studium 0.13.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Clinical Microbiology tag.
+#
+# ctag tag. Clinical tag. Clinic tag. Medicinal Bacteriology. Infekt tag.
+# Infect tag. MolInf tag. Medical microbiology.
+#
+# This file will collect information about microorganisms that play a role
+# in clinical microbiology and medicinal microbiology, including infections
+# originating from microorganisms - in particular bacteria. Pathogenic
+# bacteria and detecting them or assessing their carcinogenic potential,
+# such as via the Ames test, are included as well.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Ist <one>Cholera</one> lebensbedrohlich? Durchaus ja. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera []
+- Do gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins? <one>Yes</one>, some do.
+- Name two areas where <one>lysozyme</one> may be found. A: (1) <one>tears</one> (2) <one>saliva</one>
+- Which person founded <one>medical microbiology</one>? <one>Robert Koch</one>.
+- <one>E. coli</one> may cause <two>UTI</two>, which is ... ? This refers to an <one>urinary tract infection</one>.
+- Can <one>bacteria</one> provoke haemagglutination? Yes. Some strains of Escherichia coli (and other bacteria) can provoke haemagglutination, akin to the influenza virus.
+- Name an interesting fact of <one>pathogenicity islands (PI)</one>. A: They are <one>mobile between strains</one>.
+- Wie heisst der <one>Milzbranderreger</one>? <one>Bacillus anthracis</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis []
+- The <one>Bacillus Anthracin-exotoxin</one> consists of <two>3 proteins</two>, which are secreted. Which 3 components are these? (1) A cell-binding protein, known as "protective antigen" (PA) (2) an enzyme component, called "edema factor" (EF) (3) an enzyme component called <one>lethal factor</one> (<royalblue>LF</royalblue>)
+- Nenne ein Beispiel der <one>Kapselstrategie</one> aus der Immunologie. A: <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one> entkommt, dank seiner Kapsel, den Makrophagen. []
+- Unterscheide in der klinischen Mikrobiologie zwischen <one>mdr</one> und <one>xdr</one> strains. A: (1) <royalblue>mdr</royalblue>: <one>multi-drug resistant</one> (2) <royalblue>xdr</royalblue>: <one>eXtensively drug-resistant</one>
+- <one>How many people die</one> worldwide per year due to <two>S. pyogenes</two>? <one>500.000 deaths annually worldwide</one> are caused by <royalblue>S. pyogenes</royalblue>. []
+- In der <one>bakteriellen Diagnostik</one>, im Labor, gibt es den <two>Cytochromoxydase-Test</two>. Kann man damit zwischen <three>Pseudomonas</three> und <three>Enterobakterien</three> unterscheiden? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- Bei <one>AB-Toxinen</one>, für die Herstellung eines Impfstoffes, welche Komponente ist wichtiger? Die <royalblue>B-Komponente</royalblue>. B-Untereinheiten können als Impfstoff verwendet werden. []
+- <one>Thermosensoren</one> werden auch von pathogenen Bakterien verwendet. Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel hierzu. A: Das Bakterium <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one> kann über unterschiedliche Sekundärstrukturen der RNA die Temperatur messen, wie zum Beispiel ob das Bakterium in einem Menschen ist, oder ausserhalb. Der Effekt ist dann das bestimmte Virulenzgene eingeschalten werden können bei einer erhöhten Temperatur.
+- How can the term <one>Pathogenicity</one> be defined? This is <one>the ability of a pathogen to cause disease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen#Pathogenicity []
+- <one>Lactobacillus acidophiles</one> befindet sich in der Vagina, aber nicht vor der Pubertät, und auch nicht nach der Menopause. Warum nicht? Aufgrund <one>fehlender Glykogenproduktion</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Oral-Orale</one> Übertragung, von Bakterien, bei Menschen? <one>Tröpfcheninfektion</one>.
+- Nenne einen berühmten, <one>pathogenen E. coli Stamm</one>. A: <one>O157:H7</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir <one>bakterielle Virulenzfaktoren die auf dem Chromosom codiert vorliegen</one>? <one>Pathogenitätsinseln</one>.
+- Die <one>Harnröhre</one> hat insbesondere Bakterien der Art <one>P ... m ...</one>? <one>Proteus mirabilis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis
+- Wieso sind die <one>unteren Atemwege</one> (Lunge) im Menschen <two>steril</two>? Aufgrund der aufwärts gerichteten Bewegung der Flimmerhaare.
+- Which phage is important for the Diphtheria-Toxin? The <one>Beta-phage</one>.
+- In <one>AB-Toxins</one>: why the letter B? B ... Binding. (B can bind to different cell types).
+- For <one>AB-Toxins</one>: give a curious word for the A-part. A: This is the business part of the Toxin, e. g. the one with the active domain causing the damage.
+- What is meant with the term <one>bacteria-mediated pathogenesis</one>? This refers, for example, to <one>toxins</one>. Toxins are biological weapons that damage the host (respectively the host cell).
+- For the secretion and expression of Yop in Shigeall: name an important signal. A: Oxygen.
+- Does the <one>needle complex</one> require a chaperone? Yes - due to the small diameter of the needle complex, the proteins that pass through it must be unfolded. Thus a chaperone is required.
+- <one>Diameter of the nedle complex</one>? About <one>28 Angstrom</one> (<two>2.8 nm</two>).
+- The <one>length of the needle complex</one> is regulated similar to ... ? <one>Flagella</one>.
+- ... (which bacterium) can <one>trigger the needle complex</one>? <one>Salmonella</one>.
+- When <one>Salmonella</one> transfers SPI1 to another Salmonella, what may we expect as a consequence of this transfer? The target Salmonella will become virulent / pathogenic.
+- Name two GTP-activity controlling factors used by <one>Salmonella</one> for invasion. A: (1) sopE (2) sopB
+- If <one>Salmonella</one> loses <two>sopE</two> and <two>sopB</two>, what is the effect? These bacteria <one>can no longer escape from epithelial cells</one>.
+- In an infected host cell, Salmonella is surrounded by ... ? Actin.
+- Can <one>Salmonella</one> be taken up by <two>dendritic cells</two>? Yes.
+- Name a bacterium that has an <one>Invasin</one>. A: <one>Yersinia</one>.
+- How can it be determined whether bacteria can invade eukaryotic cells? Name three important steps in order to deduce this. A: (1) Let these bacteria grow on cells. (2) Use <one>gentamycin</one> to kill all bacteria that still reside outside of the cells. (3) Knock out genes that are assumed to play an important role in invasion.
+- <one>Syphilis</one> wird durch <two>Treponema pallidum</two> verursacht. Man sieht Geschwüre im Genitalbereich, die diese Bakterien enthalten. Wie lange dauert dies, in etwa, bis diese Geschwüre sichtbar waren? Nach <one>2-4 Wochen</one> sieht man diese Geschwüre.
+- Wozu benötigen Bakterien <one>Evasionsfaktoren</one>? Zum <one>Umgehen des Immunsystems</one>.
+- Why may <one>some pathogenic bacteria</one> make use of <two>coagulase</two>? <royalblue>Coagulase</royalblue> helps <one>coat the bacterium with fibrin</one>.
+- <one>Mykobakterien</one> werden auch als <two>säurefest</two> bezeichnet. Wieso dieser eigenartige Name? Da die Spezialfärbung nach Ziehl-Neelsen zum Nachweis der Mykolsäure in der Zellwand der Mykobakterien <two>auch mit verdünnten Säuren nicht mehr ausgewaschen werden kann</two>.
+- In the <one>Ames test</one>: the <two>tester strains</two> also carry mutations in the genes responsible for lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Why? This makes their cell walls <one>more permeable</one>.
+- Name <one>an intracellular parasite</one> that can not grow outside of a living eukaryotic cell. A: <one>Rickettsia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia
+- <one>Hemolysins</one> can destroy which cell? <one>Erythrocytes</one>, but also other cells.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium, das den <one>Abbau in den Phagolysosomen</one> widerstehen kann. A: <royalblue>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis
+- Name five general <one>infectious agents</one>. A: (1) "Viruses" (2) "Bacteria" (3) "Fungi" such as Candida or Aspergillus - these are eukaryotes (4) Parasites such as "amoeba" or "helminths" (5) <one>Prions</one>
+- Welches Problem kann durch <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one> verursacht werden? Eine <one>Lungenentzündung</one> (<royalblue>Pneumonie</royalblue>).
+- Wirkt <one>Penicillin G</one> gegen <two>intrazelluläre Erreger</two>? Nein.
+- Nenne ein <one>immunologisches Verfahren</one> zwecks <two>Erregercharakterisierung</two>. A: Der <one>ELISA</one>.
+- Which antibodies can <one>very efficiently block bacterial attachment</one> to <two>mucosal epithelia cells</two>? <one>Secretory IgA antibodies</one>.
+- In general: <one>bacteria that reside outside of eukayotic cells</one> <two>cause damage to a host</two> how ...? By <one>secreting toxins</one>.
+- Which bacteria are <one>resistant to complement</one>? <one>Gram-positive bacteria</one>.
