one>antibodies</one> with <one>antigens</one> and observe large complexes being formed, how do we call such a <orange>zone</orange>? <one>Zone of equivalence</one>. URL: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/zone+of+equivalence
+- Reagiert das <one>Immunsystem</one> gegen <two>monoklonale Antikörper</two>? Ja.
+- How do we make <one>polyclonal antibodies</one> against a protein of interest? We use that protein to <one>immunize an animal</one>. At some later time, we then collect <one>blood serum</one> (=the <three>harvesting</three> step).
+- In any given natural <one>antibody</one>, their <two>Fc mediated effects</two> are directed at ... ? (1) <one>effector cells</one> (2) <one>effector molecules</one>
+- There is one antibody that <one>binds to Fc-receptors</one>, without having bound any antigen. Which one is it? <one>IgE</one>.
+- Immune complexes with <one>IgE</one> bound to a passively administered antibody can mediate ... ? <one>Systemic mast cell degranulation</one>, which may lead to <two>systemic anaphylaxis</two>.
+- A <one>secondary antibody</one> is frequently made by generating an immune response to ... the <one>primary antibody</one> in another species. A: <one>the Fc region</one> of the <two>primary antibody</two>.
+- The <one>long half-life of IgG</one> can be attributed to its ability to ... ? Bind to <one>a specific Fc receptor</one> called the <two>neonatal Fc receptor</two> (<royalblue>FcRn</royalblue>).
+- What do we mean with the word <one>heteromyelomas</one>? These are, for example, <one>mouse-human hybrid myelomas</one>.
+- <one>Historically</one>, what was <three>the first source of antibodies</three>? <one>Serum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_%28blood%29
+- The <one>names given to antibodies</one>, such as <two>IgG</two> or <two>IgE</two>, is based on ... ? The <one>migration distance</one>.
+- <one>HDX-MS</one> can be <two>used to determine the 3D structure of antibodies</two>. What does this abbreviation stand for? <one>Hydrogen</one>/<one>Deuterium eXchange mass spectrometry</one>.
+- Name the two most popular (that is, most widely used) <one>antibody fragments</one>. A: (1) <one>Fab</one> (2) <one>scFv</one>
+- The <one>poly-Ig receptor</one> interacts specifically with ... ? The <one>J chain of antibodies</one> - such as those carried by the antibodies <orange>IgM</orange> and <orange>IgA</orange>.
+- What kind of <one>epitopes</one> may we wish to <two>add to a recombinant antibody</two>, in order to <lightseagreen>induce tolerance</lightseagreen>? <one>Regulatory epitopes</one>.
+- When <one>IgM</one> is <two>sialylated</two>, which cell may be inhibited in its response? The <one>T cell</one>.
+- How is it actually possible that <one>a single antibody</one> may bind to an antigen with more than one of its binding capabilities? This is possible thanks to the <one>hinge region</one> of an antibody, which is <two>quite flexible</two>.
+- What do we mean with <one>the Stone Age of Antibody Engineering</one>? <one>Chimerization</one>. URL: http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/absource/chimeric.html
+- Name an <one>in-vivo method</one> used in combination with antibodies. A: <one>Immunoscintigraphy</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoscintigraphy
+- Name <one>two different diseases</one> that can generate large amounts of antibody. A: (1) <one>multiple myeloma</one> (2) <one>polyclonal gammopathies</one>
+- Name a <one>huge advantage</one> that <two>nanobodies</two> have compared to <three>conventional antibodies</three>. A: Due to their small size and flexibility, <one>they can bind to epitopes that are normally not accessible to regular antibodies</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für <one>Mischungen von verschiedenen Antikörpern</one>? <one>Polyklonale Antikörper</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyklonaler_Antik%C3%B6rper
+- A typical immunoglobulin has a <one>Fc region</one> containing a <two>N-linked glycosylation site</two> at residue ... ? <one>297</one>. 
+- The <one>affinity</one> between an antibody and a bound antigen is commonly represented by ... ? A <one>dissociation constant</one>, called <two>Kd</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_constant
+- For the <one>production of human monoclonal antibodies</one>, one popular production protocol requires the transformation of B cells with an Epstein-Barr virus. However, EBV entry into B cells is partially dependent upon expression of ... ? <one>CD21</one>.
+- Give one example for an <one>antibody mimetic</one>. A: The <one>Kunitz domain peptides</one> (<orange>KDP</orange>; easier to remember: <two>Kunitz-domain</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunitz_domain
+- Nenne zwei <one>Vorteile polyklonaler Antikörper</one>. A: (1) <one>rasch</one> (2) <one>billig</one>
+- Wenn wir <one>polyklonale Antikörper</one> herstellen so müssen wir nicht nur die aktive Immunisierung eines höheren Wirbeltieres berücksichtigen, sondern auch ... ? Einem <one>festgelegten Immunisierungsschema folgen</one>.
+- In order to <one>create a scFv</one>, we <two>employ PCR</two> and PCR-amplify the left and the right part separately. We will then have something like this: <three>VL - Linker - VH</three>, but what may be at the right end? A <one>His-Tag</one>.
+- Name an <one>approved therapeutic radiolabeled antibody</one>. A: <one>Zevalin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibritumomab-Tiuxetan
+- The <one>HAMA response</one> may be related to monoclonal antibodies. What does HAMA stand for? <one>Human anti-mouse antibody</one>. 
+- Antibody functions can be manipulated through <one>recombinant engineering</one> of the Fc region of an antibody, such as <two>IgG</two>. Name two different means how to do so. A: (1) by <one>mutating amino acid residues</one> (2) by <one>changing glycosylation patterns</one> (Note: these are not mutually exclusive, so both can be done on the same modified antibody.)
+- What do we mean with <one>antibody allotypes</one>? These are <one>variations</one> that distinguish the Ig molecules of some individuals from others; this is thus similar to "blood groups" between different individuals.
+- Typically in <one>SIP</one> (<two>selectively infecting phage techniques</two>) for <three>phage display</three>, the helper phage is sensitive towards ... ? <one>Trypsin</one>.
