studium 0.13.1

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Files changed (871) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +2785 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  38. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  39. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  40. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  41. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  42. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  43. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  44. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  45. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  46. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  47. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  48. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
  49. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  50. data/doc/README.gen +2742 -0
  51. data/doc/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  52. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  53. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  54. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  55. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +112 -0
  56. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_THE_GRAPHICAL_PARTS_OF_THE_STUDIUM_GEM_INCLUDING_WWW_RELATED_ASPECTS.md +35 -0
  57. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  58. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +2710 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +543 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +11 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +110 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +90 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +189 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +163 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +115 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +549 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +46 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +932 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +903 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +14 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2142 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +217 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +25 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +210 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +324 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +163 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +11 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +264 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +163 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +64 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +38 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +196 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +614 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +191 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +108 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +86 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +781 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +214 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +27 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +504 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +43 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +85 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +218 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +114 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +63 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +71 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +52 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +75 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +946 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +438 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +132 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +290 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +311 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +116 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +764 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +60 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +81 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +240 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1002 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1001 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +126 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +382 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +78 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +22 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +503 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +153 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +137 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +106 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +89 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +373 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +442 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +155 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +995 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +87 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +80 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +492 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics +5 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +280 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +28 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +42 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +551 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytokines +5 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +106 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +35 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +56 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +314 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +211 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +354 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +89 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +41 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +547 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +345 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +179 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +138 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +328 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +71 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +511 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +211 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +79 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +176 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +244 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +901 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +8 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +621 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +47 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +93 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +59 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +25 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +109 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +100 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +134 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +191 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +241 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +982 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +97 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +22 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +57 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +502 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +12 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +5 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +208 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +94 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/macroeconomics +40 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mathematics +254 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizin_und_biomedizinische_technik +250 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizinische_chemie_und_pharmazie +398 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/messtechnik_und_regeltechnik +104 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/metabolismus +406 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microbial_ecology +35 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microcontrollers +11 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_lebensgemeinschaften +33 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_physiologie +172 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mitochondria +32 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mixed +278 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molecular_biology_of_plants +242 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molekulare_medizin +131 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nanotechnologie +453 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nature_conservation_and_biodiversity +166 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/naturstoffe +9 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/netzwerke +32 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/neurobiology +267 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nucleotide_sequencing +32 -0
  298. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nutztierethologie +11 -0
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1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Fortgeschrittene Genetik
3
+ #
4
+ # AMG2 tag, gem2. Also includes a focus on "DNA repair". DNA2 tag.
5
+ #
6
+ # Auch AMG1 von Jantsch, molekulare Tiergenetik auf der BOKU, das
7
+ # Management genetischer Ressourcen.
8
+ # =========================================================================== #
9
+
10
+ - <one>Who</one> is generally considered to have been <two>the founder of medical genetics</two>? <one>Archibald Garrod</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Garrod []
11
+ - Wie nannte <one>Griffith</one> damals <two>DNA</two>? Das <one>transformierende Prinzip</one>. []
12
+ - Für welches Gen kodieren <one>LINEs</one>? Für eine <one>reverse Transkriptase</one>.
13
+ - Was genau machen die <one>HDACs</one>? Sie <one>entfernen Acetylgruppen von Histonen</one>, was zu einer <two>Kompaktierung der DNA</two> führt. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histon-Deacetylasen []
14
+ - Why is <one>recombination</one> an extremely important genetic process? Because <one>recombination</one> <two>increases genetic variation</two>. []
15
+ - Name <two>an important biochemical step</two> that occurs during the <one>interphase</one>. A: The <one>replication of the DNA of each chromosome</one>. []
16
+ - Nenne eine Polymerase die keine TATA-Box benötigt. A: <one>RNA Polymerase I</one>.
17
+ - Wenn wir <one>Exons</one> mit einer Länge von <two>54 bp</two>, <two>45 bp</two>, <two>108 bp</two> und <two>99 bp</two> sehen, was können wir daraus schließen? Das diese Exons wohl aus einem Exon hervorgegangen sind, das für 3 Codons kodiert (3 Codons zu je 3 Aminosäuren ergibt <one>9</one>; <two>54</two>, <two>45</two>, <two>108</two> und <two>99</two> sind alle ohne Rest durch 9 teilbar). []
18
+ - <one>What information</one> does the <two>mutation rate</two> provide? The <one>mutation rate</one> <two>provides information about how often a mutation arises</two>.
19
+ - <one>Each DNA strand</one> has <two>a polarity</two>. <three>Provide another name for this word</three>. A: A <one>directionality</one>.
20
+ - <one>Bei den Telomeren</one>, zumindest beim Menschen, baut welches Protein eine <two>negative Rückkopplungsschleife</two> auf? <one>TRF1</one>.
21
+ - In der Genetik: die <one>Pribnow-Box</one> findet man in Eukaryoten oder in Bakterien? In <one>Bakterien</one>.
22
+ - Nenne <one>zwei konkrete Beispiele</one> für <two>Basenanaloga</two> und gib weiters an, welchem Nukleotid diese jeweils entsprechen. A: (1) <royalblue>2-Aminopurin</royalblue>: für <one>Adenin</one> (2) <one>5-Bromuracil</one>: für <two>Thymin</two>
23
+ - Auf die Replikation der DNA folgt manchmal keine Kern- und Zellteilung. <one>Wie wird dieser Fall genannt</one>? <one>Endomitose</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomitose []
24
+ - Das <one>Genom von Mitochondrien</one> wird von der <two>Polymerase γ</two> repliziert. Diese ist mit welcher Polymerase in Prokaryoten verwandt? Mit der <one>Polymerase I</one>.
25
+ - Wurde das <one>Meselson-Stahl Experiment</one> <two>auch in Eukaryoten</two> durchgeführt? Ja - und zwar über Markierungen mit radioaktivem Wasserstoff, in Thymidin (3H-Thymidin). []
26
+ - Nenne <one>drei Wege</one> in der Genetik, wie wir <two>genetische Pathways</two> analysieren können. A: (1) <one>Komplementation</one> (2) <one>Epistasis-Analyse</one> (3) <one>Suppressor screen</one>
27
+ - <one>Welche Reaktion</one>, <two>und wo</two>, führt die <three>Ribonucleotide-Reductase</three> durch? Dieses Enzym konvertiert <one>Ribose</one> zu <one>Deoxyribose</one>, durch <two>Reduktion der OH-Gruppe</two> am <three>2-Strich-Carbon</three> (<three>2'C</three>).
28
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> hat das Wort <two>Gen</two> geprägt? <one>Wilhelm Johannsen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Johannsen []
29
+ - Nenne einen <one>Einzeller</one> der <two>keine Mitochondrien</two> besitzt. A: Der Einzeller <one>Giardia lamblia</one>.
30
+ - <one>Welche Auswirkungen</one> kann eine <two>Punktmutation</two> auf DNA-Ebene auf das Protein haben? Es gibt hier <one>vier mögliche Veränderungen</one>. Am besten merkt man sich dies in <two>steigendem Auswirkungsgrad</two>. (1) kodierend für <three>synonyme Codons</three>: dies hat logischerweise keine Auswirkung (2) "kodierend für eine andere Aminosäure": dies mag ein Problem sein oder auch nicht (3) <one>Nonsense mutation</one>, also <one>STOP</one>: <two>dies mag zu einem verkürzten Protein führen, das jedoch ab und an noch teilweise funktionieren mag, vor allem bei längeren Proteinen</two> (4) <three>Frameshift mutation</three>: <two>dies führt eigentlich zu einem völlig anderen Protein</two>
31
+ - The <one>operational definition of a gene</one> can occur through ... ? <one>Genetic complementation</one>. []
32
+ - Unter welchen Bedingungen wird <one>agouti</one> produziert? Wenn es <one>einzelsträngig vorliegt</one> (sprich wenn es nur als ein Allel vorliegt). Ist die Maus hingegen <two>homozygot</two> für das <three>Agouti yellow allele</three> so ist sie erst gar nicht lebensfähig! []
33
+ - <one>Which subunit</one> of <two>Pol III</two> ensures its high processivity? The <one>beta-prime subunit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_III_holoenzyme
34
+ - Can the <one>Alu element</one> <two>bind to the polyA-binding protein</two> (<three>PABP</three>)? <one>Yes</one>. []
35
+ - Besitzen <one>LINEs</one> (long interspersed nuclear elements) einen <two>Promoter</two>? <one>Ja</one>, und zwar für die RNA-Polymerase II.
36
+ - <one>Welche zwei Arten</one> von <two>suppressor mutations</two> existieren? (1) <one>intragenic suppression</one> (2) <one>intergenic suppression</one> []
37
+ - Andere, einfachere Bezeichnung für <one>regulierende DNA-Elemente</one>. A: <one>cis-Elemente</one>.
38
+ - What does <one>extended survival</one> mean? <one>Extended survival</one> means that the diseases in the genetic dustbin have the opportunity to be seen or expressed in a greater number of people.
39
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Ribonucleoprotein</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet ein Molekül das aus RNA und Protein besteht.
40
+ - Sind <one>Primasen</one> <two>RNA-Polymerasen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
41
+ - The <one>FOXP2 gene</one> in a genome - at the least one that is similar to the human genome - <two>indicates what involvement</two>? That this organism is involved in <one>speech and language</one>. The <two>Neanderthals</two>, for instance, had that gene as well.
42
+ - Do <one>Alu ends</one> <two>contain a Poly-A tail</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
43
+ - The <one>MDM2 gene</one> is controlled by ... ? <one>p53</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4221809/ []
44
+ - Die <one>Telomerase im Menschen</one> hat einen RNA Anteil. Dieses RNA-Stück besitzt wieviele Nukleotide? <one>450</one>.
45
+ - <one>Welche Abkürzung</one> verwendet man für DNA die in Plastiden gespeichert ist? <one>ptDNA</one>. []
46
+ - Was mag <two>schneller</two> sein - die <one>unidirektionale</one> oder die <one>bidirektionale Replikation</one>? <one>Bidirektionale Replikation</one>. []
47
+ - Give one example for a <one>retrotransposon</one> in the human genome. A: The <one>Alu sequence</one>, also called the <two>Alu element</two>. It is a representative of a <three>SINE</three> (<three>short interspersed nuclear elements</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_element
48
+ - In Bakterien sind die <one>Okazaki-Fragment</one> relativ lang, mit bis zu 2000 bp. In Eukaryoten hingegen nur etwa 200 bp. Gibt es eine mögliche Erklärung hierfür? Dies mag daran liegen das ein Nukleosom in etwa 200 bp (oder etwas weniger als 200 bp) bedeckt - eventuell ergeben sich hieraus sterische Einschränkungen.
49
+ - Gibt es <one>DNA-Polymerasen</one> die einen neuen Strand von 3'→5' synthetisieren? Nein - zumindest sind keine bekannt die das könnten.
50
+ - The <one>transposition pathway of the MULEs</one> (<three>Mutator-like transposable elements</three>) resembles that of ... ? The <one>V(D)J recombination reaction</one>. []
51
+ - <one>Directed Evolution</one>: <two>welche drei Schritte</two> werden durchgeführt <two>um ein Enzym zu verbessern</two>? (1) <one>Mutagenese</one> (2) <one>Screening</one> (3) <one>Selektion</one>
52
+ - Are the <one>Alu elements</one> specific to a group of organisms? <one>Yes</one> - they are specific to <two>primates</two>. []
53
+ - What is <one>the best known ribozyme</one>? The <one>Ribosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome []
54
+ - Die <one>Nukleosomen-linker-DNA</one> ist wie lange, in <three>n bp</three>? <one>54 bp</one>. []
55
+ - Das <one>Nukleotid</one> besteht aus ... (nur die Kurzform nennen, also zwei Bestandteile)? Einem <one>Nukleosid</one>, das mit <two>Phosphat</two> verknüpft ist. []
56
+ - In <one>Sp1 knockout mouse embryos</one>: the expression of which <two>protein</two> is also decreased significantly? <one>MeCP2</one> (<two>methyl-CpG binding protein</two>).
57
+ - The body of the <one>Alu element</one> is about n bases in length? About <one>280</one>.
58
+ - Gibt es <one>lineare ptDNA</one> (<two>Plastiden-DNA</two>)? <one>Ja</one>. In der Regel ist die <two>ptDNA</two> jedoch zirkulär.