+- Which bacterium typically causes <one>boils</one>/carbuncles? <one>Staphylococcous aureus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus
+- <one>Adhesion</one> is <two>beneficial for bacterial colonization</two> - but what disadvantage may it bring for the bacterium? Adhesion can also <one>stimulate immune cells</one>, which can become activated and <royalblue>phagocytose the bacterium</royalblue>.
+- Nenne einen Mikroorganismus mit <one>endständigen (terminalen) Sporen</one>. A: <one>Clostridium tetani</one>.
+- How is <one>Anthrax</one> contracted/caused? By <royalblue>inhalation</royalblue> of the <one>endospores</one> of <one>Bacillus anthracis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis
+- Give an example how the <one>intracellular inflammasome</one> is activated. A: Via pieces of an intracellular microbe, such as flagella, which can bind to <one>pattern recognition receptors</one>, such as TLRs and NLRs. This in turn activates the <royalblue>inflammasome</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammasome
+- Das <one>bakterielle H-Antigen</one> bezeichnet ... ? <one>Flagellen</one>.
+- <one>AB toxins</one>: what does the <two>A</two> stand for? <one>Active</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB_toxin
+- Give a simple example in <one>how the human body prevents colonization</one>. A: Via <one>flushing the urinary tract</one>.
+- The <one>Salmonella genus</one> has how many different members? About <one>1400</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
+- Welche Person begründete die <one>medizinische Mikrobiologie</one>? <one>Robert Koch</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch
+- <one>Which disease</one> can be caused by the <two>Rickettsia</one>? <one>Typhus fever</one>.
+- Give an example of where we may find a case of <one>antigenic variation</one> in animals. A: In the <one>trypanosomes</one>.
+- Treponema pallidum ist der Verursacher der Syphilis. Es ist ein gramnegatives Bakterium des Phylums ... ? Spirochäten.
+- Wird der Milzbrand von Mensch zu Mensch übertragen? Nein.
+- The <one>Shiga toxins</one> are synthesized by "Shigella dysenteriae", but also by at the least one other bacterium. Which one? By the "shigatoxigenic group of Escherichia coli", <royalblue>STEC</royalblue>.
+- Gibt es eine Impfung gegen Tetanus? Ja, die Tetanus-Schutzimpfung, ein Toxoid-Vakzin.
+- Welches Antibiotikum wirkt gegen den Tetanus-Erreger? Metronidazol. Allgemein eignet sich Metronidazol gut zur Therapie bakteriellen Infektionen durch Anaerobier.
+- Sind bakterielle Fimbrien <one>Adhäsine</one>? Ja.
+- Ist Tetanus von Mensch zu Mensch übertragbar? Nein - ein an Wundstarrkrampf erkrankter Mensch kann nicht andere Menschen anstecken.
+- Kann Tetanus, als Krankheit, ausgerottet werden? Neine. Die Bakterien kommen im Boden natürlich vor.
+- Was ist <one>EMB</one> Agar? <one>Eosin-Methylene Blue</one> Agar. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosin_methylene_blue
+- Name the 5 <one>groups of agents that cause disease</one>. A: (1) <one>viruses</one> (2) "bacteria" (3) "fungi" (4) "protozoans" (5) <one>helminths</one> aka <royalblue>worms</royalblue>
+- What may have been <one>the greatest triumph of modern medicine</one>? The <one>eradication of smallpox</one>, in 1979.
+- Which <one>three bacteria</one> did Robert Koch isolate? (1) <one>Bacillus anthracis</one> (2) <one>Tuberculosis bacillus</one> (3) <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>
+- Wie lange bleiben die Eier des Spulwurms infektiös? Etwa <one>4 Jahre lang</one>.
+- Wir können den <one>Kanamycin-Äskulin Agar</one> verwenden um <two>Streptokokken</two> nachzuweisen. Wie erkennen wir das Wachstum der Streptokokken? Es bilden sich <one>schwarze Höfe</one> rund um die Kolonien.
+- Nenne <one>ein Oberflächenprotein</one> von <two>Listeria monocytogenes</two>, mit dessen Hilfe dieses Bakterium in Säugetierzellen eindringen kann. A: <one>Internalin A</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalin
+- The <one>Diphtheria toxin B fragment</one> binds to ...? This toxin binds to the <one>heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor</one> (<royalblue>HB-EGF</royalblue>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin#Mechanism
+- Are <one>toxoids</one> of the <two>Diphtheria toxin</two> useful at all? Yes - they can (still) <one>induce immunity</one>.
+- Was ist ein <one>Schmalband-Antibiotikum</one>"? Dies ist ein Antibiotikum, das nur gegen bestimmte Erreger wirkt.
+- Nenne ein <one>Antibiotikum</one>, das gegen <two>Methicillin-resistente Staphylokokken</two> wirksam sein kann. A: <one>Tigecyclin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigecycline
+- Nenne ein <one>Quorum Sensing System</one> in <two>Staphylococcus aureus</two>. A: Das "Agr-System". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281656/
+- <one>Segmented, filamentous bacteria</one> contain an appendage on one end. How do we call that structure? The <one>holdfast</one>.
+- Bei <one>Scharlach</one>, das von <two>Streptokokken</two> ausgelöst wird: welche "Faktoren" müssen diese Streptokokken aufweisen um Scharlach hervorrufen zu können? Sie müssen einen <royalblue>Bakteriophagen</royalblue> besitzen, der für die Produktion des Scharlach-Toxins verantwortlich ist. Wenn das Toxin in die Haut gelangt, kommt es zu dem für Scharlach typischen Ausschlag.
+- <one>GSP-Agar</one>: wieso diese Abkürzung? (1) <royalblue>G</royalblue> ... <one>Glutamat</one> (2) <royalblue>S</royalblue> ... <one>Stärke</one> (3) <royalblue>P</royalblue> ... <one>Phenolrot</one>
+- What type is the <one>cholera-toxin</one>? A "heat-stable AB enterotoxin".
+- Wenn wir <one>Bodenbakterien</one> isolieren wollen könnten wir welchen Agar verwenden? Den <one>CZAPEK-DOX Agar</one>.
+- What does <one>Gamma hemolysis</one> mean? Gamma hemolysis effectively means <one>no hemolysis</one>.
+- The <one>DtxR repressor</one> (<two>Diphtheria toxin repressor</two>) binds to the "tox-operator" only when? Only <one>when it has bound iron</one> (Fe 2+). URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0DJL7
+- Was macht das <one>Fragment A</one> des <two>Diptherietoxins</two>? Fragment A <one>katalysiert die ADP-Ribosylierung von Elongation Factor 2</one> (<royalblue>EF2</royalblue>).
+- Name <one>a bacterium</one> that <two>can escape from the phagolysosome</two>. A: <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>.
+- When a person has an "IRAK-4 deficiency", which bacterium may become problematic for this person? <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one>.
+- What kind of damage is mediated via the "Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin"? <one>Cell membrane damage</one>.
+- How many people die per year because of cholera? <one>200.000</one>.
+- Name the three domains of the <one>Tetanus toxin</one>. A: (1) "binding domain" (2) "catalytic domain" (3) <one>translocation domain</one>
+- <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one>: nenne die drei "zoit-Stadien" in der richtigen Reihenfolge. A: <royalblue>SMT</royalblue> - (1) "Sporozoiten" (2) <one>Merozoiten</one> (3) <one>Trophozoiten</one>
+- What is <one>Streptolysin</one>? This is <one>a streptococcal hemolytic exotoxin</one>.
+- What is the <one>injectisome</one>? This is <one>an organelle in the bacterial envelope</one> that "allows direct transfer of virulence proteins into a host cell", through the <royalblue>needle complex</royalblue>.
+- Name a <one>virulence factor</one> of <two>Streptococcus pneumoniae</two>. A: Its <one>capsule</one>.
+- What disease is caused by <one>Plasmodium vivax</one>? <one>Malaria</one>.
+- The <one>MacConkey agar</one> has one drawback or rather a constraint. Which one is that? Only <royalblue>gram-negative bacteria</royalblue> will grow on it. The reason is that it also employs <one>bile salts</one>, which <one>will inhibit most gram-positive bacteria</one>.
+- May <one>antibiotic therapy</one> be bad for a patient? Yes - <royalblue>antibiotics may destroy the resident microflora</royalblue>, which <one>may give pathogens a new opportunity</one>.
+- The <one>Bacillus anthracis</one> lethal toxin has one component called the <two>lethal factor</two>. Of what type is that part? It is <one>a zinc metalloprotease</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7854123
+- Nenne <one>zwei Krankheiten</one> die durch <two>Mycobacterium</two> verursacht werden können. A: (1) "Tuberculosis" (2) <one>Leprosis</one>
+- What is a <one>serovar</one>? This is <one>a strain where surface proteins elicit a distinctive immune response</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>susceptibility</one>? This term describes <one>the probability to get infected</one>.
+- How does <one>death from Botulism</one> usually happen? <one>Respiratory failure</one> due to "flaccid muscle paralysis".
+- There is <one>Streptolysin S</one> and <one>Streptolysin O</one>. The smaller of these two is not antigenic. Which one is it? Streptolysin O is larger and thus antigenic, Streptolysin S is smaller - and thus not antigenic. (Mnemonic: S ... smaller)
+- Name a bacterium whose <one>pilin</one> have a <two>highly variable structure</two>. A: <one>Neisseria gonorrheae</one>.