+- Name one of the first <one>epitope tag systems</one>. A: The <one>FLAG-tag</one> system. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLAG-tag
+- The <one>antibody isotypes</one> are defined by ... ? The <one>Fc region</one>.
+- Nenne einen Vorteil <one>rekombinanter Antikörper</one>. A: Sie lassen sich auch ohne Immunisierung <one>in-vitro</one> gewinnen.
+- Can we say that <one>antibodies</one> would be <two>heterodimeric proteins</two>? Yes - they consist of heavy chains and light chains, that typically combine into a basic <one>Y</one> shaped structure - at the least for <two>IgG</two>.
+- In most cases, the first detectable antibody response in the plasma of a human being is that of the <one>IgM</one> class. A few weeks after an infection, a class-switch occurs to which two other immunoglobulins? (1) <one>IgG</one> (2) <one>IgA</one>
+- Was ist ein <one>Paratop</one>? Das Paratop ist der Teil des Antikörpers, der an das <one>Epitop</one> (eines Antigens) binden kann.
+- Name some kind of <one>animal</one>, natural or modified, that is <two>devoid of endogenous serum immunoglobulins</two>. A: The <one>SCID mice</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficient_mice
+- Die <one>sensitivste Methode die Antigenkonzentration</one> zu bestimmen erfolgt über welche Methode? Den <one>Radioimmunoassay</one> (<two>RIA</two>).
+- A <one>single-chain Fv</one> consists of which three components, essentially? (1) <one>V-heavy</one> (2) <one>V-light</one> (3) a <one>linker</one>
+- Why the name <one>Fc fragment</one>? Because it was found to <one>crystallize during cold storage</one>, so the name is <two>fragment, crystallizable</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_crystallizable_region
+- What <one>dual use</one> do antibodies against human proteins have? (1) they can be used for <one>diagnostic purposes</one> (2) they can be used as a <one>therapeutic agent</one>
+- Wie unterscheiden sich die <one>IgG-Subklassen</one> voneinander? Die verschiedenen <one>IgG-Subklassen</one> unterscheiden sich untereinander in der <two>Zahl ihrer Disulfid-Brücken</two>.
+- <one>Affinity maturation</one> on antibodies occurs in which area? <mediumseagreen>Affinity maturation</mediumseagreen> occurs in the <one>variable region</one> of an antibody.
+- Woraus besteht ein <one>Fab-Fragment</one>? Aus einer <one>leichten Kette</one> und der Hälfte einer <one>schweren Kette</one> eines (natürlichen) Antikörpers. URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/2fab_fc.svg
+- <one>Antibody genes</one> are re-organized in a <two>process</two> called ... ? <one>Class switching</one>.
+- Do the <one>CH₂ domains</one> in a typical <two>IgG</two> antibody <three>pair with one other</three>? No. (Note that some drawings show that, though, so this answer is uncertain.)
+- How could we generate <one>aglycosyl antibodies</one>? We could create them <one>by altering the peptide recognition sequence for N-linked glycosylation</one>.
+- What advantage does the creation of <one>library-derived antibodies</one> have, compared to the creation of <two>polyclonal antibodies</two> or <two>monoclonal antibodies</two>? We <one>do not need to immunize an animal</one> in a <two>library-derived antibody creation</two> step.
+- Nenne <one>drei Faktoren</one>, die die natürliche <two>Antikörper-Bildung</two> beeinflussen. A: (1) <royalblue>A</royalblue>djuvantien (2) <royalblue>D</royalblue>osis (3) <royalblue>E</royalblue>intrittsweg
+- We have <lightseagreen>IgG1</lightseagreen>, <lightseagreen>IgG2</lightseagreen>, <lightseagreen>IgG3</lightseagreen> and <lightseagreen>IgG4</lightseagreen>. Which one is the most efficient one in recruiting the <one>alternative complement pathway</one>? <one>IgG4</one>.
+- How can we <one>extend the half-life of nanobodies</one>? By <one>binding it to serum albumin</one>.
+- The first cleavable linkers used were <one>acid-cleavable linkers</one>. What was their major disadvantage? They showed a <one>limited stability in the serum</one>.
+- Name a modification that the <one>Ig heavy chains</one> go through. A: <one>N-glycosylation</one>.
+- Given a typical <one>IgG</one> antibody, we can identify <lightblue>three hypervariable regions</lightblue> in the variable domain. Name the <royalblue>three aminoacid-ranges</royalblue> where these can be found in a typical heavy chain of the IgG antibody (it is ok to give just a rough estimate, +/- 3 aminoacids in position are perfectly fine to give to this answer). A: (1) <one>30-36</one>  [<two> 6 aminoacids</two>] (2) <one>49-65</one>  [<two>16 aminoacids</two>] (3) <one>95-103</one> [<two> 8 aminoacids</two>]
+- We can <one>measure the affinity between an antibody and an antigen</one>. We have two constants here: <two>k1</two> and <two>k-1</two>. What are they, respectively? (1) <one>k1</one>:   <two>forward rate constant</two> (2) <one>k -1</one>: <two>reverse rate constant</two>
+- How are the four <one>IgG-subclasses</one> <two>ordered</two>/<two>numbered</two>? According to their <one>decreasing, average serum concentration</one>.
+- When we refer to <one>oligoclonal antibodies</one>, we typically refer to ... ? This refers to a mixture of antibodies; often <one>a mixture of different monoclonal antibodies</one>. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9783527682423.ch44
+- In order to create monoclonal antibodies, <one>PEG</one> (<two>polyethylenegylcol</two>) is employed. Is <one>PEG</one> toxic to cells? Yes.
+- Name <one>an autoimmune disease</one> where affected individuals produce antibodies against their own proteins. A: <one>Systemic lupus erythematosus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus
+- Name two <one>functional limitations of therapeutic antibodies</one>. A: (1) <one>Tissue accessibility</one>. (2) <one>Impaired interactions with the immune system</one>.
