studium 0.13.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Bauwesen tag
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Was sind <one>Kunstbauten</one> im Bauwesen? Fachbegriff für "Stützmauern", "Brücken" etc... die wichtig sind in der Strassengestaltung.
+- Eine Fahrbahn inkludiert auch eine Fahrfläche. Was ist eine "Fahrfläche"? Dies ist der Teil einer Fahrbahn, der für den fließenden Verkehr konzipiert ist.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Betriebssysteme
+#
+# This file is for operating system related knowledge, primarily. It will
+# also contain some knowledge that is peripheral to this topic.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- In operating systems: what does <one>mmap</one> stand for? <one>Mmap</one> stands for <two>memory-mapped files</two>.
+- Name an <one>advantage</one> that Solid-State Disks (SSDs) have over regular magnetic hard discs. A: SSDs are <one>much faster</one> that regular magnetic hard discs.
+- What is the key idea of RAID? That multiple disk drives can <tomato>provide reliability</tomato>, via redundancy.
+- Network-attached storage (NAS) is storage made available over a network rather than over a local connection. A NAS is typically implemented via ... ? <tomato>Remote procedure calls</tomato> (RPCs).
+- The operating system is a control program. What is meant with that? The fact that the operating system controls the execution of programs in general, in order to prevent errors and improper use of the computer.
+- The mode bit indicates the current mode for an operating system. What does the bit set to 1 indicate here? This is for the <tomato>user mode</tomato>.
+- The best scheduling is <violet>SJF scheduling</violet>. What does SJF stand for? Shortest-Job-First.
+- In operating systems, the abbreviation <violet>RAM</violet> stands for ... ? <tomato>Random-access memory</tomato>.
+- <violet>RAID</violet> has how many levels? Six.
+- Name three different user interfaces (<violet>UIs</violet>). A: (1) CLI: Command-Line (2) GUI: Graphics User Interface (3) Batch
+- Can we consider <violet>Memory Management</violet> to be an important Task for an operating system? Yes.
+- The operating system must allow for error recovery. Give two such examples. A: (1) an application that has crashed (2) an application that is stuck in an infinite loop
+- Give an example for a <cadetblue>nonmaskable interrupt</cadetblue>. A: <tomato>Unrecoverable memory errors</tomato>.
+- Which company invented the GUI? The GUI was invented at <tomato>Xerox PARC</tomato>, in 1973.
+- <cadetblue>Hardware</cadetblue> may trigger an interrupt at any time by sending a signal to the CPU, usually by way of ... ? The <tomato>system bus</tomato>.
+- What is <cadetblue>the dispatch latency</cadetblue>? This is the time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running.
+- An operating system is software that manages ... ? The <violet>computer hardware</violet>.
+- Name four Microkernel Disadvantages. A: (1) Memory foot print is too large (2) Potential performance loss (3) Message passing bugs are not easy to fix (4) Process management is complex
+- Give an example for a <violet>file system management</violet>. A: Access control.
+- The bulk of secondary storage of modern computers is provided by ... ? <tomato>Magnetic disks</tomato>.
+- What constitutes an operating system is also a legal question. Give an example for this statement. A: In 1998, the United States Department of Justice filed a suit against Microsoft, in essence claiming that it included too much functionality in its operating system and thus prevented application vendors from competing.
+- What may be meant with an indicator light? This is a light that may show status, e. g. whether something is turned on or turned off.
+- What does RAID mean? <tomato>Redundant array of inexpensive disks</tomato>.
+- Name an advantage for Round Robin. A: It is well-suitable for interactive systems.
+- In Round Robin, each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum q). Usually how much time? About 10-100 milliseconds.
+- What is meant with the abbreviation FCFS Scheduling? First-Come, First-Served Scheduling. 
+- What do we mean with the term <cadetblue>phishing</cadetblue>? This is when we have an email that looks plausible, and this email may ask for confidential information.
+- How do we call a variable in a <cadetblue>multi processing environment</cadetblue>? A <tomato>semaphore</tomato>.  
+- What do we mean with a deadlock? This exists when two or more processes are waiting indefinitely for an event that can be caused by only one of the waiting processes.
+- Which RAID level shows no redundancy (and thus, no fault-tolerance)? <tomato>RAID 0</tomato>.
+- In regards to the Access time, are registers faster than cache? Yes.
+- Bei Memory Access, wofür steht die Abkürzung <cadetblue>UMA</cadetblue>? <tomato>Uniform Memory Access</tomato>.
+- The <cadetblue>device controller</cadetblue> informs the CPU that it has finished its operation by causing ... ? <royalblue>an interrupt</royalblue>.