+- What does <one>patient noncompliance</one> mean? Many patients <one>stop taking medication</one> as soon as they feel better.
+- Das <one>O-Antigen</one> in Bakterien ist ... ? Eine <one>Komponente der Lipopolysaccharide</one>.
+- Beim <one>Phenolrot-Bouillon</one>: wie bemerken wir eine erfolgte Vergärung? Indem sich die Farbe von <orangered>rot</orangered> → <yellow>gelb</yellow> ändert.
+- The <one>best studied biofilms</one> belong to which bacteria? <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa
+- Name an organism that performs <one>programmed gene rearrangement</one>. A: <one>African trypanosomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei
+- Which part of the <one>complement cascade</one> binds very early to a bacterial surface? <one>C3b</one>.
+- What is <one>the hallmark of tetanus</one>? <one>Spastic paralysis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Phagovar</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen, die als gemeinsame Eigenschaft haben, das sie von einem bestimmten Phagen lysiert werden können.
+- Can we find <one>Clostridium</one> growing in humans? Yes - <royalblue>in the large intestine</royalblue>, as they are <one>obligate anaerobic bacteria</one>.
+- Nenne eine charakteristische, chemische Gruppe bei <one>Ciprofloxacin</one>. A: -OH Gruppe.
+- Name <one>a protected cellular niche</one> for a bacterium. A: The <one>host-cell cytoplasm</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Giftstoff</one> von <two>Clostridium difficile</two>. A: Das <one>CDT-Toxin</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24253566
+- Name the <one>two main antimicrobial peptide families</one> in humans and other mammals. A: (1) <one>cathelicidins</one> (2) <one>defensins</one>
+- Die <one>Actinobacter</one> haben, in <three>%</three>, welchen Anteil an der normalen Haut-Flora des Menschen? Etwa <one>52%</one>.
+- Sind Mikroorganismen der <one>Risikogruppe 1</one> immer ungefährlich? Nein - sie können zum Beispiel <one>Allergien</one> auslösen.
+- Die <one>Kariesbakterien</one> sind eigentlich ... ? <one>Streptococcus mutans</one>.
+- Wieviele <one>Serovars</one> sind bei <two>Salmonella</two> bekannt? <one>2500</one>.
+- Name two general ways how <one>extracellular bacteria</one> can be <two>pathogens</two>. A: (1) they <one>may produce toxins</one> (2) they <one>may induce a localized inflammatory response</one>
+- For <one>adherence</one>, enterotoxic strains of E. coli contain genes encoding ...? <one>Fimbrial CFA</one> (colonization factor antigens).
+- How can <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> <two>inhibit phagocytosis</two>? Via its <one>M protein</one>.
+- <one>Legionelle pneumophila</one> verwendet was für ein Sekretionssystem? <one>Typ-IV-Sekretionssystem</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterielle_Proteinsekretion
+- Andere Bezeichnung für den generellen Vorgang, bei dem (pathogene) Bakterien in eine Wirtszelle (oder in einen Wirt) eindringen. A: <one>Invasion</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen
+- <one>Blutserum</one> vermag gewisse Bakterien unspezifisch abtöten. Wie? Mit Hilfe von <one>Properdin</one>.
+- <one>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</one>, der Erreger der Tuberkulose, hat welche Besonderheit in seiner Zellwand? <one>Mykolsäure</one>.
+- Die weltweit meisten Todesfälle, durch nur einein einzigen bakteriellen Erreger, werden von ... verursacht. A: Von Mycobacterium tuberculosis - dem Erreger der Tuberkulose.
+- Give an example for <one>a bacterium</one> that uses a <three>pore-forming cytotoxin</three>. A: <one>Staphylococcal Alpha-Toxin</one>.
+- Which step occurs before <one>bacterial invasion of a pathogen</one>? <one>Adhesion</one>.
+- <one>Welche Toxine</one> sind keine Proteine? <one>Endotoxine</one>.
+- Welches <one>Chinone</one> finden wir immer bei den <two>Microbacteriaceae</two>? <royalblue>Menachinone</royalblue>, mit 7-14 Isopreneinheiten in der Seitenkette.
+- Which bacterium causes the <one>flesh-eating disease</one>? <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes
+- <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa sad-Mutanten</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>sad</two> hier? <one>Surface attachment defective</one>.
+- Name a <one>bacterial pathogen</one> that avoids the problem of needing iron, by cutting out a need for iron altogether. A: <one>Treponema pallidum</one>, <royalblue>a spirochaete</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidum
+- Name three toxin types employed by <one>Salmonella</one>. A: (1) <one>cytotoxin</one> (2) <one>enterotoxin</one> (3) <one>endotoxin</one>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Frühantikörper</one>? <one>IgM</one>.
+- Is <one>antigenic variation</one> more important for extracellular or for intracellular pathogens? It is more important for <one>extracellular pathogens</one>, as these are the ones that are potentially subject to <royalblue>antibody-coating</royalblue>.
+- Was ist ein <one>direkter Infektionsweg</one>? Die <one>Übertragung von Mensch zu Mensch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infektionsweg#Direkte_und_indirekte_Infektion
+- In der <one>klinischen Mikrobiologie</one> werden auch <two>molekularbiologisch basierte Techniken</two> verwendet, die zumindest zwei sehr gravierende Vorteile gegenüber den klassischen Wachstumstests besitzen. Welche Vorteile sind dies? (1) Man kann mit ihnen auch nichtkultivierbare Mikroorganismen detektieren. (2) Sie erlauben eine sehr viel schnellere Identifikation als dies bei den klassischen Wachstumstest möglich wäre.
+- Give an example for <one>an obligatory intracellular parasite that is a bacterium</one>. A: Some <one>rickettsias</one>.
+- The <one>propagation of a pathogen</one> depends on its ability to ... ? To <one>replicate</one> (and <one>spread</one>) in a host.
+- <one>Typhoid fever</one> is caused by which bacterium? By the bacterium <one>Salmonella typhii</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus#19th_century
+- In clinical microbiology: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>SFB</one>? <one>Segmented filamentous bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmented_filamentous_bacteria
+- <one>Pathogene Enterobacteriaceae</one> können wir auf welchem Agar wachsen lassen? Auf <one>Wismutagar</one>.
+- What is the job of <one>bacterial adhesins</one>? To <one>bind to the host surface</one>.
+- Für die <one>Differenzierung einzelner Bakterien</one> verwenden wir vor allem welche Medien? <one>Indikatornährmedien</one>.
+- <one>Streptolysin-O</one> can bind to which eukaryotic protein? It can bind to <one>cholesterol</one>.
+- In clinical microbiology: what are <one>STEC strains</one>? These are <one>Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli</one> strains.
+- Wenn wir Bakterien identifizieren möchten verwenden wir im mikrobiologischen Labor häufig was ... ? Die <one>bunte Reihe</one>.
+- Der <one>Kligler-Agar</one> wird zur Identifizierung gramnegativer oder grampositiver Bakterien verwendet? Für <royalblue>gramnegative Bakterien</royalblue>, wie <one>E. coli</one> (allgemeiner: für Enterobacteriaceae). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunte_Reihe_(Labor)#Kligler-Agar
+- <one>Mykobakterien</one> sind auch in der klinischen Mikrobiologie und in der Pathologie relevant. Welche Färbemethode setzen wir hier für die Mykobakterien ein? Die <one>Ziehl-Neelsen Färbung</one>.
+- Can <one>Mycobacterium</one> move via <two>actin-motility</two>? Yes it can.
+- Trivialname für die <one>Malaria</one>? <one>Wechselfieber</one>.
+- <one>Rathayibacter tritici</one> ist der Erreger der ... ? <one>Spitzen Trockenfäule</one>, aka <royalblue>spike blight</royalblue>.
+- Name <one>a toxin</one> that can <two>act as a superantigen</two>. A: <one>Staphylococcal enterotoxin</one>.
+- Wieso benötigt <one>Salmonella</one> das <two>oxyR Gen</two>? Dieses Genprodukt <one>neutralisiert toxische Sauerstoff-Produkte von Makrophagen</one>.
+- The <one>exfoliative toxin</one> of Staphyloccous can cause which disease in children? This superantigen can cause <one>Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</one> (<royalblue>SSSS</royalblue>). URL: https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-scalded-skin-syndrome/
+- What is <one>Phagetyping</one>? To test the resistance of bacteria against <one>different phages</one>.
+- Can <one>UPEC stains</one> (<two>uropathogenic Escherichia coli</two>) <three>create biofilms</three>? Yes they can.
+- <one>Clostridium tetani</one> verursacht den <two>Wundstarrkrampf</two>. Wie heisst das proteolytische Toxin, das für diese Muskelkrämpe verantwortlich ist? <one>Tetanospasmin</one>.
+- Um die <one>Tuberkelbakterien</one> bildet sich, im menschlichen Körper, was? Ein <one>Granulom</one>.
+- Why may bacteria <one>wish to modulate actin dynamics</one>? So that they can <one>disseminate</one> within an eukaryotic cell.