+- Name <one>two advantages</one> of the <two>sloning technology</two>. A: (1) <one>Codons can be chosen freely</one> (2) <one>No unwanted stop codons</one>
+- In <one>2017</one>, give or take: how many different monoclonal Antibodies have been approved by the EMA and the USFDA? More than <one>40</one>.
+- The <one>SEEDbody</one> antibody ... what does the <two>SEED</two> stand for here? <one>Strand exchange engineered domain</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299542
+- Was ist das Problem wenn wir Patienten mit monoklonalen Antikörpern gegenüber <one>entzündungsfördernden Cytokinen</one> behandeln? Diese Patienten mögen dadurch allgemein <one>gegenüber Infektionen anfälliger</one> werden.
+- What is <one>the typical half-life</one> of an <two>IgM molecule</two>? About <one>5 days</one>. URL: http://thescienceinfo.com/immunoglobulin-m-igm-structure-and-properties/
+- Name a <one>yeast platform for antibody selection</one>. A: <one>Adimab</one>.
+- <one>Humanized antibodies</one> are human antibodies that have ... in their variable regions. A: <one>mouse-derived CDRs</one>.
+- <one>Rituximab</one> is used to treat ... ? Certain <one>autoimmune diseases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab
+- Since <one>which year</one> is it possible to assemble scFv antibody fragments, at the least in Escherichia coli? Since as of <one>1988</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3285470
+- Ein <one>dsFv-Fragment</one> besteht, abgesehen von der zentral gelegenen Disulfidbrücke, aus welchen <two>zwei Komponenten</two>? (1) <one>VH</one> (2) <one>VL</one>
+- Der <one>sekundäre Antikörper</one> in einem <two>ELISA</two> kann an ein Enzym gekoppelt sein. Nenne 3 Beispiele hierzu. A: (1) <one>Alkalische Phosphatase</one> (2) <one>Peroxidase</one> (3) <one>Urease</one>
+- Name three use cases for <one>scFvs</one>. A: (1) in <one>flow cytometry</one> (2) in <one>immunohistochemistry</one> (3) in <one>antigen-binding domains of artificial T cell receptors</one>
+- In the genes for antibodies, we have <one>CDR1</one> and <one>CDR2</one> and <one>CDR3</one>. Which area comes before these three? The <royalblue>framework regions</royalblue> - aka <one>framework region 1</one>, <one>framework region 2</one> and <one>framework region 3</one>.
+- <one>Antibody-Allotypes</one> are <two>variants caused by intraspecies genetic differences</two>. They are practically used where, for example? In <one>paternity testing</one>.
+- The ability of antibodies in any individual to <one>specifically bind a large number of different antigens</one> is a reflection of ... ? <one>Antibody diversity</one>.
+- Name the <one>four components</one> of a typical <two>Fab</two>, such as one produced from <three>IgG</three>. A: (1) <one>VL</one> (2) <one>CL</one> (3) <one>VH</one> (4) <one>CH1</one>
+- Name one <one>receptor</one> for the <two>IgE Antibodies</two>. A: <one>Fc-Epsilon-RI</one>.
+- <one>Drugs</one> that would <two>target tumor cells</two> and ignore others was conceived in 1900 by ... ? <one>Paul Ehrlich</one>.
+- Nenne zwei typische <one>Trägerproteine für Haptene</one>. A: (1) <one>Bovines Serum Albumin</one> (<one>BSA</one>) (2) <one>Thyreoglobulin</one>
+- Side effects of <one>Herceptin</one>? In about <one>~4%</one> of the patients, the <two>heart tissue may be damaged</two>.
+- How is the area <one>between</one> the <two>hypervariable region</two> of a typical antibody called? This is called the <one>framework region</one>.
+- In <one>affinity screening</one> during phage display, at the <two>panning step</two> - which two different outcomes can we see for phage/proteins? (1) <one>binders</one>:     these will be selected and <two>kept</two> (2) <one>non-binders</one>: these will be washed away and are <two>not kept</two>
+- Which animals possess <one>fully functional antibodies</one> that <lightseagreen>consist of only heavy chains</lightseagreen>, thus lacking light light chains? The <one>camelidae</one> - aka <two>llamas</two> and <two>camels</two>.
+- The <one>biochemical properties of antigen-antibody binding interactions</one> were examined in more detail in the late 1930s by which person? <one>John Marrack</one>.
+- Which <one>company</one> created the <two>Crossbody</two>? <one>Roche</one>. URL: https://www.roche.com/research_and_development/what_we_are_working_on/research_technologies/protein-related_technologies/crossmab_technology.htm
+- Name an <one>anti-TNF</one> monoclonal antibody. A: <one>Humira</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalimumab
+- <one>Catumaxomab</one> is approved since which year? <one>2009</one>.
+- <one>Rituximab</one> targets which cell surface marker? It targets <one>CD20</one>, a <mediumturquoise>B cell antigen</mediumturquoise> (thus, it is <royalblue>anti-CD20</royalblue>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab
+- Was sind <one>humanisierte Antikörper</one>? Dies sind Antikörper, die <one>Teile aus verschiedenen Lebewesen enthalten</one>.
+- The <one>scFv</one> (<two>single-chain Fv</two>) consists of which two chains/domains? (1) <one>VH</one> (2) <one>VL</one>
+- Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies <one>target conformational epitopes</one>. If such an antibody then binds to a <two>conformational epitope</two>, what can we assume about the target protein? That this protein must be in its <one>native state</one>, aka <two>in its properly folded state</two>, as otherwise this antibody would not be able to bind.
+- How many <one>framework regions</one> exist in each V domain of an antibody? <mediumseagreen>Four</mediumseagreen>, called <one>FR1</one>, <one>FR2</one>, <one>FR3</one> and <one>FR4</one>, respectively.
+- Ist die <one>Antigen-Antikörper Reaktion</one> eine <two>Gleichgewichtsreaktion</two>? Ja.
+- The <one>antigen-binding site of an antibody</one> can usually accomodate a <two>linear determinant</two> made up of about n amino acids? About <one>six amino acids</one>.