59
+ - In der Genetik: wie wird <one>der Wildtyp</one> <two>gekennzeichnet</two>? Durch ein <one>+</one> Zeichen. []
60
+ - Wen oder was meinen wir mit <one>poky-Mutanten</one> und wie kann man diese Mutation genetisch erklären? Dies sind <one>langsam wachsende Neurospora-Mutanten</one>. Dafür verantwortlich ist eine Hemmung in ihrer mitochondrialen Funktion aufgrund <two>Defekte in der kleinen ribosomalen Untereinheit</two> in den Mitochondrien während der exponentiellen Wachstumsphase.
61
+ - Give another name for <one>linkage mapping</one>. A: <one>Positional cloning</one>. URL: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Positional-Cloning []
62
+ - What exactly is an <one>allele</one>? <two>An allele</two> is one of a number of <one>alternative forms of the same gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele []
63
+ - <one>Ein prozessiertes Pseudogen</one> hat <two>seinen Ursprung in ... </two>? In <one>einer mRNA</one>. []
64
+ - Die Rolle des <one>Degradosom</one> ist ... ? Als <one>RNA decay machine</one> zu wirken - also <two>RNA abzubauen</two>. []
65
+ - Wie nennen wir <one>Satelliten-DNA</one> auf Englisch? <one>Tandem repeats</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_repeat []
66
+ - <one>TLS-Polymerasen</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>TLS</two>? <one>Translesion synthesis</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3783050/ []
67
+ - <one>Welche der drei Polymerasen</one> verwendet <two>interne Promotoren</two>? Die <one>Promotoren</one> der <two>Polymerase III</two>. []
68
+ - What is <one>the starting point of forward mutations</one>? Treat an organism with Xrays to cause mutations.
69
+ - <one>Exitrons</one> (<two>exonic introns</two>) <three>are produced through alternative splicing</three>. They have characteristics of both introns and exons. They first discovered in ... ? In <one>plants</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exitron
70
+ - <one>Gene fusion events</one> typically <two>lead to which immediate outcome in regards to proteins</two>? <one>Gene fusion events</one> lead to <two>longer proteins</two>. []
71
+ - Was besagt die <one>GT-AG-Regel</one>? <two>Introns</two> beginnen (fast) immer mit einem <one>GT</one>; und enden mit einem <one>AG</one>. Dies wird auch die <royalblue>Chambon-Regel</royalblue> genannt. URL: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6754-9_7198 []
72
+ - <one>Meiosis</one> is associated with ... ? <one>Gamete formation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametogenesis []
73
+ - In der Genetik: die Fähigkeit eines bestimmten Genotyps, auf seine Umgebung in unterschiedlicher Weise zu reagieren, wird wie bezeichnet? Dies ist die <one>Reaktionsnorm eines Genotyps</one>. []
74
+ - Die Proteindomäne in <one>RING</one> (really interesting new gene) bindet <two>welches Metall-Ion</two>? <one>Zink</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24928685/ []
75
+ - Wie heissen die drei <one>Regeln von Mendel</one> (deutsche Bezeichnung)? Mnemonic: <royalblue>UniSpaltUng</royalblue> (<royalblue>Uni-Spalt-Ung</royalblue>) oder <royalblue>USU</royalblue> (1) <one>Uniformitätsregel</one> (2) <one>Spaltungsregel</one> (3) <one>Unabhängigkeitsregel</one> []
76
+ - In genetics: a <one>complementation test</one> brings ... what together? <one>Two mutant genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementation_(genetics) []
77
+ - <one>Wo</one> kann <two>CENP-A</two> gefunden werden? Diese <one>Histonvariante</one> kommt in Chromatin am <royalblue>Centromer</royalblue> vor, bei den <mediumseagreen>H3 Histonen</mediumseagreen> beziehungsweise als deren Ersatz. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENPA []
78
+ - The portions of DNA that <one>encode rRNA</one> are collectively referred to as ... ? <one>NOR</one>: the <two>nucleolus organizer region</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus_organizer_region []
79
+ - Was versteht man unter der <one>genetischen Erosion</one>? <two>Genetische Erosion</two> bezeichnet den <one>Verlust von genetischem Material</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generosion []
80
+ - Give another term for <one>transcriptome-wide structure determination in vivo</one>. A: The <one>RNA structurome</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797096 []
81
+ - Die <three>DNA-Polymerase</three> <one>Gamma</one> findet man wo? In den <one>Mitochondrien</one> (Mnemonic: <two>'gamma-mito'</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLG []
82
+ - The (somewhat) <one>little friend of the geneticist</one> is ... ? The <one>fruit fly</one> <two>Drosophila melanogaster</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster
83
+ - In <one>genetic dissection</one> we typically cross the mutant with the (original) wild type. <two>Give an example when this approach will not work</two>. A: It <one>will not work if the mutant is sterile</one>, so <two>in this event another approach has to be considered</two>. []
84
+ - What is the <one>phenotypic ratio</one> in F2 characteristic for Epistasis? <one>9:3:4</one> (so <mediumseagreen>16</mediumseagreen> in total). []
85
+ - The <one>CDAR enzyme</one> <two>can convert which two nucleotides</two>? <one>C → U</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine_deaminase []
86
+ - In the maize genome, the <one>Ac mobile genetic element</one> (a <two>transposon</two>) contains n bp? About <one>4.6 kb</one> (<one>4600 bp</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac/Ds_transposable_controlling_elements []
87
+ - What is the <one>pfu</one> (<three>plaque forming units</three>)? This is <one>the number of functional phages per volume</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque-forming_unit []
88
+ - Compared to <one>LINES</one>, what do <one>SINES</one> lack? <two>SINES</two> <one>do not encode for their own reverse transcriptase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element []
89
+ - <two>How many</two> different <one>blood types</one> are known in humans? <one>4</one>: <two>A</two>, <two>B</two>, <two>AB</two>, <two>0</two>. []
90
+ - Bei der <one>Initiation in eukaryoten Organismen</one>: es braucht welche <two>3 Faktoren</two> um das <three>AUG Initiations Codon</three> zu exponieren? <one>eIF4</one> <two>A</two>, <two>B</two> und <two>G</two>. []
91
+ - <one>Wo</one> genau ist die <two>Wobble position</two> zu finden? Am <mediumseagreen>5' Ende</mediumseagreen> der <one>tRNA Anticodonstelle</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble-Hypothese []
92
+ - Nenne zwei wichtige <one>Charakteristika von Histonen</one>. A: (1) Sie besitzen einen hohen Anteil an <one>Lysin</one> und <one>Arginin</one>. (2) Sie <one>sind sehr stark konserviert</one>. <royalblue>H4</royalblue> von <two>Rind</two> und <two>Erbse</two> unterscheidet sich nur in einer einzigen Aminosäure. []
93
+ - Give a simple example for <one>Heterosis</one> in human's daily life. A: <one>Hybrid corn</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize []
94
+ - Die <one>Ribonuklease H</one> (<two>RNase H</two>) hydrolysiert RNA in <three>RNA</three>/<three>DNA Duplexen</three>. Spaltet RNase auch <three>RNA</three>/<three>RNA Nukleotide</three>? <one>Nein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonukleasen_H []
95
+ - In a genetic map: <one>when</one> can it be claimed that <two>two genes are linked</two>? When their <one>recombination frequencies</one> are <two>below 50%</two>. []
96
+ - Name <one>three different ways</one> how, at the least since 2018, <two>transposable elements can be discovered</two>. A: (1) <one>de-novo using raw reads</one> (2) <one>de-novo using an assembled genome</one> (3) <one>repository-based annotation</one>
97
+ - <one>Who or what</one> <two>recognizes methylated 5'-CG-3'</two>? <one>MeCPs</one>: <two>methylcytosine-binding proteins</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-CpG-binding_domain []
98
+ - When a human being has <two>a mutation</two> in the <one>OCA2 gene</one>, what may be the result of this? That this human being may have <steelblue>blue eyes</steelblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCA2 []
99
+ - <one>Homologous recombination</one> may naturally take place in/during ... ? <one>Crossing over</one>. []
100
+ - When a human has a null-mutation in the <one>N-glycanase gene</one> (the <two>NGLY1 gene</two>), what may be the result? That this human being <one>lacks a protein that normally strips sugars off other proteins</one>.
101
+ - <cadetblue>ENU</cadetblue> ist was für eine mutagene, chemische Subtanz? <royalblue>Ethylnitrosoharnstoff</royalblue> (<one>Ethyl-nitroso-harnstoff</one>; ENU ist die Abkürzung für <three>ethyl nitroso urea</three>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Ethyl-N-nitrosoharnstoff []
102
+ - The disease <one>PKU</one> is caused by ...? PKU is caused by the <two>defective enzyme</two> <one>phenylalanine hydroxylase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase []
103
+ - Wie konnte man im Jahre <one>1961</one> <three>synthetic RNA</three> erstellen? Mit Hilfe des Enzyms <one>Polynucleotide Phosphorylase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase []
104
+ - The person who established <one>genetics as a discipline</one> was ... ? <one>William Bateson</one> from the UK, in the year <two>1905</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bateson
105
+ - Name <one>two different mutations</one>, in two different organisms, affecting <two>eye development</two>. A: (1) the <two>Drosophila</two> <one>eyeless mutant</one> (2) <one>Pax 6 mutation</one> causing <peru>aniridia</peru>
106
+ - What is meant with the term <one>replicon</one>? A <one>replicon</one> is <two>a segment of DNA that undergoes replication</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicon_(genetics) []
107
+ - What do we mean with a <one>RNA homopolymer</one>? These are RNA molecules containing only one type of <one>ribonucleotides</one>. []
108
+ - Können <three>Mäuse</three> an <one>Parkinson</one> erkranken? Ja - <one>zumindest im Labor</one>. []
109
+ - Definiere kurz den Begriff <one>klassische Genetik</one> (<i>classical genetics</i>). A: Dies ist das Studieren von Genetik durch die <one>Analyse von Nachkommen</one>. []
110
+ - Besitzen <one>housekeeping genes</one> eine <two>TATA Box</two>? Nur sehr selten, also <one>eher nein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA-Box []
111
+ - What can happen between <one>two transposons</one>? <one>Inversions</one>. []
112
+ - Name <one>two</one> large classes of <two>transposons</two>. A: (1) <one>DNA transposons</one> (2) <one>Retrotransposon</one> []
113
+ - In the <one>IUPAC code for nucleotides</one>: what does <three>W</three> represent? <one>W</one> stands for <one>weak</one> - and is thus synonymous to <two>A</two> and <two>T</two>. []
114
+ - Was passiert bei einer <one>Überexpression von Cyclin D</one>? Die Zelle ist einem <one>vermehrten Proliferationsdruck</one> ausgesetzt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_D []
115
+ - How many <one>mutant crop varieties</one> have been officially released <three>world-wide</three> (from-to)? Between <one>3000</one> and <one>4000</one>. []
116
+ - <one>Leptin</one> ist ein 16 kd großes Hormon. Wie wird das Gen genannt, das für <one>Leptin</one> kodiert? <one>ob</one>, für <one>obese</one>. URL: https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R29-DK051140-05 []
117
+ - <one>Genetics</one> is not only the study of all aspects of genes, or the study of heredity, but also the study of ... ? <one>Variation</one>. []
118
+ - In genetics: are <one>risk factors</one> cumulative? Typically <one>yes</one>. []
119
+ - What is a <one>synthetic phenotype</one>? A <one>synthetic phenotype</one> shows only in the presence of a second mutation.