+- A CPU must be able to perform the following two actions, that begin with the letter "D" and "E". A: (1) <cadetblue>Decode</cadetblue>  (an instruction) (2) <cadetblue>Execute</cadetblue> (an instruction)
+- Name two components of the <violet>MBR</violet> (master boot record). A: (1) boot code (2) partition table
+- A small piece of code, stored in ROM or EEPROM, locates the kernel, loads it into memory, and starts it. How is this piece of code usually called? This is the <tomato>bootstrap loader</tomato>.
+- When power initializes a system, execution starts at ... ? a fixed memory location.
+- How is the top layer GUI in Apple Mac OS X called? <tomato>Aqua UI</tomato>.
+- Name two kernels that make use of <cadetblue>loadable kernel modules</cadetblue>. A: (1) Linux (2) Solaris
+- Name an advantage that a microkernel has over a regular kernel. A: It is easier to extend a microkernel.
+- What does the term <violet>volatile</violet> mean in regards to operating systems? That content (in memory) will be lost when the power is turned off or otherwise lost.
+- In a microkernel, communication takes place between user modules using ... ? <tomato>message passing</tomato>.
+- An operating system may need an interface to the human being. Name an advantage that the CLI has over a GUI. A: The CLI is more flexible than a GUI.
+- What is the "opposite" term to suspending processes? <tomato>Resuming a processes</tomato>.
+- The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers. The highest layer is ... ? The <tomato>user interface</tomato>.
+- Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices compete for ... ? <tomato>Memory cycles</tomato>.
+- The traditional UNIX OS consisted of which two separable parts? (1) System programs (2) The kernel
+- Give another name for <violet>timesharing</violet>. A: <tomato>Multitasking</tomato>.
+- A <cadetblue>hybrid cloud</cadetblue> combines ... ? Public cloud and Private cloud.
+- What is a debugger? A debugger is a system program to aid the programmer to find and fix bugs.
+- We can pass the parameters to a system call via registers. Name a problem associated with this. A: There may be more parameters than registers.
+- Can a <cadetblue>IRQ signal</cadetblue> stop a program? Yes.
+- The most common secondary-storage devices are HDDs and NVM devices. What are these two abbreviations? (1) HDDs: hard-disk drives (2) NVM:  nonvolatile memory devices
+- A <royalblue>modern operating system</royalblue> is ... driven. A: <tomato>interrupt-driven</tomato>.
+- <cadetblue>Cloud Computing</cadetblue> often employs what kind of balancer? A <tomato>load balancer</tomato>.
+- Give an example for a famous "microkernel". A: The <tomato>Mach</tomato> kernel. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_(kernel)
+- The transfer Rate of magnetic discs is, theoretically, 6 Gb/sec. In practice, the effective transfer rate is only ... ? 1Gb/sec.
+- Magnetic disks drives rotate at about n times per second? About 60 to 250 times per second.
+- Security is as weak as ... ? as the weakest link in the chain.
+- There are different protection levels in computers, called "ring". Which one is the level with the most privileges, which also interacts with the CPU and memory? <tomato>Ring 0</tomato>.
+- Name a useful counter-strategy in computer systems against intruders. A: Make the cost to the perpetrator sufficiently high to deter most intruders.
+- Give another expression for a DOS (Denial of Service). A: Prevention of legitimate use.
+- If we see a keyboard with a touchscreen on a smartphone or mobile device in general, how do we call this? <cadetblue>Virtual keyboards</cadetblue>.
+- The CPU operates on ... ? <tomato>Registers</tomato>.
+- Give a general example for computers with little or <tomato>no user view</tomato>. A: <tomato>Embedded computers</tomato> such as in automobiles or in home devices.
+- Intruders attempt to breach security. Give another word for intruders. A: Crackers.
+- In regards to an operating system that allows multi-users, what does "security" mean here? That the application of one user cannot interfere with the application of another user.
+- The main requirement for secondary storage is ... ? That it be able to hold large quantities of data permanently.
+- Name a general way how operating systems can run applications within another operating system. A: Via <tomato>Virtualization</tomato>.
+- An operating system may need an interface to the human being. Name an advantage that the GUI has over a CLI. A: The GUI is simpler, thus requires less technical knowledge
+- What is the core of an operating system? The <tomato>kernel</tomato>.
+- Give another name for an <cadetblue>operating system</cadetblue>. A: A <tomato>resource allocator</tomato>.
+- In a computer system, the abbreviation <cadetblue>IRQ</cadetblue> stands short for ... ? <tomato>Interrupt Request</tomato>.
+- In der von Neumann Architektur: ist der cache eher der CPU oder eher dem Memory zuzuordnen? Eher der <cadetblue>CPU</cadetblue>.
+- A kilobyte has how many bytes? 1024.
+- At the least past the year 2019, what are the most prevalent form of computers? <tomato>Real-time embedded systems</tomato>.