+- Name <one>two methods for cell fusion</one> used for production of antibodies. A: (1) <springgreen>polyethylenegylcol</springgreen> (<one>PEG</one>) (2) <springgreen>electric pulses</springgreen> (aka <one>electrofusion</one>)
+- Say that an antibody does not bind to a folded protein; but it <one>may bind to the unfolded protein</one>. What may we be able to conclude from this? That there may be <one>new linear determinants</one> in the <one>unfolded protein</one> for this antibody, but not in the <two>folded protein</two>.
+- The <one>antigen-antibody interaction</one> is a biomolecular association similar to an <lime>enzyme-substrate interaction</lime>, but there is one important distinction - name this distinction. A: There is <one>no irreversible chemical alteration</one> in either the antibody or the antigen.
+- <one>Probiotika</one> steigern die Menge welchen Igs? Des <one>sekretorischen IgA</one>.
+- <one>Biovation</one>, a company based in the UK, has developed the <two>DeImmunization technology</two> consisting of identification and removal of ... what exactly from antibodies? It will remove <one>helper (Th) cell epitopes</one>.
+- How can we <one>extend the half-life of nanobodies</one>? By <one>binding it to serum albumin</one>.
+- <one>Antikörper</one> + <one>reduzierende Bedingungen</one>? Die Antikörpermoleküle fallen unter reduzierenden Bedingungen auseinander, da wieder SH-Gruppen entstehen - und somit <one>die Disulfidbrücken kollabieren</one>.
+- The sizes of <one>antigen-antibody complexes</one> are a function of ... ? The <one>relative concentrations of antigen and antibody</one>.
+- Name a <one>transgenic antibody discovery platform</one> that is able to offer the entire human variable gene diversity in a single organism. A: The <one>Trianni Mouse platform</one>.
+- The <one>CovX body</one> antibody shows a chemical conjugation of peptides to a single reactive ... residue in CDRs (and it targets <two>VEGF</two>/<two>Ang2</two>). A: <one>Lysine</one>.
+- <one>Antibodies</one> can deliver <two>toxic cargo</two>. Give two general examples here how this is done. A: (1) through <one>antibody conjugates</one> (2) through <one>fusion proteins</one>
+- In regards to antibodies: <one>which theory</one> did Paul Ehrlich propose? The <one>Lock and key theory</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-chain_theory
+- Name a use case for <one>oligoclonal antibodies</one>. A: For example when we wish to target <one>highly variable antigens</one>, such as <two>RhD</two>.
+- Some aminoacid residues in the antibodies of mice are referred to as the <one>Vernier zone residues</one>. They have been shown to affect the affinity of antibody. Where can this Vernier zone be found? In the <one>framework region</one> (e. g. the <two>CDR loop</two>).
+- The <one>antibody IgE</one> has how many <two>glycosylation sites</two>? <one>6</one>.
+- Why is <one>a stable ADC linker</one> important? Such a linker <one>ensures that less of the cytotoxic payload falls off before reaching a tumor cell</one>.
+- Do we need animals in order to create <one>monoclonal antibodies</one>? Yes; we require immunized animals, which are usually <one>mice</one>.
+- Antikörper gegen <one>ClfA</one> (<two>clumping factor A</two>) verhindern die Kolonisierung durch <three>welches Bakterium</three>? <one>Staphylococcus aureus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clumping_factor_A
+- <one>Radioimmunotherapy</one> (<two>RIT</two>) makes use of antibodies labeled with a radionuclide to deliver cytotoxic radiation to a target cell. This can only work if ... ? If the tumor cells express an antigen that is unique to the neoplasm or is otherwise not accessible in normal cells.
+- From the different <one>IgG subtypes</one>: which one among them is <two>the best opsonin</two>? <one>IgG1</one>.
+- How can <one>monoclonal antibodies</one> be used for <two>in-vivo research</two>? They can be used to determine the importance of a particular molecule in-vivo.
+- For treating the <one>Alzheimer's disease</one>, Biogen (in 2020) plans to file for FDA approval of its candidate called <two>A...</two>? <one>Aducanumab</one>.
+- In a simple manner: <one>how can Fab fragments be created</one>? By making use of <one>papain</one> or <one>pepsin</one>.
+- In <one>antibody engineering</one>, in particular through <two>glyco-engineering</two>, the presence of an oligosaccharide attached to the asparagine residue at position 297 (N297) in IgG1 antibodies is critical for binding to Fc-gamma-R and ... which complement factor? <one>C1q</one>.
+- The <one>IgM</one> molecule has a protein covalently bound via a <two>S-S bond</two>, called the <three>J chain</three>. What is the primary function of this chain? To polymerize the molecule into a <one>pentamer</one>.
+- Why the name <one>discontinuous</one> in <two>discontinuous epitopes</two>? Because the structure recognized is composed of segments of the protein that are <turquoise>discontinuous in the amino acid sequence of the antigen</turquoise> - but are brought together in the three-dimensional structure. URL: https://www.pacificimmunology.com/resources/antibody-introduction/what-is-an-epitope/
+- <one>Polyclonal antibody production</one> involves the immunisation of animals with ... ? (1) an <one>antigen</one>, and (2) an <one>adjuvant</one>
+- Give another term for <one>epitopes</one>. A: <one>Antigenic determinants</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitopes
+- In <one>antibody engineering</one>: if we reduce the content of fucose or sialic acid, how may this <two>impact ADCC-related activity</two>? This would normally <one>improve ADCC activity</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5649276/
+- Ein normaler <one>IgG-Antikörper</one> hat wieviele <two>Disulfidbrücken</two>? <one>4</one>. (Eigentlich <one>16</one>, aber die 4 sind die prominentesten).
+- <one>scFv</one> were originally created to ... ? <one>Facilitate phage display</one>. Here it is very convenient to <mediumseagreen>express the antigen-binding domain as a single peptide</mediumseagreen>.
+- <one>Circulating IgG</one> has a half-life of about m to n days? <one>21 - 28 days</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit einem <one>monoklonalen Antikörper</one> eigentlich? Dies ist ein Antikörper der <one>aus einer einzelnen B-Zell-Linie</one> hervorgeht; und gegen ein einzelnes Epitop gerichtet ist.