120
+ - The human genome contains <one>n genes</one> that encode <two>selenoproteins</two>? <one>25</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenoprotein []
121
+ - How is a <one>Hfr cell</one> created? By <one>F-Plasmid Insertion</one> into the <two>bacterial chromosome</two>. (More generally it can happen by any conjugative plasmid, but the F-Plasmid is the most famous example in this context.) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hfr_cell []
122
+ - The <one>C-value paradox</one> is well known - but what is the <cadetblue>G-value paradox</cadetblue>? The <two>G-value</two> refers to <one>the number of genes in a given genome</one>. We predict that the number of genes correlate with the complexity of an organism, but this is not correct. []
123
+ - <one>Base Flipping</one> can be <two>observed in which two different types of enzymes</two>? (1) <one>In enzymes</one> whose activity is related to <two>DNA Repair</two>. (2) <one>In enzymes</one> whose activity is related to <two>homologous recombination</two>. []
124
+ - What does the name <one>Thiouracil</one> imply? That we have a molecule that is similar to <one>Uracil</one>, which also contains a <cadetblue>S (sulfur) atom</cadetblue> instead of the regular <two>-C=O group</two> there. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Thiouracil []
125
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>core-domain</one> der Histone? Dies ist die sogenannte <one>"histone fold domain"</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_fold []
126
+ - Bei der Telomerase gibt es etwas genannt <one>TERC</one>. Was heisst das? <one>Telomerase RNA component</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_RNA_component []
127
+ - Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie eine Zelle selbst <one>die Mutationsrate erhöhen könnte</one>. A: Indem sie die <one>Überwachungs-</one> und <one>Reparaturmechanismen</one> verringert. <two>DNA Schäden werden so weniger oft beziehungsweise weniger gut beseitigt</two>. []
128
+ - In der Humangenetik: nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>Monosomie</one>. A: Das <one>Ullrich-Turner-Syndrom</one>, zum Beispiel <two>45, X0-</two> hier fehlt ein <three>Gonosom</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome []
129
+ - Moderne, <one>genomweite ...-screens</one>. A: <one>RNA-Screens</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311596 []
130
+ - The <one>argonaute genes</one> can be <two>divided into which two subfamilies</two>? (1) <one>Ago subfamily</one> (2) <one>Piwi subfamily</one> []
131
+ - <one>DNA</one> functions as <two>a template for</two> ... ? <one>biological complexity</one>. []
132
+ - Was <one>entlässt</one> das <two>26S-Proteasom</two>? <one>Kurze Peptide</one>, die etwa <two>7-8 Aminosäuren</two> lang sind. []
133
+ - Kann <one>MeCP2</one> <two>an methylierte CpG Basen binden</two>? <one>Ja</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2 []
134
+ - Warum der Name <one>messenger RNA</one>? Weil die <one>mRNA</one> ein <royalblue>Messenger</royalblue> ist - sie trägt die <two>gene message</two> an ein <one>Ribosom</one>, also die Information darin. []
135
+ - Das Pendant zum <one>Degradosom</one> in Eukaryoten ist ... ? Das <one>Exosom</one>. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosom_(Proteinkomplex) []
136
+ - Nenne die zwei <one>Histon-Gruppen</one> mitsamt ihren Mitgliedern. A: (1) <one>Core-Histone</one>: <mediumseagreen>H2A, H2B, H3, H4</mediumseagreen> (2) <one>Linker-Histone</one>: <mediumseagreen>H1</mediumseagreen> []
137
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>DNA Fingerprinting</two> erstmalig vor Gericht zugelassen und durchgeführt? Im Jahre <one>1987</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling#Cases []
138
+ - Are <one>complementation tests</one> possible in <three>Neurospora</three>? Yes, due to the <one>multinucleate nature of the filaments</one>. []
139
+ - In genetics: <two>data</two> in a <one>complementation matrix</one> can conveniently be analyzed by ... ? By <one>arranging the mutant genes in the form of a circle</one>. []
140
+ - Warum werden beim Menschen nur <one>maternale Mitochondrien</one> vererbt? Da die Mitochondrien des Spermiums nicht in die Oocyte eindringen können. []
141
+ - The <one>human mtDNA-L strand</one> can base pair with ...? With the <one>7S DNA strand</one>. []
142
+ - Give another term for <one>stop codon</one>. A: <one>Chain-termination signal</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codon []
143
+ - Provide another name for the word <one>retrotransposons</one>. A: <one>Class </one><peru>I</peru><one> transposable elements</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon#Types []
144
+ - Das <one>Klenow-Fragment</one> (→ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klenow_fragment) besteht aus ... ? (1) <one>DNA-Polymerase I</one> (2) <one>3' → 5' Exonuclease</one> []
145
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>extrahelical configuration</one>? When <one>bases are flipped out</one> from the double helix. []
146
+ - Verändert die <one>Bisulfit-Sequenzierung</one> <cadetblue>5-Methylcytosin</cadetblue>? Nein - <one>die Methylgruppe schützt diese Cytosine</one>. []
147
+ - Aufgabe der <one>Uracil-DNA-Glycosidase</one> und der dahinterliegende <two>Zweck</two>? Die <one>Uracil-DNA-Glycosidase</one> <orange>entfernt Uracil aus DNA-Strängen</orange> und schützt so vor <two>spontaner Deamination der Cytosine</two>. (Uracil wird aktiv herausgeschnitten indem die N-glykosidische Bindung gespalten wird, bevor der "Base-Excision Repair" (BER) Pathway gestartet wird.) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil-DNA_glycosylase
148
+ - What does the abbreviation <one>LINE</one> in Genetics stand for? <one>Long interspersed elements</one>, also known as <one>Long interspersed nuclear element</one>. They were first discovered in the year <two>1980</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element []
149
+ - <one>Nitrosamine</one> enstehen aus <two>welchen zwei Komponenten</two>? (1) <one>Nitrit</one> <peru>+</peru> (2) <one>Proteinen</one> []
150
+ - Ein <one>prozessiertes Pseudogen</one> mag in der genomischen DNA integriert sein. <two>Nenne ein markantes Kennzeichnen eines solchen Pseudogens</two>. A: Sie besitzen einen <one>Poly-A-Schwanz</one>. []
151
+ - Give an example for something, in genetics, that has a <one>center of symmetry</one>. A: A <one>DNA mirror repeat</one>. []
152
+ - Das <one>ColE1 Genom</one> hat in etwa <two>n bp</two>? <one>~6500 bp</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColE1 []
153
+ - The <one>SRB proteins in yeast</one> are usually associated with which other protein? The <one>RNA polymerase II holoenzyme</one>. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/380082a0 (1996) []
154
+ - Name of <one>CAS genes</one> stands for? <one>CRISPR-associated genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR []
155
+ - <three>Enzyme</three>, die <one>Ubiquitine an bestimmte Protein übertragen können</one>, nennt man ... ? <one>Ubiquitinligasen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase []
156
+ - Oddly enough, <one>SUMO</one>, despite its name, has very little sequence identity with <two>Ubiquitin</two>. <three>How much percent is the sequence identity of SUMO with Ubiquitin</three>? About <one>20%</one> only. []
157
+ - Andere, schönere Bezeichnung für die <one>Telomerase</one>? <one>Unsterblichkeitsenzym</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase []
158
+ - <one>Watson and Crick's evidence</one> was based on which <two>two major kinds of evidence</two>? (1) <one>X-ray diffraction pattern</one> (2) <one>Erwin Chargaff's rule</one> []
159
+ - Definiere ein Gen <one>altmodisch</one>, in Bezug auf das Chromosom. A: Ein <two>Gen</two> ist ein <one>'uninterrupted length of DNA'</one>. []
160
+ - Nenne die zwei <one>Haupt-Histon-Chaperone</one> in einer Zelle. A: (1) <one>CAF1</one> (2) <one>ASF1</one> []
161
+ - <two>Welche Person</two> stellte die <one>Präformationstheorie</one> auf? <one>Nicolaas Hartsoeker</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Hartsoeker []
162
+ - The <one>largest protein of E. coli</one> codes for n amino acids? <one>2383 AA</one>. []
163
+ - Why may we need <one>conditional mutations</one> in genetics? So that we can <one>isolate mutations in otherwise essential genes</one>. []
164
+ - <one>MULEs</one> refers to which genetic elements? <one>Mutator-like transposable elements</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5499845/ []
165
+ - <one>Homing endonucleases</one> are encoded by mobile, self-splicing introns or inteins. Do they have <two>associated methylases</two>? No, they do not. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homing_endonuclease []
166
+ - <one>The genetic information carried by DNA</one> <two>resides in its ... </two>? <one>sequence</one>. []
167
+ - Im <three>Gal-Pathway</three>, kann Galaktose aufgenommen werden. Über welches Molekül erfolgt dann <one>die Einspeisung in die Glykolyse</one>? Über <one>Glucose-1-phosphat</one>. []
168
+ - Die <one>mobilen DNA-Fragmente der Transposons im menschlichen Genom</one> haben meistens <two>eine Länge von etwa n bis n kb</two> und <three>kodieren für ... </three>? Etwa <one>1-3 kb</one>. Sie codieren für eine <two>Transposase</two>. []
169
+ - Was sind <one>GC-Boxen</one>? Nenne ein Protein das daran bindet. A: Folgen von <one>GGGCGG</one> (Merkhilfe: <one>GGG|CGG</one>); somit sollten wir sie eigentlich <three>G-Boxen</three> nennen. Das Protein <two>Sp1</two>, ein Transkriptionsfaktor, bindet daran. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor []
170
+ - <one>DNA</one> that <two>gets into a bacterial cell</two> has which three choices? (1) it may be <one>degraded</one> by restriction enzymes (2) it may <one>replicate</one> itself (3) it may <one>recombine</one> with the host genome
171
+ - How are <one>exitrons</one> produced? <two>Exitrons</two> are produced through <one>alternative splicing</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exitron []
172
+ - In der Genetik: was bedeutet <one>Heteroplasmon</one> und <two>wo</two> mögen wir dies, allgemein betrachtet, finden? Ein <one>Heteroplasmon</one> ist eine <two>eukaryote Zelle</two> mit 2 Typen von Chloroplasten- oder Mitochondrien-DNA. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet
173
+ - Wie wird <one>DnaA-Protein</one> aktiviert? Durch <one>(gebundenes) ATP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaA []
174
+ - Welchen Einfluss hat <one>CAP</one> auf das <three>lac-Operon</three>? Einen <one>hemmenden Einfluss</one> - aber <two>nur wenn Glucose vorhanden ist</two>. []
175
+ - <two>Francis Crick</two> is rumoured to have said: <one>"DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein, and proteins make ... "</one>? <one>us</one>. []
176
+ - Provide another word for expressing <one>more than one codon</one>, in genetics. A: <one>Degeneracy</one> - more aptly called <two>codon degeneracy</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy []
177
+ - Are <one>Okazaki Fragments</one> <three>DNA-fragments</three> or <three>RNA-fragments</three>? <two>Okazaki fragments</two> consist of <one>DNA</one>; thus they are <one>DNA fragments</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments []
178
+ - Das <one>lac-Operon</one> <two>besitzt wieviele verschiedene Operatoren</two>? <one>3</one> - <two>O1</two>, <two>O2</two> und <two>O3</two>. (Als das lac-Operon Modell 1961 aufgestellt wurde, war nur O1 bekannt. O2 und O3 werden mitunter als die <three>minor operators</three> bezeichnet.) []
179
+ - Bei <three>Säugetieren</three>: welches Enzym sorgt für <one>Neumethylierungen</one>? Nenne den vollständigen Namen dieses Enzyms. A: <one>DNA-Methyltransferase 3a</one>/<one>3b</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(cytosine-5)-methyltransferase_3A []
180
+ - A sequence of nucleic acid <one>lacking stop codons</one> is called ... ? <one>an open reading frame</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame []
181
+ - Is the <one>SSB-Protein</one> able to bind to ssDNA? In general yes - but <one>not when there are intramolecular base pairs</one> of that DNA. []
182
+ - <two>Wo</two> in einem Genom könnte <one>Satelliten-DNA</one> gefunden werden? (1) Am <one>Centromer</one> (2) an den <one>Telomerbereichen</one> der Chromosomen []
183
+ - <two>Welche Proteine</two> gelangen in das <one>26S Proteasom</one>? <one>Ubiquitin-markierte Proteine</one>, im Zuge der <two>zellulären Proteolyse</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome []
184
+ - If the <one>MyoD gene</one> is expressed, what happens to that cell? This cell <one>will become a muscle cell</one>. <two>For instance, fatty cells can experimentally become muscle cells, due to the MyoD protein</two>. []
185
+ - <one>Shugoshin</one> protects what exactly in the cell? <one>Shugoshin</one> protects <two>centromeric cohesin</two>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955067405001523 []
186
+ - In der Genetik: was heisst <one>WNT</one>? A: <one>Wingless</one> und <one>Int-1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway []
187
+ - In genetics: give a specific example for <one>variable expressivity</one>. A: <one>Piebald spotting</one> in <two>beagles</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22090/ []
188
+ - In genetics: how is the phenomenon <one>position effect variegation</one> caused? By taking a gene from <one>euchromatin</one> - and <two>transposing</two> it into <one>heterochromatin</one>. []
189
+ - In rare cases, <one>translation in eukaryotes</one> can be initiated from codons other than <two>AUG</two>. Give one specific example. A: The <two>ribosomal P protein</two> <one>of a fungus</one> makes use of a <three>GUG start codon</three>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3611022/ []
190
+ - Die wichtigste Domäne in einem <one>nuklearen Rezeptor</one> ist ... ? Die <one>hochkonservierte DNA-Bindedomäne C</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernrezeptoren []
191
+ - <one>Meiosis-specific DNA double-strand breaks</one> are <two>catalyzed by which enzyme</two>? <one>Spo11</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spo11 []
192
+ - In DNA the <one>mirror repeat</one> exists. Technically, where does it occur? DNA mirror repeats <one>must occur in the same DNA strand</one>, such as: <two>TTAGCAC</two> and then <two>CACGATT</two> - <three>as if we would have put a mirror into the DNA between these two sequences</three>. []
193
+ - Name one curious feature of the <one>Mariner-like elements</one> Transposons. A: This <one>class II transposable element</one> is known for <two>its uncanny ability to be transmitted horizontally in many species</two>. []
194
+ - <one>Isoforms</one> have different ... domains? Different <one>functional domains</one>. []
195
+ - <one>1927</one> stellte <two>Joseph Muller</two> welche zwei Dinge fest? (1) <one>Röntgenstrahlung kann Mutationen verursachen</one> (2) <one>größere Gene werden eher davon betroffen als kleinere Gene</one> []
196
+ - Nenne <one>ein zelluläres Gen im menschlichen Genom</one>, dessen mRNA eine IRES besitzt. A: Die mRNA des <one>Chaperon BiP</one> (<two>"immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein"</two>) besitzt eine <three>IRES</three>. []
197
+ - Name a big mechanistic difference between <one>Type I</one> and <one>Type II</one> DNA-Topoisomerases. A: (1) <one>Type I DNA-Topoisomerases</one> <two>cut only one strand</two>. (2) <one>Type II DNA-Topoisomerases</one> <two>cut both strands</two>. (Mnemonic hint: Type I cuts <two>one</two> strand; Type II cuts <one>two</one> strands) []
198
+ - Das <one>CRE-Element</one> (Sequenzfolge üblicherweise: <two>5'-TGA CGT CA-3'</two>) kommt ca 100 Basen von der <three>TATA Box</three> entfernt vor. <four>Stromaufwärts oder Stromabwärts davon</four>? <one>Stromaufwärts</one>. []
199
+ - Welche Rolle hat das <one>FUT1-Gen</one>? Das Genprodukt des FUT1-Gens heftet <one>Fucose</one> an den <two>Vorläufer der H-Substanz</two> an. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT1 []
200
+ - In genetics: give another, fancier name for <one>combination</one>. A: <one>co-dominance</one>. []
201
+ - <one>Swi</one>/<one>SNF</one>: wofür steht <two>SNF</two>? <one>Sucrose non-fermenting</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812987/ []
202
+ - <one>Type I restriction enzymes</one> consist of n subunits? <royalblue>5</royalblue> - they are <one>pentameric proteins</one>, with separate restriction (<two>R</two>), methylation (<two>M</two>) and DNA sequence-recognition (<two>S</two>) subunits. []
203
+ - Give an example for <one>a homozygous lethal gene</one>. A: The <one>tailless Manx phenotype</one> in <mediumseagreen>cats</mediumseagreen>. []
204
+ - <one>When</one> was the <two>Punnett square</two> invented? A: In the year <one>1906</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square []
205
+ - <two>1928</two>: <one>Frederick Griffith</one>, verwendete welches Bakterium und was wurde dadurch nachgewiesen? <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one>. Griffith wies damit <one>Transformation</one> nach. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith%27s_experiment []
206
+ - Welche <one>Abfolge von drei Schritten</one> charakterisiert den Vorgang bei <two>forward genetics</two>? (1) <one>Mutation</one> (2) Gene Discovery (3) DNA Sequence and Function
207
+ - In der Genetik: bei <one>Translokationen</one> können wir zwischen welchen zwei Formen unterschieden? (1) <one>reziprok</one> (2) <one>nicht reziprok</one> []
208
+ - The <one>human genome</one> carries the <two>phosducin</two>-gene. <three>This gene does encode for ...</three>? Phosducin encodes for a <one>phosphoprotein</one>. This phosphoprotein interacts with the retinal G-protein <two>Transducin</two>, thus playing a vital role for the rod cells of the retina. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosducin URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5132
209
+ - Das <one>rot fluoreszierende Protein</one> stammte aus welchem Organismus? Aus der <one>indopazifischen Seeanemone</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discosoma []
210
+ - Gegeben ist <one>ein beliebiges Gen in einem Genom das wir verändern möchten</one>. Ich kann jedoch nur eine einzige, beliebige Punktmutation in diesem Gen durchführen (die Startstelle des Gens bleibt jedoch unverändert; somit verändern wir nur eine Stelle im Gen selbst). Welche Stelle würde ich warum nehmen? <royalblue>Stelle Nummer 2</royalblue>, in einem beliebigem Codon. An Position 1 gibt es eine <one>96% Chance</one> für eine Veränderung. An Position 2 hingegen gibt es eine <one>100%ige Chance</one> auf eine Veränderung. Und an Position 3 gibt es lediglich eine <one>30% Chance</one> auf Veränderung. []
211
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte die <two>Restriktionsenzyme</two>? <one>Werner Arber</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Arber []
212
+ - Are <one>alternative synonymous codons</one> used with <two>equal frequencies</two>? No. []
213
+ - Did <one>Thomas Hunt Morgan</one> win a nobel prize? Yes - in the year <one>1933</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan#Awards_and_honors []
214
+ - Name <three>a protein</three> that is generated in two different forms, based on a <one>C to U RNA editing</one> event. A: The <one>apolipoprotein B</one> protein (<two>APOB</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_B []
215
+ - <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat das <two>telomere POT1-protein</two>? <three>POT1</three> <one>stabilisiert die D-loop</one>. (<two>POT1-D-Loop</two>)
216
+ - Was heisst <one>GOI</one> in der Genetik? <one>Gene of Interest</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques []
217
+ - <one>TdT</one> catalyses the addition of nucleotides to the ... <two>which terminus</two> of a DNA molecule? A: To the <one>3' terminus</one>. []
218
+ - In <one>genetics</one>: give <two>an example</two> for <three>the heterozygote advantage</three>. A: The <one>sickle cell anemia</one> in humans. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease []
219
+ - Wie heisst das <one>SSB-Protein in Eukaryoten</one>, beziehungsweise dessen Pendant? <one>RPA</one>: <two>Replication protein A</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_protein_A []
220
+ - What is meant with the term <one>disease gene</one>? This is a gene which, <two>when mutated</two>, <one>causes a (specific) disease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder []
221
+ - Was ist das <one>Transkriptom</one>? Dies ist <one>die Gesamtheit aller Transkripte</one>, also <two>mRNA</two>, in einer Zelle zu einem gegebenen Zeitpunkt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptome []
222
+ - Was können <one>oligomere Bruchstücke</one> auf zellulärer Ebene bewirken? <two>Oligomere Bruchstücke</two> können <one>die verstärkte Synthese von Exoenzymen</one> bewirken. Sie <three>induzieren daher deren Synthese</three>. []
223
+ - Name <one>the two components</one> of a <two>ssDNA hairpin</two>. A: (1) <one>stem</one> (2) <one>loop</one> []
224
+ - <one>Wo</one> findet man die <two>astralen Mikrotubuli</two>? Astrale Mikrotubuli findet man rund um den <one>Zellpol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_microtubules []
225
+ - <one>Mit welchem Experiment beziehungsweise Experimenten</one> konnte man nachweisen, das der genetische Code in Triplets abgelesen wird? Mit Hilfe des <one>Triplettbindungsversuch</one> (<two>triplet binding assays</two>). []
226
+ - How do we call <one>the phenomen</one> that <two>the genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype</two>? <one>Incomplete penetrance</one>. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/792352 []
227
+ - Was heisst <one>Dnmt1</one>? A: <one>DNA Methyltransferase 1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNMT1 []
228
+ - In genetics: the abbreviation <one>Sey</one> may stand for ... ? <one>Small eye</one>, a mutation that was originally found in white mice. Note that this gene is now known as Pax6(Sey)-gene. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1684639/ []
229
+ - Gegeben sind <one>zwei verschiedene Hunderassen</one>, beides fruchtbare Rassen; die eine sehr groß, die andere sehr klein. <two>Was mag, genetisch betrachtet, der Unterschied sein zwischen diesen Rassen</two>? Die grössere Hunderasse mag ein viel aktiveres Gen für den <one>Wachstumsfaktor IGF-1</one> (insulin-like growth factor 1), auf Chromosom 15, besitzen als die kleinwüchsigen Hunderassen.
230
+ - <one>One of the smallest genes in the human genome</one> is ... which gene? The <one>SPRR4 gene</one>. Translated it gives rise to a protein containing merely <two>79 aminoacids</two>.
231
+ - In <one>genetics</one>: give another name for the <two>Chambon's rule</two>. A: The <one>GT-AG rule</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chambon []
232
+ - <one>SL 1</one>, der <lightseagreen>Selectivity factor</lightseagreen>, <two>spielt eine Rolle bei welcher RNA-Polymerase</two>? <one>RNA-Polymerase I</one>. []
233
+ - Figuratively speaking: <one>when</one> did the gene become <two>a technical product and a commodity</two>? With the <one>advent of biotechnology</one>. []
234
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>codominant</one> in der Genetik? <one>Gleichberechtigt</one>. []
235
+ - Nenne eine wichtige Auswirkung von <one>UV-Strahlung auf DNA</one>. A: UV-Strahlung auf DNA kann die Induktion von <one>Pyrimidindimeren</one> verursachen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-Reparatur []
236
+ - Wo finden wir die <one>gRNA</one> (guide RNA) genau in <seagreen>Trypanosomen</seagreen>? Exprimiert im <one>mitochondrialen Genom</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_editing#Types_of_changes []
237
+ - Nenne <three>zwei natürliche Möglichkeiten</three> wie ein Mensch, der ja diploid ist, auf einmal <one>haploid</one> gelten kann (auf genetischer Ebene). A: (1) bei <one>imprinted genes</one> (2) bei der <one>Meiose</one> []
238
+ - What is meant with the following expression: <one>the subunits of the genes</one>. A: This expression refers to the <one>nucleotide base pairs</one>. []
239
+ - We can convert <one>cysteine</one> into <one>alanine</one>, on a <two>tRNA</two>, if we employ ... what kind of <three>Nickel</three>? A <one>Raney Nickel</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel []
240
+ - Wie lang, in etwa, sind die <one>Alu Sequenzen</one> im Genom der Primaten? Etwa <one>300 bp</one> lang. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_element []
241
+ - Give another name for the <one>decoding center</one> on a ribosome. A: The <one>decoding site</one>. []
242
+ - Wieviele <one>tRNAs</one> besitzt das <three>Säugetier-Mitochondrium Genom</three>? <one>22 tRNAs</one>. []
243
+ - <one>Genes specify proteins</one> by means of ... ? <one>a genetic code</one>. []
244
+ - Das <one>längste Gen im menschlichen Genom</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Dystrophin-Gen</one>. Es ist <two>in etwa 2100 kb lang</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin []
245
+ - Kommt es bei einer <one>vegetativen Fortpflanzung</one> zu einer <two>Veränderung des genetischen Materials</two>? <one>Nein</one>. []
246
+ - Was heisst <one>isopyknisch</one>? <one>Dieselbe Dichte</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichtegradientenzentrifugation#Begriffsdefinitionen []
247
+ - Wie wird <one>7-Methylguanosin</one> in kurzer Notation aufgeschrieben? <one>m7G</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Methylguanosine []
248
+ - Which polymerase adds an <one>extra A</one> to the <three>3' end</three>? The <one>Taq polymerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase []
249
+ - Wie entsteht <one>5-Methylcytosin</one>? Durch <two>Anheften einer Methylgruppe an Cytosin</two>, durch eine <one>DNA Methyltransferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosine []
250
+ - <one>Wann</one> wird <two>Geminin</two> abgebaut? <two>Geminin</two> wird am <one>Ende der Mitose</one> abgebaut. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminin []
251
+ - The <one>SSB-Protein</one> is attracted to ... ? <one>single-stranded DNA</one> (<two>ssDNA</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-stranded_binding_protein []
252
+ - In genetics: how do we denote a <one>deletion</one>? We use a <one>triangle</one>, △, as symbol. []
253
+ - <one>Base Flipping</one> may lead to ..? An <one>extrahelical configuration</one>. []
254
+ - In the year <three>2016</three>, Craig Venter and his group created the artificial <one>Syn3.0 cell</one>. <two>How many genes does it use</two>? Syn3.0 contains <one>473</one> genes / gene products. []
255
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>β-Untereinheiten</one> der <two>Pol III</two>? <one>Ringklemme</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating-Cell-Nuclear-Antigen []
256
+ - Wenn das <one>CRE-Element</one> verändert wird, welchen Effekt kann dies auf eine Zelle haben? <one>Diese Zelle kann</one>, unter Umständen, <one>nicht mehr auf cAMP Veränderungen reagieren</one>. Normalerweise kann eine Zelle auf cAMP Veränderungen reagieren. []
257
+ - Name <one>a protein that can bind to methylated DNA</one>. A: <one>MECP2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2 []
258
+ - <one>Seit welchem Jahr</one> ist bekannt, das <two>DNA der Träger der genetischen Information ist</two>? Seit dem Jahre <one>1944</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment []
259
+ - The <one>concept of the genotype</one> was introduced by ... ? <one>Wilhelm Johannsen</one> aus Dänemark. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Johannsen []
260
+ - In einem typischen eukaryoten Genom: ist die Methylierung der DNA mit der Acetylierung der Histone irgendwie gekoppelt? Ja. Die <one>Hypermethylierung der DNA</one> geht einher mit einer <two>Hypoacetylierung der Histone</two> (ein <three>"Yin-Yang-Mechanismus"</three>).