+- Many mobile devices allow users to interact through <cadetblue>a voice recognition interface</cadetblue>. Give an example for this. A: <tomato>Apple's Siri</tomato>.
+- What is meant with <tomato>accounting</tomato> in operating systems? Accounting here refers to keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of computer resources.
+- What is meant with the term <tomato>Resource allocation</tomato>? When multiple users or jobs run concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them.
+- In regards to an operating system, what is meant with the phrase <tomato>error detection</tomato>? This is to state that the operating system needs to be constantly aware of possible errors.
+- In general, a program can end execution in which two different ways? (1) normally (2) abnormally (which will indicate that an error has occurred)
+- What is The Internet of things? The Internet of things is the extension of Internet connectivity into physical devices and everyday objects.
+- The <violet>common bus</violet> of an operating system provides access between ... ? The components and shared memory.
+- From the point of view of operating systems, what is a <violet>process</violet>? A process is <tomato>a program in execution</tomato>.
+- Name two advantages of timesharing. A: (1) timesharing enables interactive use (2) timesharing also allows to share resources among multiple users
+- Name an advantage of multiprogramming. A: It is quite efficient - we can reduce the amount of time the CPU spends idle, aka doing nothing.
+- A typical modern operating system, such as the one offered by the <violet>linux kernel</violet>, typically have at the least two separate modes of operations. Which ones are these? (1) <tomato>user   mode</tomato> (2) <tomato>kernel mode</tomato>
+- N times more processors leads to N times faster computer? No. The <tomato>Amdahl's law</tomato> states otherwise. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdahl's_law
+- In operating system, what does the abbreviation UMA stand for? <tomato>Uniform Memory Access</tomato>. 
+- Interrupts are used throughout modern operating systems to handle ... events. A: <tomato>Asynchronous events</tomato>.
+- An operating system typically distinguishes between which two types of interrupts? (1) high-priority interrupts (2) low-priority  interrupts
+- Why do interrupts have to be handled quickly? Because they occur very frequently.
+- Multiprocessing can increase reliability. Give another name for reliability. A: <tomato>Fault tolerance</tomato>.
+- When the CPU is interrupted, it stops what it is doing and immediately transfers execution to a fixed location. The fixed location usually contains what? The starting address where the service routine for the interrupt is located.
+- Why are interrupts necessary for an operating system? So that a controller can inform the device driver that it has finished its operation.
+- Between the monitor, and the system bus, often sits the ... ? Graphics adapter.
+- The IRQ signal can stop a program, and then allows a special program, the ..., to run instead. A: The <tomato>interrupt handler</tomato>.
+- From the point of view of an operating system: interrupts can be caused by which two factors? (1) Hardware (I/O) (2) Software
+- An exception is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a system call. Give another name for the word <violet>exception</violet>. A: A <slateblue>trap</slateblue>.
+- Können Prozesse im Computer auf den Speicher eines anderen Prozesses zugreifen? Normalerweise nein.
+- Name a kind of register that exists in the van Neumann architecture. A: The <tomato>instruction register</tomato>.
+- Why does an operating system have to decide how to allocate resources? Because there may be numerous and possibly conflicting requests for resources. The operating system must decide who is able to use what and when, so that e. g. the user can still operate the computer system efficiently and fairly.
+- Was versteht man unter einem "Microkernel"? Dies ist minimale Software, die alle Mechanismen bereit stellt, die notwendig sind um ein Betriebssystem (OS) zu erstellen.
+- What is a Process Control Block? The "Process Control Block" is a data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information needed to manage a particular process.
+- Give a reason as to why we can say that MS-DOS was a bad operating system. A: Applications could accidentally wipe out the entire operating system, by overwriting data.
+- An operating system can focus on a single user or it can focus on multiple users. When this operating system has multiple users, name a new, emergent goal. A: Allocate resources to the users fairly and efficiently.
+- POSIX als Abkürzung steht für ... ? <tomato>Portable Operating System Interface</tomato>
+- Nenne zwei Betriebssysteme die POSIX-compliant sind. A: (1) Linux (2) mac OS
+- We can say that an operating system is like a government. Why? The operating system will <tomato>regulate the access to and usage of resources</tomato> on the computer.
+- Stationary (desktop) operating systems versus mobile operating system: name two qualitative differences between these two here. A: (1) Their <tomato>user interface.</tomato> (2) Their <tomato>energy consumption</tomato>.
+- Name three different operating system goals. A: (1) Make solving user problems easier (2) Make the computer system convenient to use (3) Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
+- Usually, a computer system has which three components? (1) Hardware (2) Applications (3) The Operating System
+- The operating system is a <tomato>resource allocator</tomato>. What does this mean, essentially? That the operating system will decide between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use.
+- Each device controller has a local ... ? Buffer.