+- What is <one>the size range</one> of <lightseagreen>Ablynx's Nanobodies</lightseagreen>, in kDa? From <one>12 kDa - 15 kDa</one>.
+- We can distinguish between two different antibody-<one>modes</one> when this antibody can bind to a cell surface receptor. Which ones are these? (1) <one>agonistic    antibody</one> (2) <one>antagonistic antibody</one>
+- <one>Three antibodies</one> can trigger <two>ADCC</two> (<three>antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</three>). Which ones? (1) <one>IgA</one> (2) <one>IgG</one> (3) <one>IgE</one>
+- Antibodies that are in the recent (~2018) late-stage pipeline, as <one>antibody therapeutics</one>, are often used as either <two>antibody-drug conjugates</two> or ... ? <one>Immune checkpoint modulators</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30959079
+- Der Vorläufer einer <one>Hybridomzelle</one> ist ... ? Eine <one>Myelomzelle</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridom-Technik
+- <one>Serum IgA</one> (<one>sIgA</one>) found in secretions contains which two proteins that are associated with it? (1) a <one>J chain</one> (2) the <one>secretory piece</one>
+- Nenne <one>zwei Nachteile polyklonaler Antikörper</one>. A: (1) <one>kein reines Reagens</one> (2) <one>individuelle Unterschiede</one>
+- Does <one>IgM</one> have an advantage due to its structure, over the other antibodies? Yes - <one>due to its pentameric structure</one>, <two>IgM is extremely efficient at fixing complement</two>.
+- Name an advantage that <one>antibody fragments</one> have compared to <two>full antibodies</two>. A: <one>Antibody fragments</one> can display <two>improved tissue penetration</two> due to their smaller size, compared to full antibodies.
+- What may we refer to with the word <one>Immunoliposome</one>? This is a <one>scFV</one> and a <one>liposome</one>.
+- Beim <one>scFv-Fragment</one>: wie lang ist das <two>linker-peptide</two>? Etwa <one>15-20</one> Aminosäuren lang.
+- Why may we say that <one>ADC</one> is better than <two>chemotherapy</two>? <one>ADCs</one> can be used to target and kill tumour cells, while healthy cells are spared.
+- How is the <one>J chain</one> connected to <two>IgM</two>? It is connected via a <one>-S-S- bond</one>.
+- <one>CH3</one> of <two>IgG</two> may also be involved in M ... ? <one>Macrophage Binding</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Unterschied</one> zwischen dem Immunsystem von Säugetieren und jenen von Hühnern, in bezug auf die gebildeten Antikörper. A: Hühner produzieren auch einen Antikörper der <one>IgY</one> genannt wird. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_Y
+- Unterscheide drei verschiene <one>Typen</one> von Antikörpern, deren <two>biotechnologische Herstellung</two> betreffend. A: (1) <one>Monoklonale  Antikörper</one> (2) <one>Polyklonale  Antikörper</one> (3) <one>Rekombinante Antikörper</one>
+- Wieso benötigen wir den <one>IgE</one> Antikörper? Zur <one>Abwehr multizellulärer Parasiten</one>, insbesondere Würmer (<two>Helminthen</two>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrmer
+- Was meinen wir mit einem <one>Spätantikörper</one>? Einer der etwa <one>2-4 Wochen</one> (14-28 Tage) <two>nach einer Infektion</two> gebildet wird.
+- There is a <one>programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody therapy</one>, starting with the letter <two>K</two> ... A: <one>Keytruda</one>.
+- Aside from holding the <one>IgM-subunits</one> together, name another reason as to why the <two>J chain</two> is important for IgM. A: The <one>presence of the J-chain</one> allows IgM-molecules to <one>bind to receptors on secretory cells</one>.
+- <one>Polyvalent antigens</one> can induce clustering of ... ? Of <one>the B cell receptor</one> - and thus <one>initiate the process of B cell activation</one>.
+- Name a somewhat famous example of where an <one>indirect immunoassay</one> has been used. A: It has been used <one>to detect the presence of antibody</one> to the <two>human immunodeficiency virus</two> (<three>HIV</three>).
+- We can create <one>recycling antibodies</one>, such as <two>SA237</two>. We can control them through pH-change. They may bind at a neutral pH of 7.4 and dissociate at ... which pH? At an <royalblue>acidic pH</royalblue>, such as at a <one>pH 6.0</one>.
+- Welche <one>natürlichen Antikörper</one> besitzen <two>J-Ketten</two>? (1) <one>IgM-Pentamer</one> (2) <one>IgA-Dimer</one>
+- The <one>rheumatoid factor</one> is <two>an autoantibody</two> that targets the Fc portion of which antibody? <one>IgG</one>.
+- The <one>Fc portion</one> of <two>IgG</two> can avidly bind to ... ? <one>C1q</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1q
+- Why is the <one>international nonproprietary name</one> important, from a global user's perspective? Having unambiguous standard names for each drug is important because a drug may be sold by many different brand names.
+- <one>Panitumab</one>, ein menschlicher, monoklonaler Antikörper der spezifisch ist für <two>EGFR</two> (epidermal growth factor receptor), wurde von welcher Firma hergestellt? <one>Amgen</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>scFv</one>? <one>Single chain variable fragment</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-chain_variable_fragment
+- The <one>ADCC response</one> (<two>antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity</two>) is especially important to combat ... ? <one>Tumour cells</one>.
+- <one>Catumaxomab</one> is approved for the <two>treatment of</two> ... ? <one>Malign ascites</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catumaxomab
+- <one>Multiple myeloma</one> can be treated with ... (which monoclonal antibody)? With <one>Daratumumab</one> (<two>Darzalex</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daratumumab
+- In <one>phage display</one> for the creation of antibodies, the protein III often has ... which component attached to it? The <one>scFv</one>, which will protrude to the outside, ready to bind an antigen.
+- If we wish to <one>amplify an antibody's variable region</one>, what could we use to achieve this goal? We could <one>use a mixture of degenerate PCR primers</one>.