261
+ - Are <one>amphidiploids</one> (having a diploid chromosome set derived from each parent) <two>fertile</two>? Yes. []
262
+ - Are <one>transposons</one> <two>replicons</two>? <one>No</one>. []
263
+ - <one>Womit</one> beginnt die <two>homologe Rekombination</two> allgemein? Mit einem <one>Einzelstrangbruch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekombination_(Genetik)#Homologe_Rekombination []
264
+ - Für eine <one>DNA-Topoisomerase</one>: <two>welche Aminosäure</two> ist am wichtigsten? <one>Tyrosin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase []
265
+ - Name a cell in which <one>DNA rearrangement</one> may take place. A: The <one>B-cell</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell []
266
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>the exome</one>? This is <one>the part of the genome formed by exons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exome []
267
+ - <one>Genetic analysis</one> would not be possible without ...? <one>Variants</one>. []
268
+ - <one>Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay</one> (<one>NMD</one>) was first described in human cells and in yeast in which year? In <one>1979</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense-mediated_decay []
269
+ - <one>Genetic modification</one> arose as a consequence of ... ? <one>cultivation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#Crop_alteration_and_biotechnology []
270
+ - Why is it important to know about the <one>copy number of plasmids</one>? This may influence features such as <one>the level of antibiotic resistance</one>. []
271
+ - Give another word for a <one>heteroplasmon</one>. A: A <one>cytohet</one>. A <one>cytohet</one> is <two>an eukaryotic cell whose non-nucleic genome is heterozygous</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet []
272
+ - <one>Which geneticist</one> stated the following: <two>"Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants."</two>? A: <one>Jacques Monod</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monod []
273
+ - <two>Promotoren von Hitzeschock-Genen</two> besitzen an ihrer <one>-10 Position</one> häufig welche Sequenzfolge? <one>CCCCAT</one>. []
274
+ - What is the relation between <one>LexA</one> and <one>RecA</one> and what is the outcome of this event? <two>RecA</two> stimulates <three>LexA</three> to inactivate itself by <one>self-cleavage</one>. This, in turn, will <one>induce the SOS response</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_response []
275
+ - Name <one>a famous, synthetic organism</one>. A: <one>syn3.0</one> - it had <two>473</two> genes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_laboratorium []
276
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Antibiotika</one>, die den <two>A-Ort</two> des Ribosoms blockieren können. A: (1) <one>Streptomycin</one> (2) <one>Tetracyclin</one> []
277
+ - Give an example for a <one>master regulatory gene</one>. A: <one>myoD</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyoD []
278
+ - Nenne drei <one>ungewöhnliche Chromosomenformen</one> in der Plural-Form. A: (1) <one>B-Chromosomen</one> (2) <one>Lampenbürstenchromosomen</one> (3) <one>Mikrochromosomen der Vögel</one> []
279
+ - <one>Eukaryoten</one> besitzen <two>welche drei rRNA-Moleküle</two>? (1) <one>5,8S</one> (2) <one>18S</one> (3) <one>28S</one> []
280
+ - What is <one>genetics</one>? <one>Genetics is the study of all aspects of genes</one>. []
281
+ - Was ist die <one>Polydaktylie</one>? Die <one>Vielfingrigkeit</one> - also <two>das Vorkommen von insgesamt mehr als 10 Fingern an einem Menschen</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly []
282
+ - Wovon ist das <one>Schmelzverhalten der DNA</one> primär abhängig? Von dem <one>prozentualen Anteil an GC-Paaren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC-Gehalt#Bestimmung_des_GC-Gehaltes []
283
+ - Konnte <one>Thomas Hunt Morgan</one> <three>Chiasmata</three> beobachten? <one>Ja</one>. []
284
+ - Nenne einen <one>Organismus</one> (<two>Eukaryot</two>), der <three>lediglich ein Chromosom</three> hat. A: <one>Myrmecia pilosula</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_jumper_ant []
285
+ - Give another term/word for the <one>DNA helicase loader</one>. A: <one>DnaC</one>. (Mnemonic: <peru>C</peru> ... <three>heli</three><royalblue>C</royalblue><three>ase</three>.) []
286
+ - Give another expression for the term <one>genes that display disturbed, normal Mendelian ratios</one>. A: <one>Epistasis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis []
287
+ - <one>The gene</one> can be assumed to be <two>a unit of</two> ... ? <one>Inheritance</one>. []
288
+ - How does a <one>Hfr strain</one> arise/result? A <one>Hfr strain</one> results from the integration of the <two>F factor</two> into the chromosome. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hfr_cell
289
+ - <one>e-gene transfer</one> could stand for ... ? <one>Endosymbiotic gene transfer</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126801262500347 []
290
+ - <three>Welche zwei Nukleotide</three> <one>wobblen NICHT</one>? (1) <one>Adenin</one> (<two>A</two>) (2) <one>Cytosin</one> (<two>C</two>) []
291
+ - The <one>pedigree</one> in genetics, aka a family tree, <two>typically includes how many different generations</two>? <one>Three</one> (<one>3</one>). []
292
+ - Genetisch betrachtet entstehen <one>Genfamilien</one> oft über ... ? Ungleiches <one>crossing over</one>. []
293
+ - The process used to decipher the exact sequence in a DNA molecule is called ... ? <one>DNA sequencing</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing []
294
+ - Wann liegt <one>Epistasie</one> vor? Epistasie liegt dann vor, wenn ein Gen die <one>phänotypische Ausprägung</one> eines anderen Gens <two>unterdrücken kann</two>. []
295
+ - In the <one>human genome</one>: are the <three>3' terminal exons</three> usually larger than <one>internal exons</one>? Yes. []
296
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>quantitative Genetik</one>? Die <one>Genetik nicht-diskreter Merkmale</one>. []
297
+ - Wann haben die französische Molekularbiologin <one>Emmanuelle Charpentier</one> und ihre US-Kollegin <one>Jennifer Doudna</one> <two>CRISPR</two> / <two>Cas9</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>2012</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#Cas9 []
298
+ - Which <one>cell types</one> can we find in <three>S. cerevisiae</three>? (1) <one>a</one> (2) <one>alpha</one> (3) <one>a</one>/<one>alpha</one> []
299
+ - A <one>3:1 ratio</one> in offspring of any given trait may indicate what kind of inheritance? This is indicative of <one>single-gene inheritance</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance []
300
+ - <one>Wo</one> genau funktioniert das <two>himalayan allele</two>? In jenen Teilen des Körpers, in denen <one>die Temperatur reduziert ist</one>. []
301
+ - <three>Wie viele Chromosomen</three> besitzen die <one>Schimpansen</one>? <one>48</one>. []
302
+ - Does <one>dsDNA</one> absorb more UV light than <one>ssDNA</one>? No - <one>melted DNA</one> absorbs more UV-light, hence <two>ssDNA</two>. []
303
+ - Erkläre den Slogan <one>DNA-Methylierung als Altersvorsorge</one> mit einem konkreten Beispiel. A: Bei den <one>Bienen</one> lebt die <two>Bienenkönigin</two> länger - dank <three>DNA-Methylierungsmuster</three>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienenk%C3%B6nigin []
304
+ - How do we call the enzymes that catalyze <one>site-specific recombination</one>? <one>Recombinases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinase []
305
+ - <one>LINES</one> are related to ...? <one>Retrotransposons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon []
306
+ - What is <one>aDNA</one>? This abbreviation refers to <one>ancient DNA</one>. <one>Ancient DNA</one> is <two>DNA isolated from ancient specimens</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_DNA []
307
+ - <lightseagreen>How</lightseagreen> can we create <one>synthetic mRNAs</one> in a cell? Via the enzyme <one>polynucleotide phosphorylase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase []
308
+ - Der <one>Psp-Promotor</one> liefert was für eine RNA? Die <one>pRNA</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102588 []
309
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Chi</one>. A: Ein <one>ssDNA Cofactor</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378111999005648 []
310
+ - Wieviele verschiedene Phänotypen gibt es bei <one>incomplete dominance</one>? <one>3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)#Incomplete_dominance []
311
+ - What did the <one>Lederberg and Zinder experiment</one> show? That a <one>phage</one> is responsible for <two>generalized transduction</two>. URL: https://jb.asm.org/content/198/21/2899 []
312
+ - Does a gene code for a <one>diffusible product</one>? Yes, of course - either <one>RNA</one> or a <one>protein</one>. []
313
+ - Bei den <one>Wirbeltier-Genomen</one> ist nur welche Base wo methyliert? In der <one>CpG Folge</one> - wobei nur das <two>Cytosin</two> methyliert ist. []
314
+ - <one>A cell is not controlled by its genome exclusively</one>. What is meant with that sentence? That a cell is also <one>influenced by its environment</one>. []
315
+ - Finden wir die <one>Alu-Sequenzen</one> im menschlichen Genom eher in den <three>G-Banden</three> oder in den <three>R-Banden</three>? Eher in den (<two>genreichen</two>) <one>R-Banden</one>. []
316
+ - Define the term <one>knockout mice</one>. A: These are mice which have had both copies of a particular gene <peru>inactivated</peru>, by <one>genetic engineering</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_mouse []
317
+ - <one>Genetic analysis</one> begins with ... ? <one>mutants</one>. []
318
+ - Welche biologischen Systeme verwenden <one>fMet</one>? Nur <one>Bakterien</one>. Eukaryoten und Archea hingegen verwenden kein fMet (aka N-Formylmethionine). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Formylmethionine []
319
+ - In genetics: the mutant <one>M1V</one> means ... ? That the codon for M, which is <two>methionine</two>, at amino acid position 1 has been changed to a codon for V, which is <two>valine</two>. []
320
+ - Why do we shy away from <one>insertional mutagenesis</one> on <two>human chromosomes</two>? <two>Insertional mutagenesis</two> may result in <one>carcinogenesis</one>. []
321
+ - What is meant with the term <one>parasexual mechanisms</one>? (1) <one>conjugation</one> (2) <one>transduction</one> (3) <one>transformation</one> []
322
+ - Wie oder wann wird <one>p53</one> stabilisiert? Durch <one>DNA-Schäden</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53 []
323
+ - Give another name for <one>defective transposable elements</one>. A: <one>Non-autonomous transposable elements</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element#Autonomous_and_non-autonomous []
324
+ - A <one>promoter-trap plasmid</one>, such as <three>pSCH03</three>, typically <two>contains a gene that has which characteristic feature</two>? It is a <one>promoterless gene</one>. []
325
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>YACs</one> (auf deutsch)? <one>Künstliche Hefechromosomen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_artificial_chromosome []
326
+ - The maize <one>Ds element</one> depends on ... ? <royalblue>Ac</royalblue>. (Ac ist hier <one>standalone</one>. Merkhilfe: <two>Ds depends on Ac.</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac/Ds_transposable_controlling_elements []
327
+ - Der <one>AB0 Locus</one> kodiert für ... ? Der <two>AB0 Locus</two> kodiert für die <one>Galactosyl-Transferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_%28gene%29 []
328
+ - Das etwa 50 kDa <one>La-Protein</one> bindet an das <two>3' Ende</two> neu synthetisierter, kleiner RNAs (small RNAs). Welche Funktion hat das <three>La-Protein</three> vermutlich? Das La-Protein <one>schützt</one> diese RNAs vor <two>Exonukleasen</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12045101 []
329
+ - Name three different <one>point mutation types</one> in <three>dsDNA</three>. A: (1) <one>Transition</one> (2) <one>Transversion</one> (3) <one>InDel</one> []
330
+ - Give another term for the expression <one>codon bias</one>. A: <one>Codon usage</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_usage_bias []
331
+ - What happens during the <one>Anaphase</one> with the chromatides? The <mediumseagreen>sister chromatids</mediumseagreen> move to <one>opposite ends</one> of the cell. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitose#Anaphase []
332
+ - In der Genetik: nenne einen allgemeinen Spezialfall der <one>inverted repeats</one>. A: Das <one>Palindrom</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrom []
333
+ - How to remember the <one>amber stop codon</one>? <royalblue>You Are Gone, Amber!</royalblue>. Aka: <one>UAG</one>. []
334
+ - Wofür eigentlich steht die Abkürzung <one>Recombineering</one>? <one>Recombination-mediated genetic engineering</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombineering []
335
+ - In gene therapy, <one>we attempt to control where a gene inserts into</one>. One general approach is to use <two>homologous integration</two>, but also name one additional novel approach. A: Make use of a <one>zinc finger nuclease</one> to <two>determine the site of integration</two>.
