studium 0.13.1

Sign up to get free protection for your applications and to get access to all the features.

Potentially problematic release.


This version of studium might be problematic. Click here for more details.

Files changed (871) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +2785 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  38. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  39. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  40. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  41. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  42. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  43. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  44. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  45. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  46. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  47. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  48. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
  49. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  50. data/doc/README.gen +2742 -0
  51. data/doc/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  52. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  53. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  54. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  55. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +112 -0
  56. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_THE_GRAPHICAL_PARTS_OF_THE_STUDIUM_GEM_INCLUDING_WWW_RELATED_ASPECTS.md +35 -0
  57. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  58. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +2710 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +543 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +11 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +110 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +90 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +189 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +163 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +115 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +549 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +46 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +932 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +903 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +14 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2142 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +217 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +25 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +210 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +324 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +163 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +11 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +264 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +163 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +64 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +38 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +196 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +614 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +191 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +108 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +86 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +781 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +214 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +27 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +504 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +43 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +85 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +218 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +114 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +63 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +71 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +52 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +75 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +946 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +438 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +132 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +290 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +311 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +116 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +764 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +60 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +81 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +240 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1002 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1001 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +126 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +382 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +78 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +22 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +503 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +153 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +137 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +106 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +89 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +373 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +442 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +155 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +995 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +87 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +80 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +492 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics +5 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +280 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +28 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +42 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +551 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytokines +5 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +106 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +35 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +56 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +314 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +211 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +354 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +89 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +41 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +547 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +345 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +179 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +138 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +328 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +71 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +511 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +211 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +79 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +176 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +244 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +901 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +8 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +621 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +47 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +93 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +59 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +25 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +109 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +100 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +134 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +191 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +241 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +982 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +97 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +22 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +57 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +502 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +12 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +5 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +208 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +94 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/macroeconomics +40 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mathematics +254 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizin_und_biomedizinische_technik +250 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizinische_chemie_und_pharmazie +398 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/messtechnik_und_regeltechnik +104 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/metabolismus +406 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microbial_ecology +35 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microcontrollers +11 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_lebensgemeinschaften +33 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_physiologie +172 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mitochondria +32 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mixed +278 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molecular_biology_of_plants +242 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molekulare_medizin +131 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nanotechnologie +453 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nature_conservation_and_biodiversity +166 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/naturstoffe +9 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/netzwerke +32 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/neurobiology +267 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nucleotide_sequencing +32 -0
  298. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nutztierethologie +11 -0
  299. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/object_oriented_modeling +14 -0
  300. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/obstbau +234 -0
  301. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/organische_chemie +1007 -0
  302. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/organische_chemie_2 +118 -0
  303. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/paleobiology +35 -0
  304. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/parasitic_diseases_and_molecular_infection_biology +335 -0
  305. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/patent_law +55 -0
  306. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/pathologie +717 -0
  307. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/pcr +144 -0
  308. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/pentosephosphatweg +41 -0
  309. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/peroxisomes_glycosomes_and_lysosomes +54 -0
  310. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/pflanzenanatomie +255 -0
  311. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/pflanzenbau +24 -0
  312. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/pflanzenschutz +35 -0
  313. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/pflanzenwissenschaften +1009 -0
  314. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/pharmaceutical_biotechnology +250 -0
  315. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/physik +433 -1
  316. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/physikalische_chemie +86 -0
  317. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/physiology_and_histology +506 -0
  318. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/phytochemie +33 -0
  319. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/plant_biotechnology +128 -0
  320. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/plant_breeding +64 -0
  321. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/plant_development +50 -0
  322. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/populationsgenetik +136 -0
  323. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/posttranslationale_modifikation_von_proteinen +191 -0
  324. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/projektmanagement +219 -0
  325. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/prokaryote_genetics +531 -0
  326. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/protein_engineering +8 -0
  327. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/proteolyse +33 -0
  328. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/proteomik +40 -0
  329. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/prozesstechnik +95 -0
  330. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/psychologie +13 -0
  331. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/python +353 -0
  332. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/quality_management +256 -0
  333. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/rechtsgrundlagen +115 -0
  334. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/research_topics_in_immunobiology +42 -0
  335. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/rna_and_dna +395 -0
  336. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/rna_seq +11 -0
  337. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ruby +146 -0
  338. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ruby_on_rails +63 -0
  339. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/scientific_writing_and_publishing +38 -0
  340. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/semisynthese_von_proteinen_und_nukleotiden +120 -0
  341. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/sexualbiologie +62 -0
  342. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/signal_transduction_and_laser_systems +167 -0
  343. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/splicing_exons_and_introns +63 -0
  344. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/statistik +233 -0
  345. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/stemcells +158 -0
  346. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/stickstofffixierung +75 -0
  347. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/structural_bioinformatics +54 -0
  348. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/strukturbiologie +380 -0
  349. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/system_biology_and_synthetic_biology +101 -0
  350. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/systematische_zoologie +433 -0
  351. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/technical_ecology +144 -0
  352. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/technische_chemie +202 -0
  353. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/technische_grundlagen_der_informatik +26 -0
  354. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/technische_mikrobiologie +393 -0
  355. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/technisches_zeichnen +5 -0
  356. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_bacterial_cell_wall +97 -0
  357. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_c_plus_plus_programming_language +489 -0
  358. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_c_programming_language +129 -0
  359. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_cellcycle +81 -0
  360. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_european_union +119 -0
  361. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_interferon_system +38 -0
  362. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_microbiome +163 -0
  363. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/the_universe +12 -0
  364. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/theoretische_chemie +5 -0
  365. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/theoretische_informatik +157 -0
  366. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/tierzucht +94 -0
  367. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/toxikologie +408 -0
  368. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/transcription +82 -0
  369. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/translation_ribosomes_and_translational_control +142 -0
  370. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/umweltbiotechnologie +63 -0
  371. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/umweltchemie +233 -0
  372. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/urbanism_and_traffic +19 -0
  373. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/urea_cycle +55 -0
  374. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/vaccines_and_vaccination +242 -0
  375. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/vectors_and_gene_therapy +240 -0
  376. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/verfahrenstechnik +32 -0
  377. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/veterinary_medicine +10 -0
  378. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/vitamine +24 -0
  379. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/wasserkunde +137 -0
  380. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/weinbau +59 -0
  381. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/wissenschaft +18 -0
  382. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/yeast +102 -0
  383. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/zoologie +330 -0
  384. data/lib/studium/exams/afterburn/afterburn.rb +257 -0
  385. data/lib/studium/exams/ask_exam_from_the_upcoming_exams_pool.rb +150 -0
  386. data/lib/studium/exams/ask_exam_topic_question.rb +112 -0
  387. data/lib/studium/exams/ask_question_from_alias.rb +141 -0
  388. data/lib/studium/exams/ask_question_from_any_of_the_still_missing_lectures.rb +131 -0
  389. data/lib/studium/exams/ask_question_from_grouped_themes.rb +141 -0
  390. data/lib/studium/exams/ask_question_from_last_topic.rb +91 -0
  391. data/lib/studium/exams/ask_random_question.rb +195 -0
  392. data/lib/studium/exams/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  393. data/lib/studium/exams/csv/create_csv_passed_exams_file.rb +217 -0
  394. data/lib/studium/exams/cycle.rb +291 -0
  395. data/lib/studium/exams/dataset.rb +123 -0
  396. data/lib/studium/exams/designate_ten_random_exam_topics/designate_ten_random_exam_topics.rb +88 -0
  397. data/lib/studium/exams/exam/exam.rb +130 -0
  398. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_question/README.md +3 -0
  399. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_question/answer.rb +177 -0
  400. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_question/constants.rb +111 -0
  401. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_question/exam_question.rb +1135 -0
  402. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_question/menu.rb +333 -0
  403. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_question/misc.rb +895 -0
  404. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_question/question.rb +91 -0
  405. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_question/reset.rb +96 -0
  406. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_registration_at/constants.rb +49 -0
  407. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_registration_at/exam_registration_at.rb +242 -0
  408. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_registration_at/help.rb +46 -0
  409. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_registration_at/menu.rb +81 -0
  410. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_registration_at/report_and_show.rb +133 -0
  411. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_registration_at/reset.rb +54 -0
  412. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_statistics_from_this_file/exam_statistics_from_this_file.rb +119 -0
  413. data/lib/studium/exams/exam_topics.rb +194 -0
  414. data/lib/studium/exams/exams.rb +20 -0
  415. data/lib/studium/exams/exams_per_month/exams_per_month.rb +2438 -0
  416. data/lib/studium/exams/exams_this_week.rb +182 -0
  417. data/lib/studium/exams/fix_exam_dates.rb +121 -0
  418. data/lib/studium/exams/frozen.rb +36 -0
  419. data/lib/studium/exams/last_exams/last_exams.rb +398 -0
  420. data/lib/studium/exams/lectures_without_exam_entry.rb +137 -0
  421. data/lib/studium/exams/mandatory_continuous_assessment/mandatory_continuous_assessment.rb +1956 -0
  422. data/lib/studium/exams/move_the_last_exam_question_to_the_top_of_the_file/move_the_last_exam_question_to_the_top_of_the_file.rb +111 -0
  423. data/lib/studium/exams/n_exams_in_these_topics.rb +404 -0
  424. data/lib/studium/exams/next_exam.rb +107 -0
  425. data/lib/studium/exams/next_exams.rb +378 -0
  426. data/lib/studium/exams/open_exam_associated_url.rb +154 -0
  427. data/lib/studium/exams/open_last_exam_question_asked_file/constants.rb +15 -0
  428. data/lib/studium/exams/open_last_exam_question_asked_file/initialize.rb +29 -0
  429. data/lib/studium/exams/open_last_exam_question_asked_file/open_last_exam_question_asked_file.rb +109 -0
  430. data/lib/studium/exams/pr/303/274fung.rb +289 -0
  431. data/lib/studium/exams/push_solved_questions_on_top.rb +180 -0
  432. data/lib/studium/exams/questions_solved_from_day_to_day/questions_solved_from_day_to_day.rb +377 -0
  433. data/lib/studium/exams/remote_ftp_url.rb +52 -0
  434. data/lib/studium/exams/repeat_last_question.rb +78 -0
  435. data/lib/studium/exams/show_all_passed_exams_of_this_university.rb +252 -0
  436. data/lib/studium/exams/show_backlog_of_exams.rb +117 -0
  437. data/lib/studium/exams/show_next_exams_for.rb +133 -0
  438. data/lib/studium/exams/show_themes/constants.rb +28 -0
  439. data/lib/studium/exams/show_themes/menu.rb +61 -0
  440. data/lib/studium/exams/show_themes/misc.rb +537 -0
  441. data/lib/studium/exams/show_themes/reset.rb +62 -0
  442. data/lib/studium/exams/show_themes/show_themes.rb +27 -0
  443. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/consider_autogenerating_exam_aliases.rb +181 -0
  444. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/constants.rb +82 -0
  445. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/help.rb +33 -0
  446. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/initialize.rb +77 -0
  447. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/menu.rb +60 -0
  448. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/report.rb +200 -0
  449. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/reset.rb +45 -0
  450. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/run.rb +20 -0
  451. data/lib/studium/exams/show_upcoming_exams/show_upcoming_exams.rb +544 -0
  452. data/lib/studium/exams/solve_all_questions_from_this_topic.rb +114 -0
  453. data/lib/studium/exams/solved/constants.rb +32 -0
  454. data/lib/studium/exams/solved/help.rb +24 -0
  455. data/lib/studium/exams/solved/initialize.rb +55 -0
  456. data/lib/studium/exams/solved/menu.rb +41 -0
  457. data/lib/studium/exams/solved/reset.rb +28 -0
  458. data/lib/studium/exams/solved/solved.rb +313 -0
  459. data/lib/studium/exams/unsolve_all_questions_from_this_topic.rb +162 -0
  460. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams/constants.rb +15 -0
  461. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams/help.rb +41 -0
  462. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams/initialize.rb +27 -0
  463. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams/menu.rb +79 -0
  464. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams/misc.rb +415 -0
  465. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams/reset.rb +34 -0
  466. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams/run.rb +26 -0
  467. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams/upcoming_exams.rb +32 -0
  468. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams_at_the_boku/constants.rb +23 -0
  469. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams_at_the_boku/html.rb +64 -0
  470. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams_at_the_boku/upcoming_exams_at_the_boku.rb +194 -0
  471. data/lib/studium/exams/upcoming_exams_dataset.rb +247 -0
  472. data/lib/studium/exams/upload_exam_topics.rb +360 -0
  473. data/lib/studium/graphviz/README.md +4 -0
  474. data/lib/studium/graphviz/bachelor_vector_based_strategies.dot +160 -0
  475. data/lib/studium/graphviz/master_vector_based_strategies.dot +46 -0
  476. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/README.md +1 -0
  477. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/ask_exam_question/ask_exam_question.config +6 -0
  478. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/ask_exam_question/ask_exam_question.rb +760 -0
  479. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/ask_exam_question/manifest.yml +12 -0
  480. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/control_panel/control_panel.rb +39 -0
  481. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/curriculum_viewer/curriculum_viewer.rb +510 -0
  482. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/ects_per_university/ects_per_university.rb +217 -0
  483. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/exam_question_widget/exam_question_widget.rb +1887 -0
  484. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/expand_time_range/expand_time_range.rb +34 -0
  485. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/information_about_a_lecture/information_about_a_lecture.rb +34 -0
  486. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/lecture_information/lecture_information.rb +200 -0
  487. data/lib/studium/gui/gtk3/show_upcoming_exams/show_upcoming_exams.rb +34 -0
  488. data/lib/studium/gui/java/exam_question/ExamQuestion$1.class +0 -0
  489. data/lib/studium/gui/java/exam_question/ExamQuestion.class +0 -0
  490. data/lib/studium/gui/java/exam_question/ExamQuestion.java +215 -0
  491. data/lib/studium/gui/javafx/exam_question_widget/exam_question_widget.rb +58 -0
  492. data/lib/studium/gui/jruby/exam_question_widget/exam_question_widget.rb +317 -0
  493. data/lib/studium/gui/libui/ask_exam_question/ask_exam_question.rb +349 -0
  494. data/lib/studium/gui/shared_code/control_panel/control_panel_module.rb +314 -0
  495. data/lib/studium/gui/shared_code/exam_question_widget/exam_question_widget_module.rb +39 -0
  496. data/lib/studium/gui/shared_code/expand_time_range/expand_time_range.css +0 -0
  497. data/lib/studium/gui/shared_code/expand_time_range/expand_time_range_module.rb +190 -0
  498. data/lib/studium/gui/shared_code/information_about_a_lecture/information_about_a_lecture_module.rb +180 -0
  499. data/lib/studium/gui/shared_code/show_upcoming_exams/show_upcoming_exams_module.rb +206 -0
  500. data/lib/studium/images/libui_ask_exam_question.png +0 -0
  501. data/lib/studium/images/small_logos/DNA.png +0 -0
  502. data/lib/studium/images/small_logos/README.md +2 -0
  503. data/lib/studium/images/studies_favicon.png +0 -0
  504. data/lib/studium/java/Mkdir.java +15 -0
  505. data/lib/studium/java/README.md +2 -0
  506. data/lib/studium/java/ask_exam_question/AskExamQuestion.java +477 -0
  507. data/lib/studium/java/solved/Solved.class +0 -0
  508. data/lib/studium/java/solved/Solved.java +110 -0
  509. data/lib/studium/java/utility_scripts/OpenLastExamQuestionurlLinkViaTheBrowser.class +0 -0
  510. data/lib/studium/java/utility_scripts/OpenLastExamQuestionurlLinkViaTheBrowser.java +80 -0
  511. data/lib/studium/logging/README.md +2 -0
  512. data/lib/studium/logging/ensure_that_the_log_directory_exists.rb +47 -0
  513. data/lib/studium/logging/html_log_directory.rb +41 -0
  514. data/lib/studium/logging/log_directory.rb +112 -0
  515. data/lib/studium/logging/store_last_question_asked_into_file.rb +137 -0
  516. data/lib/studium/parsers/README.md +2 -0
  517. data/lib/studium/parsers/custom_exam_results_parser.rb +206 -0
  518. data/lib/studium/parsers/parse_lva_dates.rb +190 -0
  519. data/lib/studium/parsers/parse_remote_lecture.rb +325 -0
  520. data/lib/studium/project/project.rb +76 -0
  521. data/lib/studium/requires/common_popular_requires.rb +37 -0
  522. data/lib/studium/requires/commonly_used_requires.rb +14 -0
  523. data/lib/studium/requires/require_class_exams_solved.rb +7 -0
  524. data/lib/studium/requires/require_ects_scripts.rb +27 -0
  525. data/lib/studium/requires/require_encoding.rb +7 -0
  526. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_check_and_sanitize_files.rb +31 -0
  527. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_curricula_files.rb +28 -0
  528. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_exam_question_class.rb +7 -0
  529. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_exams_files.rb +45 -0
  530. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_logging_files.rb +23 -0
  531. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_parsers.rb +28 -0
  532. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_studium_constants.rb +10 -0
  533. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_studium_project.rb +54 -0
  534. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_toplevel_methods.rb +27 -0
  535. data/lib/studium/requires/require_the_utility_scripts.rb +49 -0
  536. data/lib/studium/requires/require_upcoming_exams.rb +7 -0
  537. data/lib/studium/requires/require_yaml.rb +7 -0
  538. data/lib/studium/requires/return_remote_homepage_of_this_lecture.rb +7 -0
  539. data/lib/studium/requires/with_GUI.rb +13 -0
  540. data/lib/studium/requires/www_mode.rb +17 -0
  541. data/lib/studium/statistics/README.md +4 -0
  542. data/lib/studium/statistics/best_exam_months.rb +92 -0
  543. data/lib/studium/statistics/curriculum_comparer.rb +336 -0
  544. data/lib/studium/statistics/determine_exam_statistics_from_this_file.rb +142 -0
  545. data/lib/studium/statistics/exam_topics_that_are_about_to_be_completed.rb +119 -0
  546. data/lib/studium/statistics/max_stats.rb +170 -0
  547. data/lib/studium/statistics/new_questions_per_year.rb +147 -0
  548. data/lib/studium/statistics/report_how_many_ects_points_per_curriculum_were_completed.rb +167 -0
  549. data/lib/studium/statistics/report_how_many_exam_questions_were_answered.rb +473 -0
  550. data/lib/studium/statistics/show_exam_statistics.rb +60 -0
  551. data/lib/studium/statistics/show_which_courses_are_in_a_bachelor_or_master_curriculum_respectively.rb +104 -0
  552. data/lib/studium/statistics/top_stats.rb +127 -0
  553. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/all_passed_exams.rb +37 -0
  554. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/already_solved_this_lecture.rb +100 -0
  555. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/available_topics.rb +156 -0
  556. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/average_grade.rb +141 -0
  557. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/calculate_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_lectures_from_this_file.rb +55 -0
  558. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/copy_the_last_backup_of_file_lecture_information.rb +34 -0
  559. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/curriculum_related_code.rb +999 -0
  560. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/determine_local_directory_of_this_lecture.rb +72 -0
  561. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/does_this_course_require_mandatory_presence.rb +51 -0
  562. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/download.rb +163 -0
  563. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/e.rb +16 -0
  564. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/ects_from_lectures.rb +250 -0
  565. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/editor.rb +65 -0
  566. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/esystem.rb +22 -0
  567. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/filter_away_invalid_questions.rb +77 -0
  568. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/find_exam_topic_and_exam_title.rb +3442 -0
  569. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/handle_archive_of_the_exam_questions.rb +136 -0
  570. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/has_this_lecture_been_already_passed_but_the_id_was_changed_lateron.rb +42 -0
  571. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/has_this_module_been_completed.rb +206 -0
  572. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/install_the_project_on_the_given_hostsystem.rb +32 -0
  573. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/is_on_roebe.rb +26 -0
  574. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/is_this_exam_topic_included.rb +46 -0
  575. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/is_this_homepage_registered.rb +31 -0
  576. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/is_this_lecture_a_practical_course.rb +100 -0
  577. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/is_this_lecture_registered_in_upcoming_exams.rb +42 -0
  578. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/java.rb +32 -0
  579. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/lecture_information.rb +106 -0
  580. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/lva_numbers.rb +355 -0
  581. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/main_dataset.rb +73 -0
  582. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/methods_related_to_directories.rb +225 -0
  583. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/methods_related_to_files.rb +205 -0
  584. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/misc.rb +169 -0
  585. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/n_questions_available.rb +137 -0
  586. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/n_topics_available.rb +63 -0
  587. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/names_of_all_solved_exams.rb +71 -0
  588. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/note_down_the_start_time_and_how_many_exams_have_been_already_solved.rb +69 -0
  589. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/opnn.rb +25 -0
  590. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/passed_this_exam_on.rb +105 -0
  591. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/pristine.rb +69 -0
  592. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/read_delay_between_questions_from_file.rb +34 -0
  593. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/regexes.rb +90 -0
  594. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/registered_for_this_exam.rb +62 -0
  595. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/remove_comments.rb +26 -0
  596. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/remove_exam_topics_that_were_already_answered.rb +27 -0
  597. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/remove_tags.rb +32 -0
  598. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/report.rb +419 -0
  599. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_all_exams_on_this_day.rb +66 -0
  600. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_dataset_for_this_exam_topic.rb +41 -0
  601. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_div_timetable_of_upcoming_exams.rb +498 -0
  602. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_ects_from_this_lecture_stored_in_the_file_lecture_information.rb +194 -0
  603. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_hash_of_already_solved_lectures.rb +46 -0
  604. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_last_exam_question.rb +34 -0
  605. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_local_path_of_this_pwdstud.rb +60 -0
  606. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_lva_number_of_this_lecture.rb +72 -0
  607. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_n_percent_solved_from_this_topic.rb +90 -0
  608. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_n_questions_were_answered_for_this_topic.rb +60 -0
  609. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_proper_university_image.rb +86 -0
  610. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_question_answer_string_from_this_topic.rb +63 -0
  611. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_remote_homepage_of_this_lecture.rb +9400 -0
  612. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_remote_moodle_link_of_this_lecture.rb +1661 -0
  613. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_sanitized_dataset_from_the_file_lecture_information.rb +110 -0
  614. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/return_theme_of_the_next_upcoming_exam.rb +38 -0
  615. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/rinstall2.rb +34 -0
  616. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/rti_conflict.rb +35 -0
  617. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/runmode.rb +87 -0
  618. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/sanitized_dataset_from_file_passed_exams_per_month.rb +52 -0
  619. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/set_last_file_for_exam_questions.rb +64 -0
  620. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/set_this_cd_alias_to.rb +86 -0
  621. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/show_passed_exams_having_this_grade.rb +34 -0
  622. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/spacer.rb +18 -0
  623. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/time.rb +239 -0
  624. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/total_ects_points_passed.rb +72 -0
  625. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/try_to_guess_the_most_likely_lva_id.rb +57 -0
  626. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/try_to_return_the_expanded_name_of_this_lecture.rb +63 -0
  627. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/unfinished.rb +51 -0
  628. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/url.rb +100 -0
  629. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/verbose_truth.rb +36 -0
  630. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/when_was_this_lecture_passed.rb +54 -0
  631. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/word_wrap.rb +56 -0
  632. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/write_into_file_related_functionality.rb +189 -0
  633. data/lib/studium/toplevel_methods/yes_or_no_ja_oder_nein.rb +33 -0
  634. data/lib/studium/universities_in_austria/README.md +2 -0
  635. data/lib/studium/universities_in_austria/boku/README.md +4 -0
  636. data/lib/studium/universities_in_austria/boku/boku_/303/266ffnungszeiten.rb +28 -0
  637. data/lib/studium/universities_in_austria/boku/show_three_pillars_of_these_lectures.rb +110 -0
  638. data/lib/studium/universities_in_austria/boku/three_pillars.rb +237 -0
  639. data/lib/studium/universities_in_austria/tu_vienna/README.md +6 -0
  640. data/lib/studium/universities_in_austria/tu_vienna/tu_ferien.rb +42 -0
  641. data/lib/studium/universities_in_austria/tu_vienna/tu_/303/266ffnungszeiten.rb +34 -0
