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data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_c_plus_plus_programming_language

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === C++
+#
+# All about the C++ programming language.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- In C++: kann eine Funktion mehrere Werte mittels return zurückgeben? Nein.
+- In C++: was genau enthält ein <one>Zeiger</one>? Ein <two>Zeiger</two> enthält die <one>Adresse des Speicherplatzes</one>, an dem das Datenelement zu finden ist.
+- In C++: was meinen wir mit <one>variable++</one>? Dies liefert zunächst den alten Wert von "variable" als Resultat zurück; danach wird der Wert von <one>variable</one> um 1 erhöht.
+- In C++: is <one>void</one> a <two>return type</two>? Yes it is. []
+- In C++: kann bei <one>cin.fail()</one> der Stream weiter verwendet werden? Ja. []
+- In C++: der Ergebnistyp von <one>main()</one> ist ... ? <one>int</one>. []
+- In C++: wie <one>gruppieren</one> wir eine grosse Zahl? Mit ', wie zum Beispiel in: <one>int b { 1'000'000 };</one>
+- In C++: gilt die Anweisung <one>cout.precision(10)</one> für alle Aufrufe von <two>cout</two> in Folge? Ja. []
+- In C++: wieso ergibt <one>0.4 * 0.4</one> nicht <one>0.16</one>? Weil <two>0.4</two> <one>binär nicht exakt darstellbar ist</one>.
+- In C++, every <one>variable</one> has what? A <one>specific type</one>.
+- In C++: wenn wir Dateien lesen oder in Dateien schreiben wollen müssen wir welchen header verwenden? <<one>fstream</one>>
+- In C++: what is <one>a const member function</one>? This is a member function that guarantees it will not modify the object or call any non-const member functions, as they may modify the object.
+- In C++: give an example for a method called <one>foobar()</one> with <three>placeholder arguments</three>. A: <one>void foobar(int, int);</one>.
+- In C++: is it possible to <one>overload a function</one> simply by changing the number of arguments to that function? Yes.
+- In C++: what does the <one>abbreviation</one> <two>STL</two> stand for? <one>Standard template library</one>. []
+- In <one>C++</one>: how do we call <two>f(a)</two> in general? This is <one>a function call</one>. []
+- In C++: if we have an expression containing values of type <one>int</one> and <one>double</one>, C++ may change the int operand to double. How is this conversion called officially? This is called <one>a promotion</one>; C++ thus <two>promotes</two> int to a double. []
+- In C++: how do we call the process of determining the expression's value? <one>Evaluation</one>. []
+- In C++: how can we <one>obtain a substring</one> from a String object, say, <two>x</two>? We can use: <one>x.substr(0, 42);</one> where <two>0</two> and <two>42</two> denote the <three>start</three> and <three>end</three> position of the given substring at hand. []
+- Enthält ein <one>struct</one> in C++ Funktionen? <two>Nein</two> - es <one>enthält nur Daten</one>.
+- In C++: how do we call a line such as <one>#include <iostream></one>? This is a <one>preprocessor directive</one>. []
+- In C++: <one>how to obtain user input</one>? Use: <one>cin >> user_input;</one> []
+- In C++: was bedeutet <one>int a {}</one>? Dies weist der Variablen <one>a</one> den <one>Wert 0</one> zu. []
+- In C++: the <one>function prototype for time</one> is in ... ? <one><ctime></one>. []
+- In C++: the keyword <one>inline</one> can be used in connection with ... ? A <one>function</one>.
+- In C++: a program consists of <one>several separately compiled parts</one>, called ... ? <one>Translation Units</one>. []
+- What is <one>the most important function for a C++ program</one>? <one>main()</one> []
+- Wann wird, in C++, die exception <one>std::bad_alloc</one> ausgegeben? Wenn kein Speicherplatz mehr vorhanden ist.
+- Does C++ make use of <one>three access modifiers</one>? Yes - <one>public</one>, <one>private</one> and <one>protected</one> are all supported. []
+- In C++: give <three>an example</three> for a <one>label</one>. A: This is <one>an identifier</one> followed by a colon, such as <royalblue>begin:</royalblue>.
+- In C++: sollten wir <one>using namespace xyZ;</one> in header Dateien verwenden? Nein. []
+- Wie lautet der <one>Verkettungsoperator</one> bei <two>Strings</two>, in C++? <one>x + y</one> []
+- In C++: is the <one>name</one> <two>_</two> a valid name for a <three>variable</three>? Yes it is. []
+- In C++: wie erhalten wir die <one>Größe eines Datentyps</one>? Mit Hilfe von <one>sizeof()</one>. []
+- In C++ unterscheidet sich der <one>array</one> von dem vector in der Initialisierung, und zwar wie ... ? Der array benötigt zwei {{}}; der vector nur ein {}.
+- In a <one>C++ enum</one>: can the separate enumeration constants have the same integer value? Yes. []
+- In C++: how is the <one>>> operator</one> called? This is <one>the extraction operator</one>. URL: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/input_output_operators_overloading.htm []
+- C++ treats <one>all floating-point numbers</one>, such as <two>7.33</two>, that can be found in a program's source code as ... by default? As <one>double values</one>. []
+- In <one>C++</one>: <two>auto limit = 10.0</two> would be equivalent to ... ? <one>double limit = 10.0</one>. []
+- In C++: the most common error in regards to <one>switch statements</one> is ... ? To <one>forget</one> to terminate a case with a <two>break</two> statement. []
+- In C++: beim Input/Output verwenden wir zum Beispiel <one>cin.ignore(1000, '\n')</one>. Was bedeutet die Zahl <three>1000</three> hier? Dies bedeutet das alles bis zum Zeilenende verworfen wird, aber höchstens 1000 Zeichen.
+- In C++: Wie lesen wir zwei <one>String-Variablen</one> als user input möglichst effizient ein? <one>cin >> string1 >> string2</one>. []
+- In C++: what is the main difference between <one>float</one> and <one>double</one>? <one>double</one> can simply store more digits, and is thus more accurate when it comes to numbers with a decimal point.
+- In C++: why the name <one>float</one>? This stands for <one>floating point</one>.
+- In C++: why was the name <one>double</one> chosen to have a special meaning in the language? This is <one>historic</one>. The term <two>double</two> is short for <peru>double-precision floating point</peru>.
+- Wenn wir C++ code mittels <one>GCC</one> kompilieren, wie können wir alle Warnungen anzeigen? Mittels <one>-Wall</one>. []
+- In C++: gib ein anderes Wort an für den <one>Prototyp einer Funktion</one>. A: Die <one>Funktionsdeklaration</one>. []
+- In C++: what value does <one>EOF</one> usually have? <one>-1</one>. []
+- In C++: <one>32 bits</one> are n bytes? <one>4 bytes</one>. []
+- Der <one>Satz von Böhm</one>/<one>Jacopini</one> 1966 besagt, das sich ein beliebiger Programmablauf nur mit drei Programmkonstrukten verwirklichen lässt. Welchen drei? (1) <one>Sequenz von Anweisungen</one> (2) <one>Entscheidung</one> (3) <one>Iteration</one>
+- In C++: wariable names are said to be <one>lvalues</one>. What does this abbreviation mean? <one>lvalues</one> stands for <two>left values</two>. []
+- What means to have a <one>LIFO data structure</one>, literally? A <one>Last-in, first-out</one> data structure. []
+- In C++: bei <one>wchar_t Typen</one>, verwenden wir statt <two>cout</two> was? <one>wcout</one>. URL: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/wcout/ []
+- In C++: was meinen wir mit <one>sequenziell</one>? Dies meint das Anweisungen in der von dem Programmierer vorgegebenen Reihenfolge ausgeführt werdem.
+- What is usually <one>the first line</one> in a C++ program? <one>#include <iostream></one>. []
+- In C++: was ergibt <one>int i{869}; cout << i</one>/<one>10.0;</one>? <one>86.9</one>. []
+- In C++: how do we call <one>a statement</one> that introduces a new name into a program and sets aside memory for a variable? A <one>definition</one>. []
+- Can a <one>function prototype</one>, in C++, have default values whereas the defined function does not specify any default values? <one>Yes</one>. In this case, the function prototype takes precedence (possibly because the compiler "sees" it first). []
+- In C++: gehört der Datentyp <one>string</one> zum Namespace <peru>std</peru>? Ja. []
+- The <one>first line</one> in a typical C++ program is ... ? <one>#include <iostream></one>. []
+- Nenne ein bekanntes Beispiel für eine <one>direkte Rekursion</one>. A: Die <one>Fibonacci Zahlen</one>.