336
+ - Was ist eine <one>Genommutationen</one>? Gib auch ein konkretes Beispiel hierzu an. A: Eine <one>Veränderung des gesamten Genoms</one>, zum Beispiel bei der <two>Trisomie 21</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome []
337
+ - Innerhalb einer dsDNA-Doppelhelix: Abstand innerhalb der <one>minor grove</one>, und innerhalb der <one>major grove</one> (in Angstrom) angeben? <one>12 Angstrom</one> beziehungsweise <one>22 Angstrom</one>. []
338
+ - Welche Aufgabe hat das Hormon <one>EPO</one> (<three>Erythropoietin</three>)? <two>Erythropoietin</two> regt die <one>Produktion von Erythrocyten</one> an. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin []
339
+ - <two>Welche Enzyme</two> sind essenziell für <one>DNA Kompaktierung</one> allgemein? Die <one>DNA Topoisomerasen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase []
340
+ - Das <one>p53 Gen</one> kodiert für ein Protein das wie viele Aminosäuren besitzt? <one>390</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53#Gene []
341
+ - <one>Menschliche Mitochondrien</one> besitzen <two>wie viele Stop Codons</two>? <one>4</one>. []
342
+ - <one>AU-Elemente</one> werden oft auch ... genannt. A: <one>Destabilisierungselemente</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AU-rich_element []
343
+ - Nenne ein <one>Retrotransposon</one> in Drosophila. A: <one>Copia</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21254/ []
344
+ - Die Alge <one>Chlamydomonas</one> bildet <three>bei Stickstoffmangel</three> was? <one>Isogameten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet#Gametentypen []
345
+ - Give another term for <one>transposable elements</one>. A: <one>Jumping genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element []
346
+ - Entfernt das <one>26S-Proteasom</one> die <two>Ubiquitin-Kappe</two> von Proteinen? <one>Ja</one>. []
347
+ - <one>Osteoblasts</one> und <one>Osteoclasts</one> sind ...? <one>Osteocytes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteocyte []
348
+ - The <one>close relationship between genotype and phenotype</one> is often demonstrated by ... <two>which phenomenon</two>? The <one>sickle cell anemia</one> - <two>a disease caused by a single, changed amino acid</two>.
349
+ - Kann <one>C. elegans</one> eingefroren aufbewahrt werden? Ja. []
350
+ - Anderer Begriff für die <one>ex-situ-Erhaltung</one> einer Pflanzenart? <one>Genbank</one>. URL: https://www.pflanzenforschung.de/de/themen/lexikon/genbank-734 []
351
+ - In general: <two>where</two> may we be able to observe <one>Theta-replication</one>? In <one>circular DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_structure []
352
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Dscam</one>? <one>Down syndrome cell-adhesion molecule</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSCAM []
353
+ - In genetics: <one>complex traits</one> <two>interplay between which two parts</two>? (1) the <one>genetics side</one> (2) <one>environmental factors</one> []
354
+ - The <one>Ty3 retrotransposon</one> also has another trivial name. Which one? <one>Gypsy</one> (<two>Ty3-Gypsy</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon#LTR_retrotransposons []
355
+ - <one>Erbliche Abweichungen vom Wildtyp</one> werden ... genannt. A: <one>Mutanten</one>. []
356
+ - Nenne ein <one>'feature'</one> der <two>HeLa-Zellen</two>. A: <one>Wenig RNAse im Zellkern</one>. []
357
+ - Genfusion: die <one>Dihydrofolate Reductase</one> hat sich mit welchem Gen verbunden? Mit der <one>Thymidylate Synthase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase []
358
+ - Welches <one>Histon</one> ist <three>am stärksten konserviert</three> bei den verschiedenen Lebewesen? <one>Histon H1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H1 []
359
+ - In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>nDNA</one> stand for? <one>Nuclear DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA []
360
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>tautomerization</one>. <two>Welche Form findet man in der DNA</two> und welche Form findet man seltener? A: Jede Base in DNA kann in verschiedenen Formen vorkommen (== <one>Tautomers</one>). Die <two>Keto-Form</two> ist normalerweise präsent, es gibt aber auch die <three>Imino Form</three> und die <three>Enol Form</three>. Mnemonic: <four>KeImEno</four>.
361
+ - Ist <one>Chloroform</one> <two>mutagen</two>? Ja. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform []
362
+ - At the center of Mendel's investigation stood <one>which new entity</one>? The <one>gene</one>. []
363
+ - When one mutation causes a protein to change, and to no longer function as a consequence, and another mutation in another protein restores the original function again, what may we conclude from this observation? That <one>these two proteins somehow interact</one>. []
364
+ - Do <one>Introns</one> <two>increase eukaryotic gene expression</two>? Yes. []
365
+ - Nenne <one>drei ungewöhnliche Basen in der tRNA</one>. A: (1) <one>Dihydrouridin</one> (2) <one>Pseudouridin</one> (3) <one>Ribothymidin</one> []
366
+ - Der Blutgruppen <one>ABO Locus</one> kodiert für <three>welches Enzyme</three>? A: <one>Galactosyltransferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosyltransferase []
367
+ - <one>Pyrimidine</one> haben eine höhere Absorption als <one>Purine</one>? Nein. <one>Purine > Pyrimidine</one> <two>in Bezug auf die Absorption</two>. []
368
+ - Give another term for <one>fluctuation</one>, in genetics. A: <one>High variation</one>. []
369
+ - In general: <one>where</one> can <two>origins of replication</two> in a given genome be found? In <one>noncoding-regions</one>. []
370
+ - <one>DNA</one> and <one>proteins</one> are products of ... ? <one>Evolution</one>. []
371
+ - Vergleiche die <one>Mutationsrate</one> in mtDNA mit der des normalen zellulären Genoms. A: Die <two>Mutationsrate</two> ist in der mtDNA etwa <royalblue>20x höher</royalblue> als die Mutationsrate, die in der <one>chromosomalen DNA</one> gefunden werden kann. []
372
+ - What does a <one>siRNA</one> achieve, briefly stated? A <two>siRNA</two> <one>silences the gene that produces it</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA []
373
+ - In genetics: the mutant <one>R408W</one> in the PAH gene means ... ? That the <one>codon 408</one> in the PAH polypeptide chain has been changed from one coding for <two>arginine</two> (R) to one coding for <two>tryptophan</two> (W). []
374
+ - Wie lange ist das <one>menschliche Genom ausgestreckt</one> (dessen <three>physikalische Länge</three>)? Etwa <one>1.80 Meter</one>. Siehe URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom#Genomgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fen []
375
+ - <two>How many aminoacids</two> can be found in the <one>DNA-Polymerase I</one>? <one>928</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_I []
376
+ - The <one>insertion of selenocysteine</one> occurs <two>during translation</two>. <three>How is this specific step called</three>? <one>Recoding</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004526/ []
377
+ - <two>Welche Erbgänge</two> erlauben einen <one>intermediären Phänotyp</one>? <one>Kodominante Erbgänge</one>. []
378
+ - Das Protein <one>L1</one> bindet was? <one>RNA</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15659579 []
379
+ - What is the popular sequencing enzyme <one>Sequenase</one>? <one>Sequenase</one> is a modified form of the <two>T7 DNA polymerase</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_DNA_polymerase#Sequenase_%28DNA_sequencing%29 []
380
+ - Was ist das grosse Problem wenn wir DNA-Schäden über <one>nonhomologus-end joining</one> reparieren? Es geht <one>DNA-Material verloren</one>. []
381
+ - Die Base <one>Inosin</one> <two>kann mit welchen anderen Basen paaren</two>? <two>U, C, A</two> (Mnemonic: <one>USA</one>). []
382
+ - Die Zielsequenz der <one>Cre-Rekombinase</one> ist ... ? Die <one>LoxP Sequenz</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre/loxP-System []
383
+ - Give another name for <one>high in gene content</one>. A: <one>Gene rich</one>. []
384
+ - Die Chemikalie <one>Kethoxal</one> interagiert mit welcher <three>ribosomalen Untereinheit</three>? Mit der <two>kleinen ribosomalen Untereinheiten</two>, der <one>30S Untereinheit</one>. []
385
+ - Wie ist <one>Inosin</one> mit <one>Adenin</one> strukturell verwandt? Inosin ist wie Adenin, bei dem eine <one>NH₂-Gruppe</one> entfernt wurde. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosin []
386
+ - In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>VNTRs</one> stand for? <one>Variable number tandem repeats</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_number_tandem_repeat []
387
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für das <one>Volkin Experiment</one>? <one>Pulse-Chase Experiment</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22071/ []
388
+ - Give another expression for <one>less favorable mutations</one>. A: <one>Deleterious mutations</one>. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/deleterious-mutation []
389
+ - Provide another name for <one>the substrate for translation</one>. A: <one>mRNA</one>. []
390
+ - Finden wir <one>CpG-Inseln</one> in Nachbarschaft zu <three>Pol-III Genen</three>? <one>Ja</one>. []
391
+ - <one>Nucleolin</one> (<two>NCL</two>) is a eukaryotic nucleolar phosphoprotein. <two>It is involved in which cellular process</two>? <two>Nucleolin</two> is involved in the <one>synthesis and maturation of ribosomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolin
392
+ - Name a <lightseagreen>chemical Cdk inhibitor</lightseagreen> starting with the letter <one>p</one>. A: <one>Purvalanol</one> (Mnemonic: it also containts two <one>l</one>). URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purvalanol []
393
+ - In genetics we can find <one>everted repeats</one>. Give another name for these. A: <one>Inverted palindromes</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7625727 []
394
+ - Angenommen wir sehen <one>eine einfache DNA-Reassoziationskinetik</one>. <two>Welche Organisengruppe könnten hierfür in Frage kommen</two>? Zum Beispiel <one>Bakterien</one> oder <one>Viren</one>. []
395
+ - <one>UGA</one> kodiert auch für ...? <one>Selenocystein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenocysteine []
396
+ - Which three major classes of <one>heat shock proteins</one> exist in <two>E. coli</two>? (1) <one>Hsp10</one> (2) <one>Hsp60</one> (3) <one>Hsp70</one> []
397
+ - In any given genome, <one>different mutagens</one> may have different ...? <one>Hotspots</one>. []
398
+ - Give another name for <one>Histone H1</one>. A: <one>Linker histone</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H1 []
399
+ - Was heisst <one>p</one>/<one>q Nomenklatur</one>? <one>p</one> steht für <two>petite</two> (== klein) und <one>q</one> steht für <two>queue</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome []
400
+ - Wenn ich <one>zuwenig Plasmide</one> für ein Experiment besitze (in einer bakteriellen Zellpopulation), welche Strategie verwende ich dann? <two>Plasmidamplifikation</two> durch <one>Chloramphenicol</one>. Die Plasmide können weiter replizieren. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol#Mechanism_of_action []
401
+ - Welche <one>zwei Mutationen</one> unterscheidet ein Genetiker bei einem <two>vielzelligen Organismus</two>? (1) <one>Somatische Mutationen</one> (2) <one>Keimbahn-Mutationen</one> []
402
+ - Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen einem <one>Hydrogenosom</one> und einem <one>Mitochondrium</one>. A: <two>Hydrogenosomes</two> enthalten <one>keine DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenosome []
403
+ - <one>Bisulfit</one> auf DNA angewandt führt zu ... ? <one>C → U</one> Veränderungen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfite#DNA-Methylierung []
404
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>genetische Kodominanz</one>. A: Das <one>menschliche Blutgruppensystem</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0-System []
405
+ - Der <one>Shelterin-Komplex</one> besteht aus wievielen verschiedenen Proteinen? Aus <one>6</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelterin []
406
+ - Give another expression for <one>mutations that inactivate a gene</one>. A: <one>Forward mutations</one>. URL: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/forward+mutation []
407
+ - In genetics: give another word for <one>to transpose</one>. A: To <one>excise</one>. []
408
+ - Das am besten untersuchte <one>eukaryotische Exosom</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Exosom aus der Hefe</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33439673/ []
409
+ - <one>Transmission of DNA</one> is the link between ... ? <one>Generations</one>. []
410
+ - Which <one>human cells</one> reside in the <three>GO Phase</three> all the time? <one>Human brain cells</one>. []
411
+ - Das <one>Cry-Gen</one> kodiert für ... ? Für ein <one>crystallines Protein</one>. []
412
+ - Die <one>enol-Form</one> von <three>Thymin</three> kann womit paaren? Mit <one>Guanin</one> (Mnemonic: <two>enol-Thymin-GUANIN</two>, <two>eTG</two>). []
413
+ - Bei einer <one>Plastidenvererbung</one>: <two>was geschieht bei Kreuzungen die zur Diploidie führen</two>? Es erfolgt hier sofort die <one>Meiose</one>. []
414
+ - Give an example for <one>a natural, conditional mutation</one>. A: A <one>temperature-sensitive mutation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature-sensitive_mutant []
415
+ - Define the term <one>linking number</one> in genetics. A: How many times one DNA strand crosses over the other DNA strand. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil#Mathematical_description []
416
+ - <yellow>Homozygot gelb</yellow> ist tödlich in Mäusen. <one>Warum führt die Fellfarbe zum Tod</one>? Das Gen, das für die Fellfarbe verantwortlich ist, wird immer zusammen mit dem <one>MERC-Gen</one> (<two>maternally expressed hnRNPC-related gene</two>) vererbt, das an RNA binden kann. Dieses Gen ist in der Embryonalentwicklung von Bedeutung und kann eine "Deletion" aufweisen, die wiederum "rezessiv letal" ist.