+- There are <one>two light chains</one> in antibodies, named <two>kappa</two> and <two>lambda</two>. Is the ratio found in antibodies 1:1? No, it is <one>species dependent</one>. For example, <two>mice</two> have a kappa-to-lambda ratio of 20:1 whereas <two>cattle</two> has a kappa-to-lambda ratio of 1:20.
+- Why may we wish to <one>engineer mAbs</one> that could pass the <two>Blood-brain barrier</two>? Because this would allow us to generate antibody-based therapies for <one>brain diseases</one>. We might be able to treat such diseases.
+- Can <one>antibodies</one> help us when we wish to <two>recruit specific effector cells</two> to target cells? Yes; if we use <one>bispecific antibodies</one>.
+- The goal of <one>cancer therapy</one> is to cause the direct or indirect destruction of cancer cells, by specifically targeting the tumor or the vasculature that nourishes the tumor. Give one such example each for monoclonal antibodies used here. A: (1) targeting the <one>tumor</one>:       <two>Rituximab</two> (2) targeting the <one>vasculature</one>: <two>Avastatin</two>
+- A <one>single-chain variable fragment</one> (<lightseagreen>scFv</lightseagreen>) is called a fragment, as the name indicates; a <two>fragment of an antibody</two>. But what would be a better name, rather than calling this a fragment? It is <one>a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins</one>. URL: http://parts.igem.org/wiki/images/thumb/a/a1/AE2.png/300px-AE2.png
+- We can find the so called <one>hypervariable regions</one> (<two>HV1</two>, <two>HV2</two>, <two>HV3</two>) in an antibody's V domain. Give another word for these. A: The <one>complementarity-determining regions</one> (<two>CDRs</two>).
+- When was the antibody <one>IgE</one> actually identified? In the year <one>1966</one>.
+- Warum wählen wir eher <one>gram-negative Bakterien</one> als <one>gram-positive Bakterien</one> für die <two>Produktion rekombinanter Antikörper</two>? Damit die <one>Antikörper richtig gefaltet werden</one>; die Disulfidbrücken können richtig geknüpft werden.
+- <one>Monoclonal antibodies</one> can be produced via the <two>hybridoma technology</two>. For this, B-cells from an immunised mouse are isolated and fused with a myeloma cell line creating hybridomas. This is in general mediated by the addition of ... ? <one>PEG</one> (aka <two>polyethylene glycol</two>).
+- How can <one>antibodies</one> activate or stimulate phagocytes? Through the <one>Fc receptors</one> on the <two>phagocyte</two> (<three>Fc-Gamma-RI Receptor</three>).
+- Warum hat <one>IgM</one> diese <two>pentamere Struktur</two>? Sie <one>verklumpen</one> dadurch besonders gut mit den Mikroorganismen die sie gebunden haben.
+- Antibodies can activate which <one>complement pathway</one>? Antibodies can activate the <one>classical complement pathway</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_complement_pathway
+- Bei der <one>Gleichgewichtsreaktion Antigen-Antikörper</one> ist <two>kc</two> wovon abhängig? Von der <one>Temperatur</one>.
+- Natürliche Antikörper sind <one>n-valent</one>? <one>Divalent</one> bis <one>dekavalent</one>.
+- What is the <one>paratope</one> and what is its typical length/range? The <one>paratope</one> is the part of an antibody that <two>recognizes an antigen</two>. In other words, a <royalblue>paratope</royalblue> is the <three>antigen-binding site of an antibody</three>, <orange>15-22 amino acids in length</orange>.
+- Reagiert das humane Immunsystem gegen <one>monoklonale Antikörper</one>? Ja; dies <one>erschwert</one> auch die Behandlung von Krebs durch <slateblue>Toxine</slateblue>, die an Antikörper gebunden sind.
+- The <one>immune checkpoint therapy</one> is used primarily to treat ... ? <one>Cancer</one>.
+- How could <one>bispecific antibodies</one> be used in therapy? By <one>physically linking two cells</one>, such as <two>a cancer cell</two> to <two>an immune cell</two>, which will then destroy the cancer cell.
+- Give another name for <one>antisera</one>, as it was used in <two>1895</two> by Kitasato and Behring. A: <one>Polyclonal antibodies</one>.
+- When we observe that an antibody <one>cross-reacts</one> with a new antigen, what may we conclude? This <one>cross-reactivity</one> occurs typically if two different antigens share an identical or a very similar epitope.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>direkter Agglutination</one> und <one>indirekter Agglutination</one>? (1) <one>direkte   Agglutination</one>: dies ist Agglutination über den <two>Primärantikörper</two> (2) <one>indirekte Agglutination</one>: dies ist Agglutination über einen <two>Sekundärantikörper</two>
+- Name three potential disadvantages of <one>Fab fragments</one> in clinical use. A: (1) <one>no avidity</one> (2) <one>short half-life</one> (3) <one>no effector functions</one>
+- Was meinen wir mit der Abkürzung <one>pIgR</one>? <one>Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeric_immunoglobulin_receptor
+- A <one>single chain antibody</one> (<two>scAb</two>) fragment consists of ... ? A <one>scFv</one> with an additional constant chain - either heavy or light.
+- What are <one>anti-idiotype antibodies</one>? These are <one>antibodies against the binding domain of another antibody</one>.
+- The <one>scFv fragment</one> is essentially ... which part of an antibody? It is <one>the variable heavy chain</one>, and <one>the variable light chain</one>, combined into one molecule.
+- Which <one>theory of antibody production</one> is the most widely one that is accepted? The <one>clonal selection theory</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_selection
+- What was the first approved <one>trifunctional antibody</one>? <one>Catumaxomab</one>. (<springgreen>Ca-tu-ma-xom-ab</springgreen>)
+- Name two advantages for <one>IgA</one> associated with the <two>secretory piece</two> protein. A: (1) It <one>helps IgA to be transported across mucosa</one> (2) It <one>helps protect IgA from degradation in the secretion</one>
+- <one>Antibody classes</one> are defined by ...? By their <one>heavy-chain constant domain</one>.