  642. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_boku_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +384 -0
  643. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +238 -0
  644. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/attribute_lectures_to_university/attribute_lectures_to_university.rb +375 -0
  645. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/audio_stats.rb +171 -0
  646. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/auto_stud/auto_stud.rb +252 -0
  647. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/auto_stud/constants.rb +18 -0
  648. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/auto_stud/initialize.rb +23 -0
  649. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/auto_stud/misc.rb +18 -0
  650. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/autopurge_this_lecture_date.rb +93 -0
  651. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/average_grade_of_this_curriculum.rb +101 -0
  652. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/calendar/README.md +2 -0
  653. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/calendar/calendar.rb +251 -0
  654. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/calendar/misc.rb +35 -0
  655. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/check_description_of_these_lectures.rb +221 -0
  656. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/create_database/create_database.rb +106 -0
  657. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/current_lectures_belonging_to_both_bachelor_and_master_curriculum.rb +113 -0
  658. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/currently_participating_in_these_lectures/currently_participating_in_these_lectures.rb +104 -0
  659. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/display_lecture_url.rb +160 -0
  660. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/expand_time_range/expand_time_range.rb +414 -0
  661. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/finished_exams_at_this_university.rb +94 -0
  662. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/foreign_language_percentage/constants.rb +23 -0
  663. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/foreign_language_percentage/foreign_language_percentage.rb +149 -0
  664. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/foreign_language_percentage/help.rb +31 -0
  665. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/foreign_language_percentage/initialize.rb +25 -0
  666. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/foreign_language_percentage/menu.rb +158 -0
  667. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/foreign_language_percentage/report.rb +62 -0
  668. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/foreign_language_percentage/reset.rb +50 -0
  669. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/foreign_language_percentage/run.rb +19 -0
  670. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/generate_spreadsheet/generate_spreadsheet.rb +354 -0
  671. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/generate_spreadsheet/misc.rb +144 -0
  672. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/holidays/holidays.rb +150 -0
  673. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/homepage_of_these_courses.rb +118 -0
  674. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/lecture_downloader.rb +107 -0
  675. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/lectures_attributed_to_universities.rb +336 -0
  676. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/lva_dates_of_the_important_courses.rb +111 -0
  677. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/lva_nummer.rb +431 -0
  678. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/mandatory_lectures_in_this_month/mandatory_lectures_in_this_month.rb +316 -0
  679. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/name_of_this_lva_id.rb +110 -0
  680. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/new_stud.rb +324 -0
  681. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/next_week.rb +103 -0
  682. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/open_last_exam_question_url_link_via_the_browser.rb +76 -0
  683. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/passed_ects_per_year/passed_ects_per_year.rb +177 -0
  684. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses.rb +181 -0
  685. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/pdf/README.md +2 -0
  686. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/pdf/create_pdf_file_for_this_exam_topic.rb +355 -0
  687. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/pdf/hexapdf_support.rb +50 -0
  688. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/preparatory_meetings/preparatory_meetings.rb +312 -0
  689. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/priority.rb +164 -0
  690. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/priority_points/priority_points.rb +263 -0
  691. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/publish_my_exams.rb +174 -0
  692. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/regexes/README.md +1 -0
  693. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/regexes/generate_regex.rb +300 -0
  694. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/regexes/generate_regexes_for_the_available_moodle_links.rb +55 -0
  695. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/regexes/generate_regexes_for_the_registered_lectures.rb +48 -0
  696. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/report_outdated_timetable_entries/report_outdated_timetable_entries.rb +142 -0
  697. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/report_total_amount_of_questions_and_answers_for.rb +116 -0
  698. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/report_whether_this_lecture_is_registered_in_the_file_lecture_information.rb +128 -0
  699. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/resolve_practical_courses_date_conflicts/individual_resolve_practical_courses_date_conflicts.rb +254 -0
  700. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/resolve_practical_courses_date_conflicts/resolve_practical_courses_date_conflicts.rb +265 -0
  701. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/scrape_remote_university_url.rb +138 -0
  702. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/semester_schedule_creator/semester_container.rb +144 -0
  703. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/semester_schedule_creator/semester_schedule_creator.rb +374 -0
  704. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/semesterplaner.rb +289 -0
  705. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/set_aliases_based_on_this_file.rb +95 -0
  706. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_all_passed_master_lectures.rb +119 -0
  707. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_conflicting_lva_lectures/show_conflicting_lva_lectures.rb +1238 -0
  708. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_descriptions_of_lectures_belonging_to_this_module/constants.rb +23 -0
  709. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_descriptions_of_lectures_belonging_to_this_module/menu.rb +63 -0
  710. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_descriptions_of_lectures_belonging_to_this_module/reset.rb +33 -0
  711. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_descriptions_of_lectures_belonging_to_this_module/run.rb +50 -0
  712. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_descriptions_of_lectures_belonging_to_this_module/show_descriptions_of_lectures_belonging_to_this_module.rb +145 -0
  713. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lecturers/show_lecturers.rb +147 -0
  714. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures/constants.rb +11 -0
  715. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures/help.rb +34 -0
  716. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures/initialize.rb +23 -0
  717. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures/menu.rb +127 -0
  718. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures/misc.rb +584 -0
  719. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures/reset.rb +89 -0
  720. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures/run.rb +27 -0
  721. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures/show_lectures.rb +48 -0
  722. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_fitting_to_this_language/show_lectures_fitting_to_this_language.rb +121 -0
  723. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_fitting_to_this_theme/show_lectures_fitting_to_this_theme.rb +105 -0
  724. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/constants.rb +17 -0
  725. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/determine.rb +673 -0
  726. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/help.rb +44 -0
  727. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/html.rb +605 -0
  728. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/initialize.rb +56 -0
  729. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/konsole.rb +32 -0
  730. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/menu.rb +472 -0
  731. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/misc.rb +837 -0
  732. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/reset.rb +121 -0
  733. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/run.rb +44 -0
  734. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/show.rb +106 -0
  735. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/show_lectures_on_the_commandline.rb +261 -0
  736. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_the_commandline/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  737. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lectures_on_this_day.rb +149 -0
  738. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_lva_dates_of_this_lecture.rb +169 -0
  739. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_mixed_bachelor_master_courses/show_mixed_bachelor_master_courses.rb +91 -0
  740. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_outdated_lva_dates/show_outdated_lva_dates.rb +210 -0
  741. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/show_solved_english_lectures/show_solved_english_lectures.rb +139 -0
  742. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/steop/README.md +4 -0
  743. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/steop/show_all_steop_lectures.rb +93 -0
  744. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/steop/steop_lectures_in_this_curriculum.rb +284 -0
  745. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/steop/steop_lva_dates.rb +119 -0
  746. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/studienkennzahl.rb +116 -0
  747. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/studium_skeleton/studium_skeleton.rb +227 -0
  748. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/stundenplan.rb +595 -0
  749. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/sync_studium_relevant_entries_one_level_downwards.rb +217 -0
  750. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/ufind/ufind.rb +98 -0
  751. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/upcoming_mandatory_presence_courses/constants.rb +26 -0
  752. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/upcoming_mandatory_presence_courses/run.rb +20 -0
  753. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/upcoming_mandatory_presence_courses/upcoming_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +181 -0
  754. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/week_parser/constants.rb +23 -0
  755. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/week_parser/help.rb +32 -0
  756. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/week_parser/menu.rb +59 -0
  757. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/week_parser/misc.rb +373 -0
  758. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/week_parser/reset.rb +65 -0
  759. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/week_parser/run.rb +18 -0
  760. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/week_parser/show.rb +236 -0
  761. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/week_parser/week_parser.rb +49 -0
  762. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/weekday_parser.rb +155 -0
  763. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/weekly_schedule.rb +198 -0
  764. data/lib/studium/utility_scripts/wochenplanung.rb +261 -0
  765. data/lib/studium/version/version.rb +46 -0
  766. data/lib/studium/www/curricula_displayer.cgi +197 -0
  767. data/lib/studium/www/curriculum_displayer.rb +162 -0
  768. data/lib/studium/www/exams.cgi +53 -0
  769. data/lib/studium/www/fast_ask_exam_question.cgi +155 -0
  770. data/lib/studium/www/sinatra/app.rb +231 -0
  771. data/lib/studium/www/sinatra/misc.rb +115 -0
  772. data/lib/studium/www/statistics/statistics.cgi +59 -0
  773. data/lib/studium/yaml/ad_hoc_trainer/README.md +2 -0
  774. data/lib/studium/yaml/ad_hoc_trainer/exam_topics.md +15 -0
  775. data/lib/studium/yaml/allowed_themes_for_exams.yml +344 -0
  776. data/lib/studium/yaml/array_allowed_entries_for_the_file_lecture_information.yml +70 -0
  777. data/lib/studium/yaml/available_exam_topics/available_exam_topics.yml +234 -0
  778. data/lib/studium/yaml/backlog_of_exams.yml +37 -0
  779. data/lib/studium/yaml/colours/custom_colours.yml +28 -0
  780. data/lib/studium/yaml/colours/use_colours.yml +1 -0
  781. data/lib/studium/yaml/current_exams.yml +19 -0
  782. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/README.md +9 -0
  783. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_agrarwissenschaften_033255.yml +142 -0
  784. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_biologie_basisblock_033630.yml +65 -0
  785. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_biologie_botanik_033630.yml +84 -0
  786. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_biologie_ecology_033630.yml +74 -0
  787. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_biologie_mikrobiologie_und_genetik_033630.yml +120 -0
  788. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_biologie_molekulare_biologie_033630.yml +104 -0
  789. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_biologie_zoologie_033630.yml +87 -0
  790. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_chemie_033662.yml +165 -0
  791. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_dummy_curriculum.yml +183 -0
  792. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_elektrotechnik_und_informationstechnik_033235.yml +13 -0
  793. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_forstwirtschaft_033225.yml +115 -0
  794. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_informatik_033521.yml +130 -0
  795. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_ktww_033231.yml +84 -0
  796. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_lmbt_033217.yml +118 -0
  797. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_medizinische_informatik_033533.yml +203 -0
  798. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_molekularbiologie_033665.yml +95 -0
  799. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_nutrition_science_033638.yml +119 -0
  800. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_pharmazie_033305.yml +170 -0
  801. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_technische_chemie_033290.yml +129 -0
  802. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_technische_informatik_033535.yml +23 -0
  803. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_ubrm_033227.yml +136 -0
  804. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_verfahrenstechnik_033273.yml +167 -0
  805. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor/bachelor_wirtschaftsinformatik_033526.yml +29 -0
  806. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/individual/bachelor_informatik_und_molekulare_biologie.yml +1161 -0
  807. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/individual/bachelor_vector_based_strategies_in_life_sciences_molecular_medicine_and_biotechnology.yml +1157 -0
  808. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/individual/master_bioinformatics_and_nanobiotechnology_in_molecular_medicine.yml +306 -0
  809. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/individual/master_vector_based_strategies_in_life_sciences_molecular_medicine_and_biotechnology.yml +741 -0
  810. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_bioinformatik_066875.yml +76 -0
  811. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_biologie_molekulare_mikrobiologie_mikrobielle_oekologie_und_immunbiologie_066830.yml +78 -0
  812. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_biologische_chemie_066863.yml +61 -0
  813. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_dummy_curriculum.yml +197 -0
  814. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_genetik_und_entwicklungsbiologie_066877.yml +89 -0
  815. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_lmbt_066418.yml +111 -0
  816. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_molekulare_biologie_066834.yml +142 -0
  817. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_pharmazie_066605.yml +170 -0
  818. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master/master_technische_chemie_066490.yml +123 -0
  819. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/outdated/master_bioinformatics_and_molecular_biotechnology_including_aspects_from_molecular_medicine.yml +438 -0
  820. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/outdated/master_food_science_and_plant_biotechnology.yml +31 -0
  821. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula.yml +538 -0
  822. data/lib/studium/yaml/daily_questions_solved.yml +1468 -0
  823. data/lib/studium/yaml/default_delay.yml +4 -0
  824. data/lib/studium/yaml/default_encoding.yml +1 -0
  825. data/lib/studium/yaml/directory_to_the_exam_topics.yml +0 -0
  826. data/lib/studium/yaml/editor.yml +1 -0
  827. data/lib/studium/yaml/file_for_exam_questions.yml +1 -0
  828. data/lib/studium/yaml/german/README.md +2 -0
  829. data/lib/studium/yaml/german/german_to_english_month_names.yml +16 -0
  830. data/lib/studium/yaml/grouped_themes.yml +192 -0
  831. data/lib/studium/yaml/holidays.yml +194 -0
  832. data/lib/studium/yaml/important_exams.yml +226 -0
  833. data/lib/studium/yaml/inscription_dates_of_universities.yml +60 -0
  834. data/lib/studium/yaml/lecture_aliases.yml +138 -0
  835. data/lib/studium/yaml/lecture_information/lecture_information.yml +55870 -0
  836. data/lib/studium/yaml/log_dir.yml +1 -0
  837. data/lib/studium/yaml/main_topic.yml +11 -0
  838. data/lib/studium/yaml/max_stats.yml +241 -0
  839. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/README.md +13 -0
  840. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/biochemistry.md +6 -0
  841. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/bioinformatics.md +6 -0
  842. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/biotechnology.md +9 -0
  843. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/chemistry.md +9 -0
  844. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/genetics.md +10 -0
  845. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/immunology.md +5 -0
  846. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/metabolic_pathways.md +12 -0
  847. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/molecular_biology.md +9 -0
  848. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/protein_engineering.md +10 -0
  849. data/lib/studium/yaml/meta_themes/statistics.md +2 -0
  850. data/lib/studium/yaml/mitbelegung/README.md +4 -0
  851. data/lib/studium/yaml/mitbelegung/mitbelegung.yml +23 -0
  852. data/lib/studium/yaml/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.yml +363 -0
  853. data/lib/studium/yaml/n_total_questions.yml +1 -0
  854. data/lib/studium/yaml/rename_konsole_tab.yml +1 -0
  855. data/lib/studium/yaml/show_topic.yml +1 -0
  856. data/lib/studium/yaml/statistics/max_stats.yml +239 -0
  857. data/lib/studium/yaml/statistics/statistics.yml +69 -0
  858. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/01_monday.yml +5 -0
  859. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/02_tuesday.yml +75 -0
  860. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/03_wednesday.yml +62 -0
  861. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/04_thursday.yml +14 -0
  862. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/05_friday.yml +31 -0
  863. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/06_saturday.yml +16 -0
  864. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/07_sunday.yml +0 -0
  865. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/README.md +13 -0
  866. data/lib/studium.rb +5 -0
  867. data/studium.gemspec +80 -0
  868. data/test/testing_studium.rb +244 -0
  869. data/test/testing_studium_base_class.rb +17 -0
  870. data/test/testing_time_component.rb +29 -0
  871. metadata +1078 -0
@@ -0,0 +1,1006 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === AMG - Allgemeine molekulare Genetik.
3
+ #
4
+ # Genetik Tag. Gen tag. Gentag. AMG Tag. AMG1 Tag. Amgtag.
5
+ # =========================================================================== #
6
+
7
+ - The beauty of <one>inserting transposons</one> ... ? Because their sequence is known, the <one>mutant gene</one> can be located - and subsequently sequenced.
8
+ - Nenne die <one>ungewöhnlichste Base in tRNA</one>. A: <one>Inosin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine []
9
+ - In der Genetik: <one>wer</one> erkennt die <three>ARS</three> (<one>autonomous replicating sequences</one>)? Die <one>ORCs</one> - <two>origin recognition complexes</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_recognition_complex []
10
+ - Nenne einen konkreten <one>SINE Vertreter</one>. A: <one>Alu</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu-Sequenz []
11
+ - Wann stellte <one>Francis Crick</one> das zentrale Dogma (<two>flow of genetic information</two>) auf? Im Jahre <one>1956</one>; 1970 wurde es dann in Nature erneut publiziert. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology []
12
+ - <three>RecBCD</three> unwinds DNA and leaves <one>3'-protruding ends</one>, coated with ... ? <one>RecA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA []
13
+ - Nenne einen grossen Unterschied zwischen den <one>Telomeren</one> und dem <one>Rest eines Chromosoms</one>. A: Ein Teil der Telomere wird in <one>ss-Form</one> gehalten. []
14
+ - <one>Functional knockouts</one> inside of a cell can be achieved by ... ? <one>RNAi</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference []
15
+ - <one>Geminin</one> is active during which stage of the cell cycle? During <one>G2</one>. (Mnemonic: <two>Geminin</two> ... <three>G</three> ... must be in one of the G steps)
16
+ - Was heißt jeweils <one>Su(var)</one> und <one>E(var)</one>? (1) <one>Su(var)</one>: <two>Suppressor of variegation</two> (2) <one>E(var)</one>: <two>Enhancer of variegation</two> []
17
+ - Which was <one>the first inherited human disease</one> that was understood at the molecular level? The <one>sickle-cell anemia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease []
18
+ - <one>Wo</one> findet man allgemein eine <two>TATA Box</two> im menschlichen Genom? Etwa <two>25 bp upstream</two> der <three>transcription start site</three> (<one>TSS</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box#Overview []
19
+ - What does the abbreviation <one>ASO</one> stand for in the term called <three>ASO technologies</three>? <one>Antisense oligonucleotides</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligonucleotide#Antisense_oligonucleotides []
20
+ - Wie können wir vermuten das <one>Transposons</one> aktiv sind? Durch <one>ungewöhnlich hohe Mutationsraten bestimmter Gene</one>. []
21
+ - Name one general, observable effect of <one>polyploidy</one>? The <one>cell size is increased</one>. []
22
+ - <one>Welche zwei Forscher</one> <two>entzifferten den genetischen Code</two>? <one>Nirenberg & Matthaei</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg#Research []
23
+ - We can put a gene under <three>TextR control</three>. What <one>advantage</one> do we have with that? We can induce this gene via <one>Doxycyclin</one>, which is a <two>Tetracyclin analog</two>. []
24
+ - Das <one>menschliche Genom</one> hat <two>n Gene</two> durch <three>horizontalen Gentransfer</three> erhalten? Etwa <one>220</one>. []
25
+ - <one>How</one> can <two>acentric chromosomes</two> arise? When <one>centromeric regions</one> are <two>deleted</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentric_fragment []
26
+ - The <one>Alu-element</one> is derived from ...? The <one>7 SL RNA gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle_RNA []
27
+ - Jedes <one>funktionelle Hämoglobinmolekül</one> besteht aus ...? Je <one>2 Alpha-Globin</one> und <one>2 Beta-Globin</one> Molekülen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4moglobin []
28
+ - In genetics: what do we mean when we use the term <one>Epistasis</one>? Give an example for this in humans. A: This means that the effect of one gene depends on the presence of one or more <two>modifier genes</two>. For example, <one>the gene for baldness</one> is epistatic to those for <one>blond hair</one> or <three>red hair</three>.
29
+ - The human <one>MDR1 gene</one>: MDR is an abbreviation for ... and this gene codes for ... ? <two>MDR</two> stands for <peru>Multi-Drug Resistance</peru>. It is a <one>drug efflux pump</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance []
30
+ - <one>Was genau</one> entsteht wenn die Substanz <two>EMS</two> auf <three>Guanin</three> appliziert wird? <one>6-Ethylguanin</one>, das mit <two>Thymin</two> eine Basenpaarung eingehen kann (<three>EMS + Guanin → 6-Ethylguanin</three>).
31
+ - <one>Humans</one> have how many repeats of the <two>TTAGGG sequence</two> in their <three>telomeres</three>? <one>10-10kb</one>. []
32
+ - <one>Sodium Bisulfit</one> konvertiert was genau? <one>Nicht-methyliertes Cytosin</one>. Anders formuliert: <two>methyliertes Cytosin ist gegenüber Sodium Bisulfit geschützt</two>. []
33
+ - In a <one>higher animal's genome</one>: <two>how many of the proteins encoded are membrane proteins</two>? About <one>30%</one>. []
34
+ - <one>Transposition</one>: Anderes Wort für <two>conservative Pathway</two>? <one>Cut and Paste Pathway</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_transposition []
35
+ - Give another term for <one>the generation of genetic variation</one>. A: <one>Somatic hypermutation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation []
36
+ - Auf genetischer Ebene, <one>was fehlt</one> den <two>Ameisen</two>? Ein <one>Geschlechtschromosom</one>. []
37
+ - What is meant with the term <one>down mutation</one> in genetics? This is <two>a mutation</two> that <one>slows down the rate of transcription</one>. []
38
+ - <three>Imprinted genes</three> in <one>mammals</one> <two>show what interesting phenomenon in genomics</two>? They are mostly <one>clustered</one> - about <two>85%</two> of them are at least. []
39
+ - Nenne einen wichtigen Unterschied zwischen <one>prä-mRNA</one> und <one>mRNA</one>. A: Die <one>prä-mRNA</one> hat noch <two>Introns</two>; die reife <one>mRNA</one> hat <two>keine Introns</two> mehr. []
40
+ - Was enthält der <one>tRNA D-Arm</one>? <one>Dihydrouridin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrouridine []
41
+ - Give <one>two different examples</one> where we might see <two>rolling-circle replication</two>. A: (1) in <one>some viruses</one> (2) the <one>fertility factor</one> (F-plasmid) of <two>E. coli</two> []
42
+ - What can we conclude about <one>nonsense mutations</one> and their <two>severity</two>? The closer a nonsense mutation lies to the <two>3' end</two> of an <one>ORF</one>, the more plausible it is that the resulting protein <two>possesses some biological activity</two>.
43
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>Chaperonin</one>. A: <one>Hsp60</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSP60 []
44
+ - Gibt es eine Korrelation zwischen Genen und <one>seltenen Codons</one> und ihrer <three>Wichtigkeit</three> für die Zelle? Ja. Gene <one>deren Proteine häufig benötigt werden</one> besitzen nur <two>wenige seltene Codons</two>. []
45
+ - What is the typical, ultimate goal in <one>gene knockout</one>? To <one>determine the function of the given gene</one>.
46
+ - Nenne <one>die vier wichtigsten Arme</one> einer <two>tRNA</two>. A: (1) <one>Akzeptorarm</one> (2) <one>Anticodonarm</one> (3) <one>D-Arm</one> (4) <one>T-Arm</one>
47
+ - Wie lange sind <one>Okazaki Fragmente</one>? (1) <one>100-200</one> in <one>Eukarya</one> (2) <one>1000-2000</one> in <one>Prokarya</one> []
48
+ - In der Genetik: was ist das Phänomen der <one>Induktion</one>? <one>Induktion</one> ist der Prozess, bei dem <two>ein Signal die Expression eines Gens initiiert</two>. []
49
+ - Was gilt als <one>Beginn</one> des <two>F-Plasmids</two>? Das <one>linke Ende</one> des <two>IS3-Elements</two>. []
50
+ - In welchem mutierten Gen mag man gegen <one>HIV</one> immun werden? <one>C-C chemokine receptor type 5</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCR5 []
51
+ - What prevents <one>Rec8 cleavage</one> by <two>separase</two> at the centromeres? The <one>Sgo1</one> (<one>Shugoshin</one>) <one>protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugoshin_N_terminal_protein_domain []
52
+ - Wie geht <one>die Consensussequenz</one> bei der <two>CAAT-Box</two>? <one>GGN|CAA|TCT</one>. Also <two>9 Nukleotide</two> in Summe. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAAT_box []
53
+ - Wie heißen die Enzyme die die Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen den Basen einer dsDNA trennen können? <one>Helikasen</one>.
54
+ - <one>Wieso</one> haben <two>Alkaptonurie-Patienten</two> oft dunkle Ohren? Die <one>schwarzen Oxidationsprodukte</one> neigen dazu, sich in <two>knorpeligen Körperregionen</two> anzuhäufen.
55
+ - What is <one>the fundamental dogma of molecular biology</one>? <one>DNA</one> gives rise to <one>(m)RNA</one> which, in turn, gives rise to <one>protein</one> (<two>DNA → mRNA → protein</two>). []
56
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entwickelte die <two>Kleeblattstruktur der tRNA</two>? <one>Robert Holley</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley []
57
+ - Give an example for a <one>zinc finger protein</one> in <two>eukaryotic cells</two>. A: The <one>SP1 transcription factor</one>, which will <two>bind to DNA and enhances gene transcription</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor []
58
+ - <one>Welche zwei wichtige zelluläre Rollen</one> besitzt <two>RecA</two>? A: (1) <one>RecA</one> spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der <two>homologen (allgemeinen) Rekombination</two>. (2) <one>RecA</one> induziert weiters den <two>SOS Repair Pathway</two>. []
59
+ - Anderes, sehr schönes Wort für die <one>DNA</one>? <one>Helix des Lebens</one>. []
60
+ - Nenne <one>drei verschiedene Strategien</one> zur Erhaltung von <two>genetischen Ressourcen</two>. A: (1) <one>in-situ</one> (2) <one>ex-situ</one> (3) <one>on-farm</one> []
61
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde die <two>Chromosomentheorie</two> aufgestellt? Im Jahre <one>1902</one>, von <two>Boveri und Sutton</two>. []
62
+ - <one>Wie lange</one> sind <two>guide RNAs</two> (von bis)? <one>40-80 Nukleotide</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_RNA []
63
+ - Die <one>Merozygote</one> besteht aus? (1) <one>Endogenote</one> (2) <one>Exogenote</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merozygote []
64
+ - Was sind <one>fixierte Mutationen</one>? Dies sind <one>Mutationen, die weitervererbt werden</one>. []
65
+ - In humans: the <one>terminal transferase</one> is <two>encoded by which gene</two>? The <one>DNTT gene</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P04053 []
66
+ - <one>Luciferase</one> light emission happens at ... nm? <one>562 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase []
67
+ - When there is <one>a pyrimidine</one> in the <lightseagreen>second position of a codon</lightseagreen>, what may we infer what type of amino acid may be specified here? A <one>hydrophobic amino acid</one>. []
68
+ - What is <one>the genetic cause</one> for the occurance of the <two>Burkitt Lymphoma</two>? <one>A chromosomal rearrangement</one> that results in the c-myc gene being placed next to an enhancer of an immunoglobulin gene.
69
+ - In the human genome: are <lightseagreen>introns</lightseagreen> usually <one>GC-richer</one> than <lightseagreen>exons</lightseagreen>? No - exons are usually <one>GC-richer</one> than introns. []
70
+ - <one>When</one> is the <two>DNA Topoisomerase</two> enzyme extremely important? During <one>Replication of DNA</one> (<two>DNA Replication</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase []
71
+ - <one>How many nucleotides</one> (<two>from</two>, <two>to</two>) do <three>SSB-binding proteins</three> cover? <one>33-65 nucleotides</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-strand_DNA-binding_protein []
72
+ - Wie wird in der <one>Hefe</one> <two>die Anzahl der Telomer Repeats</two> bestimmt? <one>Durch spezifische Proteine</one>, <two>die für die Termination der Synthese verantwortlich sind</two>.
73
+ - Das <three>menschliche Genom</three> besitzt wieviele <one>DNA-Methyltransferasen</one>? <one>6</one>. []
74
+ - <one>Wo</one> greifen <two>Tetracycline</two> an? An der <one>prokaryoten 30S Untereinheit des Ribosoms</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline []
75
+ - <one>Who</one> repairs DNA (a general term)? <one>Repair Enzymes</one> - also called <two>DNA repair enzymes</two>. URL: https://www.nature.com/subjects/dna-repair-enzymes []
76
+ - <one>How</one> are <two>composite transposons</two> created? When <one>two IS elements insert near each other</one>.
77
+ - Was bewies das <one>Meselson-Stahl Experiment</one> aus dem Jahre <three>1958</three>? Das die <one>DNA-Replikation semikonservativ abläuft</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson-Stahl-Versuch []
78
+ - Which <one>number</one> does <two>Pyrosequencing</two> have? <one>454</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrosequencing []
79
+ - Nenne die zwei <one>Signatursequenzen</one> der <two>Rossman-Schleife</two>. A: (1) <one>HIGH</one>, <two>4</two> (2) <one>KMSKS</one>, <two>5</two> []
80
+ - <one>Which mode</one> can we observe for <two>true jumping genes</two>? The <one>conservative mode</one>.
81
+ - <one>Severo Ochoa</one> received the <two>1959 Nobel Prize</two> <three>for which discovery</three>? The discovery of <one>RNA Polymerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severo_Ochoa []
82
+ - In der Genetik: wofür stehen die Kürzel <one>A</one>, <one>D</one>, <one>H</one> und <one>M</one> bei der Struktur der DNA? (1) <one>A</one> ... <two>acceptor</two> (2) <one>D</one> ... <two>donor</two> (3) <one>H</one> ... <two>hydrogen</two> (4) <one>M</one> ... <two>methyl</two> []
83
+ - In genetics, for instance in Drosophila: <one>when</one> <two>does crossing-over occur</two>? Crossing-over occurs at the <one>4-chromatid stage</one>. []
84
+ - Welche <one>vier Arten</one> der <two>Chromosomenmutationen</two> existieren? Merkslogan: <one>D-I-T-I</one> (1) <two>Deletion</two> (2) <two>Insertion</two> (3) <two>Translokation</two> (4) <two>Inversion</two> []
85
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde das Phänomen der <two>Transduktion</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1951</one>, von <two>Joshua Lederberg</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transduction_%28genetics%29 []
86
+ - Ribosomen haben drei Stellen, <one>E</one>, <one>P</one>, <one>A</one>. Wofür stehen diese Buchstaben jeweils? (1) <one>E</one> für <two>Exit-Site</two> (2) <one>P</one> für <two>Peptidyl-Site</two> (3) <one>A</one> für <two>Aminoacyl-Site</two> []
87
+ - Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Beispiele</one> für <two>DNA-Methyltransferasen</two>. A: (1) <one>Dnmt-1</one> (2) <one>Dnmt-3a</one>/<one>3b</one> []
88
+ - Name three <one>true inducers</one> of the <two>lac-Operon</two>. A: (1) <one>IPTG</one> (2) <one>allo-lactose</one> (3) <one>glyceryl-galactoside</one> []
89
+ - <one>RuvA</one> facilitates ... ? <one>Branch migration</one> during recombination, in <two>E. coli</two>.
90
+ - Was ist die <one>Konkordanz</one> in der Genetik? <one>Konkordanz</one> bezeichnet die Ähnlichkeit des <two>Phänotyps</two> mit dem jeweiligen <three>Genotyp</three>, in Form der <four>prozentualen Wahrscheinlichkeit</four>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetranz_(Genetik)#Konkordanz_und_Diskordanz
91
+ - <one>Bends in DNA</one> occur at which sequence? <three>4 or more</three> <one>adenosine residues</one> (<three>PolyA</three>).
92
+ - Give an example for a gene in the human genome that is <one>an endogenous retroviral element</one>. A: <one>Syncytin-1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncytin-1 []
93
+ - Give another term for the expression <one>colony</one>, in genetics/cell biology. A: <one>Cell clones</one>. []
94
+ - Can the <one>DNA polymerase I</one> <three>degrade DNA</three>? Yes - it has a <one>5' → 3' exonuclease activity</one>. []
95
+ - In genetics: how many <one>different base substitutions</one> can occur in DNA? <one>12</one>. []
96
+ - Nenne die <one>drei verschiedenen Typen</one> von <two>small RNAs</two>. A: Merkslogan: <one>mi pi si</one>. (1) <two>miRNAs</two> (2) <two>piRNAs</two> und (3) <two>siRNA</two> []
97
+ - Give <one>two reasons</one> as to why a cell may fail to transition from the <two>G1 phase</two> into the <two>S phase</two>. A: (1) <one>too little growth</one> (2) <one>damaged DNA</one> []
98
+ - Wie geht die <one>Chargaff-Regel</one>? Die <one>Gesamtmenge der Purin-Nukleotide</one> (<three>A + G</three>) ist immer gleich der <one>Gesamtmenge der Pyrimidin-Nukleotide</one> (<three>T + C</three>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff-Regeln []
99
+ - <one>In which journal</one> did <two>Gregor Mendel</two> publish his experimental results? In <one>Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn</one>, 1866. The title was <two>"Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden"</two>.