+- Eine <one>Gleitkommazahl</one> in C++ wird am besten durch ... repräsentiert? <one>double</one> wie zum Beispiel <one>double x</one>. []
+- In C++: <one>&& operator</one> versus the <one>|| operator</one>. Which one of these two has the <two>higher precedence</two>? The <one>&& operator</one>. []
+- In C++: how to convert a <one>string</one> into an <one>integer</one>? Via <one>stoi()</one>. []
+- Wie drücke ich <one>und</one> in C++ aus? <one>&&</one>. []
+- How do we <one>terminate</one> each individual case statement in C++? Via a <one>break</one> statement. []
+- Wie erstellen wir in C++ <one>eine Endlosschleife</one> mit <one>for</one>? <one>for (;;);</one> []
+- In C++: how do we call the <one>--</one> operator? This is the <one>unary decrement operator</one>. []
+- Wie nennen wir <one>!</one> in C++? <one>Negationsoperator</one>. []
+- In C++: ergibt <one>sizeof("a");</one> das gleiche Ergebnis wie <one>sizeof('a')</one>? Nein. []
+- In C++: welchen Unterschied definiert C++ zwischen einer <one>Prozedur</one> und einer <one>Funktion</one>? Die <one>Funktion</one> liefert einen Wert zurück. (In C++ gibt es in dem Sinne keine Prozedur; <two>void</two> kommt der Definition einer Prozedur noch am nächsten.)
+- In C++: zeige <one>unäres plus</one> und <one>unäres Minus</one>. A: (1) <one>unäres Plus</one>:  <two>+x</two> (2) <one>unäres Minus</one>: <two>-x</two> []
+- In C++: wozu wird die Funktion <one>stod()</one> verwendet? Um einen <one>String</one> in eine <one>double</one>-Zahl zu konvertieren. Beispiel: <one>std::stod (foobar);</one>. URL: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/string/stod/ []
+- How do we know which code elements in a C++ file are used by the preprocessor? These lines all start with a <one>#</one> character/token. []
+- In C++: is <one>the >> operator</one> sensitive to type? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In C++: was meinen wir mit einer <one>ungepufferten Ausgabe</one>, zum Beispiel bei <two>cerr</two>? Das <one>die Ausgabe sofort auf dem Bildschirm erfolgt</one>. []
+- In C++: how to find out <one>how many elements</one> are stored in the <two>vector v</two>? Via <one>v.size()</one>. URL: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/vector/vector/size/ []
+- In C++: was ergibt folgender Code: <one>double a{869}; double b{10}; cout << a</one>/<one>b;</one> A: <one>86.9</one>
+- In C++: <one>which character</one> follows the "case" statement? The <one>:</one> character. []
+- In C++: the name <one>endl</one> is an abbreviation for <two>end line</two> and belongs to which namespace? <one>endl</one> belongs to the namespace <two>std</two>. []
+- In C++: at <one>UML</one>, what does a leading plus sign (<two>+</two>) indicate? That this method is <one>public</one>, e. g. a <two>public member function in C++</two>. []
+- In C++: are there <three>keywords</three> with <one>uppercase letters</one>? No. []
+- In C++: ein <one>char-Zeichen</one> verwendet wieviele bytes? Ein byte. []
+- In C++: let's assume that we have two numbers, <one>a</one> and <one>b</one>, being 6 and 5 respectively. We wish to divide these two and obtain the true float result, aka <two>1.2</two>. What shall we do there? <one>result = static_cast< double > (a) / b;</one>
+- In C++: the default precision for floating-point values is normally set to ... ? <one>Six digits of precision</one>. []
+- In C++: how to delay for <one>3 seconds</one> before showing output? <one>#include <unistd.h>; sleep(3);</one>
+- Müssen in C++ Variablen sofort initialisiert werden? Nein. []
+- In C++: which variable stores <one>the number of arguments given to a program</one>? <one>argc</one>. []
+- In C++: gegeben sei ein <one>enum</one> wie <two>enum days { sun, mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat } aDay;</two> - welchen Wert hat <violet>sun</violet> hier? <one>0</one>. []
+- In C++: welche <one>Zahl</one> ist <two>false</two>? <one>0</one>. []
+- In C++: <one>size_t</one> is similar to unsigned int, but the difference is ... ? <one>size_t is larger</one>; in fact, it is large enough to include the biggest object of the system. This is important on 64 bit systems.
+- How do we <one>denote functions with no type in C++</one>? Via <one>void</one>. Example: <one>void foobar() { return; }</one> []
+- In C++: <one>bevor</one> wir einen Namen verwenden (für eine Variable), müssen wir dem Compiler mitteilen welcher Typ verwendet werden soll. Wie nennen wir diesen Vorgang? <one>Deklaration</one>. []
+- In C++: does <one>the string type</one> keep track of <two>the number of characters it holds</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In C++: Ausgabe von: <one>double x {12.5}; cout << 3 </one>/<one> 2 + x;</one>? <one>13.5</one>. []
+- Give an example in C++ for <one>chained assignment</one>. A: <one>a = b = c = d;</one> []
+- In C++: which function is used to position back from the end of a file object? <one>seekg()</one>
+- Wie deklarieren wir eine Variable, innerhalb einer Funktion, in C++ <one>global</one>? Mit Hilfe des keywords <one>static</one>. []
+- In C++: what is the return type of the function with prototype: <one>int foobar(char a, float b, double c);</one>? The <one>return type</one> of this function is <two>int</two>. []
+- In C++: was ergibt folgender Code <one>00000000000000000000000000000101</one> <two>&</two> <one>00000000000000000000000000000110</one>? <one>00000000000000000000000000000100</one>
+- In C++: can we <one>convert char to float</one>? Yes. []
+- In C++: wie nennen wir eine Zahl die mit <one>0x</one> beginnt? Dies ist eine sogenannte <one>Hexadezimalzahl</one>. []
+- In C++: what is <one>the final value of x</one> when the code <two>int x; for(x=0; x<10; x++) {}</two> is run? <two>x</two> will have the value of <one>10</one>. []
+- In C++: what value must <one>a destructor</one> return? <two>Destructors</two> in C++ <one>do not return a value</one>. []
+- In C++: what is <one>the index number</one> of the last element of an array with <two>29 elements</two>? <one>28</one>. []
+- How to read a line of text from the keyboard, in C++? We can use the <one>getline()</one> <royalblue>function</royalblue>, defined in the <string> header. []
+- In C++: wie heben wir ein <one>Makro</one> auf? Mittels <one>#undef</one>. []
+- Can <one>C++</one> be considered as <two>a superset to C</two>? Yes. []
+- In C++: what does "vector<int> v(6);" mean? That we have <one>a vector holding 6 integer values</one>.
+- Statt einer <one>Schleife</one> kann man oft welche Alternative verwenden? Eine <one>Rekursion</one>. []
+- In C++: Was ergibt folgender code: <one>int a = 8; cout << a--;</one>? <one>8</one>. []
+- In C++: we may use the <one>inline</one> keyword. Why would we may want to use <three>inline functions</three>? In order to <one>increase the speed of the resulting program</one>.
+- Wie ist eine <one>void-Funktion</one> in C++ definiert? Dies ist <one>eine Funktion, die nichts zurück gibt</one>. []
+- In C++: der <one>natürliche Typ für Ganzzahlen</one> ist ... ? <one>int</one>. []
+- Wofür steht eigentlich <one>short</one> in C++? <one>short</one> steht für <one>short int</one>.
+- Es gibt in C++ die Funktion <one>stoul</one>. Wofür stehen diese Buchstaben? Für <one>string to unsigned long</one>. []
+- Wie verwenden wir <one>Exceptions</one> in C++? Mit Hilfe von "try {}" und "throw" sowie "catch (int err)".
+- Wie werden <one>einzelne Zeichen</one> in C++ genannt? <one>char</one>. []
+- What do we mean, in C++, with <one>narrowing conversions</one>? This is when we put a value into an object that may be too small, aka <one>too narrow</one>, to hold it.