417
+ - The <cadetblue>belgian blue bull</cadetblue> has a mutation in ...? In the <one>myostatin gene</one>. URL: URL: https://i.imgur.com/sN9wvlC.jpg []
418
+ - Nenne zwei verschiedene RNA-Typen, die eine Rolle bei der <one>genome defense</one> spielen. A: (1) <one>piRNA</one> (2) <one>siRNA</one> []
419
+ - What was <one>Molecular Biology's Rosetta Stone</one>? The <one>Deciphering of the Genetic Code</one>. URL: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/geneticcode.html []
420
+ - <one>CENP-A</one> ist eine Variante des Histons ... ? <one>H3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENPA []
421
+ - A single <one>tRNA</one> typically has a molecular weight of ... n kDa? <one>25 kDa</one>. URL: https://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/structure/tRNA/trna_text.htm []
422
+ - Das <one>amber codon</one> ist ...? <one>UAG</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code#Amber_codon_suppression []
423
+ - How is the <one>attachment of pseudouridine</one> onto a <two>tRNA</two> called? <one>Pseudouridylation</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874939918301949 []
424
+ - In <one>CRISPR</one>: welche Aufgabe haben die <two>mature crRNAs</two>? Sie werden als guide für den <one>Cas complex</one> benutzt, um mit eindringender Nukleinsäure zu interferieren.
425
+ - The <one>average length of a human gene</one> is, <three>in bp</three> ... ? <one>27.000 bp</one>. []
426
+ - Kann <two>ein Gen</two> <one>mehrere TATA Boxen</one> besitzen? <one>Ja</one>. []
427
+ - What is the main promise of <one>systems biology</one>? <one>To understand and predict complex systems</one>. []
428
+ - In genetics: what is meant with an <one>oriTS</one>? This is <one>a temperature-sensitive ori</one>. URL: https://plos.figshare.com/articles/_Bacterial_strains_and_plasmids_used_in_the_study_/1549283 []
429
+ - What do we mean with <one>meDNA</one>? This word refers to <one>methylated DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation []
430
+ - What does the term <one>hemizygous</one> (in german: hemizygot) mean in Genetics? That <one>one allele is missing</one>, in an otherwise diploid organism. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/hemizygous []
431
+ - What is a <one>phosphorothioate group</one>? In a phosphorthioate group a central P can be found, as well as 3x O, and one S atom (or 35S atom, rather; Mnemonic: <royalblue>SOOOP!</royalblue>).
432
+ - What happens when a <one>RNA polymerase</one> <two>travels into a replication fork</two>? The RNA polymerase may stall, leading to a conflict that may not be easily resolvable; <one>the cell might die as a consequence</one>. []
433
+ - Nirenberg and others decoded the genetic code, starting with <one>poly-UUU</one>. But normally, a mRNA not starting with a start codon (AUG usually), would not be translated. Why did the experiment still work? The <mediumseagreen>protocol</mediumseagreen> used for protein synthesis used by Nirenberg and Matthaei happened to <one>contain twice the natural amount of magnesium</one>, an anomaly that was later found to <three>override the need for a start codon</three>. []
434
+ - Bei einem Enzym: welche Stellen werden bei <one>sequenzspezifischen Mutagenen</one> vor allem modifiziert? All jene Aminosäuren, die an der <one>Substratbindung</one> beteiligt sind. []
435
+ - Arrangiert die <one>Desaminierung</one> oder die <one>Depurinierung</one> mehr Atome neu? Die <one>Depurinierung</one>. Es geht ja ein kompletter Nukleotid-Teil weg; bei der <two>Desaminierung</two> hingegen geht nur NH₂ verloren beziehungsweise wird gegen -O ausgetauscht. []
436
+ - In medical genetics: what is meant with the somewhat awkward term '<one>compatible couple</one>'? This refers to <one>a couple that has no mutation in the same gene</one>, such as in the Tay-Sachs disease, caused by a defective <two>hexosaminidase enzyme</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease
437
+ - Define the word <one>Episome</one>. A: An <one>episome</one> is <two>an exogenous genetic element</two> not necessary for cell survival. The difference towards a Plasmid is that the term <one>Episome</one> is often used in conjunction with <three>temperate phages</three> that carry DNA which can integrate into bacterial DNA.
438
+ - The <one>EPAS1 gene</one> regulates ... ? This gene <one>regulates the number of red blood cells (RBCs) that the human body produces</one>.
439
+ - <one>Licensing factors</one> bind to the ORC during G1 before they load MCM2-7. <two>Name two of these factors</two>. A: (1) <one>CDT-1</one> (2) <one>CDC-6</one>
440
+ - <one>Wann</one> kann man nicht zwischen <two>Wildtyp</two> oder <two>Mutant</two> unterscheiden? Wenn es <one>mehrere multiple Allele</one> gibt, wie zum Beispiel beim <two>AB0 Blutgruppensystem</two>.
441
+ - Give an example for a gene that shows <one>pleiotropy at the molecular level</one>. A: The <one>pax6 gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX6
442
+ - Welche <one>fünf Annahmen</one> nimmt das <two>Hardy-Weinberg Modell</two> an? (1) Keine Migration in oder aus der Population (2) <one>keine</one> neuen Allele durch <one>Mutationen</one> (3) <one>keine Selektion</one> (4) die <one>Population is unendlich groß</one> (5) die <one>Paarung erfolgt zufällig</one> aka <two>random mating</two>
443
+ - Welchen Effekt hat <one>die Sumoylierung von Histon-Proteinen</one> auf die <two>Genexpression</two>? Sie führt zur <one>Deacetylierung</one> und dadurch zur <two>Bildung von geschlossenem Chromatin</two>. Dies <one>inhibiert die Expression</one>.
444
+ - When a <one>DNA polymerase</one> shows <two>high fidelity</two>, what is meant by that? This means that this polymerase does not often place an incorrect base in the growing strand of replicating DNA.
445
+ - The <one>SMN1</one> gene: <two>SMN1</two> gene stands for ... ? <one>Survival of motor neuron 1</one> gene.
446
+ - What is a <one>chromid</one>? This term derives from combining the word <one>chromosomes</one> and <one>plasmid</one>. We here refer to <three>very large accessory chromosomes</three>: a <royalblue>megaplasmid</royalblue>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080407
447
+ - Was ist <one>genetische Kopplung</one>? Das beschreibt <one>die Tendenz eines Lokus gemeinsam mit einem anderen Lokus vererbt zu werden</one>.
448
+ - <one>Syncytin-1</one> is encoded by which gene ... ? By the <one>ERVW-1 gene</one>: <two>endogenous retrovirus group W envelope member 1</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30816
449
+ - What is meant with the term <one>translational coupling</one>? This is the case, found in many prokaryotes, where the translation of genes that are downstream from another gene, may be negatively affected. In other words, <one>the translation of the upstream gene may downregulate the translation of another downstream gene</one>. An example are the two genes S10 and L3 in E. coli.
450
+ - Aus Sicht der Genetik: was meinen wir mit der <one>sexuellen Vermehrung</one>? Die <one>Vermischung der Genome zweier Individuen</one>.
451
+ - Beim Menschen: <one>welches Protein</one> mit einer <two>Chromodomäne</two> ist am besten untersucht? Das Protein <one>HP1</one>: <two>Heterochromatin Protein 1</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin_Protein_1
452
+ - In der Genetik: was sind <one>Rekombinanten</one>? Das sind <one>Filialgenerationen</one>, die sich vom <two>Genotyp der Eltern</two> unterscheiden. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_organism
453
+ - Kann ein Mensch gleichzeitig sowohl <one>rhesus-positiv</one> als auch <one>rhesus-negativ</one> sein? <one>Ja</one>, das kann vorkommen wenn in ein und derselben Person eine spontane genetische Mutation stattfindet, die dieses Resultat bedingt.
454
+ - In genetics: what do we mean with <one>G4</one>? This refers to a <one>G-quadruplex secondary structure</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-quadruplex
455
+ - The <one>Aly protein</one>, at the least in humans, is also called ... ? <one>Aly</one>/<one>REF export factor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALYREF
456
+ - Das Phänomen <one>FTR</one> (<one>Functional Translational Readthrough</one>) führt dazu das mitunter manche Proteine mehr Aminosäuren als normal besitzen. Hat dies eine Funktion? Ja. Die <one>Laktat-Dehydrogenase-Untereinheit B</one> erhält in etwa 5% der Fälle 7 weitere Aminosäuren. Diese stellen eine Zielsignal für die Peroxisomen dar. Das entsprechende Protein wird dadurch in die Peroxisomen transportiert und dort verwendet.
457
+ - Was geschieht wenn <one>ionisierende Strahlung</one> auf DNA einschlägt, mit einem konkreten Beispiel? Freie Radikale, wie zum Beispiel <peru>.OH</peru> (<one>Hydroxylradikal</one>), werden gebildet.
458
+ - Was sind <one>alkylierende Agenzien</one>? Nenne ein Beispiel. A: Stoffe wie <one>Senfgas</one>, die Alkylgruppen wie <two>-CH₃</two> oder <two>-CH₂CH₃</two> abgeben können.
459
+ - In genetics: the abbreviation <one>SNRPN</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SNRPN
460
+ - Is the <one>lin-4 gene</one> important for <two>C. elegans</two>? Yes. It is essential for the normal temporal control of postembryonic development in the nematode C. elegans.
461
+ - In der Genetik: was ist mit einer <one>neutralen Mutation</one> gemeint? Dies ist dann der Fall wenn <one>ein Codon</one> in <two>ein synonymes Codon</two> umgewandelt wird.
462
+ - <one>SUV39H1</one> is an enzyme that can be found in humans, encoded by the SUV39H1 gene. It is <two>a methyltransferase</two> that will methylate what exactly? <one>Lysines</one> of Histones.
463
+ - Can a mouse without a <one>Dnmt1-gene</one> survive? Not really. If this gene is missing then this mouse <one>will die at the fetal stage</one>.
464
+ - Was ist das <one>int-1 Gen</one>? A: Ein Maus-Gen das durch die Integration eines Retrovirus aktiviert wird.
465
+ - Was genau sind <one>Retrotransposons</one>? Dies sind <one>DNA</one>-Sequenzelemente, die durch <two>reverse Transkription</two> von mRNA in cDNA entstanden sind.
466
+ - In genetics: <one>the wildtype of a trait</one> occurring in a natural population is typically also ... ? The <one>most common form of a trait</one>.
467
+ - If <one>Purvalanol A</one> enters the human body, what may happen? <two>Purvalanol A</two> is a <one>cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor</one>. URL: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB04751
468
+ - Give a specific example for <one>a pseudogene</one> in the <two>human genome</two>. A: The <one>PTEN gene</one> - better called the PTEN pseudogene - is a known <two>tumor suppressor gene</two>. This gene is very similar in its genetic sequence to the wild-type gene of PTEN (a known tumor-suppressor gene). However had, PTENP1 has a missense mutation which eliminates the codon for the initiating methionine and thus prevents translation of the normal PTEN protein.
469
+ - Give another name for <one>Geminin</one>, in genetics. A: <one>DNA replication inhibitor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminin
470
+ - Erkläre den Unterschied zwischen <one>Penetranz</one> und <one>Expressivität</one>. A: (1) <one>Penetranz</one> beschreibt, ob ein Merkmal sichtbar wird oder nicht. (2) <one>Expressivität</one> bestimmt das Maß, in dem ein Merkmal ausgeprägt wird.
471
+ - Was konnte das <one>U-Tube Experiment</one> von <two>Bernard Davis</two> zeigen und wie wurde es durchgeführt? Das <two>U-Tube Experiment</two> belegte, das ein <one>Zell-zu-Zell Kontakt</one> notwendig war, um genetisches Material zwischen zwei Bakterienstämmen auszutauschen. Eine physikalische Trennung mit Hilfe eines in der Mitte eines U-Rohr platzierten Filters verhinderte das Bakterien, Wasser und kleine Substanzen durchdringen konnten. Es wurde dann beobachtet, das sich die Bakterienstämme nicht änderten. Dies lieferte den Beweis, das <one>für den DNA-Austausch bei Bakterien räumliche Nähe vonnöten war</one>.
472
+ - <one>DnaA</one> ist <one>das Initiatorprotein in Bakterien</one>. Dessen <two>Domain IV</two> besitzt eine DNA-Bindedomäne. Nenne zwei <violet>Sequenzmotive</violet> die man in dieser Domäne finden kann. A: (1) eine <one>Alpha-Helix</one> (2) <one>Arg399</one>
473
+ - Was passiert wenn ein <one>Rec BCD-Protein</one> an eine Chi-Sequenz gelangt? <one>Rec D</one> geht verloren, Rec BC verliert dadurch seine <two>Endonuclease-Aktivität</two>, wirkt aber weiterhin als DNA-Helikase und entwindet bis zu 1000 weitere bp.
474
+ - What does the term <one>expressivity</one> mean in genetics? Also provide <two>a specific example</two> to explain this term. A: Expressivity means that a trait is <one>not manifested uniformly</one> among the individuals that show it. The <royalblue>Lobe eye mutation</royalblue> in <two>Drosophila</two> is an example for it.
475
+ - In der Genetik: was können wir dank des <one>LOD Score</one> erreichen? Diese <royalblue>statistische Methode</royalblue> kann uns helfen, um aus einem Datensatz zu schließen, ob zwei Loci miteinander verknüpft sind. Positive LOD Werte deuten auf einen <one>gekoppelten Locus</one> hin, negative LOD Werte hingegen gehen von keiner Kopplung aus. Ein LOD Wert von <one>3.0 oder mehr</one> wird als Beweis für Kopplung angesehen; bei einem Wert <one>geringer als -2.0</one> gibt es keine Kopplung. (Kurzfassung: <two>+3 bei Kopplung, -2 keine Kopplung</two>).
476
+ - <one>Welche Substanz</one> wird jeweils durch das <two>Ia</two> beziehungsweise das <two>Ib Allel</two> an die <three>H-Substanz</three> angeheftet? A: (1) <one>IA</one>: <two>N-Acetylglucosamin</two> (2) <one>IB</one>: <two>Galactose</two>
477
+ - Das Gen <one>traA</one> kodiert für ...? Für Proteine des <one>Sexpilus-Pilins</one>.
478
+ - Was mag mit dem Begriff <one>Hotspot Mutation</one> gemeint sein? Dies sind <two>Mutationen</two>, die die <one>Kinase Aktivität</one> erhöhen.
479
+ - What is a <one>cosmid</one>? A <three>cosmid</three> is a type of <two>hybrid plasmid</two> that contains a <one>Lambda-phage cos sequence</one>.
480
+ - <one>Polycomp group proteins</one> perpetuate a ... ? a <one>state of repression through cell division</one>.
481
+ - Warum treten <one>Bakterien</one> in die <two>stationäre Phase</two> ein? Weil die <one>Nährstoffversorgung</one> geringer wird.
482
+ - Nenne ein menschliches Gen, das etwas mit <one>Pigmentierungen der Haut</one> zu tun hat. A: Das Gen <one>OCA2</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/OCA2
483
+ - Welchen Vorteil hat <one>recombineering</one> gegenüber <two>konventioneller Gentechnik</two>? Man kann damit auch <one>sehr grosse DNA-Moleküle handhaben</one>, da es auf <two>homologen Sequenzen</two> basiert.
484
+ - How can the term <one>locus</one> be defined? A <one>locus</one> is <two>a gene's physical location on a chromosome</two>.
485
+ - What is a <one>forward mutation</one>? A <one>forward mutation</one> is a mutation of a <two>wild-type allele</two> to a <two>mutant allele</two>.
486
+ - Die zwei wichtigsten Formen einer Mutation in der Genetik sind ... ? (1) eine <one>chromosomale Mutation</one> (2) eine <one>Punktmutation</one>
487
+ - Name five characteristics studied by <one>Gregor Mendel</one>. A: (1) <one>pod colour</one> (2) <one>pod shape</one> (3) <one>seed colour</one> (4) <one>seed shape</one> (5) <one>stem length</one>
488
+ - What is meant with the term <one>dominant negative</one>? This essentially means <one>a loss of function</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_%28genetics%29#Dominant-negative_mutations
489
+ - Nenne vier Elemente des <one>Centromers</one> (<three>von innen nach aussen</three>). A: (1) <one>innere Platte</one> (2) <one>mittlere Platte</one> (3) <one>äussere Platte</one> (4) <one>Corona</one>
490
+ - Give another name for the word <one>transposon</one>. A: <one>Transposable element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element
491
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>functional epistasis</one>? These are the <one>molecular interactions</one> that <two>proteins</two> have with one another. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis_and_functional_genomics
492
+ - Welche Substanz verwendete <one>Francis Crick</one> um Mutationen einzuführen? Den <two>Acridinfarbstoff</two> <one>Proflavin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proflavin
493
+ - Was ist die sogenannte <one>A-Rule</one> in der Genetik? Bei <royalblue>Mutationen</royalblue>, bei denen es zu einem <one>Verlust von Basenpaaren</one> kommt, werden bevorzugt <one>Adenine</one> eingebaut. Daher der Name <two>A-Rule</two> - zumindest beim <one>replicative bypass of lesions in DNA</one>-Reparaturweg. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2029269
494
+ - Die <one>DNA-Bindungsdomäne der nucleären Hormonrezeptoren</one> ist ... ? Ein <one>Zinkfingermotiv</one>.
495
+ - Was genau bezeichnet der Begriff <one>Autogamie</one>? <one>Selbstbefruchtung</one> - eine Form der <two>sexuellen Fortpflanzung</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogamie
496
+ - Name a famous theory established by <one>Thomas Morgan</one>. A: <one>The chromosomal theory of heredity</one>. URL: http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php
497
+ - Does a <one>minimal medium</one> contain nutrients? Yes. It contains <one>the (minimal) nutrients that are essential for growth of the organism</one>.
498
+ - How do we call <one>the catalytic subunit of the telomerase</one>? <one>hTERT</one>: <two>human Telomerase reverse transcriptase</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase
499
+ - In what year was the <one>genetic code</one> deciphered? In the year <one>1966</one>. URL: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/geneticcode.html#poly-u-experiment
500
+ - What is the natural function of the enzyme <one>DNA ligase</one>? The <two>DNA ligase</two> <one>repairs broken phosphodiester bonds</one>.
501
+ - In der Genetik: den <one>Exkonjugant</one> findet man bei welchem Vorgang genau? Bei der <two>Rekombination</two> - und zwar während der <one>Konjugation</one>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/konjugation/36846
502
+ - What is the main task of <one>Geminin</one>? <one>Geminin prevents MCM from binding to DNA</one> and reinitiate replication at that origin.
503
+ - Name a <one>human gene</one> that has <three>overlapping exons</three>. A: The gene <royalblue>TOE1</royalblue> has <one>overlapping exons</one> with the gene <royalblue>MUTYH</royalblue>, at the <one>5' end</one>. (Mnemonic: <three>die erste, mutige Zehe</three>) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOE1
504
+ - Why does the <one>Telomerase</one> require a <three>RNA component</three> (<two>TERC</two>)? Because this RNA is used as a <one>template for telomeric DNA synthesis</one>.
505
+ - What is meant with the term <one>genetic admixture</one>? When <one>individuals</one> from two (or more) <two>previously separated populations</two> begin to <three>interbreed</three>.
506
+ - Was bewirkt der maternale Faktor <one>Dextral-Protein</one> bei Weinschnecken? Das <three>Dextral-Protein</three> bestimmt die <one>Schlagrichtung von Cilien in der Morphogenese</one>. Das Dextral-Protein bestimmt so indirekt die <two>rechtsgängige Drehrichtung des Gehäuses</two>, indem die Wachstumsfaktoren gerichtet gespült werden.
507
+ - In der DNA: das wichtigste <one>Phosphodiester bond</one> kann wo genau gefunden werden? A: Zwischen <one>C3'</one> und <one>C5'</one>.
508
+ - Bezeichnung für die Erscheinungsform des <one>lagging strands</one> im <two>Trombone Modell</two>? A: Der <peru>lagging strand</peru> hat eine charakteristische Struktur, die via <one>looping</one> entsteht. URL: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-trombone-model-of-DNA-replication
509
+ - Welche <one>Gefahr</one> bringt der <two>genetische Drift</two> in Populationen mit sich? Der <one>Verlust der genetischen Variation</one> - <two>vor allem bei kleinen Populationsgrößen</two>.
510
+ - Distinguish between the two terms <one>constitutive heterochromatin</one> and <one>facultative heterochromatin</one>. A: (1) <one>constitutive heterochromatin</one> is chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that are invariably heterochromatic; it contains highly repetitive sequences of DNA that are <two>genetically inactive</two>. (2) <one>facultative heterochromatin</one> is chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that become heterochromatic in certain cells and tissues; for example, the inactive X chromosome in female somatic cells.
511
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel wie eine <one>intragenische Mutation</one> entstehen kann. A: Zum Beispiel aufgrund einer <one>Punktmutation</one>.