100
+ - In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>TILLING</one> stand for? <one>Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TILLING_%28molecular_biology%29 []
101
+ - Was kann durch eine <one>Hoogsten-Paarung</one> entstehen? Eine <one>DNA-Tripelhelix</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogsteen_base_pair []
102
+ - Was ist die <one>Genomik</one>? <one>Genomik</one> ist <two>die Untersuchung von Genomen</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom []
103
+ - Aside from <one>sensing nutrients</one>/<one>energy</one>: what is <two>the major role</two> of <three>mTORC1</three>? To <one>activate translation of proteins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTORC1 []
104
+ - What is <one>the primary phenotype of a gene</one>? The <one>protein it produces</one> - if it codes for a protein that is. []
105
+ - Wie bezeichnen wir <one>Reis</one> auf lateinisch und wieviele Gene finden wir hier? <one>Oryza sativa</one>. Dessen Genom umfasst in etwa <two>40.000 Gene</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa []
106
+ - Wer entdeckte das <one>F' Plasmid</one> im Jahre <two>1959</two>? <brown>Zwei Personen</brown>: (1) <one>Francois Jacob</one>(2) <one>Edward Adelberg</one>
107
+ - Are <one>Transitions</one> or <one>Transversions</one> more abundant? <two>Also compare the frequency of the two</two>. A: <one>Transitions are significantly more abundant</one>, at about <two>20x</two> the frequency of <three>Transversions</three>. []
108
+ - How many <one>RNA-Polymerases</one> do <two>plants</two> have? <one>5</one>. []
109
+ - An <one>Histon H3S10</one> bindet ...? Die <one>14-3-3 Domäne</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-3-3_protein []
110
+ - Name the three <one>transposable elements</one>. A: (1) <one>insertion sequences</one> (2) <one>transposons</one> (3) <one>some viruses</one> []
111
+ - Is <one>RNA</one> <two>the genetic material</two>? Well, it can be - in some <one>RNA viruses</one>. But normally, no - <two>DNA is the genetic material</two>. []
112
+ - <one>Ty transposons</one> have an <two>organization</two> that is similar to ... ? <one>Endogenous retroviruses</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty5_retrotransposon []
113
+ - Simonds defined <one>plant breeding</one> as <three>allele-substitution</three>. Why the name <three>allele-substitution</three>? Because <one>inferior alles</one> are <two>replaced</two> by <one>superior alleles</one>.
114
+ - <one>Welches Stop-Codon</one> ist (allgemein) <two>am häufigsten in Genomen zu finden</two>? <one>UAA</one> (<two>ochre</two>).
115
+ - <one>FEN1</one> steht für ... ? Die <one>Flap-Endonuklease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_endonuclease []
116
+ - Es gibt mindestens 3 verschiedene Pol III Promotoren. Typ-1 und Typ-2 sind für 5S-rRNA und tRNAs zuständig. Nenne <one>ein Beispiel für eine RNA</one>, die stellvertretend für die RNA Pol III Promotoren dienen mag. A: Die <one>U6-snRNA</one>.
117
+ - Bei der <one>Konjugation</one>: <two>wo</two> wird die DNA des F-Plasmids geöffnet? Im Bereich des <one>oriT</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Plasmid#Strukturmerkmale
118
+ - Give an example of a <one>suppressive organelle mutation</one>. A: The <one>petite mutation</one> in budding yeast (aka <two>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</two>), also called <three>suppressive petites</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_mutation
119
+ - What is meant with the term <one>functional genomics</one>? The linking of <one>specific functions</one> to <two>specific genes</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics []
120
+ - In a given, random genome: is there rather a <one>bias</one> toward a <three>high AT genomic content</three> or a <three>high GC genomic content</three>? There is <two>a bias</two> toward a <one>high AT genomic content</one>. []
121
+ - What do we mean with the <one>retro-world</one>? This is <one>the collection of DNA sequences</one> derived from <two>reverse transcription</two>.
122
+ - Wofür steht das englische Kürzel <one>hnRNA</one>? <one>Heterogeneous nuclear RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA []
123
+ - In genetics, in particular in <one>plant genetics</one>, what may we mean with the abbreviation <three>GxExM</three>? <one>Genotype</one> x <one>Environment</one> x <one>Management</one>. []
124
+ - Was ist das <one>Plastom</one>? Das <one>Plastom</one> ist <two>das Genom der Plastiden</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid#Bau []
125
+ - <one>Ubiquitinierung</one> <two>befähigt ein Protein wohin zu wandern</two>? In das <one>26S Proteasom</one> (zumindest 26S bei den <two>Eukaryoten</two>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasom []
126
+ - Wird <one>zuerst</one> <two>13mer</two> oder <two>9mer</two> beim <three>OriC</three> gebunden? <one>9mer</one> - also <two>zuerst die kleinere mer-Region</two>. []
127
+ - Die <one>7SL-RNA</one> ist Teil von ...? Des <one>signal recognition particle complex</one> (<two>SRP</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle []
128
+ - Do <one>both</one> <two>Prokaryotes</two> and <two>Eukaryotes</two> have type I and type II topoisomerases? <one>Yes</one>. []
129
+ - Die <one>Transposase</one> <two>in Mais</two> beim Ac/Ds element bindet woran? Jeweils an das Ende von <one>Ac</one> und <one>Ds</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposase []
130
+ - Nenne eine Substanz, die <one>frameshifts</one> induzieren kann. A: <one>Acridin</one>; dessen Summenformel ist <two>C13H₉N</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridin []
131
+ - Name a <one>sensor enzyme</one> that can <three>sense dsDNA breaks</three>. A: The <one>ATM kinase</one> (<two>ATM serine</two>/<two>threonine kinase</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_serine/threonine_kinase []
132
+ - <one>Welche Nukleotidgruppe</one> wird zu <two>Harnsäure</two> abgebaut und dann über den Harn ausgeschieden? Die <one>Purine</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine []
133
+ - <one>Luria-Delbrück</one> performed the <two>fluctuation test</two> in genetics. <three>Give another name for this experiment</three>. A: <one>Spontaneous Mutation Model</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria%E2%80%93Delbr%C3%BCck_experiment
134
+ - <one>Lethalfaktoren</one> können zu <two>welchem Segregationsmuster (Zahlenwerte) in der Nachkommenschaft</two> führen? <three>Welches Beispiel kann man hierzu nennen</three>? <one>1:2 Nachkommenschaft</one>. Dies findet sich zum Beispiel bei den <two>Agouti-Mäusen</two>. []
135
+ - Welche <one>drei prinzipielle Möglichkeiten</one> gibt es bei <two>Chromosomen-Mutationen</two>? (1) <one>A</one> ... <two>Amplifikation</two> (2) <one>D</one> ... <two>Deletion</two> (3) <one>T</one> ... <two>Translokation</two> []
136
+ - Give <one>a specific example</one> for <two>evolutionary interruption</two> in Genes. A: All known <one>active globin genes</one> <two>have interruptions</two> that occur at <three>homologous positions</three>.
137
+ - Can we find <one>overlapping genes</one> in the <two>genomes of mammals</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
138
+ - In genetics: what is the <one>simplest locus</one>? A: A <one>SNP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism []
139
+ - In der Genetik: wir möchten den <one>Tm-Wert</one> erhöhen. <two>Was könnten wir tun</two>? Den <one>GC-Gehalt</one> der DNA erhöhen. []
140
+ - Beim <one>C-value Paradox</one> ist vor allem <three>ein Element mit der Komplexität</three> assoziiert, zumindest bei Gräsern. Welches <two>Element</two> ist dies? Das <one>LTR-Retrotransposon</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTR-Retrotransposon []
141
+ - Die <one>lac-Repressorschleife</one> umfasst <two>n bp</two>? <one>93 bp</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-Operon []
142
+ - Was genau ist <one>Genomik</one>? Die <one>Untersuchung von Genomen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom []
143
+ - <one>Recombineering</one> uses what as substrate? Recombineering can utilize both <one>ssDNA</one> and <one>dsDNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombineering []
144
+ - <one>What happens</one> <two>if a cell overexpresses</two> <three>mi-RNA26a</three>? This cell will <one>undergo apoptosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-26_microRNA_precursor_family []
145
+ - Was heisst <one>nucleoid</one>? <one>Kernähnlich</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoid []
146
+ - Die <one>optimale Temperatur</one> für die <two>Taq-Polymerase</two> beträgt ... ? <one>72°C</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq-Polymerase []
147
+ - <one>Tetrahymena</one> <two>besitzt wieviele Chromosomen</two>? <one>40.000</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahymena []
148
+ - Kurzform der <one>Wobble Rules</one>? <one>G</one><two>→</two><three>C(U)</three> und <one>U</one><two>→</two><three>A(G)</three>, sowie <one>I</one><two>→</two><three>U,C,A</three> []
149
+ - <one>When</one> was <two>synthetic lethality</two> first described? In <one>1922</one>. The phenomenon of synthetic lethality was first described by <two>Calvin Bridges</two>. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00072-x []
150
+ - Besitzen <one>Archaeen</one> <two>CRISPR</two>/<two>Cas-Mechanismen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
151
+ - Is <one>Transcriptomics</one> possible without (knowing) the genome sequence? Yes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptomics_technologies []
152
+ - What is <one>the basic unit of Chromatin</one>? The <one>nucleosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome []
153
+ - Zur <one>Herstellung konditioneller Knockouts</one> können wir auch ... benutzen. A: Das <one>cre</one>/<one>loxP-System</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre/loxP-System []
154
+ - In the <one>DNA nucleoside</one>: <two>which specific atoms are linked to the five-carbon sugar</two>? (1) <one>N1</one> of <two>Pyrimidines</two>. (2) <one>N9</one> of <two>Purines</two>. []
155
+ - <one>When</one> did <two>Lederberg</two> discover <three>conjugation</three>? In the year <one>1946</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation#History []
156
+ - <one>Welche Kuriosität</one> zeigen <two>Pol III Promotoren</two>? Sie sind <one>downstream</one> zu finden, ausgehend von der <two>Transkriptions-Startstelle</two>. []
157
+ - In genetics, in particular in breeding: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>BLUP</one>? <one>Best Linear Unbiased Prediction</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_linear_unbiased_prediction []
158
+ - How to <one>disable any gene</one>? <one>Remove its promoter</one>. []
159
+ - <one>Wieviel Prozent der menschlichen DNA</one> ist <two>repetitiv</two>? Mehr als <one>50%</one>. []
160
+ - The <one>phenotypic variation</one> <two>in a quantitative trait</two> <three>has which two components</three>? (1) <one>genetic</one> (2) <one>environment</one> []
161
+ - Was meinen wir mit der Abkürzung <one>gDNA</one>? <one>Genomische DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_DNA []
162
+ - Wer entdeckte <one>Plasmide</one>? <one>Watanabe</one>. URL: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/surprising-way-drugs-become-useless-against-bacteria []
163
+ - Welche <one>zwei</one> <two>dominant traits</two> kann man in der Genetik allgemein unterscheiden? (1) <one>true breeding</one> (2) <one>mixed progeny</one> []
164
+ - In general: what does <one>Meiosis</one> produce? <one>Four nonidentical, haploid cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis []
165
+ - <one>Wo genau</one> schneidet das <three>Rec BCD-Protein</three> bevorzugt? <one>VOR</one> einer <two>Chi-Sequenz</two> (<three>GCT|GGT|GG</three>).
166
+ - <one>Welches Protein</one> <two>bringt neue Histone an den Replication Fork bei Eukaryoten</two>? <one>CAF-1</one>: <two>chromatin assembly factor 1</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF-1 []
167
+ - <three>In einem eukaryoten Genom</three>: wo finden wir üblicherweise mehr Gene - in den <one>G-Banden</one> oder in den <one>R-Banden</one>? In den <two>R-Banden</two> (Merkhilfe: <one>R</one> ... <one>rich</one>). []
168
+ - Welche <one>zwei Stopcodons</one> kodieren <two>in Wimpertierchen</two> für Aminosäuren? (1) <one>UAA</one> (2) <one>UAG</one> []
169
+ - <one>Purin- und Pyrimidin-Basen</one> sind wie an den <two>Zucker</two> gebunden? <one>N-glykosidisch</one>. []
170
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde der genetische Code <three>entschlüsselt</three>? A: Im Jahre <one>1966</one>. URL: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/geneticcode.html#poly-u-experiment []
171
+ - Anderes Wort für <one>Rückgrat der DNA</one>? <one>Phosphatribosekette</one>. []
172
+ - In genetics: the <one>reconstitution experiment</one> occurred in the year <two>1957</two>. Which <three>biological information system</three> was used for this experiment? <one>TMV</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus []
173
+ - Der <one>Vorläufer des tRNA-Moleküls</one> <two>hat wieviele Nukleotide</two>? In etwa <one>126</one> Nukleotide. []
174
+ - Use <one>two words</one> to describe a <two>gene</two>, starting with the letter <three>i</three>. A: <one>Inheritance particle</one>. []
175
+ - What do we mean, in genetics, with the term <one>neofunctionalization</one>? This refers to the recruitment of a gene to <one>a new function</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofunctionalization []
176
+ - In der Genetik: <one>wer</one> hat den <two>Fluktuationstest</two> durchgeführt? <one>Zwei Personen</one>, und zwar - <two>Luria und Delbrück</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria%E2%80%93Delbr%C3%BCck_experiment
177
+ - Which <one>DNA Topoisomerases</one> require <two>energy from ATP hydrolysis</two>? <one>Type II Topoisomerases</one>. []
178
+ - <one>Which DNA-Polymerase</one> <two>is more processive</two> - <three>Pol I</three> or <three>Pol III</three>? The <one>DNA Polymerase III</one> is <two>more processive</two>. []
179
+ - Name a general way how a <one>family of related genes</one> can arise. A: Through <one>duplication-events</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_by_gene_duplication []
180
+ - Nenne alle wichtigen Enzyme und KURZ ihre Tätigkeit bei der <one>Replikation bakterieller DNA</one> sowie maximal 2 wichtige weitere Proteine, zu, in Summe, <two>7 Punkten</two>. A: (1) <one>DNA Ligase</one> (2) <one>Primase</one> (3) <one>Helicasen</one> (4) <one>Gyrase</one>/<one>Topoisomerase</one> (5) <one>DNA Pol III</one> (6) <one>DNA Pol I</one> (7) <one>SSB</one>
181
+ - In der Genetik: was meinen wir mit den <one>"springenden Elementen"</one>? Dies sind <one>Transposons</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposon []
182
+ - <one>EMS</one> can cause mutations, in particular which type of mutations? Only <one>point mutations</one>. (Mnemonic: <two>EMS causes point mutations</two>) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_methanesulfonate []
183
+ - <one>Gene density</one> in Humans (1 Gen / x bp)? <one>1 gene</one> / <one>100.000 bp</one>. []
184
+ - Which was <one>the central idea</one> for the <two>Hershey-Chase experiment</two>? (1) <one>DNA</one> contains <two>P</two> - but no <three>S</three>. (2) <one>Proteins</one> contain <two>S</two> - but no <three>P</three>. []
185
+ - Name the chromosomes that contain <one>NORs</one> (<three>Nucleolus organizer regions</three>) in the human genome. A: (1) <one>13</one> (2) <one>14</one> (3) <one>15</one> (4) <one>21</one> (5) <one>22</one> []
186
+ - <one>Why</one> was the <two>onc strain</two> of mouse created? This strain has been genetically engineered to be <one>susceptible to many forms of cancer</one>. These mice were then used to study cancer development and <two>the design of new anticancer drugs</two>.
187
+ - Give another, shorter word for <one>maltose outer membrane porin</one>. A: <one>Maltoporin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltoporin []
188
+ - Wieviele (und welche) mögliche <one>Basensubstitutionen</one> existieren? <one>12</one> - <two>4 Transitionen</two> und <three>8 Transversionen</three>. []
189
+ - Das Enzym <one>Dicer</one> kommt bei welchem zellulären Ereignis zum Tragen? Bei der <one>RNA Interferenz</one> (<two>RNAi</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference []
190
+ - <one>Nickel hydride</one> appliziert auf <two>cysteine-tRNA</two> führt zu ...? <one>Alanine tRNA</one>. []
191
+ - What is meant with the term <one>mutagenesis</one>? This is <one>the production of mutations</one>, <two>in the laboratory</two>.
192
+ - Der <one>F-Pilus des F-Plasmids</one> wird durch <two>welches Gen</two> kodiert? Durch das Gen <one>traA</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P04737 []
193
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Thymin</one>? <one>5-Methyluracil</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymin []
194
+ - Ab wann sprechen wir von einer <one>DNA-Superhelix</one>? Wenn die Verdrillungen der DNA den Windungen in der Doppelhelix überlagert sind.
195
+ - Nenne jeweils ein Beispiel für <one>replicative Transposition</one> und <one>conservative Transposition</one>. A: (1) <one>Conservative</one>: <two>TN10</two>. (2) <one>Replicative</one>: <two>TN3</two>. []
196
+ - <one>Im menschlichen Genom</one>: ein <two>centimorgan</two> umfasst <three>wieviele Basenpaare</three>? Etwa <one>1 Million Basenpaare</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimorgan []
197
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde die <two>bakterielle DNA-Polymerase I</two> entdeckt? <one>1956</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-Polymerase_I []
198
+ - <one>Why</one> is the <two>RNA-Polymerase III</two> a strong polymerase? Because <one>the cell needs a lot of tRNAs</one>.
199
+ - What is the job of the <one>Cas complex</one> in <two>CRISPR</two>? The <one>Cas complex</one> recognizes foreign DNA and integrates a novel repeat-spacer unit at the leader end of the CRISPR locus.
200
+ - In der Mausgenetik: was ist das <one>IKMC</one> (Hinweis: eine Organisation)? Das <one>International Knockout Mouse Consortium</one>. URL: https://www.mousephenotype.org/ []
201
+ - Nenne eine <one>biologische Möglichkeit</one> eine <two>Zufallsmutation in Genen</two> zu erzielen. A: <one>Insertion eines Transposons</one>. []
202
+ - Kann <one>CTCF</one> an <two>methylierte DNA</two> binden? <one>Nein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF []
203
+ - <one>Inteins</one> are <two>self-splicing proteins</two>. <three>Which functional elements can we identify in an Intein</three>? (1) an <one>N-extein</one> (2) followed by the <two>intein</two> (3) followed by a <one>C-extein</one> []
204
+ - Name two <one>natural insertional mutagens</one>. A: (1) <one>viruses</one> (2) <one>transposons</one> []
205
+ - Im <one>menschlichen Genom</one> können wieviele <two>Hämoglobingene</two> gefunden werden? <one>5</one>. []
206
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>plasmid incompatibility</one>? When plasmids <one>cannot coexist in the same cell</one> (that is - plasmids of the same <two>compatibility group</two>). URL: https://bitesizebio.com/23341/understanding-plasmid-incompatibility/ []
207
+ - Wie nennen wir in der Genetik den <one>Ersatz eines Bausteins durch einen anderen</one>, in der DNA? <one>Mutation</one>. []
208
+ - What is <one>Hemizygosity</one>? <one>Hemizygosity</one> refers to a <two>genetic condition</two> where there is only one copy of a gene in an otherwise diploid cell or organism. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity#Hemizygous []
209
+ - <one>Cdk1 inhibition</one> <two>induces Apoptosis</two> <three>by failing to stabilize what protein</three>? <one>Survivin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivin []
210
+ - Nenne <one>zwei allgemeine Möglichkeiten</one> eines <two>distalen, regulatorischen Elements</two> in der <three>Genetik</three>. A: (1) <one>Enhancer</one> (2) <one>Silencer</one> []
211
+ - How does <one>Avastin</one> work? <one>Avastin</one> can block the protein called <two>VEGF</two> (<three>vascular endothelial growth factor</three>).
212
+ - In <one>genetics</one>: the following three abbreviations <two>N</two>/<two>R</two>/<two>Y</two> stand for ... ? (1) <one>N</one> ... <two>any base</two> (2) <one>R</one> ... <two>any purine</two> (3) <one>Y</one> ... <two>any pyrimidine</two> []
213
+ - Size Range of <one>P elements</one> (von bis in kb)? <one>0.5-2.9 kb</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_element []
214
+ - What is a <one>transgenic organism</one>? This is an organism into which <two>geneticists</two> have inserted a <one>foreign gene</one>. []
215
+ - Provide another term or word for <one>rRNA genes</one>. A: <one>rDNA</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomale_DNA []
216
+ - <one>EMS</one> can produce random mutation, by <two>nucleotide substitution</two>. In particular, which nucleotide is susceptible to it? <one>Guanine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine []
217
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> prägte den Begriff <two>Mutation</two>? <one>Hugo de Vries</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries#Mutation_theory []
218
+ - <one>When</one> was the <two>Hoogsten pairing</two> first recognized? In the year <one>1963</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogsteen_base_pair#History []
219
+ - Wieso benötigt das <one>CAP Protein</one> beim <two>lac-Operon Modell</two> lange Helices? Die langen Helices dienen der <one>Dimerbildung</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein []
220
+ - Was bewies <one>Fink et al.</one> im Jahre <two>1985</two>? Das die <one>Ty-Elemente in Hefe</one> über ein <two>RNA-Intermediat</two> transponieren. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2982495/ []
221
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Harvard-Maus</one>? <one>OncoMouse</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncomouse []
222
+ - <one>Wann</one> exprimiert der Mensch das <two>β-Globingen</two>? Einige Tage nach der Geburt. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Globin
223
+ - <one>When</one> was the <two>cystic fibrosis gene</two> (<peru>CFTR gene</peru>) first cloned? It was first cloned in the year <one>1989</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator []
224
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>ein genetisches System</one>, bei dem man nicht von Wildtyp und Mutanten sprechen kann. A: Beim <one>menschlichen Blutgruppensystem</one> (dem <two>AB0 Blutgruppensystem</two>). []
225
+ - <one>Okazaki fragments</one> can be found on which strand? Okazaki fragments can be found on the <one>lagging strand</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments []
226
+ - <one>New alleles</one> are created when ... change. A: <one>genes</one>. []
227
+ - <one>Wo</one> <two>beim Menschen</two> finden wir - auf natürlichem Wege - <three>Polyploidie</three>? In den <one>Megakaryozyten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryozyt []
228
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>das Experiment der unterbrochenen Paarung</two> durchgeführt? <one>1955</one>. []
229
+ - Was ist der zentrale <one>Gal-Regulator</one>? <one>Gal4</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal4/UAS-System []
230
+ - Name <one>the two main enzyme families</one> that constitute the <two>homing endonucleases</two>. A: (1) <one>intron endonucleases</one> (2) <one>intein endonucleases</one>
231
+ - The <one>Tc1 element</one> is <two>a DNA transposon</two> that can be found in <violet>C. elegans</violet>. How long is it there? The <one>Tc1 element</one> has a length of <two>1610 base-pairs</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tc1/mariner []
232
+ - Provide another term for the expression <one>synonymous mutations</one>. A: <one>Silent mutations</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_mutation []
233
+ - Der Transkriptionsfaktor <one>Sp1</one> - wofür steht das <two>Sp</two> im Namen? <one>SP</one> steht für <two>specificity protein</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor []
234
+ - In Eukarya: nenne <one>genetisches Kennzeichen</one> für deren Gen-Anfänge. A: <one>CpG Inseln</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG-Insel []
235
+ - In genetics: what is the <one>operator</one>? This is <one>the site on DNA</one> (thus, <two>a DNA segment</two>) onto which a <three>repressor</three> can bind to. []
236
+ - Was ist <one>Genkonversion</one>? Das <one>Überführen eines Allels in ein anderes</one>. []
237
+ - Which <one>histone variant</one> shows <two>the least variation</two>? <one>Histone H1</one>. []
238
+ - Gib die <one>ideale Definition eines Gens</one> an. A: Ein Gen ist <one>ein DNA-Abschnitt</one>, <two>welcher für die Bildung einer RNA verantwortlich ist</two>. []
239
+ - <one>Termination sequences</one> avoid ... <two>what cellular process</two>? <one>Fork collisions</one>. []
240
+ - May <one>Pseudogenes</one> have <two>gene-like features</two> such as <three>a promoter</three>? Yes, of course. []
241
+ - Welchen Bezug hat <one>LexA</one> zum <two>SOS-System</two>? Normalerweise <two>unterdrückt</two> LexA das SOS-System; daher wäre es besser, LexA als <one>Repressor-LexA</one> zu bezeichnen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressor_lexA
242
+ - Wie wird der <one>Übergang</one> von <two>5-Methylcytosin</two> zu <two>Thymin</two> genannt? <one>Hydrolytische Desaminierung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desaminierung#Hydrolytische_Desaminierung
243
+ - Nenne einen <one>informationseffizienten Punkt</one> bei den <three>Transposons</three>. A: Sie können <two>innerhalb anderer Transposons</two> <one>kodiert vorliegen</one>. []
244
+ - <one>Exitrons</one> combine features of ....... ? <one>Exons</one> and <one>Introns</one>. They are more Introns than Exons, though. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exitron []
245
+ - Give <one>a specific example</one> for <two>males lack genetic fail-safe systems in their sex-chromosome</two>. A: <one>Colour blindness</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness#Genetics []
246
+ - Die <one>dam-Methylierung</one> erfolgt bei welcher Sequenzfolge? <one>GATC</one>, und zwar am Adenin dort. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam-Methylase []
247
+ - <one>Who</one> first demonstrated that <two>mutations could be induced in crop plants</two>? <one>Lewis John Stadler</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Stadler []
248
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein bestimmtes Protein mit einer <one>MBD-Domäne</one>. A: Das <one>MeCP2-Protein</one> besitzt eine <two>MBD Domäne</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2 []
249
+ - <one>Who</one> established the <two>chromosome theory of inheritance</two> <three>in 1902</three>? <one>Walter Sutton</one>. (Theodor Boveri also came to the same conclusion, at about the same time). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sutton
250
+ - What means <one>genotoxic</one>? This term essentially refers to <one>DNA-damaging agents</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotoxicity []
251
+ - <one>Woran</one> kann <two>IPTG</two> binden? <two>IPTG</two> kann an den <one>lac-Repressor</one> binden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl-%CE%B2-D-thiogalactopyranosid []
252
+ - Warum wird der Buchstabe <cadetblue>n</cadetblue> for den '<one>ploidy state</one>' verwendet? <one>n</one> steht hier für <two>Nummer</two>, <three>number of chromosomes</three>. []
253
+ - What are the two main tasks of the Agrobacterium <one>VirA Protein</one>? (1) virA detects the inducer (2) phosphorylates <one>VirG</one> []
254
+ - Give an example for <one>a threshold trait</one> <two>in mankind</two>. A: <one>Type 2 diabetes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 []
255
+ - <one>When exactly</one> does the <two>synaptonemal complex</two> form? During <one>Prophase I of Meiosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptonemal_complex []
256
+ - Das eukaryotische Protein <one>RPA</one> zieht welche <two>Endonuclease</two> an? <one>Dna2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA2L []
257
+ - Within the <one>Initiation process</one> of <two>DNA-Replication</two>, name its four steps. A: (1) <one>Ori-Recognition</one>: binding of ORC to the origin (2) <one>DNA-Melting</one> (3) <one>DNA-Unwinding</one>: requires helicase (4) Recruitment of replication factors, such as DNA polymerases and single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (<royalblue>SSBs</royalblue>)
258
+ - Was heisst <one>CAPS Marker</one>? <one>CAPS</one> steht für <two>Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techcaps/ []
259
+ - Mäuse haben das Gen <cadetblue>Agouti</cadetblue> (A/a ist möglich). Was ist die Fellfarbe jeweils bei <one>a</one>/<one>a</one> und <one>A</one>/<one>a</one>? (1) <one>a</one>/<one>a</one> (<two>rezessiv</two>) ergibt ein <three>schwarzes Fell</three> (2) <one>A</one>/<one>a</one> (<two>dominant</two>) ergibt hingegen ein <three>braunes Fell</three> []
260
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>CTCF</one> in der Genetik? <one>Chromosomal transcription control factor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF []
261
+ - Das Produkt des <one>Pericentrin-Gens</one> bindet an <two>welches Molekül in der Zelle</two>? <one>Calmodulin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCNT []
262
+ - Welche zelluläre Aufgabe hat der <one>Shelterin-Komplex</one>? Der <two>Shelterin-Komplex</two> <one>schützt die Telomere vor Abbau</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelterin []
263
+ - What is meant with <one>the Crick strand</one> typically? This refers to <one>the DNA coding strand</one>.