+- In C++: bindet <one>&&</one> stärker als <one>||</one>? Ja. []
+- In C++: can <one>a vector</one> store an int and a string at the same time? No. []
+- In C++: ist <one>12.3f</one> eine valide Anweisung? Ja - das <one>f</one> steht für ein <one>Float</one>. []
+- In C++: welche <one>include-Direktive</one> wird für <two>assert()</two> verwendet? <one>#include <cassert></one>. []
+- In C++: warum existiert der komische Name <one>cctype</one>? Da <one>ctype</one> in C existiert und in C++ typischerweise ein <two>c</two> davor hinzugefügt wird, um dies von den header-Dateien von C zu unterscheiden. []
+- Ist <one>2.998e8</one> ein gültiger Wert in C++? Ja. []
+- Ist <one>"Hello world!"</one> ein <two>Literal</two>, in C++? Ja. []
+- <one>Unsigned</one> geht typischerweise, bei char in C++, von 0 bis 255. Wie kann ich mir den Wert <two>255</two> eventuell merken? <one>-128 + 127 = 255</one> []
+- What do we mean with a <one>single-entry</one>/<one>single-exit</one> control statement? This is <one>a statement that has only one way to enter and only one way to exit from this particular control statement</one>.
+- Was bedeutet <one>iostream</one>? <one>input output stream</one> []
+- In C++: the <one>members to belong to a struct</one>, are <two>private or public</two> by default? They are <one>public</one> by default. []
+- In C++: wenn wir einen <one>Vektor deklarieren</one> möchten, müssen wir bei der Syntax zuerst vector schreiben oder zuerst den Datentyp? Zuerst <one>vector</one>, also zum Beispiel <two>vector<string> foobar</two>. []
+- Gibt es <one>try</one> / <one>catch</one> in C++? Ja. []
+- In C++: where can we find <one>numeric_limits</one>? In "<limits>".
+- Wie drücken wir <one>oder</one> in C++ aus? <one>||</one>. []
+- In C++: is <one>int</one> a <two>keyword</two>? Yes it is. []
+- In C++: can we <one>alias</one> namespaces? Yes. []
+- In C++: can the <one>increment</one> for a <two>for</two> statement be negative? Yes. In this case we call it a <one>decrement</one>; and for loop will count downwards.
+- In C++: the <one>size of a char</one> is typically ... ? <one>1</one>. []
+- In C++: vergleiche den <one>Wertebereich</one> von <two>signed char</two> und <two>unsigned char</two>. A: (1) <one>signed char</one>:  <two>-128 bis +127</two> (2) <one>unsigned char</one>:   <two>0 bis +255</two> []
+- Is the <one>input operator >></one> in C++ sensitive to <three>type</three>? Yes. []
+- Is <one>C++ object code</one> <two>portable</two> among different operating systems? No. []
+- In C++: nenne einen wichtigen Unterschied zwischen einem array und vector. A: Die Anzahl der enthaltenen Elemente kann bei einem vector zur Laufzeit verändert werden. Bei einem array hingegen muss die Anzahl der Elemente zur compile-time feststehen.
+- In C++: given an equation such as <one>( a * ( b + c ) )</one>, which part is evaluated first? <one>The operators in the innermost pair of parentheses are applied first</one>. []
+- Ist <one>for (int i {1}; i <= n; ++i) {</one> eine valide <three>for-Schleife</three> in C++? Ja. []
+- C++ provides <one>three types of repetition statements</one>. Name them. A: (1) <one>while</one> (2) <one>do ... while</one> (3) <one>for</one> []
+- In C++: ist <one>cout << ::i;</one> eine valide Anweisung? Ja. []
+- In C++: can the compiler choose to ignore an <one>inline directive</one>? Yes. []
+- In C++: give an example how to create a <one>vector</one> holding 6 integer values. A: <one>vector<int> v = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 };</one>.
+- In C++: schreibe eine Funktion <one>double sqr()</one> die den übergebenen Parameter multipliziert. A: <one>double sqr(double a) { double b = a * a; return b; }</one> []
+- In Algebra, we may see <one>a + b + c + d + e</one>, then a <two>---------------------</two> and then 5, aka <one>five numbers divided by 5</one>. How would this look in C++? <one>m = ( a + b + c + d + e ) </one>/<one> 5;</one> []
+- In C++: wenn wir <one>breitere Zeichen</one> als <two>char</two> benötigen, können wir ... verwenden. A: <one>wchar_t</one>. URL: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/wchar.h []
+- <one>Objekte</one> in C++ sind ... einer Klasse? <one>Instanzen</one>. []
+- In C++: kann eine <one>unsigned-Zahl</one> kleiner als Null sein? Nein. []
+- In C++: was ergibt <one>7</one>/<one>4</one>? <one>1</one>. []
+- In C++: wie nennen wir die <one>Typkonversionen</one> in der englischen Sprache? <one>Type cast</one>.
+- In C++: will <one>while(-255)</one> give us an <lightseagreen>infinite loop</lightseagreen>? Yes. []
+- In C++: wie testen wir auf <one>ist nicht gleich</one> eines Strings? <one>if (x != "value")</one> []
+- In C++: the word <one>short</one> is actually an abbreviation for ... ? <one>short int</one>. []
+- In C++ for any given <one>function declaration</one>, do we have to use <two>terminating semicolons</two>? Yes. []
+- In C++: erfolgt die Ausgabe bei <one>cerr</one> in gepufferter Art und Weise? Nein. []
+- In C++, wofür steht <one>die Abkürzung</one> <three>srand()</three>? Dies steht für <one>seek random</one>. []
+- Wenn wir den <one>compiler</one> zwingen möchten, Warnungen auszugeben, welche Option sollten wir verwenden? <one>-Wall</one>. []
+- In C++: ein Name einer Variablen darf was <one>nicht</one> beinhalten? Ein <one>Leerzeichen</one>. []
+- A <one>vector</one> in <three>C++</three> is similar to an <one>array</one> in <three>C</three>. Name one advantage a vector has over an array. A: We do not have to specify the length of a vector in advance.
+- In C++: give another term for <one>modulo</one>. A: The <one>remainder</one>.
+- In C++: is <one>bool</one> a <two>keyword</two>? Yes it is. []
+- There are several <one>motivations</one> for modularizing a program with functions in C++. Name one such (useful) motivation. A: <one>Software reuse</one>.
+- In C++: bei einem String gibt es die Funktionen <one>at()</one> und <one>[]</one>. Welcher Unterschied existiert zwischen diesen beiden Funktionen? Der Zugriff mit [] ist ungeprüft; das heisst das das Programm abstürzen kann. Der Zugriff mit <one>.at()</one> hingegen prüft ob der übergebene Index im erlaubten Bereich liegt.
+- Können <one>von Algorithmen erzeugte Zahlen</one> zufällig sein? Nein. []
+- Was bedeutet <one>unsigned</one> in C++? Dies sind Zahlen von <one>0</one>, und <one>positiv</one> - wir <two>exkludieren daher negative Zahlen</two>. []
+- Wie stellen wir in C++ fest, wieviele <one>bytes per type</one> verwendet werden? Mit Hilfe von <one>sizeof(x)</one>. []
+- In C++: how can we stop a <one>while(true) loop</one>? Via <one>break</one>. []
+- In C++: when we initialize <one>vector<int> v(6);</one>, what values do these have? They are <one>initialized to 0</one>. []
+- In C++: what is the result of <one>this function invocation</one>: <two>fabs(-8.76)</two>? <one>8.76</one>. []
+- In C++: does <one>>=</one> work for strings? Yes. []
+- In C++: how do we call the <one>||</one> operator? This is the <one>logical OR</one> operator. []
+- In C++: show <one>how to create an anonymous namespace</one>. A: <one>namespace {</one>.
+- Why did C++11 introduce the {} initializers such as in <one>double x { 2.7 }</one>? Because that way, the compiler can <one>warn about illegal narrow operations</one> done, such as "double x { 2.7 }; int y { x };" - the latter line would result in an error.