+- A computer system can be divided roughly into how many different components? Four.
+- Name the four different components of a typical computer system. A: (1) the hardware (2) the operating system (3) the application programs (4) the user
+- Name a major goal of the operating system. A: To provide abstraction, aka so that programs do not need to know the details of the hardware.
+- What do we mean with resource utilization? This describes how various hardware and software resources are shared.
+- Modern computers are typically based on which architecture? They are based on the <tomato>von Neumann architecture</tomato>.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Betriebswirtschaftslehre
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Nenne drei Gründe wieso ein Betrieb <one>Rücklagen</one> bilden möchte. A: (1) als <one>Vorsorge für zukünftige Verluste</one> (2) zwecks <one>Kapitalbereitstellungen für geplante Investitionen</one> (3) zwecks <one>Kapitalbereitstellung für Umfinanzierung</one>
+- Bei der <one>Prinzipal Agent Theorie</one>: wer ist meistens der Pinzipal? Die <one>Bank</one>.
+- Ist <one>die Lohnverrechnung</one> direkt wertschöpfend, aus Sicht eines Betriebes? Nein. []
+- Die <one>Betriebswirtschaft</one> handelt von ... ? <one>Unternehmen</one>. []
+- In der <one>Betriebswirtschaftslehre</one>: was ist die <two>GuV</two>? <one>Gewinn und Verlustrechnung</one>, beim Jahresabschluss.
+- In der <one>Betriebswirtschaftslehre</one>: nenne ein Beispiel für <one>Rückstellungen</one>. A: <one>Abfertigungen</one>.
+- In der <one>Betriebswirtschaftslehre</one>: sind Förderungen (zum Beispiel von der EU) langfristig? Ja - sie <one>reichen über mehrere Jahre</one>.
+- Manche Kosten in einem Unternehmen fallen nur an <one>wenn ein Produkt produziert wird</one>. Wird dieses Produkt nicht mehr produziert, so entstehen diese Kosten nicht. Nenne hierzu ein Beispiel. A: Zum Beispiel die <one>Materialkosten</one>.
+- Was ist der <one>Deckungsbeitrag</one>? Der Deckungsbeitrag ist der Betrag, der einem Unternehmen <one>zur Deckung der Fixkosten zur Verfügung steht</one>.
+- Die <one>Kennzahlen</one> (in der Betriebswirtschaftslhere) machen ... messbar. A: <one>Geschäftsprozesse</one>.
+- Was sind <one>stille Reserven</one> in der <two>Betriebswirtschaft</two>? Dies sind <one>Vermögenswerte</one>, die nicht in der Bilanz auftauchen.
+- <one>Logistik</one> erfüllt, ebenso wie das <two>Controlling</two>, eine ... funktion im Unternehmen. A: Eine <one>Koordinationsfunktion</one> im Unternehmen.
+- In Betrieben gibt es das das <one>Einliniensystem</one> und das <one>Mehrliniensystem</one>. Welche Person hat das Mehrliniensystem in Betrieben eingeführt? <one>Henry Ford</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil des <one>Mehrliniensystems</one> in einem Betrieb. A: Es besteht ein <one>erhöhter Koordinationsbedarf</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für einen <one>Zahlungsmittelüberschuß</one>, vor allem in der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. A: Einen <one>positiven Saldo</one> besitzend.
+- Nenne zwei elementare Faktoren in der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. A: (1) <one>Arbeit</one> (2) <one>Material</one>
+- Nenne einen direkten Vorteil der <one>Einlinienorganisation</one> in der Betriebswirtschaft (in einem Unternehmen). A: <one>Direkte Verantwortungszuweisung</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit der <one>Leitungsspanne</one> in der Betriebswirtschaftslehre? Dies ist <one>die Zahl der einem Vorgesetzten unterstellten Mitarbeiter</one>.
+- <one>Aktiva</one> + <one>Passiva</one> ergibt ... ? Die <one>Bilanzsumme</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit der <one>Abschreibung</one> im betrieblichen Rechnungswesen? Dies ist eine planmäßige oder außerplanmäßige <one>Wertminderung von Vermögensgegenständen</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für <one>Familienunternehmen</one>? <one>Eigentümergeführte Unternehmen</one>.
+- Wie alt, in etwa, ist die Betriebswirtschaftslehre, in ihren ersten Formen? Etwa <one>3000 vor Christus</one>.
+- <one>Gewinn</one> ergibt sich, als Formel, aus ... ? <one>Leistung</one> <royalblue>-</royalblue> <one>Kosten</one>.
+- Der Zweck des Unternehmens ist <one>für den Eigentümer</one> .... ? Die <one>Gewinnerzielung</one>.
+- Anderes Wort für <one>Gewinn</one>? <one>Eigenkapitalzuwachs</one>.