264
+ - <one>Poly-AC</one> (<three>Adenin</three> and <three>Cytosin</three>), for example, <two>will yield how many different codons, if combined in every way</two>? <one>8</one>. (1) <two>CCC</two> (2) <two>CCA</two> (3) <two>CAC</two> (4) <two>ACC</twotwo> (5) <two>CAA</two> (6) <two>ACA</two> (7) <two>AAC</two> (8) <two>AAA</two> []
265
+ - Anderes Wort für eine <one>Mutagenese</one>? <one>Induzierte Mutationsauslösung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenese []
266
+ - Give an example for a <one>RNA-dependent DNA polymerase</one>. A: The enzyme <one>reverse transcriptase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase []
267
+ - Nenne <one>ein DNA Transposon in Drosophila</one> und erwähne die Person, die dieses DNA Transposon entdeckt hat. A: <one>Margaret Kidwell</one> entdeckte das <two>P element</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Kidwell []
268
+ - Nenne ein Phänomen, das zu <one>Inzuchtlinien</one> führt. A: <one>Heterosis</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis-Effekt []
269
+ - Ausser DNA, was noch kann an <one>CAP</one> binden? <one>cAMP</one> kann an CAP binden. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate []
270
+ - Warum der Name <one>Isogamete</one> bei, zum Beispiel, <two>Chlamydomonas</two>? Diese <one>haploiden Zellen</one> sehen zwar ident aus - besitzen jedoch an ihrer Oberfläche eine <two>unterschiedliche chemische Substanz</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas
271
+ - Nenne ein Enzym, das <one>Thymin-Dimere</one> reparieren kann. A: Die <one>Photolyase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase []
272
+ - Beim <one>F-Plasmid</one>: <two>wie häufig</two> kommen die Elemente <three>IS2</three>, <three>IS3</three> und <three>IS1000</three> jeweils vor? A: <one>1x, 2x, 1x</one>. []
273
+ - Give another expression for: <one>if both alleles are missing</one>. A: <one>Nullizygous</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nullizygous []
274
+ - The <three>human genome</three> contains n <one>CpG-islands</one>? <one>30.000</one> (<one>30k</one>). []
275
+ - What is meant with <one>pF508delta</one>? <one>In a protein</one> (<royalblue>p</royalblue>), <lightgreen>delete phenylalanine</lightgreen> (== <peru>delta</peru>) at <one>position 508</one>. []
276
+ - <one>Welches Experiment</one> belegte die <three>semikonservative Replikation</three>? Das Experiment von <one>Meselson und Stahl</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson-Stahl-Versuch []
277
+ - Gibt es <one>uniparentale Vererbung</one> <two>bei Pflanzen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
278
+ - Which two types of <one>missense mutations</one> can be <two>distinguished</two>? (1) <one>conservative mis-sense mutations</one> (2) <one>non-conservative mis-sense mutations</one> []
279
+ - What is the opposite of a <one>mirror repeat</one> in DNA? The <one>direct repeat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_repeat []
280
+ - Wofür steht der Name <one>Sirtuine</one>? <one>Silent information regulator</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin []
281
+ - Ist der <one>Promotor</one> <two>Teil eines Gens</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Zusammen mit der kodierenden Sequenz wird so eine <two>funktionelle Einheit</two> gebildet. []
282
+ - In der Genetik: benenne ein konkretes Beispiel für einen <one>allosteric effector</one>. A: Die <one>Allolactose</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allolactose []
283
+ - Was heisst <one>tmRNA</one>? <one>transfer-messenger RNA</one>. (Auch bekannt als <two>10Sa RNA</two> oder unter ihrem genetischen Namen <two>SsrA</two>) []
284
+ - <one>In welchem Tier</one> mögen wir <two>Histon H5</two> finden? Im <one>Huhn</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC325741/ []
285
+ - Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>non-informational RNA molecules</two>. A: (1) <one>ribosomal RNAs</one> (<two>rRNAs</two>) (2) <one>transfer RNAs</one> (<two>tRNAs</two>) []
286
+ - In Genetics: what does the <one>abbreviation</one> <three>hnRNA</three> stand for? <one>Heterogeneous nuclear RNA</one>. URL: https://www.biologydiscussion.com/cytogenetics/macromolecules/heterogeneous-nuclear-rna-hnrna-protein/35886 []
287
+ - Nenne <one>drei Methoden</one> der <two>reversen Genetik</two>. A: (1) <one>Gendeletionen</one> (2) <one>Genkonversionen</one> (3) <one>RNAi</one>
288
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff der <one>Polygenie</one> gemeint? Dieser Begriff bezeichnet die Tatsache, dass <one>die Ausprägung eines bestimmten Phänotyps</one> (eines <royalblue>Merkmals</royalblue>) durch <two>mehrere Gene</two> bestimmt wird. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenie
289
+ - If a <one>palindrome</one> occurs in the same DNA strand, how do we call it? A <one>mirror repeat</one>. []
290
+ - In den (menschlichen) <one>Mitochondrien</one> kodiert <three>UGA</three> für? Die Aminosäure <one>Tryptophan</one>. []
291
+ - Was kann die <one>DNA-Gyrase</one>? Die <two>DNA-Gyrase</two> kann <one>negative Supercoils</one> <two>in dsDNA</two> einführen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_gyrase []
292
+ - Wir möchten eine <one>widerstandsfähige (bakterielle) Zelle</one> entwerfen und müssen uns für <two>gram+</two> oder <two>gram⁻</two> entscheiden. Was sollten wir hier bevorzugen? A: Eher <one>gram⁻</one>, <two>da diese Bakterien gegenüber Antibiotika resistenter sind</two>. []
293
+ - <one>Recombineering</one> funktioniert sowohl mit <two>ssDNA</two> als auch mit <two>dsDNA</two>. Womit effizienter? Mit <two>ssDNA</two> ist es mehr als 100-fach (<one>100x</one>) so effizient, verglichen zu <two>dsDNA</two>.
294
+ - Which <one>accessory protein</one> keeps the <two>pol III</two> attached to the DNA molecule during <three>DNA replication</three>? The <one>beta-clamp</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_clamp#Bacterial []
295
+ - Why was <one>Tetrahymena</one> chosen for <two>telomere research</two>? Because <two>Tetrahymena</two> has <one>40.000 Telomeres</one>. []
296
+ - The <one>F-Factor</one> has <two>how many different states</two>? Name these states. A: The <one>F-Factor</one> has <two>two states</two>: (1) the <three>plasmid state</three>, and (2) the <three>integrated state</three>.
297
+ - Welche <one>center</one> (ausgenommen E, P, A) existieren im <two>prokaryoten Ribosom</two> und wo? (1) In der <two>50S UE</two> finden wir das <one>Peptidyltransferase Center</one>. (2) In der <two>30S UE</two> finden wir das <one>Decoding Center</one>. []
298
+ - Nenne drei <one>Telomer-assozierte Proteine</one> (ausser POT). A: (1) <one>TRF1</one> (2) <one>TRF2</one> (3) <one>WRN</one> []
299
+ - What is a <one>nested gene</one>? This usually refers to a gene that <one>lies within the intron of a larger (host) gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_gene []
300
+ - Nenne ein allgemeines Beispiel für <one>extranucleäre Vererbung</one>. A: <one>Organellenvererbung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extranukle%C3%A4re_Vererbung []
301
+ - Es gibt <one>CpG Inseln</one> beim <two>Menschen</two> und auch bei <two>Bakterien</two>. <three>Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen den beiden</three>. A: Beim Menschen sind diese Gruppen häufig <one>am Cytosin methyliert</one>, bei Bakterien hingegen nicht. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG-Insel []
302
+ - Was genau ist ein <one>ORF</one> (<two>open reading frame</two>)? Dies ist derjenige Bereich der <two>DNA</two> beziehungsweise der <two>mRNA</two>, dessen Leserahmen bei einem Start-Codon beginnt (und dieses inkludiert), und bis zu dem nächsten Stop-Codon liegt (das Stop Codon ist jedoch nicht Teil dieses ORFs). Der ORF ist somit <three>ein Teil eines Gens</three>.
303
+ - What are <one>the key reagents</one> used in <two>optogenetics</two>? <one>Light-sensitive proteins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics []
304
+ - How do the <one>Quinolone</one> antibiotics kill bacteria? Quinolone <one>inhibits DNA gyrase</one>, which will subsequently <two>block DNA replication</two>.
305
+ - Evolutionär betrachtet: wozu dienen <one>Transpositionselemente</one>? <one>Transpositionselemente</one> können <two>Entwicklungsschübe für die Zelle verursachen</two>. []
306
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Polysom</one> gemeint? Dies ist wenn eine mRNA mehrere Ribosomen trägt; respektive mehrere Ribosomen an diese mRNA gebunden sind und diese auch <one>translatieren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysom []
307
+ - Is <one>host RecA</one> required for <two>recombineering</two>? <one>No</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombineering []
308
+ - <one>When</one> were <two>Okazaki-Fragments</two> discovered? In the year <one>1968</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments
309
+ - Give another name for the <one>cap-binding protein</one>. A: <one>eIF4E</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF4E []
310
+ - The human gene that encodes <one>titin</one> <two>can be found on which chromosome</two>? <one>Chromosome 2</one>. (<three>Mnemonic</three>: <two>Both Titin and Chromosome 2 are very, very large!</two>) []
311
+ - The <one>Dam methylase</one> <two>recognizes which sequence</two>? <one>GATC</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam-Methylase []
312
+ - <one>Die erste jemals isolierte mRNA kodierte für</one> ... ? <one>Fibroin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroin []
313
+ - Können <one>Proteasome</one> im <two>Zellkern</two> gefunden werden? <one>Ja</one>. []
314
+ - The <one>copia element</one> in <two>Drosophila</two> contains <three>DTRs</three>. <four>What does this mean</four>? <one>Direct terminal repeats</one>, at each end. []
315
+ - The <one>maleness gene</one> is ... ? <one>SRY</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis-determining_factor []
316
+ - Ich möchte ein Gen vor <one>SNPs</one> schützen. Was tun? Mache ein <one>aktives Gen</one> daraus. []
317
+ - The <one>genes within mammalian cells</one> can be grouped into which <two>two functional classes</two>? (1) <one>housekeeping genes</one> (2) <one>tissue-specific genes</one> []
318
+ - What can be considered as <one>the raw material for evolutionary selection</one>? <one>Mutations</one>. []
319
+ - <one>Which molecule</one> <two>increases the processivity of DNA polymerase</two>? The <one>beta-subunit dimer</one>, also called <two>beta-clamp</two> or the <three>sliding-clamp</three>.
320
+ - Give another, simpler word for <one>somatotropin</one>. A: <one>Growth hormone</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatotropin []
321
+ - In einem <one>Thymin-Dimer</one> sind die beiden Thymine wie miteinander verbunden? Sie sind <two>kovalent</two> über einen <one>Cyclobutan-Ring</one> verbunden. URL: https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/T-T_dimer.gif []
322
+ - Why may the following newspaper headline be not optimal: <one>"Angelina Jolie had double mastectomy due to a cancer gene"</one>? It should be called a <one>cancer allele</one> more accurately rather than a <two>cancer gene</two>. []
323
+ - Wieso wird die <one>pseudoautosomale Region</one> im <lightseagreen>Y Chromosom</lightseagreen> bei Säugern benötigt? Sie wird für die <one>meiotische Paarung</one> von <two>X-Chromosom</two> und <two>Y-Chromosom</two> benötigt.
324
+ - Nenne die 3 <one>Regeln von Mendel</one> in Kurzform (aber in beliebiger Reihenfolge). A: (1) <one>Uniformitätsregel</one> (2) <one>Spaltungsregel</one> (3) <one>Unabhängigkeitsregel</one> []
325
+ - Was sind <one>Concatemers</one>? Dies sind <one>mehrere Kopien des Phagengenoms</one>, tandemartige Repeats. Die Schnitte erfolgen jeweils an den <two>cos-sites</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatemer []
326
+ - Nenne vier verschiede <one>coat colours</one> in Hasen (<two>"rabbits"</two>) mittels Merkschema. A: (1) <one>Himalayan</one> (2) <one>Chinchilla</one> (3) <one>Albino</one> (4) <one>Wild-type</one> []
327
+ - Wieviele <one>Ringe</one> besitzt <two>Ethidiumbromid</two>? <one>4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethidium_bromide []
328
+ - Wie mag man eine <one>Maus</one> mit zwei <two>mutierten Igf2-Allelen</two> erkennen? Solche Mäuse sind <one>kleinwüchsig</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/IGF2 []
329
+ - <one>Welche Enzyme</one> führen <two>Supercoiling</two> durch? Die <one>Topoisomerasen</one>. Sie sind für die <two>DNA Kompaktierung</two> essenziell. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase []
330
+ - <one>Plasmids</one> can be classified into which <two>two general groups</two>? (1) <one>conjugative plasmids</one> (2) <one>non-conjugative plasmids</one> []
331
+ - <one>Wieviele Stickstoffatome</one> haben <three>Purine</three>, wieviele <three>Pyrimidine</three>? <one>Pyrimidine</one> <two>besitzen 2 Stickstoffatome</two>; <one>Purine</one> <two>hingegen besitzen 4 Stickstoffatome</two>. (Purine haben somit doppelt so viele Stickstoffatome wie Pyrimidine). []
332
+ - Woraus besteht ein <one>Viroid</one>? Aus <one>zirkulärer ssRNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid []
333
+ - Im <one>Mais-Genom</one>: ist das <three>Ac Element</three> oder das <three>Ds Element</three> größer? Das <one>Ac-Element</one> ist größer. Es kann Ds Elemente aktivieren, wohingegen Ds Elemente ohne Ac <two>im Genom an ihrer Stelle verweilen</two>. []
334
+ - Nenne <one>drei</one> wichtige <two>Komponenten eines IS-Elements</two>. A: (1) <one>Transposase</one> (2) etwa <one>50 bp inverted repeat</one> (3) <one>5-10 bp direct repeat</one> (Mnemonic: <royalblue>inverted</royalblue> ist länger als <royalblue>direct</royalblue> repeat, vom Namen her)
335
+ - Name <one>two general ways</one> <two>how to detect horizontal gene transfer</two>. A: (1) <one>GC-content</one> (2) <one>codon bias</one>
336
+ - <one>Who or what</one> defines the <two>type</two> of chromosome? Give a few examples. A: The <one>centromere</one>, e. g. <two>metacentric</two>, <two>acrocentric</two>, <two>submetacentric</two>.
337
+ - Das <one>menschliche Titin-Gen</one> umfasst wieviele <two>Exons</two>? <one>178</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titin []
338
+ - As of the year 2016: how many <one>human proteins</one> are known to contain <two>selenocysteine</two>? <one>44</one>. []
339
+ - Was ist das Ergebnis wenn <one>Adenin</one> <two>desaminiert</two> wird? Es entsteht <one>Hypoxanthin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxanthine []
340
+ - Name <one>three different species</one> that can be given as an example for <two>Haplodiploidy</two>. A: All members of the insect order <two>Hymenoptera</two>, such as <one>bees</one>, <one>wasps</one> and <one>ants</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautfl%C3%BCgler []
341
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde <two>das letzte Triplett</two> dekodiert? Im Jahre <one>1966</one>. []
342
+ - <one>Who</one> developed the <two>triplet binding assay</two>? <one>Philip Leder</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Leder []
343
+ - Ist die zelluläre <one>DNA Polymerase III</one> ein perfektes Enzym? Nein, denn sie braucht die <one>DNA Polymerase I</one> um <one>RNA Primer zu entfernen</one>, die im Zuge der Synthetisierung der <peru>Okazaki-Fragmente</peru> gebildet werden. Nur die DNA Pol I hat die korrekte 5 Strich zu 3 Strich Exonuclease Aktivität.
344
+ - Give another expression for the term <one>replication fork</one>. A: <one>Replication zipper</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21790/ []
345
+ - Das Telomer-assoziierte Protein <one>WRN</one> bindet an? An <one>TRF1</one> und <one>TRF2</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314245 []
346
+ - Was ist an der <one>Außenseite der dsDNA</one> zu treffen? Die <one>Phosphatreste</one>. []
347
+ - How does the <one>RecA protein</one> become activated? <two>RecA</two> is <one>activated by ssDNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA []
348
+ - Nenne <one>zwei konkrete Beispiele</one> von <two>commonly used continous cell lines</two>. A: (1) <one>HeLa</one> (2) <one>HEp-2</one> []
349
+ - Provide an example for a <one>conditional mutation</one>. A: A <one>temperature-sensitive mutation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature-sensitive_mutant []
350
+ - <one>Gene Ontology</one> (<two>GO</two>) can fall into <three>which area of genetics</three>? <one>Gene Ontology</one> could fall into <two>the area of functional genomics</two>. []
351
+ - How can <one>dicentric chromosomes</one> arise? When <one>a centromere is duplicated</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicentric_chromosome
352
+ - <one>What happens</one> if the <two>Intron Branch Point</two> is <three>deleted</three>? <one>Splicing will be prevented</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_splicing []
353
+ - Das Gen <one>SRY</one> kodiert für? <one>SRY</one> kodiert für einen <two>Transkriptionsfaktor</two>, den <three>TDF</three> (<three>Testis-determining factor</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis_determining_factor []
354
+ - <one>Which person</one> discovered <two>dosage compensation</two> in <three>mammals</three>? <one>Mary Lyon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_F._Lyon []
355
+ - We may sometimes see <one>let genes</one>. What does this abbreviation stand for? <one>let</one> usually stands for <two>lethal</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_allele []
356
+ - Im <one>Replisome</one>: <two>welche DNA Polymerase arbeitet direkt am Replication Fork</two>? Die <one>DNA-Polymerase III</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_III_holoenzyme
357
+ - What do we mean with <one>vertical transmission</one>? In <one>vertical transmission</one> genes are simply passed <two>from one generation to the next</two>. []
358
+ - Nenne eine <one>Protein-Komponente des Nucleoids</one>. A: <one>MukBEF</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25732339 []
359
+ - <one>Transposons</one> are classified into <two>one of three categories</two>, based on ..? <one>How they transpose</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element
360
+ - Energie für <one>RF3</one> (<three>Release Factor 3</three>) stammt ...? Aus <one>GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_factor []
361
+ - Give another term for <one>mutation breeding</one>. A: <one>Mutagenesis</one>. []
362
+ - Es gibt die <one>7SL RNA</one>, die Teil des <two>signal recognition particle</two> ist. Wieviele Nukleotide besitzt diese RNA? <one>299</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/7SL-RNA []
363
+ - Wenn ein <one>-10 Promoter</one> statt <two>TATAAT</two> die Sequenzfolge <three>CCCCAT</three> vorweist, was können wir annehmen? Das dieser Promoter <two>vermutlich</two> ein <one>Hitzeschock-Promoter</one> ist. []
364
+ - Was bedeutet der Begriff <one>Protanopie</one>? <one>Protanopie</one> bezeichnet die <orangered>Rotblindheit</orangered>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protanopie []
365
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Nondisjunction</one> in der Genetik? <one>Fehlsegregation</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Disjunction []
366
+ - Woher kommt das Wort <one>Genetik</one>? Von dem Wort <one>Genesis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis []
367
+ - Wie geht die <one>Telomersequenz beim Menschen</one>? <two>5'</two>-<one>TTAGGG</one>-<two>3'</two> []
368
+ - Nenne <one>drei Bedingungen</one> die ein <two>hereditary molecule</two> erfüllen muss. A: (1) Ein <one>hereditary molecule</one> muss die Fähigkeit besitzen sich <two>replizieren</two> zu können (2) Ein <one>hereditary molecule</one> muss die Fähigkeit besitzen <two>Informationen speichern zu können</two> (3) Ein <three>hereditary molecule</three> muss die Fähigkeit besitzen sich <one>verändern zu können</one>, durch <two>Mutation</two>
369
+ - The <one>most frequent stop codon in the human genome</one> is ... ? <one>UGA</one> (yup - pretty standard). []
370
+ - <one>Mit welchem Experiment</one> wurde das <two>Konzept der adaptiven Mutation</two> entkräftet? Mit Hilfe des <one>Luria-Delbrück-Fluktuationstest</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria-Delbr%C3%BCck-Experiment
371
+ - Das erste menschliche Gen, das einem Chromosom zugeordnet werden konnte, war <one>welches Gen</one>? Das Gen, das <one>bei Ausfall</one> <two>Farbenblindheit</two> verursacht (<three>Achromatopsie</three>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbenblindheit
372
+ - <one>Menschen ohne Rhesusfaktor</one> - <two>weltweiter Anteil</two>? Etwa <cadetblue>15%</cadetblue> der Gesamtbevölkerung, zumindest in Europa und den USA. In Afrika ist der Anteil an Menschen ohne Rhesusfaktor viel geringer. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesusfaktor []
373
+ - How can we <one>become independent of Telomerase</one>, in a very trivial manner? <one>Circularize the DNA</one>. []
374
+ - Welche wichtigen <one>checkpoints</one> umfasst <two>der eukaryote Zellzyklus</two>? (1) <one>G1</one>/<one>S Checkpoint</one> (2) <one>G2</one>/<one>M Checkpoint</one> (3) <one>M Checkpoint</one> []
375
+ - What does <one>kinetic proofreading</one> mean? A: This means <one>to make corrections on the fly</one>. URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066112
376
+ - <one>Welche zwei</one> <two>Energiequellen</two> kommen für <three>DNA Ligasen</three> allgemein in Frage? (1) <one>ATP</one> (2) <one>NADH</one> []
377
+ - Was macht die <one>CPD Photolyase</one>? Die CPD Photolyase <one>repariert cyclic pyrimidine dimers</one> (<two>CPD</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase
378
+ - In <one>genetics</one>: <two>repression</two> <three>occurs at the level of ... </three>? <one>Transcription</one>. []
379
+ - Nenne die <one>Unterphasen der meiotischen Prophase I</one>, in korrekter Reihenfolge und mit vollem Namen. A: (1) <one>Leptotän</one> (2) <one>Zygotän</one> (3) <one>Pachytän</one> (4) <one>Diplotän</one> (5) <one>Diakinese</one> []
380
+ - How can the <one>URA3 gene product</one> be made <two>toxic</two>? By using the drug <one>5-FOA</one> (<two>5-fluoroorotic acid</two>) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Fluoroorotic_acid []
381
+ - What is <one>homoplasy</one>? Give an <two>example</two> illustrating this term. A: <one>Homoplasy</one>, also called <two>convergent evolution</two, describes in genetics that there are <three>sequence similarities</three> that are <orange>NOT</orange> due to homology. Wings of bats and bees are an example of Homoplasy. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution []
382
+ - Was ist ein <one>Victim</one> Transposon? Dies ist ein Transposon, in das andere Transposons hineinspringen. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091746/ []
383
+ - What happens when <one>allolactose</one> <two>binds to the lac-repressor</two>? The <two>lac-repressor</two> undergoes an <one>allosteric transition</one>. []
384
+ - Which <one>three general steps</one> occur in (natural) <two>DNA Synthesis</two>? (1) <one>chain initiation</one> (2) <one>chain extension</one> (3) <one>chain termination</one> []
385
+ - Welche <one>zwei verschiedene Arten</one> von <two>Punktmutationen</two> existieren? (1) <one>Transitionen</one> (2) <one>Transversionen</one> []
386
+ - The <one>Lambda-Red system</one> <two>consists of which three proteins</two>? (1) <one>Beta</one> (2) <one>Gam</one> (3) <one>Exo</one> []
387
+ - Welche <one>Stickstoffquelle</one> wurde beim <three>Meselson-Stahl Experiment</three> verwendet? <one>NH₄Cl</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson-Stahl-Versuch []
388
+ - <one>GroE</one> ist was für ein <two>Proteintyp</two>? <two>GroE</two> ist ein <one>Hitzeschock-Protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GroEL []
389
+ - Name a <one>RNA-dependent DNA-Polymerase</one>. A: The <one>reverse transcriptase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase []
390
+ - Das menschliche Genom besitzt n Bindungsstellen für <one>CTCF</one>? <one>15.000</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF []
391
+ - Name a possible problem when we apply <three>DNA profiling</three>, such as <one>during the investigation of a crime scene</one>. A: The possibility of <one>deliberate tampering</one>. []
392
+ - In regards to <one>transposons</one>: what do we mean with <three>negative selection</three>? That refers to the situation <two>when a transposon</two> <one>inserts into an exon</one>. []
393
+ - Wo <one>im menschlichen Genom</one> finden wir die <two>rRNA-Gene</two>? Auf den Chromosomen <one>13</one>/<one>14</one>/<one>15</one>/<one>21</one>/<one>22</one>. []
394
+ - Wann wurde die <one>one-gene-one-enzyme</one> Hypothese aufgestellt, und von wem? <one>Edward Tatum</one> (Mnemo: <two>ET</two>) und <one>George Beadle</one> stellten diese Theorie im Jahre <two>1941</two> auf. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_gene%E2%80%93one_enzyme_hypothesis []
395
+ - Im Jahre <one>1961</one> wurde mit Hilfe von <two>Suppressors</two> demonstriert, das der genetische Code in Triplets abgelesen wird. <three>In welchem Gen</three> und <three>bei welchem Organismus</three>? Im <one>rII-Gen</one>, beim <two>T4-Phagen</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T4-Phage []
396
+ - Provide another term for <one>identical twins</one>. A: <one>Monozygotic twins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin#Monozygotic_(identical)_twins []
397
+ - Wie heisst die <one>Vielfingrigkeit</one> mit dem Fachbegriff? <one>Polydaktylie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydaktylie []
398
+ - Wie kann man, möglichst einfach, beweisen das die <one>Isogameten von Chlamydomonas</one> nicht ident sind? Unterschiedliche Isogameten <one>verklumpen</one> wenn man sie mischt.
399
+ - <one>Gene conversion bias</one> increases ... ? <one>GC content</one>. []
400
+ - Es gibt <one>Sphynx</one>-Katzen und <one>Devon Rex</one>-Katzen. Was ist die molekulargenetische Ursache für diese Formen? Eine Mutation in dem Gen <one>KRT71</one> (<two>Keratin 71</two>). Diese Mutation ist für den jeweiligen <three>curly</three> und <three>wavy</three> Phänotyp verantwortlich. []
401
+ - In genetics: give another term for <one>homozygous</one>. A: <one>Pure breed</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True-breeding_organism []
402
+ - Which <one>protein</one> <two>detects maltose</two>? <one>MalT</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltose-binding_protein#Control_of_expression []
403
+ - Name all possibilities for <one>pyrimidine dimers</one> in DNA. A: There a e <one>three different possibilities</one> here: (1) <two>cytosine dimers</two> (<three>C-C</three>) (2) <two>thymine dimers</two> (<three>T-T</three>) (3) <two>cytosine-thymine dimers</two> (<three>C-T</three>) []
404
+ - <one>A single E. coli cell</one> contains how many molecules of the <two>initiator protein DnaA</two>? About <mediumturquoise>~1000</mediumturquoise> molecules. []
405
+ - What is meant with the term <one>DNA space</one>? This term refers to <one>every possible DNA combination</one>. []
406
+ - Nenne den <one>Induktor der Lactoseabbau-Enzyme</one>. A: <one>Allolactose</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allolactose []
407
+ - Activator and Repressor Proteins must have at least <one>which two states</one>? One state that can bind to DNA; and another state that can not bind to DNA. []
408
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurden die <two>Viroids</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1971</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid []
409
+ - The <one>reduction in the yolk sac</one> came together with <two>the elimination of which gene</two>? The <one>vitellogenin gene</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellogenine []
410
+ - <one>Which gene</one> determines <three>maleness</three> in humans? The <one>SRY</one> gene. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis-determining_factor []
411
+ - <one>Hypoxanthin</one> paart mit ...? <one>Cytosin</one> (Mnemonic: <two>Hypo-Cyto</two>; <three>HYPO-CYTO</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxanthine
412
+ - Nenne zwei <one>methylmodifizierte Basen</one>. A: (1) <one>5-Methylcytosin</one> (2) <one>6-Methylaminopurin</one> []
413
+ - In order for <one>reverse genetics</one> to work, what must be the case? We must know the <one>complete genome sequence</one>. []
414
+ - In general: <one>when are all eukaryotic genes</one> <two>less accessible for transcription</two>? During <one>mitosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis []
415
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für den genetischen <one>wild-type</one>? <one>Standard</one>. []
416
+ - What are <one>imperfect DNA mirror repeats</one>? <two>Imperfect DNA mirror repeats</two> (<two>IMRs</two>) are mirror repeats that are <one>less than 100% symmetrical</one>.