+- In C++: the <one><< operator</one> used in conjunction with the cout stream object is known as ... ? The <one>insertion operator</one>. []
+- Ist eine Rekursion auch dann prinzipiell gegeben, wenn eine Funktion eine andere Funktion aufruft? Ja - es handelt sich dann um eine indirekte Rekursion anstatt einer direkten Rekursion.
+- How many times is a <one>do while loop</one>, in C++, guaranteed to loop? <one>1</one> (<two>once; aka one time</two>). []
+- In C++: give an example <one>how to define a namespace</one>. A: <one>namespace Foobar { unsigned int x; void output(void); }</one> []
+- Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen <one>while</one> und <one>do while</one> in C++. A: Die <one>do while</one> Schleife wird <two>mindestens einmal durchlaufen</two>. []
+- In C++: wieso eigentlich der Name <one>extern</one>, wie zum Beispiel in <two>extern double foo;</two>? Dies ist eine globale Variable, die extern definiert ist - also in einer anderen Datei zu finden ist.
+- In C++: does the <one>function signature</one> specify the <two>function's return type</two>? No. []
+- A <one>constant</one> in C++ cannot be left ... A: <one>Uninitialized</one>. []
+- How do we call <one>the result of a function</one> (at the least in C++)? The <one>return value</one>. []
+- Allgemein und kurz formuliert: wie geht eine <one>explizite Typkonversion in C++</one>? Mittels <one>static_cast</one>. []
+- In C++: what is the most useful way of storing data in general? By using a <one>vector</one>. []
+- In C++: gib ein Beispiel für <one>die Verwendung einer Konstante</one>, genannt newline. A: <one>const char newline = '\n';</one>
+- In C++: muss jede Funktion, die einen Wert zurückgibt, eine <one>return-Anweisung</one> enthalten? Ja. []
+- Wie sieht der <one>Adressoperator</one> in C++ aus? <one>&</one>.
+- In C++: bei einer Funktion wie <one>void foobar(std::string& value)</one>, wird dem compiler was mitgeteilt? Das er <one>mit dem Original arbeiten soll</one>.
+- In C++: is <one>the main() function</one> a member of any class? No. []
+- Zeichenketten in C++ werden wie <one>terminiert</one>? Durch ein <one>Nullbyte</one> (<two>'\0'</two>). []
+- In C++: ist <one>enum karten { zehn=10, bube=2, dame, koenig, as=11 };</one> eine <two>valide Anweisung</two>? Ja. []
+- In C++: mittels <one>#ifdef</one> überprüfen wir ob eine ein Makro existiert. Wie lautet die Negation dieser Präprozessor-Direktive? <one>#ifndef</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für <one>Bindungsstärke</one> in C++. A: <one>Operatorpriorität</one>.
+- To <one>capitalize</one> any lower-case letter in C++, in ANSI, we have to only <two>subtract</two> ... ? <one>32</one>. []
+- In C++: <one>size_t</one> resides in which namespace? <one>std</one> []
+- In C++ a <one>name</one> that is assigned by a user for a program elements, such as variable, type, class, function or namespaces is called ... ? An <one>identifier</one>. []
+- In C++: nenne eine Syntax-Alternative zu: <one>Ort1 nochEinOrt2(70, 90);</one>. A: <one>Ort1 nochEinOrt2={70,90};</one>
+- How does <one>the minimal C++ program</one> look like? <one>int main() {}</one> []
+- Wofür steht in C++ <one>cout</one>? <lightgreen>Character output</lightgreen>. []
+- In C++: was ergibt folgender code? <one>double a{868}; double b{10}; cout << a</one>/<one>b</one>/<one>b;</one> A: <one>8.68</one> []
+- In C++: nenne ein Beispiel für die Initialisierung von Feldern in C++. A: Die Angabe einer Werteliste erfolgt in geschwungenen Klammern, wie zum Beispiel: <one>double ex[3] = { 1, 0, 0 };</one>
+- In C++: given <one>a structure</one> called <two>b</two>, how do we access a variable in this structure called <three>var</three>? Use <one>b.var</one>. []
+- In C++: ist <one>ein abgeleiteter Typ</one>, der nicht vollständig das Vehrhalten der Oberklasse zeigt, ein echter Subtyp? Nein. []
+- Eine <one>durch geschwungene Klammern begrenzte Anweisungsfolge</one> wird, in C++, wie bezeichnet? Dies ist <one>ein Anweisungsblock</one>. []
+- In C++: <one>cin</one> liest Wörter ein, hört aber bei Leerzeichen auf. Wie lesen wir mehr ein? Mit Hilfe von <one>getline()</one>. []
+- In C++: ein <one>Zeiger auf void</one> hat den Typ ... ? <one>void</one>.
+- In C++: statt <one>NULL</one> sollten wir was verwenden? <one>nullptr</one>.
+- In C++: <one>NULL</one> finden wir in welchem header? <one><cstddef></one>
+- Nenne die 4 Hauptobjekte in C++ der iostream-Bibliothek. A: (1) "cout" (2) "cerr" (3) <one>clog</one> (4) <one>cin</one>
+- In C++: the <one>name of a variable</one> starts with ... ? A <one>letter</one>.
+- In C++: we can <one>partition a program</one> using ...? <one>Abstractions</one>.
+- In C++, <one>access specifiers</one> are always followed by ... ? A <one>colon</one> (aka <two>:</two>).
+- In C++: what is meant with a <one>short-circuit evaluation</one>? This is, for example, an expression such as <one>( x == 1 ) && ( y >= 65 )</one>. If the first condition is false, then the entire expression is false; and the second check, for y => 65, <two>will not be evaluated at all</two>.
+- Wir erkennen wir die <one>Destruktor-Methode</one> in C++? Sie ist wie der Konstruktor, nur mit einem vorangestelltem <one>~</one> Zeichen.
+- In C++: andere Bezeichnung für eine <one>Funktionsdeklaration</one>? Ein <one>Prototyp</one>.
+- In C++: name <one>an important difference</one> between <two>constructors</two> and other functions of the specific class at hand. A: Constructors <one>cannot return values</one>.
+- <one>Wide characters</one> in C++ werden zum Beispiel wozu benötigt? Für die <one>Darstellung japanischer Zeichen</one>.
+- What is an <one>empty statement</one> in C++? This is <one>a statement doing nothing</one>, such as <two>if (x == 5);</two>.
+- In C++: what is meant with the word <one>signed</one>? This is an object that <one>can hold both positive and negative values</one>.
+- In C++: what is stored in <one>argv[0]</one>? The <one>name of the program</one>.
+- In C++: wie schalten wir die Dezimaldarstellung ein? Via <one>cout << dec</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>ungepufferten Ausgabe</one> in C++? Dies bedeutet, das Zeichen sofort ausgeführt werden (oder eben <one>sofort erscheinen</one>).
+- In C++: ein Name einer Variablen hat einen <one>globalen Geltungsbereich</one>, wenn er ... vereinbart ist. A: <one>außerhalb sämtlicher Blöcke</one>.
+- In C++: a <one>returned value of 0</one> indicates what? <one>Success</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>cout</one>? Dies steht für <one>console output</one>.
+- <one>Unicode Zeichen</one> haben keinen Platz in "char", daher verwenden wir in C++ eher ... ? <one>wchar_t</one> (zumindest früher).
+- In C++: how to <one>concatenate</one> two Strings? Via the <one>+</one> <two>operator</two>.
+- In C++: how to ensure <one>randomizing</one>? We use the C++ Standard Library function called <one>srand()</one>.
+- Name two components that a <one>vector</one> in C++ stores/includes. A: (1) its <one>elements</one> (2) its <one>size</one>, aka how many element it stores
+- In C++: given a class called Foobar, <one>how to instantiate a new object</one> from that class? <one>Foobar foobar_object;</one>.
+- How would you explain the following C++ code: <one>string foobar; cin >> foobar</one>? This means to read a String and store it into the variable called <one>foobar</one>.
+- Give an example for an <one>arithmetic expression</one> in C++. A: For example, 7 + 8 is an "arithmetic expression".
+- Give <one>a complete example</one>, in C++, how to define and use an <two>enum</two>. A: <one>enum Status { CONTINUE, WON, LOST }; Status game_status;</one>
+- Die Anweisung <one>int x {y}</one> in C++ inkludiert welche zwei Teilbereiche? (1) "Variablenvereinbarung", also eine Deklaration (2) <one>Initialisierung</one>
+- What does the error <one>undefined reference to 'main'</one> imply, in C++? That <one>the linker</one> could not locate the program's <royalblue>main() function</royalblue>.