+- The <one>cholera toxin</one> consists of <two>n subunits</two>? <royalblue>6</royalblue>; <one>5xB</one>, <one>1xA</one>.
+- <one>How many types</one> of <two>Streptococcus pneumoniae</two> are known? <royalblue>84</royalblue>.
+- Why does it help against <one>caries</one> if we avoid dietary sucrose? Because <one>Streptococcus mutans</one> requires <royalblue>sucrose</royalblue> to build their dextran layer.
+- Give an example for an <one>AB neurotoxin</one>. A: Tetanus toxin of <one>Clostridium tetani</one>.
+- Wir können bei der <one>Strahlendesinfektion</one> UV Licht einsetzen, um Keime zu töten. Bei welcher Wellenlänge? <royalblue>254 nm</royalblue>.
+- How many people died approximately in <one>2004</one> due to infectious diseases (including virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites as causes)? About <one>17.3 million deaths</one>.
+- <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> verursacht ... bei Kindern? <one>Scharlach</one>.
+- Nenne ein bekanntes Bakterium, das das Superantigen-Toxin synthetisieren kann. A: <one>Staphylococcus aureus</one>.
+- Welches Bakterium verursacht den Wundstarrkrampf? <one>Clostridium tetani</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>EHEC</one> in der klinischen Mikrobiologie? <one>Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli</one>.
+- <one>Syphilis</one> wird durch <two>Treponema pallidum</two> verursacht. Welches Medikament könnten wir als Therapie verabreichen? <one>Penicillin G</one>.
+- Name two general receptors that can sample PAMPs (on human cells). A: (1) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (2) NOD-like receptors  (<royalblue>NLRs</royalblue>)
+- What do we mean with <one>frustrated phagocytosis</one> in <two>Immunology</two>? When <one>a bacterium has a capsule</one>.
+- <one>Bakterielle Erkrankungen der Harnwege</one> werden meistens durch <two>welche bakterielle Gruppe</two> verursacht? Durch <one>Enterobakterien</one>.
+- Worldwide, how many people die per year due <one>to tetanus</one>? <one>150.000</one>.
+- <one>Bakterielle Adhäsine</one> sind, chemisch betrachtet, typischerweise ... ? <one>Polysaccharide</one>. 
+- <one>Death</one> due to the <two>tetanus toxin</two>, happens usually because of ...? <one>Respiratory failure</one>.
+- <one>Genomic pathogenicity islands</one> are often linked to which gene? A <one>tRNA gene</one>.
+- Durch den <one>Einsatz von Penicillin</one> können sogenannte <two>L-Formen</two> bei Bakterien entstehen. Warum der Buchstabe <three>L</three> hier? <royalblue>L</royalblue> für <one>large</one>.
+- Wenn wir <one>Einzelkolonien von Mikroorganismen</one> erhalten wollen wenden wir welche <three>simple Technik</three> an? Den <one>Verdünnungsausstrich</one>.
+- In <one>microbial pathogenicity</one>: why do pathogens make use of <two>ADP-ribosylation</two>? This will <one>induce depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton</one>.
+- Name the most famous organism able to cause <one>Ergotism</one>? <one>Claviceps purpura</one>.
+- Gibt es einen <one>Impfstoff gegen Tetanus</one>? Ja.
+- Was heisst <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one> <two>opa</two>? <one>Opacity associated protein</one>.
+- Name the <one>two main forms of leprosy</one>. A: (1) <one>tuberculoid leprosy</one> (2) <one>lepromatous leprosy</one>
+- What is more dangerous: an <one>Endotoxin</one> or an <one>Exotoxin</one>? An "Exotoxin" is more dangerous, because they are sometimes fatal, whereas "Endotoxins" are rarely fatal.
+- Can <one>Corynebacterium dipththeria</one> cause <two>congestive heart failure</two>? Yes, through its <royalblue>exotoxin</royalblue>.
+- Mit Hilfe der <one>Ziehl-Neelsen-Färbung</one> können wir Mykobakterien, Nokardien und welch weitere Bakteriengruppe nachweisen? <one>Corynebakterien</one>.
+- Sind <one>opportunistische Pathogene</one> ein Problem? Nur wenn die normale Widerstandskraft eines Wirtes herabgesetzt ist.
+- Können <one>Virulenzfaktoren</one> Teil eines Bakteriums sein? Ja - zum Beispiel die <one>Kapsel</one>.
+- <one>Simmons</one> hat welchen Agar <two>erfunden</two>? Den <one>Citratagar</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein allgemeines Ziel pathogener Bakterien</one>. A: Den <royalblue>Zugang</royalblue> zu den Nährstoffquellen in den Wirtszellen zu erhalten, und sich dadurch rasch zu vermehren.
+- In <one>mice</one>: which protein recognizes <two>S. pyogenes</two> cell wall? <one>Tlr2</one>.
+- Spielen <one>Bakteriophagen</one> eine Rolle bei der <two>Entstehung pathogener Baktieren</two>? Ja, sogar eine sehr wichtige: sie <one>können Virulenzfaktoren übertragen</one>.
+- Die <one>Legionärskrankheit</one> wird durch <two>welches Bakterium</two> verursacht? <one>Legionella pneumophila</one>.
+- At the <one>Toxic Shock Syndrome</one>: what is the characteristic triad? (1) high fever (2) hypotension (3) <one>rash</one>
+- Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>aktive Immunisierung</one>? Dies ist dann der Fall, wenn der Antikörper vom Organismus gebildet wird.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>unspezifischer Immunität</one>? Wenn eine natürliche Resistenz gegeben ist; so ist die Maul- und Klauenseuche nicht auf den Menschen übertragbar.
+- Das Reservoir des Pesterregers <one>Yersinia</one> ist/stind ... ? <one>Nagetiere</one>.
+- Give a reason as to why the incidence of <one>necrotizing fascitis</one> has been increasing in the USA as of late. A: <one>Anti-inflammatory drugs</one>, such as "ibuprofen", have been increasingly used. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen
+- <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> infections typically begin where? In the <one>throat</one>.
+- Name a <one>fever</one> caused by <two>Salmonella</two>. A: The <one>typhoid fever</one>.
+- What is <one>the commonest cause of immune deficiencies</one> worldwide? <one>Malnutrition</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition
+- The <one>trypanosomes</one> can exchange their <two>VGS genes</two>. Where in a chromosome does the active VSG-gene reside? At the <royalblue>telomere</royalblue> (<one>telomeric expression</one>).
+- Why does <one>Staphylococcous aureus</one> use <two>coagulase</two>? Coagulase causes insoluble fibrin to be deposited on S. aureus cells, protecting them from attack by host cells (<royalblue>camouflage</royalblue>).
+- Can we <one>easily detect</one> <two>Pathogenicity Islands</two> (<three>PAIs</three>)? Well - they do happen to <one>have a distinct GC content</one>, so this could be used for their discovery.
+- What does <one>Unc93b1</one> facilitate? This protein that resides in the ER <one>facilitates the sorting of endosomal</one>/</one>phagosomal TLRs</one>.
+- Wie kann <one>LPS</one> experimentell nachweisen? Mit Hilfe des <one>Limulustestes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limulus_amebocyte_lysate
+- Give another word for a <one>biofilm</one>? Complex community structures.
+- Wieso mögen wir das <one>Kaufmann-White Schema</one> verwenden? Wir können hier <one>pathogene Salmonellen</one> unterschieden.
+- <one>Gram-Färbung</one> der Pesterreger? <one>Gram-positiv</one>.
+- Name the three major <one>pathogenic Streptococci</one>. A: (1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (2) Streptococcus pyogenes (3) <one>Streptococcus agaactiae</one>
+- Name one job of the <one>M-cells</one> in the (human) gut. A: They continually sample the microbes in the gut.
+- <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one> infections are especially dangerous when combined with ...? Influenza infections.
+- Nenne <one>drei Krankheiten</one>, die durch <two>sexuellen Kontakt</two> verbreitet werden. A: (1) <one>Gonorrhoe</one> (2) Syphilis (3) <one>AIDS</one>
+- Mit Hilfe des <one>GSP-Agars</one> können wir welche 2 Bakteriengruppen nachweisen? (1) <one>Pseudomonas</one> (2) <one>Aeromonas</one>
+- Was ist eine <one>Monoinfektion</one>? Eine <royalblue>Infektion</royalblue>, die durch <one>nur einen Erreger verursacht wurde</one>.
+- Das <one>Kauffmann-White-Schema</one> ist ein Klassifizierungssystem für ... ? Für alle "Salmonellen".
+- Name an alternative drug for treatment of <one>MRSA-infections</one>. A: <one>Vancomycin</one>.
+- Name <one>a bacterium that can block lysosomal fusion with the phagolysosome</one>. A: <one>Mycobacterium avium</one>.
+- Welche Temperatur wird bei der <one>Flash Pasteurization</one> verwendet? <royalblue>72°C</royalblue>.
+- How does <one>Salmonella</one> obtain iron? It <one>produces iron-chelating siderophores</one>.