417
+ - Mittels <one>centiMorgan</one> können wir die <two>genetische Distanz</two> zwischen zwei Loci messen - aber <three>wann genau gilt das</three>? Pro <one>Rekombinationsereignis</one> - also <two>pro Meiose</two>, da es nur dann zum crossing over kommen kann.
418
+ - How do we call <one>genetic traits</one> that are <three>amenable to number-analysis via statistics</three>? <one>Quantitative traits</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_traits []
419
+ - The <one>RNA polymerase IV</one> synthesizes what exactly? The RNA polymerase IV synthesizes <one>siRNA</one>, <two>in plants</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_IV []
420
+ - What do we mean with <one>5hmC</one> in genetics? <one>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Hydroxymethylcytosine []
421
+ - Is it possible to prove that a mutation does not cause an <one>altered phenotype</one>? <one>No</one>. []
422
+ - Nenne eine recht <one>primitive, experimentelle Methode</one> wie wir <two>Rekombination</two> bei Eukarya und Prokarya fördern können. A: Durch <one>Behandlung mit Röntgenstrahlen</one>. []
423
+ - Name the <one>two major processes</one> responsible for <three>genetic variation</three>. A: (1) <one>mutation</one> (2) <one>recombination</one> []
424
+ - Is the <one>APOBEC1 gene</one> dangerous? Well - <one>it can cause tumors</one>, in particular <two>a huge liver cancer</two> - at the least in mice. It is thus an <one>oncogene</one>.
425
+ - Die erste <one>lac-Repressor Mutante</one> wurde wann entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1959</one>.
426
+ - In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>CAF1</one> stand for, in genetics? <one>Chromatin assembly factor 1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF-1 []
427
+ - Name the three general types of <one>chromosome mutations</one>. A: <royalblue>Mnemonic</royalblue>: <orange>gain</orange>, <orange>loss</orange>, <orange>relocation</orange> (1) <one>gain of chromosomal material</one> (2) <one>loss of chromosomal material</one> (3) <one>relocation of chromosomal material</one> []
428
+ - Gibt es <one>DNA Ribozymes</one>? A: Ja. <one>DNA nanomachines</one>. URL: https://books.google.at/books?id=YNTFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=Catalytic+oligonucleotides+(DNA+enzymes+and+ribozymes)+can+be+selected+using+a+similar+strategy.+DNA+sensor&source=bl&ots=-kXZDUa6Xw#v=onepage&q=Catalytic%20oligonucleotides%20(DNA%20enzymes%20and%20ribozymes)%20can%20be%20selected%20using%20a%20similar%20strategy.%20DNA%20sensor&f=false []
429
+ - What is the most frequent kind of <one>hydrolytic damage</one> in <two>dsDNA</two>? <one>Deamination of Cytosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination []
430
+ - In the genomes of Eukarya: are only <one>point mutations in the promoter</one> a problem? No - point mutations in <one>promoter-proximal elements</one> <two>can also hinder transcription</two>. []
431
+ - <one>Wie oft</one> finden wir <two>Alu-Elemente</two> im menschlichen Genom? <one>1_500_000 Kopien</one> (also <two>1.5 Millionen Male</two>). []
432
+ - Name the two different <one>Mendel-rules</one>. A: (1) rule of <one>independent segregation</one> (2) rule of <one>independent assortment</one> []
433
+ - Beim menschlichen <one>Dystrophin-Gen</one> bleibt <three>wieviel % der Gensequenz in der mRNA erhalten</three>? Weniger als <one>1%</one>. []
434
+ - Das <one>SRP</one> <two>bezieht woher seine Energie</two>? Aus <one>GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle#Mechanism []
435
+ - Give another name for the term <one>Epistasis</one>. A: <one>Interactions between genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis []
436
+ - More than <one>n%</one> of <two>mammalian RNA</two> is <three>rRNA</three>. A: <one>90%</one>. []
437
+ - Das <one>Drosophila P-Element</one> ist <two>sequenzidentisch</two> zu Elementen der evolutionär weit entfernten ... ? <one>Drosophila willistoni-Gruppe</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_willistoni []
438
+ - Wie können wir den <one>de-novo Weg</one> der <peru>Nucleotidsynthese</peru> versperren? Mit Hilfe von <one>Aminopterin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopterin []
439
+ - When we see <one>many tumor cells suddenly disappearing</one>, what may we typically conclude from this observation? They may have <one>undergone Apoptosis</one>. []
440
+ - In der <one>Pflanzengenetik</one>: können wir <two>unterschiedliche Sorten</two> <three>miteinander kreuzen</three>? <one>Ja</one>. []
441
+ - Welches <one>Allel</one> besitzen jeweils <two>Sphynx</two> und <two>Devon Rex</two> Katzen? (1) <one>Sphynx-Katzen</one> besitzen das <two>hairless</two> Allel (Mnemonic: auch die Sphinx in Ägypten ist haarlos) (2) <one>Devon-Rex-Katzen</one> besitzen das <two>curly Allel</two>
442
+ - <one>Wann</one> wird der <two>ORC</two> gebildet? In der <two>G1-Phase</two>, also (logischerweise) <three>vor</three> der <one>S-Phase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_phase
443
+ - Die <one>Tibeter</one> erbten ein <two>Höhen-Gen</two> von wem genau? Von den ausgestorbenen <one>Denisova-Menschen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisova-Mensch []
444
+ - Why the word <one>trans</one> in <three>transgene</three>? Because <one>that gene came from another organism</one>. []
445
+ - What is <one>the growing end of DNA</one>? The <one>3' OH</one> part of the DNA molecule. []
446
+ - An welchen Positionen im Genom existieren <one>SNPs</one>? An den <one>STSs</one> (<two>Sequence Tagged Sites</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence-tagged_site []
447
+ - <one>RNA-Polymerase</one> in Prokarya: <two>welche Subunit bindet DNA</two>? Die <one>Beta-Strich Subunit</one> (<one>beta'</one>) bindet DNA. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9054361/
448
+ - Das <one>Abbauprodukt der Purine</one> ist ... ? Die <one>Harnsäure</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harns%C3%A4ure []
449
+ - Warum das Wort <one>Antiterminator</one>? Da es in diesem Fall zu <tomato>KEINER</tomato> Termination kommt. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiterminator []
450
+ - In <three>classical genetics</three>: how can <one>intragenic deletions</one> be distinguished from <one>normal mutations</one>? (1) <two>Normal mutations</two> <one>can revert to wild type</one>. (2) <two>Intragenic deletions</two> <one>can not revert to wild type</one>. []
451
+ - <one>Wo</one> finden wir in <peru>Eukaryoten</peru> <two>reverse transcription</two>? (1) Bei <one>Retrotransposons</one>. (2) Bei der <one>Synthese der Telomer-Kappe</one>.
452
+ - <one>In welchem Land</one> wurde die <two>Sphynx-Katze</two> gezüchtet? In <one>Kanada</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphynx_cat#History_of_the_cat_breed
453
+ - Was heißt <one>CDK</one>? <one>Cyclin-dependent kinase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase []
454
+ - Nenne <one>drei Kennzeichen</one> eines <two>YAC</two>. A: (1) <one>ORI</one> (2) <one>Centromere</one> (3) <one>Telomere</one> []
455
+ - Wieviele <one>AC-Elemente</one> besitzt das <three>Mais-Genom</three>? <one>10</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac/Ds_transposable_controlling_elements []
456
+ - Was haben die <one>Stopcodons</one> gemeinsam? Sie alle beginnen mit einem <one>U</one> (in der RNA). []
457
+ - Name <one>one general mechanism</one> by which <two>the activity of the replication origin</two> is controlled. A: <one>DNA-Methylation</one>. []
458
+ - <one>Drosophila</one> hat <three>n Hox-Gene</three>? <one>8</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hox_gene#In_Drosophila []
459
+ - Das <one>Mariner-like element</one> gehört zu welcher Klasse? <one>Class II Transposable Element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tc1/mariner []
460
+ - What is meant with the abbreviation <one>pDNA</one>? This abbreviation refers to <one>plasmid DNA</one>. URL: https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/pDNA []
461
+ - <one>How</one> was <two>EcoRI</two> originally discovered? <one>EcoRI</one> was discovered because <two>several E. coli strains turned out to be resistant against phages</two>.
462
+ - Ursprung einer <one>auxotrophen Mutante</one>? <one>Prototrophe Eltern</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxotrophie []
463
+ - Give another name for <one>gene cancels another gene</one>. A: <one>Epistatic gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis []
464
+ - Give one example for <one>a regulatory nucleotide</one>. A: <two>Cyclic AMP</two> (<one>cAMP</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate []
465
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> schlug die (veraltete) <two>Tetranucleotide-Hypothesis</two> vor? <one>Phoebus Levene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus_Levene
466
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde <two>Penicillin</two> entdeckt? A: <one>1928</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline#Entdeckung []
467
+ - C. elegans hat <one>DCC</one>. Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>DCC</one>? <two>DCC</two> steht für <one>dosage compensation complex</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-Chromosome_Dosage_compensation []
468
+ - Nenne <one>drei wichtige Punkte</one>, wieso es zur <two>Mitose bei Mehrzellern</two> kommt. A: (1) <one>Wundheilung</one> (2) <one>Strukturerhaltung</one> (3) <one>Wachstum und Entwicklung</one>
469
+ - Anderes Wort für <one>p53</one>? <one>Rad3-Protein</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P06839
470
+ - <one>Wie lange</one> ist ein <two>eukaryotischer core promotor</two> (von, bis)? Zwischen 40 und 60 Basenpaaren. (<one>40-60 bp</one>) []
471
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte die <two>Stop-Codons</two>? <one>Sydney Brenner</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner []
472
+ - What are <one>the possible stop codons in DNA</one>? (1) <one>TGA</one> (3) <one>TAG</one> (2) <one>TAA</one> []
473
+ - <one>What exactly</one> does a <two>restriction enzyme</two> recognize? (1) the <one>recognition site</one> (2) the <one>cleavage site</one>
474
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>SINES</one>? <one>Nonautonomous LINES</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Interspersed_Nuclear_Element []
475
+ - Name <one>the three chromosomes in humans</one> that are <two>viable as a trisomy</two>. A: (1) <one>13</one> (2) <one>18</one> (3) <one>21</one> (note that chromosome 8 and 9 are also known, but at a lower frequency). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomy#Human_trisomy []
476
+ - <one>Where</one> are <two>Okazaki fragments</two> synthesized? On the <one>lagging template strand</one>, during DNA replication.
477
+ - In <one>yeast cells</one>, the Alpha cells produce a <two>mating pheromone</two> called the Alpha-factor. Neighbouring cells respond to this pheromone <three>by growing a projection</three>. What name does it have? The <one>Shmoo</one> - due to its <two>distinctive shape</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_of_yeast []
478
+ - <one>Which phenomenon</one> can we see in yeast <two>sir-mutants</two>? <one>Silencing is compromised</one> - both <two>alpha</two> and <two>a</two> are expressed. []
479
+ - Wie nennen wir das <one>cap-bindende Protein</one>? <one>eIF4E</one>. (Mnemonic: Bind<two>E</two>nd) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF4E []
480
+ - <one>Welche Eigenschaft</one> macht <two>Ethidiumbromid</two> <three>carcinogen</three>? Die <one>Fähigkeit von Ethidiumbromid zu interkalieren</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethidium_bromide []
481
+ - In <two>genetics</two>: which <one>three different allelic states</one> may any allele have over another one? (1) <one>dominant</one> (2) <one>co-dominant</one> (3) <one>recessive</one> []
482
+ - In der Molekularbiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>FEBAS</one>? <one>Fluorescence Enzyme Bead Assay</one> (<two>F|E|B|AS</two>). []
483
+ - Welcher Teil des <three>lac-Repressors</three> bindet an <one>Lactose</one>? Der <one>COOH-Terminus</one>. []
484
+ - Define the term <one>cccDNA</one>. A: <one>Covalently closed circular DNA</one>. []
485
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>cytoplasmatische Vererbung</one>? <one>Extranukleäre Vererbung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extranukle%C3%A4re_Vererbung
486
+ - The human genome contains how many <one>piRNAs</one>? More than <one>50.000</one>. []
487
+ - Give another term for the <one>ssb</one> (<two>single strand binding</two>) protein. A: <one>Helix-destabilizing protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-strand_DNA-binding_protein
488
+ - <one>Wie lang</one> können <two>CpG-Inseln</two> sein? Bis zu <one>1kb</one> (<two>1000 bp</two>) lang. []
489
+ - <one>RF1</one> und <one>RF2</one> ähneln ...? Einer <one>beladenen tRNA</one>. []
490
+ - <one>Janaiah</one> made a striking discovery when he discovered something about tumor and normal cells. <two>What technique did he use for this discovery</two>? Classical <one>Northern blotting</one>. []
491
+ - In der Genetik: nenne eine andere Bezeichnung für <one>Replikons</one>. A: <one>Replizierende Einheiten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replikon []
492
+ - <one>Which three enzymes</one> work during the <two>RNA Capping</two> step in eukaryotes? (1) <one>Phosphatase</one> (2) <one>Guanylyltransferase</one> (3) <one>Methyltransferase</one>
493
+ - In geneticsh: <one>Mendel's two laws</one> are ... ? A: <one>SeGas</one>. (1) <two>independent segregation</two> (2) <two>independent assortment</two> []
494
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>rezessiv letales Allel</one>. A: <one>Agouti</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti []
495
+ - Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Möglichkeiten</one> die <two>DNA-Doppelhelix zu denaturieren</two>. A: (1) <one>Erhitzen</one> (2) <one>Zugabe von Alkali</one>
496
+ - Bei der DNA, im <one>sugar-phosphate backbone</one>: <two>was können die negativ geladenen P-Gruppen in-vivo binden</two>? <one>Mg²⁺</one> Kationen.
497
+ - Vorteil von <one>K12</one>? <one>K12</one> kann <two>außerhalb des Labors nicht überleben</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_in_molecular_biology#K-12 []
498
+ - Englische Bezeichnung für die <one>Balbiani-Ringe</one>? <one>Puffs</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytene_chromosome []
499
+ - <one>Organelle genes</one> show what kind of <three>inheritance</three>? <one>Uniparental inheritance</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22059/ []
500
+ - <one>BACs</one> wurden woher gewonnen (ihr <three>Ursprung</three> entstammt welchem Organismus)? Aus dem <one>F-Plasmid</one> aus <two>E. coli</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome []
501
+ - In seiner aktiven Form hat der <one>LacI Repressor</one> wieviele Untereinheiten? Der LacI Repressor ist ein <one>Tetramer</one> - folglich hat er <two>4 Untereinheiten</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_repressor []
502
+ - Welches sind die beiden Aminosäuren die über <one>Stoppcodons</one> eingebaut werden? A: (1) <one>Selenocystein</one> (2) <one>Pyrrolysin</one> []
503
+ - Nenne einen <one>maternalen Faktor</one>, den die <two>Wanderschnecken</two> abgeben. A: Das <one>Dextral-Protein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_inversus#Situs_inversus_bei_Tieren []
504
+ - Gib ein Beispiel für <one>Substratinduktion</one> in der Genetik. A: Zum Beispiel das <one>lac-Operon</one>, das durch <two>(Allo)Laktose</two> <three>induziert</three> - also eingeschaltetn - werden kann. []
505
+ - <one>Ty</one> in genetics is <two>an abbreviation for ... </two>? <one>Transposon yeast</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty5_retrotransposon#Yeast_heterochromatin_and_Ty5. []
506
+ - Why do we need <one>two versions of DnaB</one>? Because <one>there are two DNA strands</one>, so we need <two>one for each strand</two>. []
507
+ - <one>Which group of genes</one> have <two>a high GC content</two>? The <one>housekeeping genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeping_gene []
508
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>Phage display</two> entwickelt? <one>1985</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display#History []
509
+ - <one>Mutations of genes</one> may have <three>which effect on fitness</three>? (1) <one>harmful</one> (2) <one>beneficial</one> (3) <one>neutral</one> (or <one>nearly neutral</one>) []
510
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für eine <one>gemeinsame Vererbung</one>? <one>Gekoppelte Vererbung</one>. []
511
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>nicht-selektive Mutante</one>. A: <two>Ein Farbverlust</two> in einem <one>pigmentierten Mikroorganismus</one>. []
512
+ - Provide another name for <one>Panmixie</one>. A: <one>Random Mating</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panmixie []
513
+ - What is <one>the main function of a polymerase</one>? The main function of a polymerase is <one>to copy a template nucleic acid strand, in order to produce a daughter strand</one>.
514
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde der Begriff <two>Chromatin</two> erstmals verwendet? Bereits im Jahre <one>1880</one>.
515
+ - How do we call mutations that <one>restore</one> a more wild-type phenotype again? <one>Suppressors</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressor_mutation []
516
+ - Do <one>okazaki fragments</one> contain <two>RNA</two>? No - <two>Okazaki fragments</two> are <one>DNA fragments</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments []
517
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde die <two>TATA-Box</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1978</one>, durch <two>David Hogness</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box []
518
+ - Who or what defines the <one>cistron</one>? The <one>complementation test</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementation_%28genetics%29 []
519
+ - Wieviel kostet die <one>synthetische GenSynthese einer Base</one> (in Euro)? Etwa <one>0.2 Euro</one>. Also: <two>5 Basen kosten 1 Euro</two>. []
520
+ - <one>Wo</one> fängt man an einer <two>tRNA</two> beim Zählen an? Am <one>5' Ende</one>. []
521
+ - Can <one>transposable elements</one> serve as <three>DNA methylation sites</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
522
+ - Man sieht einen <one>rosafarbenen Snapdragon</one>: <two>Was weiß man dadurch sofort</two>? Dieser Snapdragon muss <one>heterozygot</one> für die Farbe sein, denn <two>homozygoter</two> snapdragon ist entweder rot oder weiss. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirrhinum []
523
+ - Wie können wir auf <one>mutagene Wirkung chemischer Komponenten</one> testen? Mit Hilfe des <one>Ames Test</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_test []
524
+ - Andere, einfachere Bezeichnung für <one>Transkriptionsfaktoren</one>? A: <one>Proteine, die die Transkription fördern</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkriptionsfaktor []
525
+ - Die <one>Meiose</one> besteht aus <two>welchen zwei Schritten</two>? (1) <one>Trennung der Chromosomen</one> (2) <one>Trennung der Chromatiden</one> URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiose []
526
+ - <one>Alpha-Amanitin</one> can <two>inhibit the RNA-polymerase II</two>. <three>How many aminoacids does alpha-amanitin contain</three>? <one>8</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Amanitin []
527
+ - <one>Durchmesser</one>, in nm, einer <two>Chromatinfaser</two>? <one>30 nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin []
528
+ - Was wäre die Folge einer <one>mitotischen Bildung von Gameten</one>? <one>Gameten wären</one>, wie auch die normalen somatischen Zellen, <two>diploid</two>. []
529
+ - Haben die <mediumturquoise>Thrombozyten</mediumturquoise> einen <one>Zellkern</one>? Nein - genausowenig wie die <two>Erythrozyten</two>. []
530
+ - Dringt der <one>Yeast Mating Factor</one> in die <three>Hefe</three> ein? Nein. []
531
+ - Hat ein <one>starker Promoter</one> eher <two>A-T</two> oder eher <two>G-C</two> Basenpaare zwischen der -10 Position und der TSS-Stelle? Eher <one>AT-Basenpaare</one>. []
532
+ - Wenn wir <one>Metaphase-Chromosomen</one> mit <three>Giemsa</three> färben wollen, was müssen wir zuvor machen? Das ganze mit <one>Trypsin</one> vorbehandeln. []
533
+ - <one>Welches Antibiotikum</one> täuscht eine <two>Aminoacyl-tRNA</two> vor? <one>Puromycin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin []
534
+ - What is the signal that gives rise to <three>RNA interference</three> (<one>RNAi</one>)? A <one>double stranded RNA</one> (<two>dsRNA</two>). []
535
+ - <one>Auf welchem Chromosom</one> wird das <two>SOX3-Gen</two> gefunden? Auf dem <one>X-Chromosom</one>. (Mnemonic: SOX3 hat X, X ... X-Chromosom) []
536
+ - Wofür stehen jeweils die beiden Abkürzungen <one>snRNA</one> und <one>snoRNA</one>? A: (1) <one>snRNA</one>: <two>small nuclear RNA</two> (2) <one>snoRNA</one>: <two>small nucleolar RNA</two> []
537
+ - Die <one>Telomerase</one> fügt an welchem Ende neue DNA hinzu? Logischerweise nur am <one>3' Ende</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase []
538
+ - <one>Functional globin genes</one> have <two>n exons</two>? <one>3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globin []
539
+ - Vergleiche die <one>Mutationsrate</one> in mtDNA mit normaler DNA im Zellkern. A: Die Mutationsrate in mtDNA ist etwa <one>20x höher</one> als die Mutationsrate in der Zellkern-DNA. []
540
+ - Was bedeutet <one>Epistase</one> wortwörtlich? <one>Bremsen</one> / <one>Anhalten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistase []
541
+ - Was ist das <one>Hauptmerkmal</one> des <two>Zygotäns</two>? Die <one>Paarung der homologen Chromosomen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiose#Meiose_I_(Reduktionsteilung) []
542
+ - Does an <one>open reading frame</one> contain a <two>stop codon</two>? <one>No</one>, it does not. It ends at a stop codon though. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame []
543
+ - The <one>pol I enzyme</one> is <two>primarily involved in ... </two>? <one>DNA repair</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_I#Function []
544
+ - In der <one>Genetik</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>NHEJ</two>? <one>Non-homologous end joining</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining []
545
+ - Nur wann gilt die <one>Mendelsche Unabhängigkeitsregel</one>? Nur wenn die <one>Merkmale</one> (<two>Gene</two>) auf unterschiedlichen Chromosomen vorzufinden sind. []
546
+ - Nenne die drei <one>Chain-Termination Codons</one> in <two>RNA</two> (ohne Trivialname). A: (1) <one>UAA</one> (2) <one>UAG</one> (3) <one>UGA</one> []
547
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>genetische Symbiose</one> - mitsamt Erklärung, wieso dies eine genetische Symbiose darstellt. A: Das <one>Mitochondrium</one>, und das menschliche Genom, welches für die meisten Proteine im Mitochondrium kodiert. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrium []
548
+ - The <one>DNA Helicases</one> work closely together with which other protein, at the least in Bacteria? With <one>ssb</one> (<two>single-strand DNA-binding protein</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-strand_DNA-binding_protein
549
+ - Beschreibe die wichtigste Funktion von <one>CAF-1</one> mit einem oder zwei Wörtern. A: <one>Histon-Carrier</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_assembly_factor_1 []
550
+ - Welches <one>Nukleotid</one> hat eine <two>C-glykosidische Bindung</two>? <one>Pseudouridin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudouridine []
551
+ - <one>Welche allgemeine Aufgabe</one> hat das <two>Histon H1</two>? <one>Histon H1</one> <two>verschließt</two> die Ein- und Austrittstelle der DNA am <one>Histon-Oktamer</one>. URL: URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histon_H1
552
+ - In der <three>Hefe</three>, im <one>Galactose-Pathway</one>, wird extrazelluläre Galactose in ... umgewandelt? <one>Glucose-1-Phosphat</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-1-phosphat []
553
+ - <one>Wie</one> läuft <two>eine Mutantensuche</two> bei letalen Mutationen in Hefe ab? <one>Rezessive letale Mutationen</one> werden in der haploiden Hefe als sogenannte <two>konditionale Mutanten</two> isoliert.
554
+ - <one>Wann</one> ist der <two>Trp R Repressor</two> aktiv? Nur <one>wenn er Tryptophan gebunden hat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_repressor []
555
+ - Wir möchten das <one>80S Ribosom hemmen</one>, nicht aber das <three>70S Ribosom</three>. Wie können wir dies bewerkstelligen? Wir könnten <one>Cycloheximid</one> verwenden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloheximid []
556
+ - <one>SINEs</one> <two>constitute n% of the human genome</two>? <one>11%</one>.
557
+ - What does the Drosophila <one>copia element</one> <three>miss</three>? The <one>Drosophila copia-element</one> misses an <two>env</two> area. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC321795/ []
558
+ - Ist <one>Acridinorange</one> schwerer als <two>Proflavin</two>? Ja. Siehe: URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Acridine_Orange.png []
559
+ - Die <one>Korrekturlesefunktion</one> der <two>DNA-Polymerase I</two> liegt <three>in</three> welchem funktionellem Teil? Der <one>3'→5' Exonuclease</one>. []
560
+ - Does a <one>null mutation</one> produce anything? Yes: a <one>nonfunctional protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_allele []
561
+ - Was heisst <one>shRNA</one>? <one>short hairpin RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_hairpin_RNA []
562
+ - Provide another name for the term <one>cloning</one>. A: <one>Amplification process</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning []
563
+ - Can <one>transposable elements</one> <two>replicate faster than the host</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
564
+ - Nenne zwei <one>eukaryote Gene</one> <two>deren mRNAs keine Introns enthalten</two>. A: (1) <one>Histon-Gene</one> (2) <one>Interferon-Gene</one> []
565
+ - Do <one>male</one> <two>calico cats</one> exist? <one>No</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_cat []
566
+ - <one>Woher</one> kommt <two>die Energie</two> für die Reaktion der <three>Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase</three>? Aus <one>ATP</one>. []
567
+ - Anderes Wort für die <one>Chromosomenpaarung</one>? <one>Synapsis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsis []
568
+ - Trivialname für das <one>Luria-Delbrück Experiment</one>? Der <one>Fluktuationstest</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria-Delbr%C3%BCck-Experiment []
569
+ - Es gibt einen Transkriptionsfaktor der <one>CREB</one> genannt wird. Was heißt <one>CREB</one>? <one>CREB</one>: <two>cAMP-response element-binding protein</two>.
570
+ - Give an abstract analogy of what <one>genetic mutations achieve</one>. A: <peru>Mutations</peru> occasionally produce a <one>new playing card</one>.
571
+ - Give <one>another expression</one> for <two>additive gene transfer</two> and <two>deletive gene transfer</two>. A: (1) <one>Additive gene transfer</one>: <two>gain of function</two> (2) <one>Deletive gene transfer</one>: <two>loss of function</two> []
572
+ - An <one>Histon H3 S10</one> bindet ...? Die <one>14-3-3 Domäne</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-3-3_protein []
573
+ - What is the main function of the <one>ubiquitin protein ligases</one>? These ligases are enzymes that target other proteins to be broken down (<one>degraded</one>) within cells.
574
+ - In the human genome, we can find <one>ALB</one>, the <three>albumin promoter</three>. The expression of this promoter is restricted to ... ? The <one>liver</one>. In other words: <two>only the liver creates albumin</two>. []
575
+ - Name one drawback of <one>recombineering</one>. A: The <one>target DNA</one> must be <two>actively replicating</two>.