+- Say we have C++ code like this: <one>int count = 1</one>. How can we put an <two>alias</two> to the variable count? We will use <one>&</one>, such as in <two>int &reference_to_count = count;</two>
+- In C++: was ist der Unterschied zwischen einer <one>Deklaration</one> und einer <one>Definition</one>? (1) Die <one>Deklaration</one> teilt dem Compiler mit wofür ein bestimmter Name steht, zum Beispiel eine Variable vom Typ double. Es wird hierbei jedoch kein Speicher alloziert. (2) Die "Definition" hingegen ist immer eine Deklaration; erzeugt jedoch gleichzeitig das referenierte Konstrukt (und alloziert Speicherplatz)
+- How does C++ call <one>methods</one>? <one>Member functions</one>.
+- In C++: wie wird <one>>></one> genannt? Dies ist der <one>Extraktionsoperator</one>.
+- In C++: how to <one>obtain the memory address</one> of an integer variable called <two>a</two>? Via <one>&a;</one>.
+- In C++: how do we select only <one>the first 30 characters</one> from a given string called foo? <one>foo.substr(0, 30);</one>
+- In C++ we can use the keyword <one>public</one>. What is <two>the official name</two> for such a keyword? This is called an <one>access specifier</one>.
+- In C++: name three values on which we can use the <one>switch-statement</one>. A: (1) <one>integer</one> (2) <one>char</one> (3) <one>enumeration</one>
+- How do we call the <one>&& operator</one> in C++? <one>logical AND</one> operator.
+- Die Sortierfunktion <one>sort()</one>, in C++, ist im welchem header zu finden? <one>#include <algorithm></one>
+- In C++: <one>unsigned integers</one> are ... numbers. A: <one>Non-negative numbers</one>.
+- Why are <one>inline functions</one> often placed in headers? So that their definitions can be included in each source file that uses them; the compiler has to know what to do early on.
+- C++ has <one>how many reserved keywords</one>? About <one>85</one>.
+- In C++: the <one>char data type</one> is used to represent ... ? <one>Integers</one> between <two>-128 and 127</two>.
+- C++ has <one>n cast_operators</one>? <one>4</one>.
+- In C++: wie nennen wir den zu wiederholenden Teil einer <one>for-loop</one>? Dies ist der <one>Schleifenkörper</one>.
+- In C++: was meinen wir mit <one>unsigned int</one>? Dies ist wie int, aber <one>nur mit positiven Vorzeichen</one>.
+- In C++: wie überprüfen wir, ob die Eingabe über <one>cin</one> richtig war? Über <one>cin.good()</one>.
+- In C++: was passiert wenn wir innerhalb der Funktion <one>main()</one> 2x return verwenden? Nur der Bereich <one>bis zum ersten return statement</one> wird durchgeführt.
+- What is <one>the first rule in C++</one>, for the use of parenthesis? <one>If in doubt, parenthesize</one>.
+- In C++: is <one>auto x;</one> a valid instruction? <one>No</one>. <two>The compiler cannot deduce x's type</two>.
+- Wie prüfen wir ob ein String leer ist, in C++? <one>if string.empty()</one>
+- In C++: bei <one>ifstream foobar(dateiname, ...)</one>, wie lesen wir diese Datei in Binärformat ein? Mittels <one>ios::binar<</one>.
+- In C++: wie schalten wir die Hexadezimaldarstellung ein? Via <one>cout << hex;</one>.
+- In C++: nenne eine allgemeine Unterscheidungsmöglichkeit bei <one>Fehlern</one>. A: (1) die <one>Erkennung von Fehlern</one> (2) die <one>Behandlung von Fehlern</one>
+- In C++: wie stellen wir einen Text mit 'padding' dar, zum Beispiel <one>Padding von 12</one>? Via <one>cout.width(12)</one>.
+- In C++: give <one>an example for a good use for typecasting</one>. A: To allow the "division of two integers" in order to return a <one>decimal value</one>.
+- <one>RAII</one> is a central concept in C++. We rely here on the <violet>compiler</violet> to do ... what precisely? To <one>call destructors automatically</one> in certain cases.
+- In C++: if we wish to use the <one>getline() function</one>, which header do we have to include? The <one><string></one> header.
+- In C++: was ist <one>ein Vektor</one>? Ein Vektor ist <one>eine Sammlung von Objekten desselben Typs</one>.
+- In C++: the <one>function prototype</one> for the <two>srand()</two> function is in which header? It is in <one><cstdlib></one>.
+- Is the following code, in C++, valid: <one>enum Foo { Light }; enum Bar { Light };</one>? No it is not. <one>The members of an enum must be unique</one>.
+- In C++: <one>char</one> versus <one>int</one>, which one does take up more space? An <one>int</one> takes up more space in C++ than does a <one>char</one>.
+- In C++: give an example <one>how to initialize a string variable</one>. A: string x = "hello world!\n";
+- In C++: why do we have to <one>keep track of the return addresses of functions</one>? Because a function may call another function which may call another function which ... and so on, none of which may return anything at that point.
+- In C++: can <one>default arguments</one> be <two>function calls</two>? Yes.
+- In C++, bei der library <one>fstream</one>, nenne deren beiden <two>Hauptkomponenten</two>. A: (1) <one>ifstream</one> (2) <one>ofstream</one>
+- How does C++ evaluate a line such as: <one>w = x = y = z</one>? <royalblue>w = (x = (y = z));</royalblue>
+- In C++: which (member) function(s) will <one>every class contain</one>? (1) a <one>constructor</one> (2) a <one>destructor</one>
+- In C++: why may we have to use <one>getline()</one> rather than <two>cin >> foobar</two>? Because <one>cin</one> will stop at the first white-space character, including the space character. Hence we can not input e. g. a normal sentence, since it would soon be split to only the first word.
+- In C++: was ist der <one>Unterschied</one> zwischen <two>c = v[1000]</two> und <two>v.at(1000)</two>? <one>v.at(1000)</one> führt zu einem <two>Programmabbruch mit Fehlermeldung</two>; <one>v[1000]</one> hingegen tut dies nicht.
+- In C++: which kind of variables are of automatic storage class by default? <one>Local variables</one>.
+- In C++: nenne zwei mögliche Verwendungsarten für Variablen. A: (1) Lesen der Variable              (<one>query</one>)  (2) Wertzuweisung an diese Variable (<one>assignment</one>)
+- In C++: what is the result of <one>double x = 3 </one>/<one> 4;</one>? It will be an <one>Integer</one> value, <two>0.0</two>.
+- In C++: statt <one>char</one> sollte eher was verwendet werden? <one>string</one>, inklusive <one>#include <string></one>.
+- In C++, via the <one>main()</one> function: how is failure indicated? Via <one>a nonzero value</one>.
+- In C++: we can apply <one>the modulo operator %</one>, but onto which type only? Onto <one>int</one>.
+- In C++: <one>Keywords</one> are also called ... ? <one>Reserved words</one>.
+- Wann wurde C++ von der ISO <one>standardisiert</one>? Im Jahre <one>1998</one>.
+- In C++: <one>how to randomize</one> without having to enter a seed each time? <one>srand(time(0));</one>.
+- In C++: how to write a class called <one>Foobar</one>? <one>class Foobar {};</one>
+- In C++ we can use <one>#include <iostream></one>. What is the purpose of this? Simply put, this header allows programs to <one>output data to the screen</one>.
+- Gib ein gut bekanntes Beispiel zur <one>Rekursion</one>. A: Die <one>Türme von Hanoi</one>.
+- In C++ gibt das flag <violet>-pedantic</violet> Warnungen aus, die vom ... Standard gefordert werden. A: Vom <one>ANSI-C++ Standard</one>.
+- In C++: give an example for a <one>binary operator</one>. A: The <one>+</one> operator. It is <two>binary</two> because it <three>uses two operands</three>, such as <one>a = b + c</one>.
+- Give an example for using <one>constexpr</one> in C++, in a <two>modern way</two>. A: <one>constexpr char newline {'\n'};</one>
+- Wie geht <one>bitwise XOR</one> in C++? Via <one>^</one>.
+- In C++: wie finden wir die <one>Grösse eines Typs</one> heraus? Mit Hilfe von <one>sizeof()</one>.
+- In C++: wie konvertieren wir ein <one>char</one> in ein <one>int</one>? Mittel <one>static_cast</one>.
+- In C++ wenn wir <one>ofstream</one> verwenden wollen, was müssen wir inkludieren? <one>#include <fstream></one>. (Mnemonic: <one>ofstream</one> inkludiert das Wort "fstream")
+- Auf einen <one>Fehler</one> angemessen zu reagieren nennt man ... ? <one>Fehlerbehandlung</one>.
+- In C++: if we have this code <one>int x = 10; cout << x++;</one> what will this output and what value will x have? This will <one>output 10</one>; and x will have the <one>value 11</one> afterwards.
+- In C++: nenne eine Alternative zu <one>char foo = 'A';</one>. A: <one>char foo = 65;</one>
+- In C++: nenne zwei Beispiele für <one>nicht-integrale Typen</one>. A: (1) <one>double</one> (2) <one>float</one>
+- In C++: wie lesen wir eine komplette Zeile ein? Mit Hilfe von <one>getline()</one>, zum Beispiel via <one>getline(cin, der_string)</one>.
+- In C++: Was ist das Ergebnis von <one>int i{869}; cout << i</one>/<one>10;</one>? <one>86</one>.
+- In C++: zeige ein konkretes Beispiel für <one>das Einblenden einzelner Mitglieder in einem bestimmten Bereich</one>. A: <one>using Foo::Bar</one>
+- In C++: <one>lambda expressions</one> allow us to create ... ? <one>Anonymous functions</one>.
+- In C++: give an example for <one>a keyword</one> that includes the character <two>_</two>. A: The <one>static_cast</one> operator.
+- In C++: eine <one>hexadezimale Zahl</one> beginnt mit ... ? <one>0x</one>.
+- In C++: can we use <one>cin >> temp</one> <two>within a for loop</two>? Yes we can.
+- In C++: is <one>ch = "A";</one> a <two>valid syntax</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- In C++: ist <one>float a;</one> eine Anweisung? Ja - auch <one>Vereinbarungen</one> gelten als Anweisungen.
+- <one>Every C++ statement</one> must end with ... ? A <one>semicolon</one>.
+- Are <one>Strings</one> in C++ <two>mutable</two>? Yes they are.
+- In C++: what will this code output: <one>cout << -(3 + 2) << endl;</one>? <one>-5</one>.
+- In C++: when we use something such as <one>static_cast<double>(variable_name_here)</one>, how do we call this task? This is <one>the unary cast operator</one>.
+- In C++: wie löschen wir die <one>Statusbits</one> einer Datei? Mit Hilfe von <one>.clear()</one>.
+- In C++: why the name <one>cout</one>? <one>cout</one> stands for <one>character output stream</one>.
+- In C++: we can use <one>using namespace std</one> to pull in all functions that are part of the <two>namespace std</two>. Can we also pull in only a single function? Yes; we can do this, via: <one>using std::cout;</one>.
+- In C++: how would we define what a <one>function</one> is? A function in C++ is essentially <one>a named sequence of instructions</one> for the computer to execute in the (linear) order in which they are specified.
+- In C++: a <one>char</one> can hold n bytes and an <one>int</one> can hold n bytes? (1) <one>char</one>: <two>1 byte</two> (2) <one>int</one>:  <two>4 bytes</two>
+- In C++: given a <one>vector v</one>, how to <two>iterate over its members</two>? <one>for(int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)</one>
+- In C++: binden die <one>Vergleichsoperatoren</one> (<two><, >, ==</two>) stärker als die <one>Operatoren für Verknüfung</one> (<two>||, &&</two>)? Ja.
+- In C++: <one>vector <int> ivec;</one>. Was enthält ivec? <one>Objekte vom Typ int</one>.
+- In C++: angenommen wir möchten einen Vektor definieren (<one>vector</one>) mit 3 int-Elementen. Schreiben wir <two><vector>int</two> oder <two>vector<int></two>? Die richtige Variante lautet <one>vector<int></one> - bei <royalblue>vector</royalblue> selbst verwenden wir also keine eckige Klammer.
+- In C++, als <one>Datentyp Modifier</one>, für den Datentyp int können wir welche modifier verwenden? (1) <one>short</one> (2) <one>long</one> (3) <one>long long</one>
+- In C++: ist <one>catch (int)</one> erlaubt? Ja - der Name der Variablen darf weggelassen werden, wenn der Wert zur Fehlerbehandlung nicht benötigt wird.
+- In C++: is <one>a class</one> a <two>user defined data type</two>? Yes.
+- In C++: ist <one>3.145f</one> eine valide Anweisung? Ja - ein <violet>f</violet> darf hinten stehen, nach einer Nummer.
+- What is <one>the simplest expression in C++</one>? A <one>literal value</one>, such as <two>3.14</two>.
+- In C++: nenne die <one>drei Schleifen</one>, die in dieser Programmiersprache existieren. A: (1) <one>for</one> (2) <one>while</one> (3) <one>do-while</one>
+- In C++: how to turn <one>int x = 4456;</one> into <two>a long int</two>? <one>long x = 4456L;</one>
+- In C++: does a <one>declaration</one> contain more information than a <one>definition</one>? No - a definition includes more information. 
+- In C++: wie kopieren wir einen <one>string s2</one>, ausgehend vom <one>string s1</one>? <one>string s2(s1)</one>.
+- In C++: for a given catch-throw statement, does <one>throw</one> accept a parameter? Yes, <one>an integer value</one>, such as <two>20</two>.
+- In C++: why the name <one>auto</one> towards variables? This stands short for <one>automatic storage class</one>.
+- In C++: give another name for <one>run-time errors</one>. A: <one>Logic errors</one>.
+- In C++: what do we mean with <one>nondeterministic random numbers</one>? These are <one>random numbers that can not be predicted</one>.
+- In C++: if we have an <one>enum</one> such as <two>enum class Day { monday, tuesday, wednesday }</two>, the count begins at ... ? <one>0</one>, so <one>monday</one> is equal to <one>0</one>.
+- In C++: <one>which member function</one> is used to determine whether the stream object is currently associated with a file? <one>is_open()</one>
+- In C++: how do we call a line such as <one>#include <iostream></one>? Such a line is called <one>a preprocessing directive</one>.
+- On switch/case constructs in C++: can we <one>use switch on a string</one>? No we can not.
+- In C++: how do we <one>compare two strings</one>? We use the function <one>strcmp()</one>.
+- In C++: can we use <one>keywords</one> as name for a variable? No.
+- In C++: <one>Endlosschleife</one> mit <two>while</two>? <one>while (1)</one>
+- In C++: how to <one>declare a pointer to an int variable</one> called <two>x</two>? <one>int *x;</one>
+- <one>EXIT_SUCCESS</one> and <one>EXIT_FAILURES</one> are constants in C++. <two>Where</two> are these values defined? In the header <one><cstdlib></one>.
+- In C++: give another name for the <one>mandatory semicolon</one>. A: The <one>statement terminator</one>.
+- In C++: wie nennen wir <one>Elementfunktionen</one>, auf Englisch? <one>Member functions</one>.
+- In C++: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>iomanip</one>? <one>Input-Ouput-Manipulator</one>.
+- In C++: how can we <one>get the integer value</one> of the character <two>'a'</two>? Via a line such as: <one>cout << static_cast<int> ('a') << endl;</one>
+- In C++: wie nennen wir <one>::</one> auf Deutsch? <one>::</one> ist der <two>Bereichsoperator</two>.
+- In C++: <one>float</one> so wie in python entspricht in C++ ... ? <one>double</one>.
+- In C++: nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>modifier</one>. A: <one>signed</one>/</one>unsigned</one>.
+- In C++: what is <one>the typical range</one> for <two>unsigned char</two>? <violet>0</violet> <peru>to</peru> <violet>255</violet>.
+- In C++: wofür steht <one>;</one>? Dies ist die <one>Leeranweisung</one>.
+- In C++: <one>unicode</one> hat mit welchem header zu tun? <one>locale</one>, also <two>#include <locale></two>.