+- How does <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> counter the human clotting mechanism? It <royalblue>uses a fibrinolytic substance</royalblue> - the <one>streptokinase</one>.
+- Pro Jahr sterben wieviele Menschen an <one>Tuberkulose</one>? Mehr als 1 Million Menschen.
+- The <one>Infection Processes</one> is <two>an interplay between</two> ...? <one>Host</one> and <one>Pathogen</one>.
+- <one>Pathogene Bakterien</one> mögen die Haut des Menschen, abgesehen von ihrer Barrierefunktion, als ein Problem erachten. Wieso? Weil die Haut meistens <one>zu trocken ist</one> für Bakterien.
+- Der <one>Kanamycin-Äsculin-Azid Selektivnährboden</one> kann zur Differenzierung welcher Bakteriengruppe herangezogen werden? Zur <one>Differenzierung von Enterokokken</one>.
+- A single <one>Diphtheria</one> bacterium can produce <two>n Diptheria-Toxins per hour</two>? About <one>5000 molecules</one> / <one>hour</one>. URL: http://163.178.103.176/Fisiologia/general/activ_bas_3/Bacterial_Protein_Toxins.htm
+- <one>Scharlach</one> wird durch <two>Streptokokken</two> ausgelöst. Genauer ... ? Von Streptokokken der <one>Lancefield-Gruppe A</one>.
+- The <one>Diphtheria toxin</one> blocks what? It <one>blocks protein synthesis</one>.
+- <one>Treponema pallidum</one> causes which disease? <one>Syphilis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidum
+- Which <one>metal</one> is desperately needed by <two>pathogenic bacteria</two>? <royalblue>Iron</royalblue> (<one>Fe 3+</one>).
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>eine tödlich ausgehende, akute Infektionskrankheit</one>. A: Eine <one>bakterielle Hirnhautenzündung</one>.
+- How does <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one> protect itself against secretory IgA-antibodies? By making use of <royalblue>proteases</royalblue> that can cleave at the hinge region. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae
+- Name two receptors in the human that sample pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A: (1) Toll-like receptors ("TLRs") (2) <one>NOD-like  receptors</one> (<royalblue>NLRs</royalblue>)
+- <one>Genomic pathogenicity islands</one> are typically flanked by genes that have which characteristic? These genes show homologes to phage or plasmid genes.
+- Nenne einen bakteriellen Erreger, der <one>Meningitis</one> hervorrufen kann. A: <one>Haemophilus influenza</one>.
+- Patients suffering from <one>cystic fibrosis</one> are often affected by which <two>opportunistic bacterium</two>? <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>.
+- Where in the human body does <one>Salmonella</one> replicate? In the <royalblue>M cells</royalblue>, which are <one>intestinal epithelial cells</one>.
+- In der <one>bakteriellen Mikrobiologie</one>, im Labor, gibt es einen <two>Ausstrichtypus</two>, der einen Tiernamen besitzt. Welcher ist das? Der <one>Schlangenlinienausstrich</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausstrich_(Mikrobiologie)
+- Name <one>a particular strategy</one> used by <two>Mycobacterium</two> inside of a macrophage. A: It <one>can prevent the fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome</one>.
+- <one>LT</one>, <one>PA</one> und <one>LF</one>. Was heisst dies jeweils? (Ohne diese Begriffe genauer zu beschreiben.) A: (1) <royalblue>LT</royalblue> heisst <one>lethal toxin</one>. (2) <royalblue>PA</royalblue> heisst <one>protective antigen</one>. (3) <royalblue>LF</royalblue> heisst <one>lethal factor</one>.
+- Most TLRs <one>signal</one> via ...? Via the <one>MyD88 adaptor</one>.
+- Name <one>a species</one> associated with <two>fungal meningitis</two>. A: <royalblue>Cryptococcosis</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcosis
+- What does the <one>TLR2 Receptor</one> recognize? It <royalblue>recognizes bacterial cell wall components</royalblue>, such as <one>lipoteichonic acid</one> or <one>peptidoglycan</one>.
+- <one>Platensimycin</one> acts against ...? <one>Bacterial lipid biosynthesis</one>.
+- When a human has a <one>X-linked properdin deficiency</one>, which bacterial disease may become problematic? "Invasive meningococcal disease", e. g. caused by the gram-negative <royalblue>Neisseria meningitidis</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis
+- How can <one>S. mutans</one> attach to the tooth? It produces <one>dextran</one> (a <royalblue>glucan</royalblue>), which it uses to attach to the tooth surface. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextran
+- Wieso verwenden wir das <one>Griess-Ilosvays Reagenz</one>? Um <royalblue>Nitrit</royalblue> nachzuweisen beziehungsweise zu detektieren.
+- Why is it so difficult for <one>CD8 cytotoxic T cells</one> to target viruses in neurons? Neurones carry very low level of <one>MHC class I molecules</one>.
+- Why does <one>Yersinia</one> make use of its <two>high-pathogenicity island</two> <three>HPI</three>? This island is useful to "snatch iron", which Yersinia can then use.
+- Give an example for an <one>invasive intracellular pathogen</one> that uses <two>clathrin-mediated endocytosis</two> for invasion. A: <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>.
+- Grösse von <one>Prionen</one>, in nm? <one>Unter 5 nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion
+- All <one>Plasmodium species</one> are <two>parasitic</two>. Which host systems do they need, in order to reproduce? (1)  a <one>vertebrate host</one> (2) an <one>insect     host</one>
+- Give an example for <one>a facultative, intracellular pathogen</one> (non-viral one). A: <one>Mycobacterium</one>.
+- <one>Dental caries bacteria</one> synthesize <two>adhesion proteins</two>. <three>Two amino acids</three> dominate here. which ones? (1) <one>Alanine</one> (2) <one>Proline</one>
+- How do we call <one>the most durable cells</one> within a <two>bacterial biofilm</two>? <one>Persisters</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15807669
+- Bacteria can use which <one>secretion system</one> as <two>molecular syringe</two>? The Type III secretion system. The bacteria can inject proteins into eukaryotic cells through this <one>syringe system</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_three_secretion_system
+- Was ist ein <one>geschlossenes Infektionssystem</one>? Wenn der Erreger nicht nach aussen hin ausgeschieden wird; ist zum Beispiel bei der <one>geschlossenen Tuberkulose</one> der Fall.
+- How many known types of <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one> are known? About <royalblue>84</royalblue>.
+- Only when is <one>C. dipththeriae</one> itself dangerous? When it harbours the <one>prophage Beta</one>, which produces the diptherin toxin.
+- Name <one>two families</one> of <two>human antimicrobial peptides</two>. A: (1) <one>defensin</one> (2) <one>cathelicidin</one>
+- Name a <one>bacterium</one> that <two>modulates the actin of the host cell</two>. A: <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>.
+- What is the function of the <one>Salmonella O antigen</one>? It <one>enhances adherence</one>.
+- <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one> coats itself with which <two>inhibitory protein</two>? With <royalblue>factor H</royalblue>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155754/
+- <one>Clostridium difficile</one> has the so-called "binary toxin" (CDT). CDT belongs to the family of ... toxins? It belongs to the family of <one>binary ADP-ribosylating toxins</one>, thus having two separate toxin components.
+- Why were the names <one>streptolysin O</one> and <one>streptolysin S</one> chosen? (1) <royalblue>O</royalblue> for <one>oxygen-labile</one> (2) <royalblue>S</royalblue> for <one>oxygen-stable</one>
+- Name an <one>enzyme</one> employed by <two>Pseudomonas</two> that can act against complement protein(s). A: <one>Elastase</one>.
+- A. W. für <one>ansteckende Krankheit</one>? <one>Infekt</one>.
+- The <one>Tetanus toxin</one> can bind to ...? <one>Inhibitory interneurons</one>.
+- Wie wirken <one>Superantigene</one> (<two>SAG</two>)? T-Zelle und Antigen-präsentierende Zelle kommen zusammen. Durch die Wirkung der <royalblue>SAG</royalblue> heften diese Zellen permanent zusammen, es kommt zu einem massiven Cytokin-Ausschuss, der cytotoxisch sein kann. Man kann dann am <one>septischen Schock</one> sterben.
+- <one>Streptokokken</one> werden in der klinischen Mikrobiologie beziehungsweise der mikrobiellen Hygiene <two>wie eingeteilt</two>? Nach der <one>Art der Hämolyse</one>.
+- Why are the <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> diseases so variable? One possible explanation is that <one>different organs are infected</one>.
+- Welche Strategie verfolgt <one>C. difficile</one> um <two>pathogen</two> zu werden? Stellt das Enzym <royalblue>Collagenase</royalblue> her <one>um in Gewebe einzudringen</one>.
+- We have cultures that can be used for <one>plasmid isolation</one>. One is called <two>miniprep</two>. Why the name? Largely <one>due to the small volume</one>, of <royalblue>2-10µl</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_preparation#Minipreparation
+- From an <one>infection point of view</one>: why was <two>pasteurization of milk</two> so important? Because it was the main mechanism of transmission for <one>bovine tuberculosis in humans</one>.
+- The most common causative agent for <one>urinary tract infections</one> is ... ? <royalblue>UPEC</royalblue>: <one>Uropathogenic Escherichia coli</one>
+- The <one>bacterial type III secretion systems</one> evolved from ...? <one>Bacterial flagella</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_three_secretion_system
+- <one>Where</one> are the genes, that <two>initiate the invasion process of Salmonella</two>, encoded? On the <one>chromosomal Salmonella pathogenicity island 1</one> (<royalblue>SPI1</royalblue>)
+- The <one>Lancefield classification</one> can be used for <two>Staphylococcus pyogenes</two>, based on M protein serotyping. But what exactly is used for this assay? The <one>antigenic differences in the hypervariable region of M protein</one>.
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for a <one>Toxicoinfection</one>. A: (1) <one>Neurotoxins</one> (2) <one>Enterotoxins</one>
+- Im <one>Kanamycin-Äsculin-Azid Selektivnährboden</one> mögen wir schwarze Höfe um die Streptokokken-Kolonien erkennen. Was sind diese schwarze Höfe? Dies sind <one>Eisen-Phenol-Komponenten</one>.
+- Bacteria are getting <one>increasingly resistant against antibiotics</one>. Name one simple but effective way to counter this. A: <one>Combine two unrelated antibiotics</one> against the same bacterium.
+- Many pathogens that <one>grow inside of a macrophage</one> inhibit the production of which three <two>pro-inflammatory cytokines</two>? (1) <one>TNF-Alpha</one> (2) <one>IL-12</one> (3) <one>IFN-Gamma</one>
+- Name <one>a pathogen</one> that can generate its own vacuole. A: <one>Toxoplasma Gondii</one>.
+- <one>Phagocytosis</one> is triggered by the attachment of target particles to ... ? <one>Phagocytic receptors</one>.
+- Welches <one>Klassifizierungskriterium</one> können wir im <two>SIM-Agar</two> verwenden? <one>Indol</one>.
+- What are <one>actin comet tails</one>? These are actin structures formed by the dynamic polymerization of actin beneath <royalblue>some species of intracellular bacteria</royalblue>.
+- How do we call the <one>collective of microorganisms</one> that reside in an organism? The <one>microbiota</one>.
+- Bacteria can misdirect the immune system, including by <one>mimicking cytokines</one>. Name 3 general effects/strategies here. A: (1) downregulate inflammatory cytokine production (2) inhibit apoptosis/pyroptosis/necrosis (3) <one>inhibit autophagy</one>
+- What is <one>profoundly depressed in lepromatous leprosy</one>? <royalblue>Cell-mediated immunity</royalblue>.
+- Wie kann <one>Borreliose</one> beim Menschen, möglichst einfach, erkannt werden? Über die "Wanderröte" (<royalblue>Erythema migrans</royalblue>).
+- Name <one>a bacterium</one> that probably causes <two>Atherosclerosis</two>. A: <royalblue>Chlamydia pneumoniae</royalblue>.
+- Vor allem <one>welche Bakterien</one> bilden <two>Aktin Kometen</two>? Viele <one>intrazelluläre Bakterien</one>.
+- <one>Staphylococcus aureus</one> hat das Protein <two>ClfA</two>. Dieses kann an welch zelluläres Protein binden? An <one>Fibrinogen</one>.
+- Woher stammt das <one>ADP</one>, das das Clostridium diphtheriae toxin benötigt? Von <royalblue>NAD+</royalblue>.
+- Beim Menschen: die <one>häufigsten Erreger von Harnwegsinfektionen</one> sind ... ? E. coli Bakterien.
+- <one>Delayed-type hypersensitivity</one> works very well against intracellular pathogens. Here, CD4+ T cells secrete in particular which cytokine? <royalblue>IFN-Gamma</royalblue>.
+- Im <one>Kanamycin-Äsculin-Azid Selektivnährboden</one> können wir Streptokokken erkennen. Die äussern sich beim Wachstum durch ...? Schwarze Höfe um die Kolonien.
+- Did <one>Linus Pauling</one> study <two>sickle-cell anemia</two>? Yes.
+- Wieso verwenden wir den <one>Stärke-Agar</one>? Um die <one>Bildung von Amylasen</one> nachweisen zu können.
+- Name two bacteria implicated in <one>dental caries</one>. A: (1) <one>Streptococcus mutans</one> (2) <one>Streptococcus sobrinus</one>
+- In <one>clinical microbiology</one>: what are <two>VISA strains</two>? "Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus
+- Was heisst <one>suppurative infection</one>? This is a <one>pus-forming infection</one>.
+- Sind <one>Endotoxine</one> oder <one>Exotoxine</one> hitzelabiler? <royalblue>Exotoxine</royalblue>. Endotoxine hingegen sind sehr hitzestabil.
+- Was ist die <one>Inkubationszeit</one>? Dies ist die <one>Zeit vom Eindringen des Erregers</one> bis zum "Auftreten der ersten Krankheitssymptome".
+- Define the term <one>facultative intracellular pathogen</one>. A: These are pathogens that can live either inside host cells - or free.
+- Nenne <one>eine bakterielle Krankheit</one>, die aerogen über Staub übertragen wird. A: Die <one>Legionellose</one>.
+- What is <one>necrotizing fasciitis</one>? Necrosis of the soft tissues with involvement of the fascia plus serious systemtic disease including shock, DIC, failure of organ systems and death.
+- Bildet der <one>Pesterreger</one> eine <two>Kapsel</two> aus? Ja.
+- Anderer Name für den <one>Önöz-Agar</one>? <one>Salmonella-Agar</one>.
+- Im <one>McConkey-Agar</one> sieht man das Bakterien <deeppink>tiefrote Kolonien</deeppink> bilden. Was weiss man hierdurch? Das diese Bakterien <one>lac+</one> sind.
+- <one>Trivialname</one>, in Englisch, für die <two>Tetanus-Symptome</two>? <one>Lockjaw</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockjaw
+- Wie nennt man die <one>typischen roten Hautflecken</one> bei Masern? <one>Masern-Exanthem</one>.
+- Name a bacterium that has <one>rhamnose</one> in their cell wall structure. A: <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> (Group A Streptococcus, "GAS").
+- A. W. für <one>cause of disease</one>? <one>Etiology</one>.
+- Im Jahr <one>2014</one> starben, nach Angaben der WHO, wieviele Menschen an Tuberkulose? Etwa <one>1,5 Millionen Menschen</one>.
+- Die <one>5-Nitroimidazole</one> werden wogegen eingesetzt? Gegen eine Reihe von Protozoen.
+- Wozu wird das <one>Kovacs-Reagenz</one> eingesetzt? Zum <one>Nachweis von Indol</one>; somit auch zur <royalblue>Tryptophan-Spaltung</royalblue>.
+- Who was <one>the pioneer of antiseptic surgery</one>? <one>Joseph Lister</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister
+- <one>A46</one> of poxvirus interacts with which part of a protein? Via <one>TIR domains</one>.
+- Do more people die to <one>circulatory diseases</one> or to <one>infectious and parasitic diseases</one>? More people die to <one>circulatory diseases</one>.
+- <one>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</one> entwickelte zwei Vakzine. Gegen <two>welche Erreger</two>? (1) gegen <one>Tollwut</one> (2) gegen <one>Milzbrand</one>
+- <one>Antimicrobial drugs</one> are classified based on which 3 aspects? (1) molecular structure (2) mechanism of action (3) spectrum of antimicrobial activity
+- <one>Desinfektion</one> führt zu einer Keimreduktion um welchen Faktor? Um den <one>Faktor 10 ** -5</one>.
+- Sind <one>Endotoxine</one> hitzestabil? Ja.
+- Name a great way of <one>S. pyogenes</one> to avoid immune detection. A: The capsule is composed of <one>hyaluronic acid</one> which is the same as in the connective tissue in humans → thus, this helps immensely in immune evasion, as the Bacterium is not recognized as a foreign component.
+- Ist die <one>Streptokinase</one> ein <two>Enzym</two>? Nein - es ist ein <one>nichtenzymatisches Protein</one> ohne enzymatische Aktivität, welche von manchen Streptokokken in die Umgebung ausgeschieden wird. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptokinase
+- Für den <one>Einsatz von Chemotherapeutika</one>, ist die <two>natürliche Resistenz</two> oder die <two>erworbene Resistenz</two> problematischer? Die <royalblue>erworbene Resistenz</royalblue> ist problematischer.
+- Give one example for <one>emetic toxin formation</one>. A: <one>Bacillus cereus</one>.
+- How many people die, per year, to <one>infectious diseases</one> worldwide? About <one>15 million people per year</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>a general-purpose media</one>. A: Blood agar.
+- <one>SipA</one> stabilizes ... ? <one>F-Actin</one> (<royalblue>stable cable</royalblue>).
+- <one>Salmonella</one> can survive in other cells? Yes, in <one>macrophages</one>, thanks two a two-component system called "phoPQ".
+- Welche <one>Logik</one> steckt hinter dem <two>Tyndallisieren</two>? Auskeimende Sporen werden in den "nachfolgenden Heissphasen" abgetötet.
+- The bacterium <one>Listeria</one> hijacks which cellular protein? <royalblue>Listeria</royalblue> hijacks the cytoskeletal protein <one>actin</one>.
+- What determines <one>the serotype</one> of <two>Streptococcus pyogenes</two>? Its <royalblue>M protein</royalblue>.
+- Is <one>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</one> a deadly pathogen? Yes it is. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriae
+- Nenne die drei <one>zoites</one> die mit dem Lebenszyklus von Plasmodium falciparum einhergehen, in der richtigen Reihenfolge. A: Mnemo: <royalblue>spo-me-tro</royalblue> (1) <one>sporozoite</one> (2) merozoite (3) <one>trophozoite</one>
+- Wenn wir die <one>DNA Gyrase</one> hemmen möchten, können wir welches Antibiotikum verwenden? <royalblue>Ciproflaxin</royalblue>, ein Gyrasehemmer.
+- <one>Which protein</one> initiates the <two>actin-comet formation</two> in <three>Listeria monocytogenes</three>? <one>ActA</one>.
+- Name <one>a disease</one> caused by <two>Shigella flexneri</two>. A: <one>Bloody diarrhea</one>.
+- The <one>Chlamydia infection</one> is caused by which bacterium? It is caused by bacterium <one>Chlamydia trachomatis</one>.
+- <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> has the <two>C-substance</two>. Why the letter C? <royalblue>C</royalblue> for <one>capsular polysaccharide</one>.
+- Why was the <one>EliSpot</one> method originally developed? It was originally developed as a method to <one>detect antibody-secreting B-cells</one>.
+- Erreicht man mit <one>chemischen Methoden</one> eine <two>Sterilisation</two>? Nein.
+- <one>Moxifloxacin</one> can be used against ...? <one>Myxobakterium</one>.
+- If we remove the <one>B component</one> from the <two>Diphtheriae toxin</two>, what is the net effect? This would effectively render this <royalblue>exotoxin</royalblue> <one>nontoxic</one>.
+- Unterscheide <one>Pathogen</one> von <one>Parasit</one>. A: (1) Ein Parasit ist ein Mikroorganismus der auf oder in einem Wirt wächst. (2) Ein Pathogen ist ein Parasit, der seinem Wirt Schaden zufügt.
+- Nenne zwei Aspekte, die man mit dem <one>Phenolrot Boullion</one> nachweisen kann. A: (1) <one>Zuckerfermentation</one> (2) <one>Produktion organischer Säuren</one>
+- How do we call <one>bacterial proteins</one>" that are <two>used to kill other bacteria</two>? <one>Bacteriocins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriocin
+- <one>Mortality rate</one> of listeriosis in percent? <one>20%</one>.
+- <one>Frühsommermeningoenzephalitis</one> wird wie übertragen? Durch einen <one>Zeckenbiss</one>.
+- Once <one>inside of a phagosome</one>, <two>intracellular pathogens</two> have which general 3 options/strategies to avoid being <three>killed by a phagolysosome</three>? (1) They can <one>escape from the phagosome</one> (2) They can "prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion" (3) They can "survive the result"
+- Was <one>Pasteur</one> the first to propose a <two>germ theory of infectious disease</two>? No.
+- Was ist <one>Sigmoidoscopy</one>? Ein Doktor untersucht den unteren Teil des Colons (Dickdarms), den sogenannten <one>Sigmoid colon</one>.
+- Erreger der <one>Borreliose</one>? Borrelia burgdorferi.
+- <one>TisB</one> is a membrane peptide that was shown to have what effect in bacteria? TisB will "decrease proton motive force" and thus also decrease the cellular concentration of ATP.
+- Which among <one>Vibrio cholerae</one> cause human disease? Those that contain the <royalblue>bacteriophage CTX phi</royalblue> (or that weird symbol with a circle and a line through it).
+- Manche Bakterien können <one>Verdauungsprozesse hemmen</one>, um sich in einem Wirten zu etablieren. Gib ein Beispiel für so ein Bakterium. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
+- <one>Cephalosporine</one> der ersten Generation zeichnen sich durch eine gute Wirksamkeit gegen welche Bakteriengruppe aus? Gegen <one>Staphylokokken</one>.
+- Wie erkennen wir E. coli auf einer <one>EMB Platte</one>? Aufgrund ihres <one>metallischen Glanzes</one>.
+- Warum hat <one>Salmonella</one> die <two>pathogenicity island (SPI)-2</two>? Um in Makrophagen wachsen zu können.
+- <one>Respiratory pathogens</one> are typically ... ? Airborne (mode of transmission).
+- Das Peptidoglykan der Zellwand der <one>Microbacteriaceae</one> ist vom ... Typ? <one>B-typ</one>.
+- Ist <one>die Pest</one> ausgerottet? <one>Nein</one>.
+- What does the <one>selective toxicity theory</one> state? It states that a substance could selectively target harmful microorganisms - but "leave human tissues undamaged".
+- Beim <one>CZAPEK-DOX Agar</one>: was ist die einzige Stickstoffquelle? <one>Natriumnitrat</one>.
+- Wie wirkt das <one>Cholera-Toxin</one> in der Zelle? Es <royalblue>verursacht</royalblue> eine <one>cAMP-Überproduktion in ihren Zielzellen</one>.
+- What is <one>a biological host barrier</one>? This is the <one>normal flora</one>.
+- Wie <one>messen</one> Bakterien die <two>Zell-Dichte</two>? Mit Hilfe von <one>Quorum-Sensing</one>.
+- <one>In humans</one>: give a classic example of <two>a pathobiont</two>. A: <one>Helicobacter pylori</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori
+- Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Abwehr</one>? Dies ist <one>die Summe aller Reaktionen auf das Eindringen eines Fremdkörpers</one>.
+- <one>Joseph Lister</one> was a pioneer of which method? <one>Antiseptic surgery</one>.
+- <one>Alexander Fleming</one> is famous for having discovered penicillin, but he also discovered something else, a few years before that. What was it? The enzyme <one>lysozyme</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Biovar</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen, die durch gemeinsame biochemische und/oder pyhsiologische Eigenschaften charakterisiert sind.
+- Gibt es <one>pathogene Serogruppen</one> von <two>Yersinia enterocolitica</two>? Ja, zum Beispiel <one>O:3</one> oder <one>O:27</one>.
+- <one>Type I fimbriae</one> - such as used by <two>Salmonella</two> - are usually used for ...? <one>Adherence</one>.
+- Welche Aufgabe hat die <one>A-chain</one> des <two>Cholera Toxins</two>? Es aktiviert die Adenylatcyclase, die daraufhin "mehr cAMP" produziert.
+- Der Erreger der <one>Geflügelcholera</one> ist ... ? <one>Pasteurella multocida</one>.
+- <one>Listeria</one> uses what in order to break out of a phagosome vacuole, before fusion? <one>Hemolysin</one>.
+- Where can we find the <one>Paneth cells</one>? These specialized host defence cells can be found in the <one>small intestine</one>.
+- <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one> can <two>cause Malaria</two>. What type of organism is it? It is a <one>protozoan parasite</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>pyroptosis</one>? <royalblue>Pyroptosis</royalblue> is a <one>highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death</one> that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial response.
+- What are <one>Neutropenia patients</one>? Patients that lack <one>Neutrophils</one>.
+- The <one>Ames test</one> makes use of which bacterium usually? <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one>.
+- From a molecular point of view: what does the <one>tetanus toxin</one> block? It blocks the <one>release of glycine</one>.
+- Wir können den <one>Eisen-3-Zucker Agar</one> zur Identifikation von ... verwenden? Von <one>Enerobacteriaceae</one>.
+- Um <one>Bodenbakterien</one> zu isolieren: welchen <two>Agar</two> mögen wir hier verwenden? <one>CZAPEK-DOX Agar</one>.
+- Warum ist es wichtig, das wir in der <one>klinischen Mikrobiologie</one> mehr über <two>Biofilme</two> Bescheid wissen? Einer großen Zahl <one>chronischer bakterieller Infektionen</one> liegen <royalblue>Biofilme</royalblue> zu Grunde. Diese kann man mit konventionellen Antibiotika kaum beikommen.
+- Nenne einen <one>obligat-intrazellulären Organismus</one>, der mit dem Buchstaben <two>C</two> beginnt. A: <one>Chlamydia trachomatis</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Pathovar</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen, die durch gemeinsame pathogene Eigenschaften für bestimmte Wirte charakterisiert sind.
+- The endosomal <one>TLR13 receptor</one> can recognize what exactly? It <royalblue>can recognize a conserved 23S ribosomal RNA sequence</royalblue>, in other words - it <one>can recognize bacterial rRNA</one>.
+- What is <one>a defined minimal medium</one>? This is a medium that contains only those compounds needed for an organism to grow.
+- Name a way for <one>Salmonella</one> to kill macrophages. A: By <one>inducing apoptosis</one>.
+- Was verstehen wir unter einer <one>stillen Feiung</one>? Wenn im Körper ein Schutzzustand gegen einen Erreger erreicht wird.
+- Die <one>normale Hautflora des Menschen</one> besteht überwiegend aus ... Bakterien? <one>Gram-positiven Bakterien</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Morphovar</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen mit <one>gemeinsamen, morphologischen Eigenschaften</one>.