576
+ - <one>Welche Polymerase</one> transkribiert <two>LINEs</two> im menschlichen Genom? Die <one>RNA Polymerase II</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II []
577
+ - Anderer Begriff für ein <one>Operon</one>? <one>Cluster</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operon []
578
+ - What is <one>the fate of N-formyl methionine</one>? The <one>formyl group</one> <two>is removed lateron</two>. []
579
+ - Was ist die <one>Einheit biologischer Genkarten</one>? Das <one>centi-Morgan</one> (<two>CM</two>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimorgan []
580
+ - Was heisst <one>mukaku</one>? <one>Kernlos</one> (japanisch). URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2646284/ []
581
+ - Was weiß man sofort wenn man eine <one>Manx cat</one> sieht? Das diese Katze <two>heterozygot</two> sein muss, da der <one>homozygote Zustand</one> zu einer toten Katze führen würde. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_(Katze) []
582
+ - Warum ist die genetische Sequenz <one>AUGA</one> besonders? Diese Sequenz enthält sowohl ein <two>Startcodon</two> (<one>AUG</one>) als auch ein <two>Stopcodon</two> (<one>UGA</one>). []
583
+ - Provide another word for the <one>tRNA</one>. A: <one>The Adapter</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/tRNA []
584
+ - In der Genetik: anderer Begriff für die <one>Translation</one>? <one>Biokatalytisches Übersetzen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(Biologie) []
585
+ - Wieviel Prozent des <one>Mais Genoms</one> ist von <three>transponierbaren Elementen</three> kodiert? A: <one>50%</one>. []
586
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>pulse-chase Experiment</two> durchgeführt? Im Jahre <one>1957</one>. URL: https://what-when-how.com/molecular-biology/pulse-chase-experiments-molecular-biology/ []
587
+ - Welche <one>Gal-Mutante</one> ist stumm? <one>Gal4</one>. []
588
+ - Who proposed the term <three>plasmid</three> in <one>1952</one>? <one>Joshua Lederberg</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg []
589
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte die <two>Nucleinsäuren</two>? <one>Friedrich Miescher</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher []
590
+ - When was the sequence of <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one> <two>published</two> completely? A: In the year <one>1996</one>. (Goffeau et al. 1996) URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962479/ []
591
+ - <one>Wie groß</one> ist das <two>F-Plasmid</two>? A: <one>100.000 bp</one> (also <one>100 kb</one>). []
592
+ - Die <one>PCNA</one> hat n UE, die <one>Bakterienklammer</one> hingegen n? A: (1) <one>PCNA</one>: <two>3 UE</two> (2) <one>Bakterienklammer</one>: <two>2 UE</two> []
593
+ - Whenever information is copied, ... may arise. A: <one>Errors</one>. []
594
+ - Was heißt <one>cDNA</one>? <one>Complementary DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_DNA []
595
+ - Give an example of where <one>temperature</one> <two>influences the phenotype in plants</two>. A: The <one>evening primrose</one>. At <royalblue>18°C</royalblue> it produces <white>white flowers</white>, at <royalblue>23°C</royalblue> it produces <crimson>red flowers</crimson>. (white-red) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenothera
596
+ - Bei <one>Imprinting des Menschen</one> gibt es <two>paternale</two> und <two>maternale Muster</two>. <three>Unterschied</three>? Paternale Gene fördern, maternale Gene hemmen das <one>fetale Wachstum</one>. []
597
+ - The <one>decoding center</one> on the <two>prokaryotic ribosome</two> senses ... ? It can sense the fit between the codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the incoming charged tRNA.
598
+ - How do <one>pseudogenes</one> arise? Pseudogenes typically arise from the <one>accumulation of multiple mutations within a gene</one>.
599
+ - <one>Welche Promotoren</one> sind <two>downstream</two> zu finden? <one>Pol III Promotoren</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_III []
600
+ - In regards to an <one>open reading frame</one>: where is the <three>transcription termination site</three>? It is <one>located right after the ORF</one>.
601
+ - The cell can <one>phosphorylate</one> three Aminoacids. <two>How are these phosphor-groups connected to the individual aminoacid in question</two>? They reside on to the <two>O- group</two> of the <one>-OH group</one>.
602
+ - Why the name <one>monopolin</one>, in genetics? Because <one>Monopolins</one> ensure that sister kinetochores are <two>mono-oriented</two> in meiosis I.
603
+ - Wie heisst der <one>grüne Knollenblätterpilz</one> und was produziert er, das wie als <two>Zellgift</two> wirkt? <one>Amanita phalloides</one>. <two>Alpha-Amanitin</two>, ein <royalblue>Amatoxin</royalblue>, welches die menschliche RNA-Polymerase II und III hemmen kann. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides#Toxicity
604
+ - In <one>Recombineering</one>: we wish to avoid one bacterial host system. <two>Which one</two>? The <one>methyl-directed mismatch repair system</one>, which normally removes more than 99% of the incorporated changes.
605
+ - Name <one>two</one> <two>centrifugation modes</two> for DNA. A: (1) <one>iso-pycnic centrifugation</one> (2) <one>CsCl-equilibrium centrifugation</one>
606
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>a preset gene</one>? <one>Preset genes</one> are those in which the binding sites for trans-acting factors are accessible prior to activation.
607
+ - <one>Warum</one> war <two>Neurospora</two> in der Genetik so wichtig? Man konnte dank Neurospora <one>auxotrophe Mutanten</one> isolieren und analysieren. Dies war wichtig da man hier einen niederen Eukaryoten untersuchen konnte.
608
+ - In genetics: what did the <one>multifactorial hypothesis</one> propose? <one>Continuous traits</one> are <two>governed by a combination of multiple Mendelian loci</two>, each with a small effect on the traits and environmental factors.
609
+ - <one>Alkylierende Verbindungen</one> verändern die DNA an Positionen, die für Methylierung oder Ethylierung zugänglich sind. <two>Nenne die beiden häufigsten Produkte in der Reihenfolge ihres Auftretens</two>. A: (1) <one>7-Alkylguanin</one>: <two>70-80%</two> (2) <one>3-Alkyladenin</one>: <two>6-10%</two>
610
+ - <one>How</one> does the <two>spindle assembly checkpoint</two> work? It blocks the destruction of cyclin B - unless all chromosomes are properly aligned.
611
+ - Nenne fünf <one>Anforderungen</one> an einen Träger genetischer Information, die von (ds)DNA erfüllt werden. A: (1) <one>DNA kann</one> die <one>Information speichern</one> (2) DNA kann vermehrt werden und somit auch an Nachkommen weitergeben werden (Replikation) (3) DNA kann Information zur Verfügung stellen, über mRNA (Expression) (4) (ds)DNA kann wiederhergestellt wird (Reparatur) (5) DNA kann variieren (Mutation / Rekombination)
612
+ - Nenne die vier <one>basenmodifizierenden Agenzien</one>. A: (1) <one>alkylierende Agenzien</one> (2) depurinierende Agenzien (3) <one>desaminierende Agenzien</one> (4) <one>hydroxylierende Agenzien</one>
613
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>phenotypic plasticity</one>? This is <one>the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment</one>.
614
+ - Name three <one>challenges</one> that are associated with <three>gene therapy</three>. A: (1) it is difficult to achieve <one>stable integration</one> (2) Delivery to many cells (3) Avoid rejection by the immune system
615
+ - Das <one>P-Element</one> kann die Stabilität des Genoms gefährden da es durch Integration in Exons Defekte hervorrufen kann. <two>Wie schützt sich Drosophila davor</two>? Durch die <two>maternale Vererbung</two> von <one>piwi-interacting RNA</one> (<one>piRNAs</one>). In einem RNA-silencing Mechanismus wird hier die <three>genomische Integrität</three> aufrecht erhalten.
616
+ - The <one>RecBCD protein</one> typically binds to ... ? A <one>DNA double-stranded break</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecBCD
617
+ - Warum ist die <one>Telomer-Haarnadelschleife</one> wichtig? Sie stellt eine <one>3' OH Gruppe</one> bereit, die als Substrat für die DNA-Polymerase I dienen kann.
618
+ - In metabolism: <one>genetic disorders</one> can occur due to enzyme deficiencies that disrupt these normal metabolic pathways. We can manage these. <two>Name three different treatment strategies aside from gene therapy</two>. A: (1) <one>Dietary restriction</one> / <one>supplementation</one> (2) <two>Inhibit other enzymes</two> in the pathway, via medicaments (3) Infusion of a recombinant enzyme, such as to treat the <one>Gaucher disease</one>
619
+ - Woraus besteht die <one>eukaryotische 5' cap</one>? Aus <one>7-methyl guanosine</one>, verknüpft über 5'-5' phosphate linkage - eine sogenannte <two>triphosphate bridge</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-prime_cap#Structure
620
+ - The fantastic enzyme <one>Polynucleotide phosphorylase</one> has <two>which two major functions</two>? (1) It has a <one>3' terminal polymerase</one> activity (2) It also has a phosphorolytic <one>3'→5' exoribonuclease</one> activity
621
+ - <one>Eukaryotic mRNAs</one> are modified by the addition of a cap to the 5' end. How do we write this cap in chemical shorthand-notation? <one>m7GpppN cap structure</one>.
622
+ - Es gibt <one>drei Stopcodons</one>. Eines davon ist <two>sick</two>. <three>Welches ist es und was heisst das</three>? A: <one>UAA</one> ist <one>sicker</one> als die anderen beiden Stoppcodons da hier <orange>tRNAs öfters mutiert vorliegen</orange> und dieses Stopcodon nicht richtig interpretieren. Sehr lange Proteine sind daher die Folge, die Zelle ist daher <three>sicker</three>.
623
+ - <one>cDNA</one> ist eine Kopie einer mRNA, mit einem Nachteil. <two>Meist fehlt ein Teil</two>. Welcher und warum? A: Das 5' Ende der cDNA entspricht selten auch dem 5 Strich Ende der mRNA. cDNA wird meist von einem Primer aus hergestellt, der nicht von der reversen Transkriptase kopiert werden kann, da sie sich an seine Seite anheftet, um die mRNA transkribieren zu können.
624
+ - Allgemein - <one>wo</one> finden wir <two>SECIS Elemente</two>? Gleich nach dem <one>UGA-Codon</one> (<two>UGA-SECIS</two>).
625
+ - Was ist <one>Homogamie</one>? <one>Homogamie</one> bezeichnet <two>die Ähnlichkeit zweier Sexualpartner</two> bei Menschen und Tieren. Der Partner wird also <three>nach ähnlichen Kriterien</three> ausgesucht. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogamie
626
+ - In molecular genetics: what is <one>dsx</one> and what is <two>its functional role</two>? <one>Doublesex</one> is <two>a gene that plays an important role in determining sex in Drosophila</two>. When expressed, this primary RNA transcript is alternatively spliced into two different mRNAs. To give an example, the female genitals will only develop if "dsx-female" is present. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublesex
627
+ - <one>Initiationsfaktor-1</one> und <one>Initiationsfaktor-2</one> kooperieren. <two>Was ermöglichen diese Faktoren</two>? Sie stellen sicher, das an die P-Stelle eines Ribosoms nur itRNA (<one>Initiator</one>) andocken kann.
628
+ - Why may we apply <one>5-azacytidine</one> in <two>genetic therapy</two> and what effect will this have? <one>5-azacytidine</one> can <two>remove methyl groups from DNA</two> - thus, it will <three>globally activate transcription</three>.
629
+ - Was sind <one>knock-in</one> Lebewesen und welchen Vorteil haben sie? Klassischerweise <one>Mäuse</one> mit einem menschlichen Gen, das <two>reingeknocked</two> wurde. Der Vorteil ist das man Effekte von Medikamenten besser untersuchen kann. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockin
630
+ - Name three reasons why the <two>Bt toxin</two> supposedly is a <one>good insecticide</one>. A: (1) It is specific to particular insects (2) it breaks down quickly in the environment (3) it is not toxic to humans
631
+ - Gibt es Ausnahmen von der <one>mendelschen Uniformitätsregel</one>? Ja - bei <one>genomic imprinting</one>.
632
+ - <one>Nitrous acid</one> (Summenformel: <two>HNO₂</two>) hat welchen Effekt auf Nukleotide? Es kann eine sogenannte <one>Transition</one> verursachen, zum Beispiel von <two>C → U</two>.
633
+ - What happens if cells are supplied with <one>Purvalanol</one>? These cells will be <one>arrested</one> in the <two>G2 phase</two>. (Purvalanol is a <one>G2-stopper</one>; <one>G2-arrest</one>) URL: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB02733
634
+ - In <one>Recombineering</one>: <two>which protein is the most important one</two>? The <one>Beta protein</one>, which is a <two>ssDNA annealing protein</two>.
635
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>imperfect duplex</one>. A: Dies bezeichnet eine <one>DNA Duplex</one>, die <two>nicht ganz basengepaart vorliegt</two>.
636
+ - What is <one>the most interesting feature of a cosmid</one>? Unlike plasmids, cosmids can be packaged in <two>phage capsids</two>, which allows the foreign genes to be transferred into or between cells by <one>transduction</one>.
637
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Syntänie</one> gemeint? Wenn <one>orthologe Gene</one> in gleicher Reihenfolge in verschiedenen Genomen vorkommen.
638
+ - <one>2-aminopurine</one> can base pair with ... ? (1) <one>Cytosine</one> (<two>C</two>) (2) <one>Thymine</one> (<two>T</two>) URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC14540/
639
+ - How do <one>piRNAs</one> work? They <one>form RNA-protein complexes</one> through interactions with so-called <two>piwi proteins</two>.
640
+ - Wie ist ein <one>lethal allele</one> definiert? A: Ein <one>lethal allele</one> ist ein Allel, das <two>einen Organismus töten kann</two> wenn es in <three>homozygoter Form</three> (also 2 Allele davon) vorliegt. Es handelt sich hierbei meistens um Gene die sehr wichtig sind für einen Organismus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_allele
641
+ - In genetics: what do we mean with <one>NUMTs</one> or <one>numts</one>? <one>NUMT</one>, pronounced <two>new might</two>, is an acronym for <three>nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment</three>. This describes a <four>transposition</four> of any type of cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome of an eukaryotic organism.
642
+ - What is the job of <one>Geminin</one>? Geminin prevents re-assembly of MCM proteins on fresh DNA by binding Cdt1 and inhibiting it. Geminin is degraded during the mitotic cell division upon ubiquitination through the APC to allow response to licensing factors in the next S phase.
643
+ - Das Protein <one>Ruv C</one> macht was? <one>Ruv C</one> bindet als Dimer an die <two>Holliday-Struktur</two>.
644
+ - Name two <peru>specific</peru> <one>promoter-proximal</one> elements in higher eukaryotes. A: (1) <one>GC-rich box</one> (2) <one>CCAAT-Box</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAAT_box
645
+ - What does the term <one>incomplete penetrance</one> mean? That <one>not every individual with a certain genotype expresses the corresponding phenotype</one>.
646
+ - In der Genetik: was heisst <one>MITE</one> und was ist es? (1) Die Abkürzung steht für <one>miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements</one>. (2) <one>MITE</one> ist ein <two>non-autonomous DNA-Transposon</two>. URL: http://www.mobilednajournal.com/content/3/1/13
647
+ - Wie ist <one>L1</one> strukturell aufgebaut? <one>ORF1</one>, <one>ORF2</one> (ist synonym zu <one>pol</one>) sowie <one>Poly-A</one>. Die <three>LTR-Region fehlt jedoch</three>.
648
+ - In der Genetik was ist der <one>input type</one>? Das ist bei <one>homozygoten Eltern</one> das <two>1:1 Verhältnis</two> ihrer <one>Allel-Kontribution</one>.
649
+ - Funktionell betrachtet sehen <one>SINEs</one> wie aus? A: (1) Am <one>5' Ende</one> sehen sie <two>tRNAs</two> ähnlich. (2) Am <one>3' Ende</one> haben sie einen <two>AT-reichen Bereich</two>. (3) Der zentrale Bereich ist unspezifisch zu tRNA.
650
+ - Provide <one>two examples</one> for <two>informational suppressors</two>. A: These are <one>mutations that suppress</one> e. g. (1) <two>frameshift mutations</two>, or (2) <two>nonsense mutations</two>
651
+ - What is an <one>epistatic gene</one>? Provide a concise example for this as well. A: This is <one>a gene that determines whether or not a specific trait will be expressed</one>. For example, <two>baldness</two> versus <two>red hair colour</two>.
652
+ - What is <one>a suppressor mutation</one>? This is a genetic change that <one>supresses the effect of another mutation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressor_mutation
653
+ - Nenne zwei Hauptfunktionen von <one>Histon H1</one>. A: (1) <one>Histon H1</one> verschließt die Ein- und Austrittstelle der DNA am Histon-Oktamer (2) <one>Histon H1</one> ist für eine "dichtere Packung des Chromatins" verantwortlich, zur Überführung von der <two>10nm Faser</two> in die <two>30nm Faser</two> (<one>10nm→30nm</one>).
654
+ - <one>Was</one> ist die <two>Maintenance Methylation</two> und wer führt sie durch? Die <one>Desoxyribonucleinsäuremethyltransferase1</one> (<one>DNMT1</one>) führt die <two>Maintenance Methylation</two> durch. Sie wirkt bei der somatischen Mitose, indem sie hemimethylierte DNA nach der Replikation methyliert. Sie fügt eine Methylgruppe an die Position 5 von Cytosine und an die Position 6 des Adenine Ring hinzu. Diese Modifikation ist vererbbar.
655
+ - What do we mean with <one>the ordered nature of the genetic code</one>? This means that chemically similar amino acids, often share one or two <one>middle</one> bases in their different triplets encoding them.
656
+ - Wie können <one>recessive lethal mutations</one> in einer Population detektiert werden? Indem wir <one>ungewöhnliche Segregationsregeln</one> / <one>Segregationsmuster</one> bemerken.
657
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>Mendelian mutation</one>? Individuals present a certain phenotype <one>only if they carry the specific mutation</one>.
658
+ - Erkläre das Phänomen <one>phase variation</one> genetisch, an Hand eines Beispieles. A: Das Bakterium <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one> besitzt die für Flagellin kodierende Gene <two>fliB</two> und <two>fliC</two>. Diese Gene können umgeschaltet werden, dank <three>sequenzspezifischer Rekombination</three>. Dies wiederum invertiert die <four>H-Region</four>, mit dem Effekt, das das Bakterium verschiedene Typen des Flagellin-Proteins verwenden kann. Antikörper gegen bestimmte Flagellin-Subtypen können so nicht greifen, und dies erlaubt es Salmonella schnell umzuschalten und dadurch die Immunabwehr effektiv zu unterlaufen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_variation
659
+ - Name two sets of <one>regulatory proteins</one> <two>in higher eukaryotes</two>. A: (1) <one>enhancers</one> (2) <one>promoter-proximal elements</one>
660
+ - What are <one>continuous</one> traits - also give an example. A: <two>Continuous traits show many intermediate forms</two>. Example for such a trait: <one>height in humans</one>.
661
+ - Was ist das Ziel des <one>ENCODE-Projekts</one>? (1) das <one>menschliche Transkriptom</one> zu identifizieren und zu charakterisieren (2) alle funktionellen Elemente des menschlichen Genoms zu erfassen URL: https://www.encodeproject.org/
662
+ - Was ist eine <one>monogene Erkrankung</one>? Eine monogene Erkrankung wird durch eine - oder mehrere Mutationen - <one>in einem einzigen Gen</one> verursacht.
663
+ - <one>Michael Bishop</one> received the <two>nobelprize</two> for what discovery? For the discovery of the <one>cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes</one>.
664
+ - Was genau ist die <one>Exaptation</one>? Die Tatsache das <one>genomische Entwicklungsschübe</one> eine Vielzahl neuer Gene und Genkombinationen hervorbringen, die weit über das hinausgehen was zum besseren Überleben unmittelbar notwendig wäre. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaptation
665
+ - Give an example for <one>a quantitative trait</one>. A: <one>Height</one> (e. g. in a human population).
666
+ - Was muss passieren damit der <one>Initiationsfaktor IF3</one> abfallen kann? <three>Zwei Komponenten müssen andocken:</three> (1) der <one>Initiationsfaktor fMet-tRNA</one> (2) die <one>mRNA</one>
667
+ - Give an example for a <one>partial dominant allele</one>. A: The <cadetblue>Snapdragon</cadetblue>. Flower colour can be <orangered>red</orangered> / <pink>pink</pink> / <white>white</white>, Genotype can be WW/Ww/ww, where W is partially dominant over w.
668
+ - What exactly can the phenomenon called <one>photoreactivation</one> do in a cell? It can directly <one>reverse the formation of pyrimidine dimers</one> that may have resulted from <three>ultraviolet irradiation</three> (<two>UV</two>).
669
+ - Give <one>three examples</one> for <two>intercalating agents</two>. A: (1) <one>acridine orange</one> (2) <one>proflavin</one> (3) <one>ICR compounds</one>
670
+ - Welche zwei <one>Bindungstypen</one> finden wir in einem Nukleotid? Hilfestellung: Wir betrachten den Zucker als <three>zentrale Komponente</three>. (1) eine <one>N-glykosidische Bindung</one> zwischen <two>Zucker+Base</two> (2) eine <one>Esterbindung</one> zwischen <two>Zucker+Phosphat</two>
671
+ - Was genau ist mit dem Begriff <one>synthetic lethality</one> gemeint? Ein Gen für sich alleine genommen führt nicht zum Tod der Zelle - aber zwei verschiedene Gene (<one>Allele</one>) kombiniert schon. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_lethality
672
+ - Die <one>B-Form der DNA</one> ist die <three>Normalform</three>. Gibt es Varianten dieser B-Form? <royalblue>Poly-A</royalblue> und <royalblue>Poly-T</royalblue> Sequenzen führen zu <one>leicht gebogener DNA</one>. Die <two>Helixwindung</two> beträgt hierbei 10 statt der normalen 10.5 bp.
673
+ - Name the three main domains of <one>DNA-Polymerase III</one>. A: (1) <one>finger</one> (2) <one>thumb</one> (3) <one>palm</one>
674
+ - What is meant with the phrase <one>lactase persistence</one>? This is when <one>lactase activity</one> persists at a high level throughout adult life. This enables them to <two>digest lactose as adults</two>.
675
+ - In der Genetik: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>MECP2</one>? <one>Methyl CpG-binding domain protein 2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-CpG-binding_domain_protein_2
676
+ - <one>Springende Retro-Transposons</one> ähneln ...? <one>RNA-Viren</one>.
677
+ - Für die <one>DNA-Replikation</one> ist <three>welche Korrekturlesefunktion</three> eminent wichtig? Die <one>3' zu 5' Exonucleaseaktivität</one> (<two>3'→5'</two>).
678
+ - Was sind <one>Basenanaloga</one>? Dies sind <one>Moleküle</one>, die in ihrer Struktur <two>Purin</two> und <two>Pyrimidinbasen</two> ähneln.
679
+ - <one>Genome Size</one> correlates with ... ? A: The <one>amount of transposons in a genome</one>.
680
+ - Give <one>an extreme example of introns in eukaryotic genes</one> and also state how many introns we can find as part of this gene. A: The <one>pro-alpha-2 collagen gene</one> <two>contains 50 introns</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ieb/research/acembly/av.cgi?db=human&term=COL1A1&submit=Go
681
+ - Welche Sequenzfolge haben <one>Dna-A Boxen</one> in <two>E. coli</two>? <one>TTA|TCC|ACA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_bacterial_chromosome#Initiation
682
+ - <one>Welche Transition</one> führt <two>nitrous acid</two> durch (mit zwei konkreten Beispielen)? (1) <one>Oxidative Deamination</one> von <two>Cytosin</two> nach <two>Uracil</two> (<two>C</two> → <two>U</two>). (2) <one>5-Methylcytosine</one> zu <two>Thymin</two> (<two>5meC</two> → <two>T</two>) konvertieren.
683
+ - The <one>primase</one> synthesizes what? A <one>short stretch of RNA</one>, of around <one>11-12 nucleotides</one> in length (= <two>RNA primers</two>).
684
+ - <one>Thomas Hunt Morgan</one> führte welche Notation ein? Nenne ein Beispiel. A: Ein Gen für ein bestimmtes Merkmal wird nach der <one>ersten entdeckten Mutante</one> benannt, zum Beispiel <two>w</two> für <two>white eyes</two>, <two>w+</two> für <two>red eyes</two>.
685
+ - Why the name <one>general</one> in <two>general transduction</two>? General because <one>any segment of the chromosome</one> can <two>be relocated</two> by this system.
686
+ - Was besagt die <one>Genzentrentheorie</one>? Sie besagt, das <one>die genetische Variation der Kulturpflanzen</one> nicht gleichmäßig verteilt ist, sondern gewisse <two>Hotspots</two> aufweist. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/genzentrentheorie/27444
687
+ - Was bezeichnen wir mit <one>Penetranz</one> in der Genetik? Dies ist <one>die prozentuale Wahrscheinlichkeit</one>, mit der <two>ein bestimmter Genotyp</two> zur Ausbildung des dazugehörigen Phänotyps führt.
688
+ - Das <one>2012</one> vorgestellte <three>IPGT-Verfahren</three> (<two>in-planta Gene Targeting</two>) soll neue Erbinformation sehr präsize einbauen. Worauf basiert das? Auf <one>homologer Rekombination</one>, mit Hilfe einer <two>site-specific endonuclease</two>.
689
+ - Die <one>WRN-Helikase</one> kodiert für ein Protein mit n Aminosäuren? Mit <one>1432 Aminosäuren</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_syndrome_helicase
690
+ - What is a <one>helitron</one>? A <one>helitron</one> is <two>a class II transposon</two> found in eukaryotes that is thought to replicate by a so-called <three>rolling-circle</three> mechanism. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helitron_%28biology%29
691
+ - Name another expression for the term <one>quantitative traits</one>. A: <one>Complex traits</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_traits
692
+ - What was <one>DNA Shopping</one> exactly and <two>when</two> did it happen? In the year <one>2010</one>, researchers built a <one>synthetic chromosome</one> by buying more than <two>1000 x 1080-base sequences</two> that covered the whole <three>Mycoplasma mycoides</three> genome. (The Mycoides genome has <one>1.211.703</one> nucleotides) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_mycoides
693
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>centi-Morgan</one> (<one>cM</one>). A: 1 cM entspricht 1% Rekombination zwischen zwei Markergenen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimorgan
694
+ - <one>8-oxoguanine</one> can pair with ...? <two>Adenin</two> (<one>8-oG → A</one>; <three>OG-A</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Oxoguanine
695
+ - Nenne einen Organismus der <one>kein STOP-Triplett</one> besitzt. A: <one>Condylostoma magnum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condylostoma
696
+ - <one>When</one> is the <two>ATM gene</two> active? This <two>protein kinase</two> is active upon <one>double-stranded DNA breaks</one>.
697
+ - Das <one>Jacob & Monod Operon-Modell</one> entstand wann? <one>1960</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14406329/
698
+ - What is meant with <one>"Rien ne vas plus!"</one> in genetics? This is an analogy for <one>DNA replication</one>. DNA replication separates the <two>deposition phase</two> (betting) from the <two>evaluation phase</two>.
699
+ - Der <one>Gewebefaktor</one> der Faktor <two>VII</two> zu <two>VIIa</two> konvertiert, ist was für ein Typ? Ein <one>Transmembran-Glykoprotein</one>.
700
+ - Was meinen wir mit einer <one>dynamischen Mutation</one>? Eine dynamische Mutation bezeichnet <one>instabile, repetitive DNA-Sequenzen</one>.
701
+ - Im <one>Transposon der Hefe</one>: was bedeutet der Name <three>Ac</three> genau und wieso wurde er gewählt? <one>Activator</one>, da er einen Bruch in einem <one>Ds-Locus</one> auslösen kann.
702
+ - Das <one>MERC-Gen</one>: was heisst <two>MERC</two>? <one>Maternally expressed hnRNPC-related gene</one>.
703
+ - In <one>wässriger Lösung</one> sehen wir bei dsDNA n Nucleotide / Umdrehung? Und bei X-Ray? <one>10.4</one> beziehungsweise <two>10</two>.
704
+ - In welchem Jahr wurden <one>Repressor-Proteine</one> erstmals isoliert? <one>1967</one>.
705
+ - Wie schafft es die Zelle selektiv zwischen Genregionen umzuschalten, wie zum Beispiel beim <one>Imprinting</one>? Mittels <one>Cytosinmethylierung</one>.
706
+ - What is <one>a constitutive mutant</one>? This is <one>a mutant</one> in which <two>the target gene (or genes) is (are) always transcribed</two>.
707
+ - In genetics: what exactly is <one>C</one>? This is <one>the haploid amount of DNA in the genome</one>.
708
+ - Define the <one>minimalist genome</one>. A: The minimalist genome contains the <one>minimum complement of genes</one> necessary for a living cell.