+- In C++: die Methode <one>eof</one> liefert wann <two>true</two>? Wenn das <one>Ende des Streams</one> erreicht wurde.
+- In C++: can we <one>prevent a variable from being re-assigned to a new value</one>? Yes - <one>at the least for numbers</one>, via <two>constexpr</two>, such as in: <three>constexpr double pi = 3.14159</three>.
+- In C++: welche <one>char Datentypen</one> gibt es? Drei: <one>signed char</one>, <one>unsigned char</one>, und <one>char</one> - letzteres ist systemabhängig automatisch unsigned oder signed.
+- In C++: what will be the output of the following code, being put in main()? <one>cout << "1";return 42;cout << "2";</one>? A: <one>1</one>.
+- How do we call <one><<</one> in C++? This is the <one>insertion operator</one>.
+- In C++: why may we wish to use the <one>type{value}</one> notation? This "prevents narrowing" and "raises an error if information would be lost", such as from conversions of double to int.
+- Is the order of evaluation of a function's arguments in the C++ standard specified? No, it is not. However had, the C++ standard does guarantee that all arguments in a function call are evaluated <one>before</one> the called function executes.
+- What does <one>int { c }</one> mean, in C++, when c is a character? This notation yields to us the integer value for the character <one>c</one>.
+- In C++: show how to <one>catch every exception</one>. A: <one>catch (...) { cout << 42; }</one>
+- In C++: is the following code valid: <one>int if = 7;</one>? No - <one>if</one> is <two>a reserved keyword in C++</two>.
+- In C++: can we use <one>references</one> as aliases for (other) variables within a function? Yes we can.
+- In C++: can <one>a double</one> be divided by <one>an int</one>? Yes - for example, <one>2.5</one>/<one>2</one>.
+- <one>Omitting the semicolon</one> at the end of a C++ statement will lead to a ... <two>error</two>. A: A <one>syntax error</one>.
+- In C++: how can we <one>display an error</one>, as string, on the commandline? Via <one>cerr << text_goes_in_here</one>.
+- In C++: wie können wir den <one>+</one> Operator überladen, für Strings? <one>String operator+(String);</one>
+- In C++: give an example for <one>RVALUES</one>. A: <one>Constants</one>. They <two>can only be used on the right side of an assignment operator</two>.
+- In C++: bei einer <one>throw</one> Anweisung - wird die Funktion an dieser Stelle verlassen? Ja.
+- Is <one>a struct</one> in C++ a class? Yes it is.
+- In C++: what would <one>cout << EXIT_SUCCESS;</one> output? <one>0</one>.
+- In C++: zeige ein Beispiel für eine <one>automatische Typisierung</one>. A: <one>auto x = 8;</one>
+- In C++: what is meant with the term <one>dangling reference</one>? This is <one>a reference to an undefined variable</one>.
+- In C++: <one>long long int</one> ist seit wann Teil des C++-Standards? Seit <one>C++11</one>.
+- In C++: <one>ios::eofbit</one> bedeutet ... ? <peru>Exception</peru>: <one>Dateiende wurde erreicht</one>.
+- In C++: was ist <one>ein Vektor</one>? In C++ ist ein Vektor eine Tabelle von "Elementen desselben Datentyps".
+- In C++: show simple code to read from a file called <one>foobar.txt</one>. A: <one>#include <fstream>; ifstream this_file; this_file.open('foobar.txt');</one>
+- In C++: give an example of <one>a type-unsafe operation</one>. A: For example, <peru>double x;</peru> <one>where x is not initialized</one>. This would be an operation that is not type-safe.
+- In C++: können <peru>Schleifen</peru> <one>rückwärts laufen</one>? Ja.
+- In C++: wie lesen wir <one>ein einzelnes Zeichen</one> ein? Wir verwenden zum Beispiel: <one>int c; c = getchar();</one>
+- In C++: how to add a new element to a vector, aka "append operation"? <one>vector.push_back(42);</one>
+- In C++: what is meant with a <one>magic comment</one>? This refers to a non-obvious literal in code.
+- In C++: ist <one>double sqr(double);</one> eine valide Anweisung? Ja - <one>die Namen der formalen Parameter dürfen auch entfallen</one>. Es ist somit äquivalent zu <peru>double sqr(double a);</peru>.
+- In C++: a <one>std::shared_ptr</one> releases its object when which condition is met? When the <one>last shared_ptr to it is destroyed</one>.
+- In C++: how to return the character at a certain position in a string variable? We can use <one>foo.at(position)</one>, such as x.at(2).
+- Give another word for <one>cast</one>. A: <one>Type conversion</one>.
+- In C++: <one>cout</one> is defined where? In the <one>#include <iostream></one> directive.
+- In C++: what is a <one>variable</one>? A variable is <one>a named object</one>.
+- In C++ or in informatics: what does the abbreviation <one>RAII</one> stand for? <one>Resource Acquisition Is Initialization</one>.
+- In C++: what do we mean in general with the notation <one>low to high-1</one>? This means that we start the indices from low, up to high-1 - that is, including <one>low</one>, but not <one>high</one>.
+- C++ makes use of many types, but in the daily job of programming, there is a <one>top five</one>. Which types are these? (1) <one>int</one> (2) <one>double</one> (3) <one>char</one> (4) <one>string</one> (5) <one>bool</one>
+- In C++: wie lesen wir einzelne Zeichen ein? Mit Hilfe von <one>get()</one>, also <one>cin.get()</one>.
+- In C++: show <one>how to change a character</one> of the string variable <two>x = "abc def"</two>. A: <one>x.at(2) = 'y'</one>
+- Wie prüfen wir in C++ ob wir es mit einer Zahl zu tun haben? <one>isdigit(c);</one> URL: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cctype/isdigit/
+- In C++: wie nennen wir <one>Aufzählungen</one>? <one>enum</one>
+- In C++: name a <one>function</one> that is defined in the <cmath> header. A: <one>pow()</one>.
+- In C++: was meinen wir mit einer <one>defensiven Programmierung</one>? Das <one>Zeiger</one> immer initialisiert werden (müssen).
+- In C++: wie können wir die Funktion des Operators <one><<</one> übersetzen, mit einer deutschen Bezeichnung? <one>sende an</one>.
+- In C++: der Datentyp <one>string</one> gehört zu welchem <two>namespace</two>? <one>std</one>.
+- In C++: können <one>Zeiger</one> andere <one>Zeiger</one> referenzieren? Ja.
+- In C++: ein <one>abstrakter Datentyp</one> besteht aus welchen zwei Komponenten? (1) <one>Datentypen</one> (2) <one>Funktionen</one>
+- In C++: if we wish to make use of <one>setprecision()</one>, which header should we include? <one>#include <iomanip></one>
+- In C++: ist <one>constexpr string y = "Hi!"</one> eine <two>valide Anweisung</two>? Nein.
+- In C++: what is the proper keyword to <one>deallocate memory</one>? <one>delete</one>.
+- In C++: what is the character that <one>ends all strings</one>? '\0'.
+- In C++: what type is <one>argv</one>? It is of the type <two>char **</two>.
+- C++ provides the conditional operator <one>?:</one>, which is closely related to which other statement? It is closely related to the <one>if ... else statement</one>.
+- In C++: what is meant with the term <one>unsafe</one>? This is when a value is implictely turned into the value of another type which will not be equal to the original type. In other words, information will be lost in the process.
+- In C++: a <one>char</one> can hold how many different values? <one>256</one>.
+- In C++: what is the shorthand operation of <one>for each int x in v</one>? <one>for (int x:v)</one>.
+- <one>Overflow</one> is a one kind of ... error. A: <royalblue>Run time error</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_error_detection
+- Wann wurde die Programmiersprache C++ entwickelt? Im Jahre <one>1983</one>.
+- In C++: ist dieser Code cout << "'"; äquivalent zu jenem code cout << "\'";? Ja.
+- In C++: what does a return value of <one>0</one> via <two>strcmp()</two> mean? That <one>both strings are equal</one>.
+- What is the '\a' character? This is the <one>alert</one> character.
+- In C++: wie heisst der <one>ternäre Operator</one>? <one>Bedingungsoperator</one>.
+- Wie geht eine normale <one>loop {}</one> in C++? <one>while (true) {}</one>.
+- Wie fügen wir, in C++, neue Elemente in einen <one>C++-Vektor</one> hinzu? Mittels <one>v.push_back()</one>.
+- In C++: wie können wir den <one>cin-Stream</one> wieder in einen gültigen Zustand zurückversetzen? Mit Hilfe von <one>cin.clear()</one>.
+- In C++: how do we call the list of arguments required by a function? The <one>parameter list</one>.
+- In C++: what is the typical <one>valid range</one> for a (any) vector? <one>[ 0:v.size() ]</one>
+- Ab C++11 gibt es <one>Datentypen mit fix definierten Größen</one>. Nenne hierzu ein Beispiel. A: <one>int16_t</one>.
+- C++ is a statically typed language. What does this mean, essentially? That the type of every entity, such as an object, a value or a name and expression, must be known to the compiler at <one>its point of use</one>.
+- How to get the square of a number in C++? Via <royalblue>sqrt(number)</royalblue>. You have to do #include <cmath> prior to that.
+- How to <one>left-pad</one> in C++, for example, towards 10 spaces? <one>std::setw(10);</one>
+- In C++: what will <one>cout << true;</one> output? <one>1</one>.
+- In C++: what is meant with <one>an identifier's storage class</one>? An identifier's storage class determines the period during which that identifier <one>exists in memory</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit einem <one>Wertparameter</one> in C++? Dies sind Parameter, die in die formalen Parameter einer Funktion kopiert werden. Damit wird sichergestellt, dass die aktuellen Parameter nicht verändert werden.
+- Gegeben sei folgender C++ code: <one>int a, b, c; a = b+c; cout << a;</one>. Welche Ausgabe sehen wir hier? <one>0</one>.
+- In C++: how to <one>label several entries at the same time</one>? <one>case '0': case '2': case '4' cout << "is even"; break;</one>
+- In C++: andere Bezeichnung für eine <one>Zeichenkonstante</one>. A: <one>Zeichenliterale</one>.
+- Give an example in C++ for <one>the composite assignment operator</one>. A: <one>++foo</one>.
+- In C++: wie können wir ein einzelnes byte schreiben? Mittels <one>put(char)</one>.
+- Can we use <one>constexpr</one> in <violet>C++98</violet>? No - only since as of <one>C++11</one>.
+- Nenne die drei wichtigsten Ein- und Ausgabekanäle in C++. A: (1) <one>cin</one> (2) <one>cout</one> (3) <one>cerr</one>
+- In C++: what is the full name of <one>RTTI</one>? <one>Runtime type identification</one>.
+- In C++, ist folgender code gültig: <one>string s; cout << s[0] << endl;</one>? Ja. Es gibt einfach nur eine neue Zeile aus.
+- In C++: wie erstellen wir einen <one>Zufallsgenerator</one> von 1-1000? <one>srand(time(NULL)); rand() % 1000 + 1</one>
+- Why may we wish to use <one>inline functions</one> in C++? This helps <one>reduce function call overhead</one> - especially for small functions.
+- In C++: what is a <one>character literal</one>? This is a single character enclosed in single quotes, such as 'a'.
+- In C++ an exception can be thrown called <one>out_of_range</one>. Give an example which part of C++ can throw this exception. A: <one>vector</one> can.
+- Name the two ways in C++ to pass arguments to functions. A: (1) <one>pass-by-value</one> (2) <one>pass-by-reference</one>
+- In C++: Was ist die Aufgabe des <one>Linkers</one>? Die Aufgabe des Linkers ist es, die unabhängig übersetzten Teilprogramme zu einem <one>exekutierbaren Gesamtprogramm</one> zusammenzusetzen.
+- In C++: if we wish to <one>calculate the result of an exponentiation</one>, what to do? We will use the function <one>pow()</one> (short for <one>power</one>).
+- In C++: <one>Integer literals</one> come in which three guises? (1) "decimal" (2) "octal" (3) <one>hexadecimal</one>
+- Give an example for an <one>invalid name</one> for a variable in C++. A: <one>2x</one>.
+- Wie wird das Zeichen an der Stelle 0 der <one>ASCII-Tabelle</one> genannt? <one>Nullbyte</one>.
+- In C++: zeige wie wir <one>getline()</one> verwenden. A: getline(cin, ein).
+- In C++: <one>switch statements</one> require what data type? <one>int</one>.
+- In C++: how to find a substring in a string variable? text = 'Morgen'; auto position = text.find('Morgen');
+- What happens if we narrow floating-point value to an integer value in C++? The C++ compiler will <one>simply discard any fractional part</one>.
+- In C++: welchen <one>header</one> verwenden wir wenn wir std::size_t respektive size_t verwenden möchten? <cstddef>
+- In C++: was bedeutet es wenn wir eine Zahl wie <one>1836u</one> sehen? Dies bedeutet das es sich um eine <one>unsigned Zahl</one> handelt; also eine Zahl die nur positive Werte vorweisen kann.
+- In C++: was ist <one>size_t</one>? Ein Typ für <one>positive, ganze Zahlen</one>; grösser als <one>unsigned int</one>.
+- In C++: give an example for a <one>nonparameterized stream manipulator</one>. A: <royalblue>endl</royalblue>.
+- How to store a vector of (four) strings in C++? <one>vector<string> foobar = { "one", "two", "three", "four" };</one>
+- In C++: was bedeutet es wenn eine Zahl mit einer <one>0</one> beginnt? Das dies eine <one>Oktalzahl</one> ist.
+- In C++: in welchem header finden wir <one>isalnum(c)</one>? In "<cctype>". URL: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cctype/
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>exklusiv reserviert</one> in C++? Das ist zum Beispiel eine Datei, die nicht gleichzeitig von mehreren Programmen beschrieben oder gelesen werden kann.
+- Nenne die 3 Typen an <one>Kommazahlen</one> in C++. A: (1) <one>float</one> (2) <one>double</one> (3) <one>long double</one>
+- In C++, what is the problem with the following code: <royalblue>int x = 2.9;</royalblue>? This will truncate x to 2.
+- In C++: give another term for <one>collections of data</one>. A: <one>Containers</one>.
+- In C++: <one>which header file</one> is used for reading and writing to a file? <one>#include <fstream></one>
+- Wie zeige ich <one>nur zwei Nachkommastellen</one> an, in C++, von der Zahl <one>12.34567</one>? Zum Beispiel wie folgt: <violet>#include <iomanip>; cout << fixed << setprecision(2);</violet>.
+- In C++ bei einem Vektor gibt es die <one>Datenorganisationsform</one> und die <one>Datenreorganisationsmethoden</one>. Nenne andere Begriffe hierzu. A: (1) Hashing:   <one>Datenorganisationsform</one> (2) Sortieren: <one>Datenreorganisationsmethoden</one>
+- Nenne einen grossen Vorteil eines Vektors in C++. A: Der Aufwand für einen Zugriff ist für alle Elemente konstant.
+- In C++, was bedeutet "unsigned int"? "Positive, ganze Zahlen".
+- Name two statements in C++. A: (1) expression statements (such as <one>a = b;</one>) (2) declarations
+- Give a useful example in C++ for the use of <one>constexpr</one>. A: For the mathematical number PI, e. g. <one>constexpr doble pi = 3.14159;</one>
+- In C++, we can create a <one>class Car</one>. Such a car, besides having capabilities to accomplish certain tasks, may also have attributes. Give an example for such an attribute. A: The "colour of the car".
+- In C++, the function "rand()" generates an unsigned integer between 0 and RAND_MAX, which is a symbolic constant defined in the ... <one>header</one>. A: "<cstdlib> header".
+- In C++, welchen Wert hat die <one>Konstante</one> NULL? 0.
+- What do we mean with "binary operators" in C++? These are operators that "operate on two operands".
+- In C++, bei Klassen, sind die Daten eher "private" oder eher "public"? Eher "private", da die Voreinstellung für Klassen in C++ eben "<u>private</u>" ist.
+- In C++, gegeben sei der String "3894§10)ö". Wir verwenden: "int i; cin >> i". Welchen Wert hat i? i hat den Wert 3894; ist also kein String.
+- Ist "x = +y;" eine valide Anweisung in C++? Ja.
+- C++ data types fall into which three categories? (1) Simple data type (2) Structured data type (3) Pointers