+- Name two bacteria that show <one>antigenic variation</one>. A: (1) <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one> (2) <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Ausbreitung über das Blut</one> bei Bakterien? <one>Sepsis</one>.
+- The <one>diphtheria toxin</one> is what type of toxin? It is an <one>A-B toxin</one>.
+- Nenne drei <one>unterschiedliche Medientypen</one> in der Mikrobiologie. A: (1) "Anreicherungsmedium" (2) "Isolierungsmedium" (3) <one>Selektivmedium</one>
+- Was machen Bakterien um den <one>Komplementproteinen</one> zu entkommen? Sie <one>bilden Kapseln</one>.
+- Was ist eine <one>konfluente Lyse</one>? Wenn ein <royalblue>Phage</royalblue> den gesamten Bakterienrasen lysiert.
+- Was ist die <one>Infektkette</one>? Die Infektkette ist <one>der Weg einer Infektion</one>.
+- Nenne zwei <one>molekularbiologische Methoden</one>, die wir zwecks Klassifizierung von Bakterien verwenden können. A: (1) DNA-Hybridisierung (2) <one>16S rRNA Sequenzierung</one>
+- Hat <one>Neisseria meningitidis</one> ausser dem Menschen auch andere Reservoire? Nein.
+- What is <one>Pathology</one>? The <one>scientific study of disease</one>.
+- Wie tötet <one>Bacillus Anthracin</one> letzten Endes, auf zellulärer Ebene? Durch <one>Apoptose</one>.
+- <one>TLR13</one>, which is localized in the phagosome, recognizes RNA of bacteria, but it requires which additional ER-resident protein? A: <one>Unc93b1</one>.
+- Was ist <one>Parasitismus</one>? Wenn nur der Parasit von einer Symbiose profitiert; es ist somit <one>eine einseitige Wechselwirkung</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> invented the <two>Petri-dish</two>, and <three>when</three>? The German bacteriologist <one>Julius Richard Petri</one>, in <royalblue>1887</royalblue>.
+- Der Toll-like-Rezeptor-4 erkennt grampositive oder gramnegative Bakterien? Gramnegative Bakterien, über deren <one>LPS</one>.
+- Bei der Immunologie in Bakterien: was heisst <one>CRISPRs</one>? <one>Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats</one>.
+- Sind <one>Probiotika</one> meistens gramnegative oder grampositive Bakterien? <one>Grampositiv</one>.
+- Der Erreger der <one>Gonorrhoe</one> ist ... ? <one>Neisseria gonorrhoe</one>.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium das die <one>Cilientätigkeit der Lunge</one> hemmen kann. A: <one>Bordetella pertussis</one>.
+- Warum hilft uns die <one>Maus</one> eher wenig wenn es um <lightseagreen>Malaria</lightseagreen> geht? Da <one>Mäuse keine Malaria bekommen können</one>. Deshalb sind die Erkenntnisse nicht zu 100% auf den Menschen übertragbar.
+- Welches Bakterium ist der <one>Erreger von Gasbrand</one>? <one>Clostridium perfringens</one>.
+- Wie tötet <one>Gramicidin A</one>? Es bildet einen <one>Kanal</one> - dies führt zum Zusammenbruch des Membranpotentials.
+- The Ames test uses the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The strain used here carries mutations in genes involved in ... ? <tomato>Histidine synthesis</tomato>. 
+- Advantage of "phase variation" for a bacterium? It enables this bacterium to "change certain cell-surface proteins" - and thus "evade the host immune system".
+- Was ist ein "Antibiogramm"? Das Antibiogramm ist ein Labortest zur Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeit bzw. Resistenz von mikrobiellen Krankheitserregern gegenüber Antibiotika.
+- Gegen welche Bakterien wirkt "Daptomycin"? Gegen "gram-positive Bakterien". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daptomycin
+- How does "Pseudomonas" respond to penicillin? Being a "gram-negative bacterium", Pseudomonas is naturally resistant to penicillin.
+- How do we call it when an infectious agent alters its antigen composition? "Antigenic variation".
+- Shigella can cause which disease in humans? Dysentery. URL: http://healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Shigella-infection-and-dysentery
+- Salmonella uses "InvC" - of what type is InvC? It is "an ATPase.
+- Virulence factors are encoded, in general, by ... ? "Virulence genes".
+- What can we conclude when a virulence gene is inactivated? The pathogen will lose virulence or pathogenicity. 
+- Nowadays, how to create the "diphtheria toxoid"? We treat the exotoxin with "formaldehyde".
+- Name a "horrible disease" caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. A: "Necrotizing fasciitis".
+- Können wir "Neisseria meningitidis" durch die "Polysaccharid-Kapseln" unterscheiden? Ja.
+- Name 5 different microbes that can grow inside of a macrophage. A: (1) "Salmonella" (2) "Yersinia" (3) "Listeria" (4) "Chlamydia" (5) "Myocbacterium tuberculosum"
+- Why is it hard to establish the LD50 for "Streptococcus pneumoniae", in mice? Because of fhe fact that only a few cells are required to establish a fatal infection - and subsequently kill all mice in a test population.
+- Is the "Cholera Toxin" rather "heat-stable" or "heat-labile", as an Enterotoxin? It is rather "heat-labile".
+- The "germ theory" replaced which other, older theory? The germ theory replaced the "miasma theory".
+- Louis Pasteur devised a vaccine against ... ? "Cholera".
+- What is a "pandemic"? This is a widespread, usually "worldwide", epidemic.
+- The Shiga toxin belongs to which family of toxins? It belongs to the "AB5 toxins".
+- Name a pathogen that can cause a "hemorrhagic fever". A: "Ebola".
+- Wenn wir "Rohmilch" auf Bakterien untersuchen möchten, welchen Agar mögen wir hier verwenden? Den "Chinablau-Lactose Agar".
+- Give an example for a "bacterial lecithinase". A: The "Alpha-Toxin" of "Clostridium perfringens".
+- A. W. für "frustrated phagocytosis"? "Capsules".
+- Nenne einen Vorteil für Listeria wenn es sich intrazellulär, durch Aktin-Kometen, bewegt. A: Listeria ist so nie den extrazellulär-zirkulierenden Antikörpern ausgesetzt.
+- Name one of the largest regulatory RNAs in Staphylococcus aureus. A: "RNA III".
+- Which theory was established by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch? The "germ theory of infectious disease".
+- What means the term "phage conversion"? When we convert a "nonpathogenic bacterium" into a "pathogenic bacterium", by use of a phage (like "phage B" for C. diptheriae).
+- Where inside of a cell can we find the TLR13? In the "phagosome".
+- Was meinen wir mit "Serovar" in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen, die durch "gemeinsame antigene Eigenschaften" charakterisiert sind.
+- "Microbacteriaceae" haben immer eine Diaminosäure, ausser Lysin, in ihrer Zellwand. Nenne eine davon. A: Ornithin.
+- The "LB medium", what does LB stand for? Luria Broth.
+- Sind Archaea pathogen? Nein, so gut wie nie.
+- Where did the sickle-cell mutation originate, geographically? This is a trick question: the sickle-cell mutation arose independently several times, in at the least 5 different places on planet earth.
+- Nenne 5 Typen von Erregern. A: (1) Eukaryotische Mikroben (2) Bakterien (3) Viren (4) Parasiten (5) Prionen
+- The "center for phage therapy" would accept what kind of patients? They will accept patients with "drug-resistant bacterial infections".
+- Wirkt Isopropanol "anti-mikrobiell"? Ja.
+- A. W. für "Dysbiosis"? microbiota imbalance
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung "HUS" in der klinischen Mikrobiologie? "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome". 
+- Welche 5 Punkte prägen die Normalflora? (1) Mutualismus: Mensch und Bakterien profitieren vom Zusammenleben (2) Resorption von Steroiden: durch die Darmflora (3) Stimulierung des Abwehrsystems: mehr sekretorische IgAs werden gebildet (4) Synthese von Vitaminen (5) Verhinderung der Kolonisierung durch Pathogene: = Kolonisationsresistenz
+- Was verstehen wir unter einer "Superinfektion"? Dies ist eine Sekundärinfektion in einem durch einen Erreger vorgeschädigten Organ. Beispiel: Eine bakterielle Infektion im Anschluss an eine Influenzainfektion.
+- Some bacteria stimulate actin assembly in a host cell, through "Rho-family GTPases". Name two of these proteins. A: (1) Rac1 (2) cdc42
+- Name two virulence properties of the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes? (1) It mediates adhesion to host epithelial cells (2) It mediates resistance to opsonophagocytosis through binding of fibrinogen and immunoglobulin Fc regions
+- Nenne ein Bakterium das gerne auf einem Katheter wachsen kann. A: Staphylococcus aureus.
+- Das Choleratoxin hat wieviele Untereinheiten? 6.
+- Salmonella phoP and phoQ genes do what? They neutralize macrophage-produced antibacterial molecules called "defensins".
+- Why must antibiotics be free of endotoxins? Because Endotoxines could induce fever.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics

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+- A pixel may be displayed in 2D. How do we call this area typically? This is the <one>display grid</one>.