709
+ - Was sind <one>meristische Merkmale</one>? Dies sind Merkmale, bei dem man <one>die Phänotypen durch Zählung ganzer Zahlen erfasst</one>.
710
+ - <one>Ethyl methanesulfonate</one>, abbreviated <two>EMS</two>, is a mutagenic compound. What is its chemical formula? <one>C₃H₈SO₃</one> (<cadetblue>C₃|H₈|S|O₃</cadetblue>). It thus has <one>four different atoms</one>.
711
+ - <one>Überlappende Gene</one> haben nicht nur Vorteile sondern auch zumindestens einen <two>Nachteil</two>. Welchen? Eine einzige Mutation kann <one>mehr als ein Protein</one> treffen.
712
+ - <two>Which gene</two> controls the human <one>ABO blood group</one>? The <one>ABO glycosyltransferase gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_%28gene%29
713
+ - Was genau besagt die <one>Uniformitätsregel</one> in der Genetik? Sie besagt das, wenn man zwei verschiedene reine Rassen einer Art kreuzt, so erscheinen alle Nachkommen in der F1-Generation unter sich gleich; eben <one>uniform</one>.
714
+ - Welche Aufgabe hat das <one>Yeast Gal-System</one>? Das <two>Gal-System</two> konvertiert <one>Galaktose</one> zu <one>Glucose</one>.
715
+ - The common SINE family <one>Alu</one> probably originated from ... ? A <cadetblue>7SL RNA gene</cadetblue>. It is assumed that a central sequence was deleted here. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu-Sequenz
716
+ - How to perform <one>phage complementation</one>? We make use of a <one>mixed infection</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection#Primary_versus_opportunistic
717
+ - Warum sind die <one>P-Elemente</one> unterschiedlich gross? Da es oft zu <one>Deletionen</one> kam, vor allem <two>im mittleren Bereich</two> (welcher für die <one>Transposase</one> kodiert). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Element
718
+ - Give another name for <one>cell-free biosynthesis in a test tube</one>. A: <one>in-vitro protein-synthesizing system</one>.
719
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>DNA methylation</one>? This is the <one>covalent attachment</one> of a <two>methyl group</two> to the <one>C5 position of cytosine residues</one> in <royalblue>CpG dinucleotide sequences</royalblue>.
720
+ - What is the <one>reeler mouse</one>? This is <one>a mouse mutant</one> with <two>motor coordination problems</two>, due to a mutation in the <three>RELN gene</three>. No Reeling is produced as a consequence. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeler
721
+ - Nenne <one>die wichtigste Splicing-Regel</one>. A: Die <one>5'-GU-A-AG-3'</one> Regel.
722
+ - Nenne ein <one>chemisches Mutagen</one>, das eine <three>Desaminierung</three> verursachen kann. A: Die <two>salpetrige Säure</two> (<three>HNO₂</three>) kann eine <one>Desaminierung</one> verursachen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpetrige_S%C3%A4ure
723
+ - Es gibt sogenannte <one>Antimetaboliten</one> zu den Nukleotiden und zu den Aminosäuren. Nenne jeweils eines für: <two>Guanin</two>, <two>Uracil</two> sowie für <two>Methionin</two>. A: (1) <one>Azaguanin</one> für <two>Guanin</two> (2) <one>Ethionin</one> für <two>Methionin</two> (3) <one>Fluorouracil</one> für <two>Uracil</two>
724
+ - <three>Was</three> genau postulierte die veraltete <one>Tetranucleotid-Hypothese</one>? Das <one>alle vier Nukleotide in gleichen Mengen vorkommen</one>.
725
+ - In der Genetik: was erzeugt die <one>Replikaplattierung</one>? Eine <one>Kopie der Ausgangskulturplatte</one>, auf einen <two>Membranfilter</two>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/replika-plattierung/56272
726
+ - <one>Suppressoren</one> funktionieren nach welchen <three>drei verschiedenen Wirkprinzipien</three>? (1) <one>High copy suppressor</one> (2) <one>Bypass suppressor</one> (3) <one>Interaction suppressor</one>
727
+ - Can we <one>isolate synthetic lethal mutations</one>? No. Well, we can, and this explains the term <royalblue>synthetic</royalblue>. We need to synthesize a strain with two mutations that have been characterized independently. Using conditional mutants in one of the genes makes it possible to construct a strain with the two alleles under "permissive conditions", and then test the phenotype under the <two>nonpermissive condition</two>.
728
+ - Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel, inklusive des Organismus, für ein genetisches Phänomen das massgeblich durch <one>maternale Faktoren</one> entsteht. A: Die Windungsrichtung des Schneckenhauses von <one>Limnea peregra</one> wird <two>durch maternale Faktoren reguliert</two>.
729
+ - Was ist eine <one>neutrale Mutation</one>? Dies ist eine Mutation, die <crimson>nicht</crimson> die Genproduktion betrifft.
730
+ - <one>Wo</one> genau alkyliert <two>EMS</two> in der DNA? (1) Ketogruppe an <one>Guanine C-6</one> (2) Ketogruppe an <one>Thymin C-4</one>
731
+ - Wie wirken <one>chaotrope Reagenzien</one> auf <two>DNA</two>? Diese Reagenzien fördern das <one>Denaturieren der DNA</one>; sie zerstören also die DNA Doppelhelix. Es sind dies vor allem <two>OH-Verbindungen</two>.
732
+ - In der Genetik: nenne eine andere Bezeichnung für <one>NLS</one>? <one>Importmotiv</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importine
733
+ - What is the underlying reason for <three>SCID</three> (<one>Severe combined immunodeficiency</one>)? There is <one>a defect in V(D)J recombination</one>.
734
+ - Was verstehen wir unter einer <one>Depurinierung</one>? Eine <one>Depurinierung</one> ist der Verlust einer der stickstoffhaltigen Basen in der DNA-Doppelhelix.
735
+ - Was ist der <one>Genfluss</one>? Dies ist <one>der Allelaustausch zwischen verschiedenen Populationen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genfluss
736
+ - Wie unterscheidet sich die <one>homologe Rekombination</one> allgemein von der <one>nichthomologen Rekombination</one>? Bei der <one>nichthomologen Rekombination</one> muss die DNA-Sequenz nicht übereinstimmen.
737
+ - What is an <one>unnatural base pair</one>? This is <one>a designed subunit of DNA</one>, which was created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature.
738
+ - <two>Warum</two> wird die <one>Kombinationszüchtung</one> in der Pflanzenzucht verwendet? Die <one>Kombinationszüchtung</one> wird zur <two>Erzeugung von genetischer Variabilität</two> verwendet.
739
+ - How do <one>microRNA</one> work? microRNA <two>silence</two> by <one>binding to complementary mRNA</one>.
740
+ - <one>Frösche</one>, die keine Ribosomen synthetisieren können, mögen für einige Zeit überleben. Warum? Das <one>Oocytenplasma</one> enthält Ribosomen, welche die Fehlfunktion einige Zeit kompensieren können.
741
+ - <one>Bakterienzellen</one> haben <two>RF3</two> (<three>Release Factor 3</three>). Welche Aufgabe erfüllt dieser Faktor? Dieser Faktor bewirkt die <crimson>Dissoziierung</crimson> der anderen beiden Release Factors RF1 und RF2 (<one>releaser</one>). Dies geschieht unter <two>GTP-Verbrauch</two>, nachdem ein Peptid synthetisiert wurde.
742
+ - Das <three>Luria-Delbrück-Experiment</three>, das <one>1943</one> stattfand, hat was herausgefunden? Das <two>Mutationen in Bakterien</two> <one>zufällig erfolgen</one> und <one>ungerichtet</one> sind.
743
+ - Why was the name <one>Alu family</one> given? Because they are cleaved with the restriction enzyme <peru>Alu I</peru>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_element
744
+ - Wie arbeiten <one>Typ-I Restriktionsendonucleasen</one>? Sie schneiden etwa <two>1000 bp versetzt</two> in 3' Richtung der Erkennungssequenz (also <one>downstream</one>).
745
+ - What means the term <one>Haplodiploidy</one> and where could we find it? This is <one>a sex-determination system</one> where males develop from <two>unfertilized eggs</two> and are haploid, and females develop from <two>fertilized eggs</two> and are diploid. <royalblue>Bees</royalblue>, <royalblue>ants</royalblue> and <royalblue>wasps</royalblue> employ this system.
746
+ - <two>Welche Zustände</two> werden durch den Begriff <one>Aneuploidy</one> in der Genetik abgedeckt? Mehr oder weniger Chromosomen - aber auch <one>Chromosomen mit partiellen Deletionen</one>.
747
+ - Give another name in genetics for the <one>processivity factor</one>. A: The <one>beta-ring</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846219/
748
+ - Was ist zur <one>genetischen Nomenklatur</one> zu sagen? Gene werden nach der <one>erst-entdeckten Mutante</one> benannt, zum Beispiel <three>w</three> für <two>white</two> und <three>+</three> für <two>Wildtyp</two>.
749
+ - Das menschliche <one>BRCA1 Gen</one> ist wo zu finden? Am humanen <one>Chromosom 17</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1
750
+ - Wie viel % des <three>menschlichen Genoms</three> kodiert für <one>Proteine</one>? Etwas mehr als <one>2%</one>.
751
+ - Was gilt für die meisten <one>sterile mutations</one> beim Menschen? Sie betreffen zumeist <one>nur Männer</one> - oder <one>nur Frauen</one>; <two>betreffen die Geschlechter also unterschiedlich stark</two>.
752
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Hemizygotie</one> gemeint? Wenn ein bestimmtes Gen (beziehungsweise ein bestimmtes Allel) nur einmal vorkommt in einem ansonsten diploiden Organismus.
753
+ - Was bedeutet der Begriff <one>sublethal</one>/<one>sublethality</one>? A: Ein Allel das in <one>homozygoter Ausprägung</one> den Tod eines Organismus hervorrufen kann, dies jedoch zwischen 0-100% dieser Fälle tut. Mit anderen Worten, die <two>Tödlichkeit</two> wird in einigen, aber nicht in allen betroffenenen Homozygoten manifest.
754
+ - Name <one>four factors</one> that can cause eukaryotic cells to <three>decrease their rate of protein synthesis</three>. A: (1) infection by <royalblue>viruses</royalblue> (2) <one>increase in temperature</one> (aka <two>heat</two>) (3) deprivation of nutrients (aka <royalblue>less energy</royalblue>) (4) deprivation of <royalblue>growth factors</royalblue>
755
+ - How may we call a gene at its <one>normal</one>/<one>usual locus</one>? An <one>endogeneous gene</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089560
756
+ - In der Genetik: was ist ein <one>Haplotyp</one>? Ein <two>Haplotyp</two> bezeichnet eine Reihe von <one>Allelen</one>, die gemeinsam vererbt werden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotyp
757
+ - Wie schneiden wir, im Labor, DNA? Nenne zwei Beispiele für diese Einheiten, mit der schneidenden Sequenz. A: Mit Hilfe von <one>Restriktionsendonukleasen</one>. (1) <two>EcoRI</two> schneidet an <three>GAATTC</three>. (2) <two>AluI</two> schneidet an <three>AGCT</three>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriktionsenzym
758
+ - <one>DNA Glycosylases</one> cleave where? At <two>Uracil</two> nucleotides, at their <one>glycosidic bond</one>.
759
+ - <one>Mobile genetic elements</one> can facilitate ... ? <one>Evolutionary change</one>.
760
+ - What is meant with the term <one>euploid</one>? <two>Euploidy</two> is the state of a cell having an integral multiple of the monoploid number. In other words, <one>multiples of the basic monoploid chromosome set</one>. (Normally we refer to the 2n-state as "the euploid state" though). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy#Euploidy
761
+ - Welche zwei <one>Imprinting Hypothesen</one> gibt es? (1) <one>Genetic-Conflict</one> Hypothesis (2) <one>Ovarian-Time-Bomb</one> Hypothesis
762
+ - Give another term for <one>housekeeping genes</one>. A: <one>Constitutive genes</one>.
763
+ - What does a <one>dormant origin</one> mean? Many replication origins that are licensed by loading MCM2-7 complexes during G1 are normally not used. They are thus called <one>dormant origins</one>.
764
+ - Das menschliche <one>AB0 Gen</one> besitzt <two>n Exons</two>? <one>7</one>.
765
+ - What is the <one>exome</one>? This is <one>the sequence of all exons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exome
766
+ - <one>Mutations</one> alter ... ? The <one>information content of genes</one>.
767
+ - Explain the main difference between <one>genotype frequencies</one> and <one>allele frequencies</one>. A: (1) <one>Allele frequencies</one> refer to <two>a haploid set of information</two>. (2) <one>Genotype frequencies</one> refer to <two>a diploid set of information</two>, respectively the amount of chromosome sets in that given genome.
768
+ - What do <one>maintenance DNA methyltransfer enzymes</one> recognize? They recognize <one>hemi-methylated segments of DNA</one>.
769
+ - What do we mean with <one>incomplete dominance</one>? This is when the hybrid does not resemble either pure-breeding parent but <one>resembles an intermediate phenotype</one>.
770
+ - What do we mean with the <one>second genetic code</one>? This is <one>the matching of each amino acid with the correct tRNA</one>.
771
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>TATA Box</one> in <two>Eukarya</two>? Dies ist die <one>Goldberg-Hogness Box</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box
772
+ - Does the <one>reticuloycte</one> contain <two>mRNA</two>? Yes - <one>early on it does</one> (even after losing its nucleus). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulocyte
773
+ - Name the <peru>4</peru> stop codons in <one>mtDNA</one>. A: <peru>Everything</peru> but <royalblue>UGA</royalblue> (<cadetblue>TGA</cadetblue>) → (1) <one>TAA</one> (2) <one>TAG</one> (3) <one>AGA</one> (4) <one>AGG</one>
774
+ - Name <one>four modes of genetic innovation</one>. A: (1) <one>Gene Duplication</one> (2) Intragenic Mutation (3) DNA-Segment Shuffling (4) <one>Horizontal Transfer</one>
775
+ - How is <one>the third law of Mendel</one> called, alternatively? The <one>Law of Dominance</one>. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance#Law_of_Dominance_and_Uniformity
776
+ - Bei der <one>Desaminierung</one> von Cytosine zu Uracil (<two>C → U</two>): was genau geht hierbei effektiv verloren? Ein <one>NH</one>-<two>Molekül</two>. Eine -NH₂ Gruppe wird entfernt, ein H wird jedoch an ein anderes N Atom angelagert.
777
+ - <three>In the human genome</three>: how many % of the intron-containing genes are <one>alternatively spliced</one>? More than <one>90%</one>.
778
+ - Give another name for <one>DNA-Reparatur Methyltransferases</one>. A: <one>Suicide enzymes</one>.
779
+ - Nenne die 4 <one>Nukleoside</one>, die wir in DNA finden können. A: (1) <one>Desoxyadenosin</one> (2) <one>Desoxyguanosin</one> (3) <one>Desoxycytidin</one> (4) <one>Desoxythymidin</one>
780
+ - Nenne zwei <one>Funktionselemente</one> eines Chromosoms. A: (1) <one>Centromer</one> (2) <one>Telomere</one>
781
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>nationale Genbank</one> (allgemein). A: Das <one>Vavilov-Institut</one> in <two>St. Petersburg</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Plant_Industry
782
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für ein <one>cistron</one>? <one>ORF</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistron
783
+ - Does <one>unwinding of the DNA double helix</one> require energy? Yes; <one>DNA helicases</one> <two>use energy from ATP</two> for the unwinding-job. URL: https://evolutionnews.org/2013/02/unwinding_the_d_1/
784
+ - Wann fand das <one>Meselson-Stahl-Experiment</one> statt? <one>1958</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson%E2%80%93Stahl_experiment
785
+ - What is the <one>most dangerous single-event DNA damage</one>? A <one>double-stranded DNA break</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair#Double-strand_breaks
786
+ - Was für einen <one>Primer</one> verwendet die <two>Reverse Transkriptase</two>? Den <one>polyA-Teil einer mRNA</one>.
787
+ - Wie kann die <one>Telomerlänge</one> gemessen werden? Über <one>quantitative PCR</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction
788
+ - Welcher <one>Terminationsfaktor in Eukaryoten</one> erkennt alle 3 Stop Codons? <one>eRF1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation_termination_factor_1
789
+ - Die Zelle braucht <one>positive Ladungen</one> um die <three>negativen DNA Ladungen</three> zu kompensieren. Vor allem was? <one>Na⁺</one>.
790
+ - Name a big reason as to why <one>single-base-pair changes</one> can inactivate a protein. A: Due to <one>splice-site mutations</one>.
791
+ - Nenne ein Gen das <one>epistatisch zum AB0 System</one> ist. A: Das <one>Fut1-Gen</one> (<two>Fucosyl-Transferase Gen</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT1
792
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>tautomere Formen</one> der Nukleotide? <one>Strukturisomere</one>.
793
+ - What does the term <one>codominant</one> mean in genetics? <one>Two alleles contribute independently to the phenotype</one>. This implies that there is an <two>independence of allele functions</two>.
794
+ - Wer gilt als <one>Begründer der Epigenese</one>? <one>William Harvey</one>: ein Organismus entwickelt sich aus einem befruchteten Ei. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey
795
+ - In genetics: what is meant with <one>5-BrU</one>? <two>5-BrU</two> refers to <one>5-Bromouracil</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Bromouracil
796
+ - When did <one>Francis Crick</one> develop the <lightseagreen>wobble hypothesis</lightseagreen>? In the year <one>1966</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble_base_pair#Brief_history
797
+ - In der Genetik: was bezeichnen wir mit dem Stichwort <one>Stringenz</one>? Dies sind <one>Reaktionsbedingungen</one>, die die Zusammenlagerung zweier einzelsträngiger Nukleinsäuremoleküle beeinflussen. Je stringenter ("zwingender") die Bedingungen, desto perfekter müssen die DNA-Moleküle zueinander passen, damit sie sich zusammenlagern können (== "Komplementarität").
798
+ - Was für ein Typ sind die <one>SMC</one> (<one>structural maintenance of chromosomes</one>)-Proteine? <one>ATPasen</one>, wie <two>Cohesins</two> und <two>Condesins</two>.
799
+ - In <one>R-Plasmids</one>, at their <cadetblue>RTF components</cadetblue>: which structural entity limits them? <one>IS1-elements</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid#Classifications_and_types.
800
+ - The <one>RuvA protein</one> has n subunits? <one>4</one> - thus, it is a <one>tetramer</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuvABC
801
+ - What is <one>the modus operandi</one> of the <two>Type I Topoisomerase</two>? The <two>Type I Toposiomerase</two> <one>cuts one strand</one> of a DNA double helix, then <one>relaxation</one> occurs, and then the cut strand is reannealed again.
802
+ - <one>Bromodeoxyuridine</one> (<two>BrdU</two>) ist ein Analog zu? <one>Desoxythymidin</one> aka <two>Thymidin</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxythymidin
803
+ - What does the word <one>isopycnic</one> mean? Of the <one>same density</one>.
804
+ - Von-bis (<peru>in kb</peru>) des <one>Chloroplasten-Genoms</one>? <one>120 kb</one> bis <one>200 kb</one>.
805
+ - Das <one>F-Plasmid</one> integriert normalerweise wo hinein ins bakterielle Chromosom? Zwischen ein <one>IS3-Element</one>.
806
+ - Sites <one>n bp apart</one> on linear DNA, are <two>close together on the nucleosome</two>? <one>80bp</one>.
807
+ - What do we mean with <one>relaxed plasmids</one>? These are plasmids that are <one>high-copy number</one>; their DNA replication does not depend on host cell chromosomal DNA replication.
808
+ - Wann kommt <one>RAD51</one> zum Einsatz? Bei <one>Doppelstrangbrüchen der DNA</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51
809
+ - In which year did <one>Next-Generation Sequencing</one>, sort of, break through? In the year <one>2005</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#High-throughput_methods
810
+ - Was macht das <one>spo11 Protein</one>? Es verursacht einen <one>Doppelstrangbruch</one> in einem <two>Chromatid</two>.
811
+ - Name a <one>disadvantage</one> of the <three>translesion DNA polymerase</three>. A: They tend to make more errors because their <one>active sites are more open</one>.
812
+ - Ein normales <one>P-Element</one> (aus Drosophila) kodiert für welche Proteine? (1) <one>Transposase</one> (2) <one>Repressorprotein</one>
813
+ - Was sind <one>plektonemische Verdrillungen</one> in der DNA? Dies ist der Fall wenn die DNA Stränge ohne Aufdrehen/Öffnung nicht getrennt werden können.
814
+ - Warum kann <one>IPTG</one> als <three>verlässlichen Induktor für das lac-Operon</three> verwendet werden? (1) Zum Einen ist <two>IPTG</two> der <one>Allolactose</one> strukturell ähnlich. (2) Zum Anderen kann die Bindung mit einem <one>S-Atom</one> nicht durch das Enzym gespalten werden.
815
+ - Nenne ein <one>Enzym</one>, das zwischen <two>Cytosin</two> und <two>5-Methylcytosin</two> <three>'vermittelt'</three>. A: Die <one>DNA Methyltransferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methyltransferase
816
+ - Name the <one>two elements of a cosmid</one>. A: (1) <one>cos sites</one> (2) <one>plasmid</one>
817
+ - In der Genetik: was bedeutet <one>sublethal</one>? Wenn die <one>Lethality</one> nicht 100 ist, sondern irgendwo <one>zwischen 0 und 100</one>.
818
+ - Provide another term for <one>genetic diversity</one>. A: <one>Variation</one>.
819
+ - <one>CAF-1</one> mit Cargo bindet woran? An den <one>PCNA</one> (ist wie Beta-Clamp bei Prokaryoten, nur eben bei eukaryoten Organismen). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen
820
+ - What is <one>cisgenesis</one>? <one>Cisgenesis</one> is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with a natural gene from a crossable-sexually compatible-plant. Such a gene has introns, and is flanked by its native promoter and terminator.
821
+ - What do we mean with <one>Heterosis</one>? This is <two>the improved function of any biological quality</two> <one>in a hybrid offspring</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis#Definitions
822
+ - Was verstehen wir unter dem Begriff <one>Temperatur-sensitive (ts) Mutanten</one>? Dies sind <one>Mutanten</one>, die <two>bei höheren Temperaturen nicht wachsen können</two>.
823
+ - Wie kann man sich die <one>Histone</one> möglichst plastisch vorstellen und aus welchen Monomeren bestehen sie jeweils? Als <one>zwei Scheiben</one> (<royalblue>Doppelscheiben</royalblue>), die aus je 1x <two>H2A</two>, <two>H2B</two>, <two>H3</two> und <two>H4</two> bestehen.
824
+ - What is <one>Hemochromatosis</one>? This is an <one>abnormally high absorption of iron from the diet</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemochromatosis
825
+ - Nenne das genetische <one>Paradebeispiel</one> für <two>paternal imprinting</two> und <two>maternal imprinting</two>. A: (1) <two>Maternal vererbtes Gen</two>: <one>H19</one>. (2) <two>Paternal vererbtes Gen</two>: <one>igf2</one>.
826
+ - Name <one>an adduct forming agent</one> that begins with the letter <two>a</two>. A: <one>Acetaldehyde</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde
827
+ - What is the effect of the binding of <one>TBP</one> to <two>TATA</two>? This will <one>induce a strong bend of the dsDNA</one>.
828
+ - Nenne ein <three>Enzym</three>, das <one>den Verlust von Basenpaaren detektieren kann</one>. A: Die <one>AP-Endonuklease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_endonuclease
829
+ - Was genau kann die <one>DNA Ligase</one> verknüpfen? Eine <one>3' OH Gruppe</one> sowie eine <one>5' Phosphoryl-group</one>.
830
+ - Anderes, wissenschaftlicheres Wort für das <one>Kernplasma</one>? <one>Karyoplasma</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyoplasma
831
+ - Was ist das <one>genetische Risiko</one>? Dies ist <one>die Summe aus risikovermehrenden und -vermindernden Genen</one> (beziehungsweise deren <two>Polymorphismen</two>).
832
+ - What does the <one>cystic fibrosis gene</one> code for? A <one>cell membrane protein</one> - a <two>channel protein</two> - that governs the transport of (negatively charged) <three>chloride ions</three> in and out of the cell.
833
+ - Who is <one>the father of genetics</one>, with his full name? <one>Gregor Mendel</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel
834
+ - Was heisst <one>LINE</one> genau? <one>Long interspersed nuclear element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element
835
+ - What means, at the non-histone protein <one>HMG14</one>, the <lightseagreen>HMG</lightseagreen> abbreviation? <one>High mobility group</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-mobility_group
836
+ - Welche Aufgabe hat die <one>DNA-Polymerase I</one>? <one>DNA-Polymerase I</one> fügt die fehlenden Nukleotide <two>zwischen den Okazaki Fragmenten</two> hinzu.
837
+ - Name an animal with a surprisingly low proportion / amount of transposable elements in the genome. A: <one>Apis mellifera</one>, aka the <two>Western honey bee</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_bee
838
+ - Welche <one>Untereinheit</one> der <two>DNA-Polymerase III</two> ist zuständig für die <three>Korrekturlesefunktion</three>? Die <one>Epsilon-Untereinheit</one>.
839
+ - What do we mean when we say <one>specialized transduction</one>? This is a specific form of transduction in where <two>only specific areas</two> located <one>near the attachment site</one> are transduced. Transducing particles thus carry both chromosomal DNA and phage DNA.
840
+ - Warum werden <one>Genome-wide association studies</one> verwendet? Um <one>polygene Erbgänge</one> zu erfassen und zu analysieren.
841
+ - Wie lässt sich die <one>Enzymaktivität der Telomerase</one> bestimmen? Durch die <one>TRAP-Methode</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAP-Methode
842
+ - <one>Type IV restriction enzymes</one> target ...? <one>Methylated DNA</one>.
843
+ - How do we call <one>a mRNA with multiple ORFs</one>? This is a <one>polycistronic mRNA</one>. URL: https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc731/transcript/transcript3.htm
844
+ - Ist der Begriff <one>Parasexualität</one> auf Prokaryoten beschränkt? Nein - auch <one>die Bildung eines Heterokaryon</one> bei <royalblue>Aspergillus</royalblue> fällt hierunter. (<three>Heterokaryon bei Aspergillus</three>)
845
+ - Die <one>Termination der Translation</one> wird über die <two>STOP codons</two> ausgelöst, wie eben <three>UAG</three>, <three>UAA</three> oder <three>UGA</three>. Aber wo genau müssen sich diese befinden? An der <one>A-Stelle des Ribosoms</one>.
846
+ - In molecular genetics: what is the most important part of the <one>supershift assay</one>? The <one>antibody</one>.
847
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>M-Checkpoint</one>? <one>SAC</one>: the <two>Spindle Assembly Checkpoint</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_checkpoint
848
+ - Are the <one>Alu elements</one> <two>able to replicate</two>? Yes - if a <one>LINE retrotransposon</one> assists them.
849
+ - The human genome includes the <one>Alu element</one>. Why the name Alu? <royalblue>Alu</royalblue> (<one>Arthrobacter luteus</one>) restriction endonuclease. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrobacter_luteus
850
+ - The <one>nucleosome-to-nucleosome linkage</one> involves especially what? The <one>H4 tail</one>.
851
+ - Nenne zwei <one>safe havens</one> für Retrotransposons-Insertion. A: (1) <one>Andere Retrotransposons</one> (2) <one>Heterochromatin of Centromeres</one> (<two>lots of repetitive DNA</two>)
852
+ - The protein <one>RuvA</one> binds to ... ? A <one>holliday junction</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0A809
853
+ - Give another word for the term <one>transcriptome</one>. A: The <one>transcript population</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptome
854
+ - Warum der Name <one>H DNA</one>? <one>H</one> steht hier für <two>Hoogsten base pairs</two> (a <three>triple helix</three>).
855
+ - Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für eine <one>Heteroduplex</one>. A: Dies ist ein <one>mütterlicher</one> DNA-Strang und ein <one>väterlicher</one> DNA-Strang.
856
+ - <one>Neanderthal DNA</one> is n% identical to present-day human DNA? To about <one>99.7%</one> identical.