+- In <one>1975</one> Kohler and Milstein fused together which two cells? (1) <one>antibody-producing mouse spleen cells</one> (2) <one>mouse myeloma cells</one>
+- Beim <one>dsFv Fragment</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>dsFv</two>? Dies steht für <slateblue>disulfide-stabilized Fv Fragment</slateblue>. Es wurden bei diesem Fragment neue Disulfibrücken eingebaut.
+- Following the binding of a monoclonal antibody to a specific target on a tumour cell, <one>C1q complement factor</one> interacts with the CH2 constant region of that monoclonal antibody. This leads to the activation of a proteolytic cascade of the complement classical pathway and subsequently induces the formation of a <two>membrane-attack complex</two> (MAC), which causes the lysis of the tumour cell. How is this functionality called? This effect is termed <royalblue>complement-dependent cytotoxicity</royalblue> (<one>CDC</one>).
+- The major role of the <one>complement system</one> is to work in conjunction with antibodies <two>to lyse cells</two> via ... ? The C8 and C9 components.
+- Why are <one>monoclonal antibodies</one> named that way? Because they all <one>recognize the same type of antigene</one>.
+- <one>Aminopterin</one> ist ein Zellgift, das bei der Produktion von monoklonalen Antikörpern Verwendung findet. Wie wirkt es, kurz gesagt? <one>Aminopterin hemmt die Biosynthese von Purin- und Pyrimidinbasen</one>.
+- Many of today's <one>therapeutic antibodies</one> have multiple modes of actions. Name three such functions that may have repurposed from the original antibody function. A: (1) <one>prevention of ligand binding</one> (2) <one>prevention of signaling</one> (3) <one>prevention of receptor dimerization</one>
+- Die <one>Antikörpermenge im menschlichen Körper</one> beträgt etwa <two>n gramm Antikörper pro Liter Blut</two>? <one>10 g Antikörper pro L Blut</one>.
+- Die <one>Bindung zwischen Antigen und Antikörper</one> lässt sich durch Änderung der <two>physikochemischen Milieubedingungen</two> aufheben. Gib hierzu zwei Beispiele an. A: (1) <one>pH-Erniedrigung</one> (2) <one>Erhöhung der Ionenstärke</one>
+- How/Why can we claim, and proof, that <one>IgE</one> plays a role in <two>parasitic helminth diseases</two>? The <one>serum IgE levels</one> <mediumseagreen>will rise during a parasitic disease</mediumseagreen>. Thus, measuring the IgE levels is helpful when one wishes to <one>diagnose parasitic infections</one>.
+- If we see the suffix <one>-zumab</one>, what do we know about this antibody? That this must be a <one>humanized antibody</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy#Chimeric_and_humanized
+- Name a <one>technique</one> that can be used to <two>purify antigens</two>. A: We could use <one>affinity columns of immobilized antibodies</one>. URL: https://www.thermofisher.com/at/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-biology-learning-center/protein-biology-resource-library/pierce-protein-methods/overview-affinity-purification.html
+- What is meant with the term <one>Fc glyco-engineering</one>? These are strategies in <one>modifying the</one> <springgreen>Fc glycosylation profile</springgreen> on antibodies.
+- If we design a <one>scFv</one> and we wish to make this scFv soluble, which <two>two aminoacids</two> may we add into the linker in order to increase solubility of this scFv? (1) <one>serine</one> (2) <one>threonine</one>
+- In order to <one>synthesize monoclonal antibodies</one>, which two cells have to be fused together? (1) <one>antibody-producing B cells</one> (2) <one>myeloma cells</one>
+- Was ist <one>Herceptin</one>? <royalblue>Herceptin</royalblue> (auch <orange>Trastuzumab</orange> genannt) ist <one>ein monoklonaler, humanisierter Antikörper</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab
+- For the production of recombinant antibodies, we may often have to use <one>library display methods</one>. Name three <two>important parameters</two> in the library. A: (1) Number of independent members (2) Coverage: how does actual size relate to theoretical size (3) <springgreen>Sampling</springgreen>: how many independent members are actually participating in the selection
+- <one>Idiotypes</one> are antibody-variants caused by <two>structural heterogeneity</two> in the antibody ... ? <one>V regions</one>.
+- <lightseagreen>Roche</lightseagreen> has invented the <one>CrossMAb technology</one> to produce ... what kind of antibodies? <one>Bispecific monoclonal antibodies</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispecific_monoclonal_antibody
+- What is meant with the term <one>bi-paratopic</one>? This means that an antibody may bind (two) different epitopes on the same target at the same time.
+- Name a problem that <one>IgG4</one> has. A: It can not activate the <one>classical complement pathway</one>.
+- In a <one>scFv</one>, VH and VL are joined. Which terminus, respectively? (1) <one>C-terminus of VH</one> (2) <one>N-terminus of VL</one>
+- Name two different roles that <one>CH2</one> and <one>CH3</one> of the Fc portion of an IgG-antibody may have. A: (1) <one>complement activation</one> (2) <one>macrophage binding</one>
+- If we wish to <one>produce monoclonal antibodies</one>, which cells may we typically employ here? <one>CHO cells</one>.
+- Name <one>two amino acids</one> that are over-represented at antigen-binding sites in an antibody. A: (1) <one>Tyrosin</one> (<one>Y</one>) (2) <one>Arginin</one> (<one>R</one>)
+- Wie heisst das Medikament das den <one>Infliximab-Antikörper</one> verwendet? <one>Remicade</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infliximab#Marketing
+- In der Immunologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>ADCC</one>? <one>Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</one>.
+- <one>Bevacizumab</one>, ein monoklonaler Antikörper, ist auch bekannt als ... ? <one>Avastatin</one>.
+- <one>Somatic hypermutation</one> operates on <lightseagreen>B-cells</lightseagreen> in ... what kind of organs? In <one>secondary lymphoid organs</one>.
+- Wann zum Beispiel sind <one>bivalente Antikörper</one> nützlich? Wenn <one>zwei verschiedene Proteine</one> in der Zelle in <mediumseagreen>enge Nachbarschaft</mediumseagreen> gebracht werden sollen.
+- Briefly describe the <one>F(ab')2 fragment</one>. A: It <one>can bind antigens</one> such as the original antibody, but it can not interact with effector molecules as it <orange>lacks the Fc part</orange>.
+- Was ist das grösste Problem bei der <one>Lagerung von Antikörpern</one>? Der <one>Verlust der Antikörperaktivität</one>.
+- How is it possible that <one>IgG</one> can pass through the placenta? Because placental cells have a receptor for the <one>Fc region of IgG</one>.
+- The <one>primary antibody</one> may be a mouse IgG and the secondary antibody could be a rabbit anti-mouse antibody, which may be linked to ... ? <one>Beta galactosidase</one>.
+- Nenne ein Einsatzgebiet <one>rekombinanter Antikörper</one>. A: Als <one>Immuntherapie gegen Krebs</one>.
+- What are <one>antibody mimetics</one>? <royalblue>Antibody mimetics</royalblue> are <mediumseagreen>organic compounds</mediumseagreen> that, like antibodies, can specifically bind antigens - but that <one>are not structurally related to antibodies</one>.
+- Which cells carry <one>membrane-bound antibodies</one>? <one>B cells</one>.
+- Warum verwenden wir primär die <one>Humanisierung</one> im Menschen bei der Antikörperproduktion? Um die <royalblue>Immunogenität im Menschen</royalblue>, also <one>die Abwehrreaktionen gegen diese Antikörper</one>, zu <one>verringern</one>.
+- Give another name for the <one>hybridoma technique</one>. A: <one>Somatic cell hybridization</one> technique.
+- What do we mean with <one>overlapping determinants</one>? These are determinants that are blocked when an antibody is binding to one of them, sterically; the other determinant can not be bound by another antibody at the same time.
+- Was sind <one>bispezifische Antikörper</one>? Dies sind Antikörper, bei denen jede der beiden Bindungsstellen ein verschiedenes Antigen binden kann.
+- Nenne drei verschiedene <one>Anwendungsgebiete für monoklonale Antikörper</one>. A: (1) <one>Affinitätsreinigung von Proteinen</one> (2) <one>Diagnose</one> (3) als <one>therapeutische Agentien</one>
+- Was meinen wir allgemein mit dem Begriff <one>Immunotoxin</one>? Dies ist ein <royalblue>Toxin</royalblue> (zum Beispiel ein bakterielles Exotoxin), das <one>an Antikörper</one> beziehungsweise <one>an Antikörper-Fragmente</one> gekoppelt ist.
+- What was the problem with the very first monoclonal Antibodies that were <one>synthesized in mice</one>? They were <one>recognized as foreign</one> when injected into patients, which led to their elimination by the patient's immune system.
+- What is the major role of the <one>Fab fragments</one>? <one>Antigen binding</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_antigen-binding
+- Why is <one>Immunoscintigraphy</one> typically used? We will <one>attempt to find cancer cells</one> in the body through this method, by <one>injecting a radioactively labeled antibody</one>.
+- The <one>secretary component of sIgA</one> is formed by ... ? <one>cleavage</one> of an epithelial cell receptor used to transport the dimeric IgA across the epithelial cell.
+- <one>Epitopes</one> typically tend to have which amino acids? <one>Hydrophilic aminoacids</one>.
+- Why are <one>nanobodies</one> considered to be so useful in medicine? Because they <one>show a very good tissue penetration in-vivo</one>.
+- Nenne ein mögliches Einsatzgebiet eines <one>diabody</one>. A: Wir könnten <one>Toxine</one> gezielt zu Krebszellen transportieren.
+- What do we mean with <one>conjugated monoclonal antibodies</one>? These are monoclonal antibodies that can transport agents directly to cancer cells.
+- Can we <one>detect antibody activity</one> in the blood? Yes, <one>by looking at the gamma-globulin fraction of serum</one>. If there is an on-going infection, the gamma-globulin fraction will increase, which can be shown through e. g. <orange>gelelectrophoresis</orange>.
+- <one>Self-reactive antibodies</one> are not found in significant concentration in normal serum because ... ? B cells that are stimulated via their surface bound antibody in the absence of T cell help to <one>commit suicide</one>.
+- What was <one>the first approved bispecific antibody</one>? <one>Catumaxomab</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catumaxomab#History
+- How do we call the upper tips of the <one>Y</one>-shape of an antibody? This is the <one>paratope</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratope
+- Name an extremely important feature of a <one>monovalent antibody fragment</one>. A: It <one>may show an increased tissue permeability</one>.
+- What is <one>complement fixation</one>? This is <one>when an antibody-antigen complex</one> can bind complement and <one>prevent</one> it from lysing cells.
+- Give an example how <one>neoantigenic determinants</one> can arise. A: They can be created due to <one>proteolysis</one>.
+- Wieso möchten wir <one>rein humane monoklonale Antikörper</one> herstellen? Diese induzieren KEINE <one>anti-Antikörper</one> mehr.
+- <one>scFV-Fragment</one> versus <one>dsFv-fragment</one> - strukturell betrachtet unterscheiden sich diese beiden Fragmente wie? Nur über die <violet>Verbindungsstücke</violet>; also ein <one>linker</one> beim <thistle>scFv-Fragment</thistle>, und eine <one>Disulfidbrücke</one> beim <one>dsFv-Fragment</one>.
+- Name a typical role of <one>IgA</one>. A: IgA concentrates in body fluids <one>to guard the entrances of the body</one>.
+- For the generation of monoclonal antibodies, we take which type of cell from the <one>mouse</one>? <one>B-Lymphocytes</one>.
+- Aside from being cleared from a patient's body quickly, name another problem that <one>monoclonal antibodies</one> created by mice had. A: These foreign antibody-molecules will not interact properly with other components of the human immune system, thus <one>restricting their biological efficacy</one>.
+- Name the two major functions of antibodies in the human body. A: (1) bind specifically to molecules from the pathogen that elicited the immune response (2) to recruit other cells and molecules to destroy the pathogen to which the antibodies have bound to