857
+ - What is the <one>mark of epistasis</one>? A <one>9:3:4</one> phenotypic ratio in the <two>F2 generation</two>.
858
+ - <one>n% der menschlichen Gene</one> werden <three>alternativ gespliced</three>? <one>60%</one>.
859
+ - <one>Hämoglobin</one> im menschlichen Genom ist <two>auf welchem Chromosom</two> kodiert zu finden? <one>Chromosom 9</one>.
860
+ - With <one>which technique</one> can we find out how many cells are in any given cell cycle? Via <one>FACS cell sorting</one>.
861
+ - What are <one>Pseudogenes</one>? Pseudogenes are <one>dysfunctional relatives of genes</one> that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene
862
+ - Von den drei <one>mendelschen Regeln</one> stimmt welche am wenigstens? Die <one>Mendel Regel 3</one>.
863
+ - Nenne die zwei Ebenen <one>genetischer Diversität</one>. A: (1) <one>intraspezifische Diversität</one> (2) <one>interspezifische Diversität</one>
864
+ - Was ist die <one>Karyogamie</one>? Die <one>Vereinigung</one> von (logischerweise mindestens zwei) Zellkernen. Diese sind <two>haploid</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyogamie
865
+ - Wie unterscheidet sich <one>protein-directed branch migration</one> von <one>spontaneous branch migration</one>? (1) <one>Spontaneous branch migration</one> geht in beide Richtungen. (2) <one>Protein-directed branch migration</one> hingegen geht nur in eine Richtung.
866
+ - In der Genetik: nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für <one>incomplete penetrance</one> beim Menschen. A: <one>Polydaktylie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydaktylie
867
+ - Give an example for <one>chromosomal memories</one>. A: <one>DNA Methylation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation#During_embryonic_development
868
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>orphan receptors</one>? Dies sind <two>Rezeptoren</two>, von denen <one>der Ligand</one> <one>unbekannt</one> ist.
869
+ - Nenne einen <one>funktionellen Unterschied</one> zwischen <two>SINEs</two> und <two>LINEs</two> A: (1) <one>LINEs</one> sind <two>autonom in ihrer Transposition</two>. (2) <one>SINEs</one> hingegen sind <two>NICHT autonom in ihrer Transposition</two>.
870
+ - Was sind die <one>Com-Proteins</one>? Proteine, die für die <one>Kompetenz</one> wichtig sind. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_competence
871
+ - Was macht die <one>Separase</one>? A: Die <one>Separase baut Cohesin ab</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separase
872
+ - What is very important for the <one>creation of Hfr cells</one>? <one>Insertion sequences</one>.
873
+ - Give one specific example for a <one>Type V</one> restriction enzyme. A: The <one>cas9-gRNA complex</one> from CRISPRs.
874
+ - Was sind <one>knob-chromosomes</one> und in welchem Organismus sah man dies zuerst? Manchmal besitzen Chromosomen <one>extrachromosomales Material</one> am Ende. Dieses <royalblue>wird auch vererbt</royalblue>. Knob-Chromosomes sah man erstmals bei <three>Drosophila</three>.
875
+ - Wann sprechen wir von einem <one>Haplont</one>? Wenn <two>der Großteil des Lebenszyklus</two> im <one>haploiden Stadium</one> verläuft.
876
+ - Eine <one>Methylgruppe am Cytosin</one> ragt wohinein in die <three>DNA Doppelhelix</three>? In die <one>grosse Rinne</one> der DNA (Mnemonic: <two>Methyl ist wichtig!</two>).
877
+ - Welche <three>Wellenlänge</three> verwendet die <one>CPD Photolyase</one>? <one>340-400 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase
878
+ - Name an organism without any <one>DNA-Transposons</one>. A: <one>Yeast</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast
879
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>Phänotyp</one> der epistatisch wirkt. A: Der <one>Bombay Phänotyp</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay-Blutgruppe
880
+ - Auf DNA appliziert: welche Substanz kann die Chemikalie <one>Hydroxylamine</one> produzieren? <one>5-Hydroxymethylcytosine</one>. (Sie überträgt eine OH-Gruppe auf Cytosine.)
881
+ - Nenne eine <one>biochemische Mutation beim Menschen</one>. A: Die <one>Sichelzellenanämie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichelzellenan%C3%A4mie
882
+ - Was ist die wichtigste Idee hinter der <one>Penicillin-Selektionsmethode</one>? Das <two>Penicillin</two> nur <one>aktiv wachsende bakterielle Zellen tötet</one>.
883
+ - Wie lange ist die <one>linker DNA</one> in Eukaryoten (von-bis)? Variabel, zwischen <one>20-60 bp</one>.
884
+ - In der <one>Meiose</one>: was erfolgt in der <three>Prophase 1</three>? <one>Crossing-Over</one>.
885
+ - When the genetic code was decoded, there was a problem with one <one>RNA homopolymer</one>. Which one? <one>G</one>. <two>GGG</two> was not a functional template, most likely because <one>the molecule folded back on itself</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homopolymer
886
+ - What is meant with the term <one>missense mutation</one>? A <one>missense mutation</one> occurs when a codon for one amino acid is changed into the codon for another amino acid.
887
+ - What is <one>HepG2</one>? <one>HepG2</one> is a <two>human liver tumor cell line</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hep_G2
888
+ - In genetics: give another term for <one>non-independent segregation</one>. A: <one>Linkage</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_linkage
889
+ - <one>Eduard Buchner</one> entdeckte welches Enzym? Die <one>Zymase</one>, aus Hefe gewonnen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymase
890
+ - Wie lange (in bp; nur einen Wert angeben) sind <one>LTRs</one>? A: <one>800 bp</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTR_retrotransposon
891
+ - Is the <one>hammerhead ribozyme</one> an enzyme? Not quite so. It has a <one>turnover number</one> of only <two>1</two>.
892
+ - Give a reason <one>why some genes of identical twins are not identical</one>, other than due to epigenetic causes. A: Some will have changes owing to <one>replication errors</one>.
893
+ - Das Enzym <one>Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1</one> produziert was? Dieses Enzym produziert <two>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</two> (<three>5-hmC</three>), ausgehend von <one>5-methylcytosine</one> (5-mC).
894
+ - In genetics: give another expression for the term <one>anomalous inheritance</one>. A: <one>Non-Mendelian inheritance</one>.
895
+ - Nenne eine Rolle von <one>lncRNAs</one> (<peru>long noncoding RNAs</peru>). A: Sie spielen eine Rolle bei der <one>Dosiskompensation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_non-coding_RNA
896
+ - <three>Wann</three> wurde das <one>zentrale Dogma der Molekularbiologie</one> aufgestellt? <one>1957</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
897
+ - Ursache des <one>Rett-Syndrom</one> und auf welchem Chromosom liegt die Ursache hierzu? Auf dem <two>X-Chromosom</two> liegt ein Gen mutiert vor, und zwar das Gen <one>MeCP2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2
898
+ - Nenne ein Gewebe beim Menschen, das <one>verkürzte Telomere</one> aufweisen mag. A: Die <one>Darmmukosa</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmschleimhaut
899
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Zellkernteilung</one>? A: <one>Karyokinese</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Karyokinesis&redirect=no
900
+ - Was ist die <one>ektopische Rekombination</one>? Dies ist eine Rekombination zwischen <one>nicht-homologen Genbereichen</one>.
901
+ - What is the role of the Drosophila <one>tinman</one> gene? This <one>transcription factor</one> is immensely important for <one>the development of a heart</one> in Drosophila - it is outright <peru>vital</peru>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinman_(gene)
902
+ - <one>Bromuracil</one> unterscheidet sich wie von Thymin? <one>Bromuracil</one> hat an <two>Position 5</two> ein <orange>Brom-Atom</orange> anstatt einer Methylgruppe. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Bromuracil
903
+ - Wie nennen wir <one>eine mRNA</one> mit nur einem offenen Leseraster? Dies ist eine <one>monogenische RNA</one>.
904
+ - <one>Oxidative Schäden</one> an der DNA können entstehen durch <two>freie Hydroxyl-Radikale</two>. Was ist hierbei das wichtigste Produkt? <one>8-Oxo-Guanin</one> (<one>8-OxoG</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Oxoguanine
905
+ - Im <three>DNA-Polymerase-III Komplex</three> ist welche Untereinheit für das <one>Korrekturlesen</one> verantwortlich? Die <one>Epsilon-Untereinheit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_epsilon
906
+ - Give another expression for <one>DNA</one> and <one>RNA</one> in the <two>central dogma of Biology</two>? (1) <one>DNA</one> is the <two>storage medium</two> (2) <one>RNA</one> is the <two>transmission medium</two>
907
+ - Why the name <one>oriC</one>? The <one>C</one> stands for <two>chromosomal</two>, hence <two>chromosomal origin</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_replication#Bacterial_Genome_Origins
908
+ - <one>Conditional lethal mutations</one> have which two (general) <two>conditions</two>? (1) the <one>permissive condition</one> (2) the <one>restrictive condition</one>
909
+ - Wenn wir von einem <one>Gencluster</one> sprechen, was können wir für eine allgemeine Vorhersage machen, zusätzlich zu der Annahme das ein Gencluster aus mehr als einem Gen besteht? In einem <one>Gencluster</one> sind benachbart liegende Gene ähnlicher Funktion, beziehungsweise <two>Funktionen die miteinander verbunden sind</two>, vorliegend.
910
+ - Another term for <one>genetic screens</one>? <one>Mutant screens</one>.
911
+ - For any given <one>transcription factor</one>: how do we call their <two>flexible domain</two> in general? <one>Hinge domain</one>. URL: http://europepmc.org/article/PMC/4486351
912
+ - In der Genetik: was ist mit dem Begriff <one>negativer Interferenz</one> gemeint? Das sich Crossover-Ereignisse <one>gegenseitig inhibieren können</one>. In unmittelbarer Nähe eines Crossovers kann kein weiteres Crossover-Ereignis auftreten.
913
+ - Name 6 <one>Omics</one>. A: (1) <one>Genomics</one> (2) <one>Epigenomics</one> (3) <one>Transcriptomics</one> (4) <one>Proteomics</one> (5) <one>Metabolomics</one> (6) <one>Nutrigenomics</one>
914
+ - Was ist die <one>Transmissionsgenetik</one>? Wie Gene von einer Generation an die nächste Generation weitervererbt werden.
915
+ - <one>Genetic night blindness</one> may result from ...? A: An <two>alteration</two>/<two>mutation</two> to the <one>rhodopsin gene</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=6010
916
+ - Warum verpacken Eukaryoten ihre <one>DNA</one> in Chromosomen? Zum <one>Schutz</one>.
917
+ - Wie können wir erklären, das der <one>himalayan rabbit</one> eine dunkle Schnauze hat? Die <one>Enzyme</one>, die für diese Farbe/Pigmentierung relevant sind, sind nur <two>bei niedrigen Temperaturen</two> <one>katalytisch aktiv</one>.
918
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Klassen von Proteinen</one>, die durch <two>Ubiquitinierung</two> markiert werden. A: (1) <one>cell-cycle regulators</one> sowie (2) <one>Proteine die beschädigt sind</one>
919
+ - Give one example for an <one>unstable phenotype</one>. A: The <one>spotted kernels</one> in <two>maize</two>. URL: https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/barbara-mcclintock-and-the-discovery-of-jumping-34083/
920
+ - Genes in a <one>REP region</one> typically encode proteins that are important where? <one>REP genes</one> are important for/during <two>DNA replication</two>.
921
+ - Nenne eine natürliche Methode wie <one>Transposons</one> bekämpft werden können. A: <one>Andere Transposons</one> können dort hineinhüpfen und diese dadurch inaktivieren, wie dies zum Beispiel beim <royalblue>Victim-Transposon</royalblue> so gegeben ist.
922
+ - The <one>reverse genetics</one> <two>approach</two> starts with ... ? A <one>gene-sequence</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_genetics
923
+ - Ist die Wortwahl <one>GC-Boxen</one> gut? Nein - da diese Boxen aus <one>5x G</one> aber nur <one>1x C</one> bestehen.
924
+ - What means <one>haplosufficient</one> in genetics? This means that a single copy of a gene is sufficient to lead to the expression or the manifestation of a certain phenotype. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploinsufficiency
925
+ - In the human genome: the <one>Lactase-gene</one> can be found on which chromosome? It can be found on <one>chromosome 2</one>.
926
+ - Nenne eine Voraussetzung für die <one>genetische Komplementation</one>. A: Die Existenz von <one>wt-Allelen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_type
927
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>on farm</one> in der Genetik gemeint? <two>Landwirte</two> bauen bestimmte Sorten an (<one>Nutzung</one>) - und sorgen damit für deren <one>Erhaltung</one> (dies erhält auch das know-how bezüglich Anbau und Verwertung).
928
+ - Bei der <one>Cre-Rekombinase</one>: wofür steht das <two>cre</two>? <two>cre</two>: <one>causes recombination</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre_recombinase#Discovery
929
+ - Why does <one>fetal hemoglobin</one> bind oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin? This is <two>necessary for survival of the fetus</two>, so that <one>maternal oxygen</one> can be transferred to the fetus.
930
+ - Name a component of the <one>positioning factor SL1</one>. A: <one>TBP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA-binding_protein
931
+ - Molekulare Ursache von <one>SCID</one>? Der Verlust des <one>Enzyms ADA</one>. Die <two>precursor cells</two> für das Immunsystem fehlen dadurch.
932
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>ein alkylierendes Agens</one>, das ein <two>t</two> sowie ein <two>g</two> im Namen enthält. A: <one>Nitrosoguanidin</one>. URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nitrosoguanidine
933
+ - What is meant with the term <one>forward mutation</one>? This is when a <one>wild-type allele</one> is <royalblue>changed</royalblue> to <one>a different allele</one>.
934
+ - What can we find in an <one>Ascus</one> (of yeast cells)? <one>4 haploid (n) ascospores</one>.
935
+ - <one>AT-Gehalt</one>, in %, des menschlichen Genoms? <one>71.6%</one>.
936
+ - Wie schnell sind <one>DNA-Helicasen</one>? <one>1000 Basenpaaren (Nukleotide) pro Sekunde</one>.
937
+ - Das <one>ENCODE-Projekt</one> kam im Jahre 2012 zu dem Schluss, das im menschlichen Genom mehr DNA aktiv ist als angenommen. <lightseagreen>Wieviel Prozent der DNA im menschlichen Genom sind aktiv</lightseagreen>? Etwa <one>80% der DNA</one>.
938
+ - Welche Funktion hat die <one>T-Loop</one>? Die <one>T-Loop</one> <two>behindert den Zugang der Telomerase</two>.
939
+ - <one>Francis Crick</one> said that the genetic code is <three>commaless</three>. What did he mean by that? That <one>there is no internal punctuation</one> that would occur along the reading frame.
940
+ - What is a <one>QTL</one>? A <one>quantitative trait locus</one> (<slateblue>QTL</slateblue>) is a section of DNA (the locus) which correlates with <two>variation in a specific phenotype</two> (the quantitative trait).
941
+ - What is the effect of <one>puromycin</one>? This antibiotic can <two>inhibit protein synthesis</two>, by causing <three>premature chain termination</three> <one>during translation</one>.
942
+ - Name <one>a goal</one> in <two>breeding genetics</two> in general, that aims to improve a global factor. A: Select for <one>lower GHG</one> (<two>green-house gas</two>) <three>emissions</three> in species.
943
+ - Was besagt die Mendelsche <one>Spaltungsregel</one>? Wenn zwei Individuen aus einer F1-Generation gekreuzt werden, die beide gleichartig heterozygot sind, dann sind die Nachkommen aus dieser Paarung untereinander nicht mehr uniform, sondern spalten sich sowohl im Genotyp als auch im Phänotyp auf. Bei dominant-rezessiver Vererbung sind durchschnittlich ein Viertel der F2-Individuen reinerbig mit zwei rezessiven Erbanlagen. Die anderen drei Viertel zeigen den Phänotyp der dominanten Erbanlage. Insgesamt besteht also im Phänotyp ein Verhältnis von 3:1, im Genotyp eines von 1:2:1.
944
+ - Give <one>an example</one> for an <two>epistatic gene in man</two>. A: The system of genes that determine <one>skin colour</one> is independent of the gene responsible for <one>albinism</one> (<royalblue>lack of pigment</royalblue>). When the albino condition occurs, the genes that determine skin colour are present - but not expressed.
945
+ - Was sind <one>Kinetochore</one>? Eine spezielle, halbkugelförmige Struktur aus Proteinen und DNA-Abschnitten, die <one>dem Centromer seitlich aufsitzt</one> und <two>bei Kernteilungsvorgängen</two> als Ansatzstelle für die Fasern des Spindelapparates dient (<three>Anheftungsstellen für Mikrotubuli</three>).
946
+ - Give another word for the <one>class II Transposons</one>. A: <one>Replicative Transposon</one>.
947
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>culture shock</one>. A: Das sind zum Beispiel <two>human cells in cell cultures</two>, die sich trotz langer Telomere nicht mehr teilen. Ihr cell cycle ist <one>arrested</one>.
948
+ - According to <one>Mendel's law</one>, should not the F1 generation be uniform? Not always, when it is more complex, like <one>skin pigmentation</one>, then deviations can be seen.
949
+ - What is meant with the phrase <one>null mutation</one>? This is <one>a mutation</one> that <cadetblue>completely inactivates a gene</cadetblue>.
950
+ - Name two chief <one>nucleic acid-based therapies</one>. A: (1) <one>antisense oligonucleotides</one> (<two>ASOs</two>) (2) <one>RNA interference</one> (<two>RNAi</two>)
951
+ - Definiere <one>frameshift suppressor</one> und was sie bewirken. A: Ein <one>frameshift suppressor</one> ist eine Mutation, die eine <two>Addition</two> oder <two>Deletion</two> ausgleichen kann - und somit wieder den "korrekten frameshift" herstellt.
952
+ - Nenne zwei verschiedene <one>Gene</one>, in zwei verschiedenen Organismen, die <three>START</three> überwinden können. A: (1) <two>cdc2</two> von <one>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</one> (2) <two>cdc28</two> von <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one>
953
+ - Was ist <one>Phänokopie</one>? Dies ist eine Bezeichnung für <one>nichterbliche, umweltbedingte Nachahmungen von bestimmten Phänotypen</one>.
954
+ - What can we do thanks to a <one>TUNEL assay</one>? This is a method for <one>detecting DNA fragmentation</one> by labeling the terminal end of nucleic acids.
955
+ - What gives rise to <one>Intermediate phenotypes</one>? <one>Incomplete dominance</one>.
956
+ - <one>DNA</one> can be attached to <three>gold-coated objects</three> via ... ? <one>Thiol</one> (<orange>SH</orange>). SH forms <three>metal thiolate bonds</three>.
957
+ - <one>CAPS</one> are <two>Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences</two>. Give a short definition and briefly explain how they arise. A: CAPS are polymorphic differences in restriction fragment lengths, caused by SNPs or INDELs that create or abolish restriction endonuclease recognition sites. In other words, CAPS are defined in regards to <one>restriction sites</one> in DNA strands.
958
+ - In der Landwirtschaft: was meinen wir mit <one>genetischer Verarmung</one>? Dies ist die <one>Verminderung der genetischen Diversität im Anbau</one>.
959
+ - What is the cause for <one>pituitary dwarfism</one> in humans? A <one>deficiency</one> in the <two>human growth hormone</two> (<cadetblue>hGH</cadetblue>).
960
+ - Name a <one>record</one> that the <three>human Alu elements</three> have. A: The <one>Alu elements</one> are <one>the most abundant transposable elements</one> in the <two>human genome</two>.
961
+ - In genetics: what is a <one>repressilator</one>? This is <one>a synthetic biological oscillator</one>, based on repressors. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressilator
962
+ - In genetics: what does <one>the concept of colinearity</one> suggest? That a <cadetblue>continuous sequence of nucleotides in DNA</cadetblue> encodes a <one>continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein</one>.
963
+ - What are <one>beads on a string</one> structures? This is <two>a strand of DNA</two> with <one>attached nucleosomes</one>.
964
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>coding strand</one>? When referring to <two>DNA transcription</two>, the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the <one>same base sequence as the RNA transcript produced</one> (with Uracil being replaced with Thymidines in the <orange>dsDNA</orange>).
965
+ - Warum lieben Genetiker <one>haploide Systeme</one>? Da man in diesen Systemen sehr einfach <one>rezessive Mutationen</one> nachweisen kann.
966
+ - What is meant with the term <one>cis-regulation</one>? When <one>the elements for regulation</one> happen to be on the same DNA strand.
967
+ - Was ist <one>Syntenie</one>? Wenn Gene in unterschiedlichen Spezies <one>die selbe Anordnung</one> aufweisen.
968
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>TALENs</one>? <one>Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator-like_effector_nuclease
969
+ - In genetics: what do we mean with <one>complementary DNA</one> (<three>cDNA</three>)? This is <one>DNA</one> synthesized from a <one>single stranded RNA</one>, such as a messenger RNA (<cadetblue>mRNA</cadetblue>) or a microRNA (<cadetblue>miRNA</cadetblue>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/cDNA
970
+ - Was fehlt den <one>LINES</one>? Die <one>5' LTR</one> und die <one>3' LTR</one>.
971
+ - <one>Incomplete dominance</one> gives rise to ...? <one>Intermediate phenotypes</one>.
972
+ - Genetische Ursache für den <one>Bombay Phänotyp</one> ... ? Fehlende <one>Fucose Transferase</one> (<two>fut-1</two>).
973
+ - What is meant with the term <one>genethics</one>? This term describes <one>the ethical problems that exist in modern genetics</one>.
974
+ - Differ between <one>molecular complementation</one> and <one>genetic complementation</one>. A: (1) <one>molecular complementation</one>: Introduction of the wild type gene on a plasmid abolishes the phenotype (2) <one>genetic complementation</one>: After mating, the phenotypes of recessive mutations will disappear, as they become heterozygous over wild type. If the mutations are in the same gene, their phenotype will typically not disappear. (Exception: intragenic complementation).
975
+ - Why are <one>Protamines</one> used in sperm? Due to the <one>arginine-rich Protamines</one>, DNA can be <two>packed more tightly</two> than in normal histone-associated DNA.
976
+ - What are <one>Episomes</one>? <royalblue>Episomes</royalblue> are plasmids that can replicate freely; and they are also <one>able to integrate into the bacterial chromosome</one>.
977
+ - What is <one>compound heterozygosity</one>? This is when one has two heterogeneous recessive alleles at a particular locus that can cause genetic disease. That is, an organism is a compound heterozygote when it has two recessive alleles for the same gene, but with those two alleles being different from each other - for instance, when both alleles might be mutated, but at different locations.
978
+ - Welche Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede weisen <one>Ty1 Elemente</one> verglichen mit <one>Retroviren</one> auf? Beide besitzen <one>LTR</one>/<one>gag</one>/<one>pol</one>. Der Retrovirus hat darüber hinaus noch <two>env</two>, Ty1 hingegen hat kein <two>env</two>.
979
+ - How is <one>twist</one> defined in genetics? The number of helical turns of one strand about the other.
980
+ - In der Genetik: was bezeichnet der <one>C-Wert</one> (<two>C-Value</two>)? Der C-Wert bezeichnet den haploiden, nicht-replizierten DNA Gehalt einer Zelle, in bp. Der C-Wert verschiedener Organismen kann grosse Unterschiede aufweisen.
981
+ - Was sind <one>moderate stringency conditions</one> und wo sind diese wichtig? A: <one>Wenn die DNA nicht völlig gepaart vorliegt</one> sondern <two>ein Mismatch erlaubt ist</two>. Ist zum Beispiel bei <three>Zooblots</three> wichtig.
982
+ - What steps does the <one>forward genetics approach</one> include? From <one>mutation</one> through <one>phenotype</one> to the <one>gene</one>.
983
+ - Give an example when a <one>complementation test</one> is not informative. A: For instance, when <one>intragenic complementation</one> occurs.
984
+ - What do we mean with <one>a single-strand nick</one> in DNA? When a bond is cleaved in one DNA strand - but the other DNA strand remains intact.
985
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>maternal effect</one>? Dies ist eine Vererbung einer Proteinkomponente von der Mutter (zum Beispiel aus dem Ovar) an die Oozyte.
986
+ - What is <one>synthetic lethality</one>? Two influences on a cell are called <three>synthetically lethal</three>, if they <one>kill the cell when in combination</one> - but each <two>individual influence</two> does not on its own.
987
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Dam enzymes</one>? <one>dAdenin-Methyltransferase</one>.
988
+ - What is a <one>leaky mutation</one>? This is a mutation where a partial activity still remains.
989
+ - The <one>eukaryotic 7S DNA</one> can base pair with ...? With the <one>mtDNA L-strand</one>, thus <two>displacing the H-strand</two>.
990
+ - Was sind die <one>Ersatz-Histone</one>? Dies sind Histone, die <one>unabhängig von der S-Phase gebildet werden</one> (wie <two>H1o</two>, <two>H2.AX</two>)
991
+ - Best known case of <one>DNA loss</one>? The <one>development of the mammalian red blood cell</one>; the area containing the nucleus is pinched off (and then destroyed).
992
+ - Mechanistisch gesehen: was macht das Enzym <one>Dnmt-3</one>? <one>Überträgt Methylgruppen</one> auf die Cytosine in CpG-Dinucleotidfolgen.
993
+ - Lange Bezeichnung für die <one>Telomerase</one>? <one>Telomere terminal transferase</one>.
994
+ - How to <one>block</one> the initial step of the <two>uracil base excision repair pathway</two>? Add the <one>uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor protein</one>.
995
+ - <one>Tsix</one> auf dem X-Chromosom ist wofür verantwortlich? Für die <one>Paarung der X-Chromosomen</one>.
996
+ - Wie wirkt <one>Methotrexat</one>? Es hemmt das Enzym <one>Dihydrofolat-Reduktase</one>, einer Komponente des Syntheseweges für Nucleotide, und tötet deswegen Zellen die schnell wachsen.
997
+ - In <one>natural DNA synthesis</one>: what part is <two>rate limiting</two>? The <one>initial binding</one> of polymerase to the primer:template junction is the rate-limiting part for DNA-synthesis.
998
+ - Was besagt die <one>quantitative Genetik</one>? Wie sich Gene in einem Individuum, aber auch in einer Population, gegenseitig beeinflussen. Mit anderen Worten, welche Gene in welchen Kombinationen gehäuft auftreten und ob sich dadurch Selektionsunterschiede bedingen.
999
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem, etwas altmodischen Begriff, <one>Genkartierung</one>? Dies ist <one>die Bestimmung der Lage von Genen im Genom</one> - und auf Chromosomen.
1000
+ - What do we mean with the <one>end-replication problem</one>? Chromosomes would become shorter with each new generation - and would eventually destabilize.
1001
+ - Why is the <one>translesion DNA polymerase</one> considered so great an enzyme? Because <one>it can bypass distortions in the DNA template</one>, at the cost of more errors.
1002
+ - What is the <one>ping pong</one> mechanism for <two>piRNAs</two>? This is <one>a biogenesis mechanism for piRNAs</one>, in wherein primary piRNAs recognise their complementary targets and cause the recruitment of piwi proteins. This then results in the cleavage of the transcript at a point ten nucleotides from the 5-prime end of the primary piRNA, producing the secondary piRNA. The ping pong cycle acts only at the level of transcription.
1003
+ - One of the main motivations for <one>QTL detection in domestic animals</one> is ...? <one>Marker Assisted Selection</one> (<royalblue>MAS</royalblue>).
1004
+ - What do we mean with a <one>preset promoter</one>? This is a promoter that is <one>already prepared for initiating transcription</one>.
1005
+ - What is <one>the worst type of point mutation</one>? A <one>regulatory-region mutation</one>: no mRNA and thus no protein may be the result from such a mutation.
1006
+ - Was ist ein <one>Regulon</one> im genetischen Kontext? Eine Gruppe <royalblue>gemeinsam regulierter Gene</royalblue>. Mit anderen Worten, <mediumseagreen>die Transkription dieser Gene</mediumseagreen> kann von einem <one>gemeinsamen Regulator</one> (<one>Repressor</one> oder <one>Aktivator</one>) kontrolliert werden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulon