studium 0.13.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ruby

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Ruby
+#
+# The ruby computer language.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- In Ruby, for the <one>module TSort</one>: <two>why was this name used</two>? <one>TSort</one> stands short for <two>topological sort</two>; that is a list of the nodes ordered such that no node follows a node that depends on it.
+- In Ruby: how to remove a toplevel-defined class called <one>Foobar</one>? Use <one>Object.send(:remove_const, :Foobar)</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>the name of the current method</one> is also stored in ... ? <one>__callee__</one>. []
+- In Ruby: one way to dynamically invoke a method is via <one>Object#send</one>, such as in <two>"foo".send(:size) # => 13</two>. Provide another way that can be used for dynamically invoking a method. A: Make use of a <one>Method object</one>, such as in: <two>x = "foobar".method(:size); x.call # => 6</two>. []
+- In Ruby: how to <one>anchor-match</one> to the string <two>'cat'</two>? A: Use <one>'cat'.match?(/\Acat\z/)</one>. []
+- Is a ruby <one>class</one> an object? Yes - an <one>object of class Class</one>. []
+- In Ruby: to iterate over every value of a Hash, do ... ? Use <one>hash.each_value</one>. []
+- In Ruby: what is meant with the <one>meridian indicator</one>? This refers to <one>AM</one> or <one>PM</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how can we <one>repeat the current iteration in a loop</one>? Use the <one>redo</one> statement. []
+- In Ruby: the parent class of any particular class can be obtained how? Via <one>.superclass()</one>. []
+- Give an example, in ruby, for a class that is not publicly instantiable. A: The <one>Binding</one> class. URL: https://ruby-doc.org/core/Binding.html []
+- In Ruby: how to <one>swap a hash's value and keys</one>? Use <one>hash.invert</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how to answer the serious question <one>'how did we get here'</one>? Via <one>caller()</one>. []
+- In Ruby: if we wish to make a custom class storable in yaml, which method do we have to define? <one>def to_yaml_properties</one>. []
+- In Ruby: does <one>BasicObject</one> respond to the <two>.dup method</two>? No - <one>.dup</one> appears in class Object. []
+- In Ruby: the <one>comparison operator</one> is ... ? <one><=></one>. []
+- In Ruby: name <one>a constraint</one> of <two>ObjectSpace</two>. A: ObjectSpace does not know anything about objects with immediate values. This includes, for instance, Fixnum, Symbol, Floats, true, false and nil.
+- In Ruby: nenne die <one>comparison operators</one>. A: <one>< <= == => ></one> - also <two>fünf Stück</two> davon. []
+- In Ruby: <one>everything is true</one> except for ... ? <one>false</one> and <one>nil</one>. []
+- In Ruby: what is meant with a <one>WeakRef</one>? A <one>WeakRef</one> is a data structure that may be <two>garbage collected</two>, even while references to it still exist.
+- In Ruby: the <one>Singleton</one> pattern means that #new is no longer possible. How else should we use a new class, called <two>Foobar</two>, that follows the Singleton pattern? Use <one>Foobar.instance</one>. []
+- In Ruby: if we see a method such as <one>def foobar(bla:)</one>, how do we call this? A <one>required named parameter</one>.
+- In Ruby: why was the name <one>Tempfile</one> chosen? Because these <one>temporary files</one> are <two>automatically deleted when the Ruby program terminates</two>.
+- Why should we use <one>Regexp.quote()</one> in Ruby? Because <one>Regexp.quote()</one> escapes any characters that would have <two>special meaning</two> in a regular expression. []
+- Ruby makes use of <two>hook-methods</two>. One is called <one>included</one>. When will this hook-method be called? Whenever a module is included into a class. []
+- In Ruby: how to access the <one>execution context of the main object at any time</one>? The global constant called <one>TOPLEVEL_BINDING</one> can be used for this. []
+- In Ruby: how can we force a hash to <one>reindex</one>? Use the <one>.rehash</one> method. []
+- In Ruby: every <one>Exception</one> has associated with it which two components? (1) a <one>message string</one> (2) a <one>stack backtrace</one>
+- In Ruby: how to do a <one>pairwise iteration</one> through an Array? Use <one>array.each_cons(2)</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how can we analyse the tokens that ruby creates for different code files? Via the tool called <one>ripper</one>. URL: https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/ripper/rdoc/Ripper.html []
+- In Ruby: what is an <one>immortal symbol</one>? This is <one>a symbol that will never be garbage collected</one>. []
+- In Ruby: will a <one>return expression</one> immediately exit a method? Yes. []
+- How is <one>Ruby's virtual machine</one> called? <one>YARV</one>: <two>Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine</two>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>.to_s</one> versus <one>.to_str</one>: which one is stricter? <one>.to_str</one> is stricter. []
+- In Ruby: what does <one>IO#gets</one> return when it reaches the end of a file? <one>nil</one> []
+- In Ruby: what does <one>fork()</one> return? The <one>pid</one> of the process at hand - thus, fork() will <two>return a number</two>. []
+- In Ruby: what is the method called <one>block_given?</one> doing? It <one>will return true if a block is associated with the current method</one>. []
+- In Ruby: if we have a methodname ending with a question mark, aka <one>?</one>, is the <one>?</one> part of the name? A: Yes. []
+- In Ruby: give an example for a <one>virtual encoding</one>. A: <one>ASCII-8BIT</one>. []
+- The <one>case</one> expression in ruby is very powerful and flexible. Give a fancy word for this. A: <one>case</one> is <two>a multiway if on steroids</two>. []
+- In Ruby: is this valid syntax? <one>def []=(*a, b)</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Ruby: when a ruby program terminates, are all threads killed? Yes. This can be avoided by calling the <one>Thread#join</one> method. []
+- In Ruby: can we create methods that define <one>constants</one>? No. []
+- In Ruby: name a very similar method to <one>File.readlines()</one>. A: <one>IO.readlines()</one> []
+- In Ruby: can we say that <one>ruby blocks</one> are <three>implicit parameters to a method</three>? Yes - but <two>they can also be made explicit</two>, such as via <one>&block</one>. []
+- In Ruby: if a class wishes to make use of the Enumerable module, which method should be defined on it? <one>each</one> []
+- In Ruby: how to determine the home directory of the current user? Use <one>Dir.home</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>puts</one> calls which method on the particular object? The <one>.to_s</one> method. []
+- In Ruby: does <one>1000 == 1000.0</one> evaluate to true? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how to quickly obtain the encoding of the current source file? Use <two>the special constant</two> called <one>__ENCODING__</one>. []
+- In Ruby: is this syntax valid? <one>puts "\u{70 69 3a 20 3c0}"</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In the <one>ruby readline module</one>: how can we capture and act on the full input line? We can do this here: <one>Readline.completer_word_break_characters = "\n"</one> []
+- In Ruby: how can we <one>create an Enumerator object</one>? (1) via <one>.to_enum</one> (2) via <one>.enum_for</one> []
+- In Ruby: is this syntax valid? <one>endl = "\n"; $stdout << 99 << endl</one>. A: Yes. []
+- In Ruby: is <one>1.0e3</one> valid syntax? Yes - it stands short for <one>1000.0</one>. []
+- In Ruby: one way to add onto the end of an Array is via <one><<</one>. Name another method that can be used here. A: <one>[1,2,3].push(4) # => [1,2,3,4]</one> []
+- In Ruby: <one>converting one encoding to another encoding</one> is also called ... ? <one>Transcoding</one>. []
+- In Ruby: can we give a regex as argument to <one>.none?</one>? A: Yes. See: <one>words.none?(/w/) # => false</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how can we ignore some <one>rvalues</one>? Use <one>*</one> such as in <two>first, *, last = 1,2,3,4,5,6</two>. first would be 1 and last would be 6. []
+- In Ruby: would this method definition work, that is, be <one>valid syntax</one>? <one>def *(i)</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Ruby: can we give a regex as argument to <one>.all</one>? A: Yes. See: words.all?(/a/) # => true. []
+- In Ruby: everything is <one>true</one>, save for ... ? (1) <one>nil</one> (2) <one>false</one> []
+- In Ruby: we can not use <one>.include?</one> for using a regex, so which other method could be used instead? A: <one>string.match?(</one>/<one>abcs</one>/<one>)</one> []
+- In Ruby: what is the result of <one>nil || 42</one>? <one>42</one> []
+- In Ruby: do we need an explicit <one>break</one> statement when we use a <three>loop {}</three> construct? No. []
+- In Ruby: can we define a method called <one>!=</one> on a class? Yes. []
+- In Ruby: can objects be <one>garbage collected</one> if references still exist to them? No. []
+- In Ruby: what will the result be of this code? <one>def foo; return 1,2; end; pp foo</one>? A: This will return the <two>Array</two> <one>[1,2]</one>. []
+- In Ruby: can we define <one>def ==(i)</one> on a class? Yes - and this will work, too. []
+- In Ruby: is the following syntax valid? <one>def foo(first, *, last); end</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Ruby: name three methods available on the <one>Enumerable module</one>. A: (1) <one>count</one> (2) <one>each</one> (3) <one>map</one> []
+- In Ruby: how to <one>obtain the parent of a particular class</one>? Make use of <one>.superclass</one>, such as in <one>NameOfTheClass.superclass</one>. []
+- In Ruby: is the following syntax valid? <one>def foo(a, *b, c); pp b; end</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Ruby: in a regex such as /[[:space:]]/, how can this be negated? /[[^:space:]]/ []
+- Ruby offers several different ways how to create a regular expression. One variant is to specifically make use of the <one>%r{...}</one> syntax. Give a good use case as to when this syntax is used specifically. A: When we have a <two>forward slash</two>, such as in <one>%r{ abc</one>/<one>def }</one>. []
+- In Ruby, for <one>ERB</one>: how to embed ruby code? <one><%= @name %></one> []
+- In Ruby: if we wish to have comparable objects, we have to <one>include Comparable</one>, and then define ... which method in our class? <one><=></one> []
+- In Ruby: give another name for <one>blocks</one>. A: <one>Anonymous methods</one>. []
+- In Ruby: can the <one>yield statement</one> have a parameter? Yes. []
+- In Ruby, for ERB: the output is typically HTML-escaped, which is not always wanted. How to prevent this from happening? A: Make use of <one><%== foobar() %></one>.
+- In Ruby: can we make a <one>constant</one> private? Yes, via <one>private_constant</one>. Example: <mediumseagreen>class Foobar; FOO = :bar; private_constant :FOO</mediumseagreen> []
+- In Ruby: how to check whether a given variable is a number, in a concise manner? A: Use something like <one>if 5.is_a? Numeric</one>. []
+- In order to <one>access the execution context of the main object</one> at any time, Ruby provides a global constant named ... ? <one>TOPLEVEL_BINDING</one>. URL: https://idiosyncratic-ruby.com/44-top-level-binding.html []
+- In Ruby: can we find out where a constant is defined? Yes, via <one>const_source_location</one>, such as via <two>Object.const_source_location(:Admin)</two> <three># =></three> ["SOME_PATH/admin.rb", 1]. []
+- For JRuby: what is the value of <one>RUBY_PLATFORM</one>? <one>java</one> []
+- In Ruby: is <one>each</one> a reserved word? No. []
+- What are <one>the seven basic types in Ruby</one>? (1) <one>Strings</one> (2) <one>Arrays</one> (3) <one>Hashes</one> (4) <one>Numbers</one> (5) <one>Ranges</one> (6) <one>Symbols</one> (7) <one>Regular expressions</one> []
+- In Ruby: how can we implement <one>Ranges</one> on our own? We have to define the <one><=></one> operator. The <three>begin object</three> may also need to have defined a <two>.succ()</two> method to return the next object in sequence. []
+- Show a good use case for <one>yield_self</one>, in ruby. A: <one>"Hello".yield_self { |str| str + " World" } </one><two># => "Hello World"</two> []
+- In Ruby: how do we <one>specify an Array of symbols</one>? By using <two>%i</two>, as in: <one>%i( abc def ghi ) => [:abc, :def, :ghi]</one> []
+- In Ruby: how to <one>chmod</one> the file /<two>foo</two>/<two>bar.md</two> to <three>777</three>? <one>File.chmod(0777, path_to_the_file)</one> []
+- How is a <one>rack application</one> defined? A <two>rack application</two> is an object that responds to a <one>.call()</one> method. []
+- When ruby reads a <one>.rb</one> file, which three steps are performed, in the correct order, before the code becomes a YARV instruction? (1) <one>tokenize step</one> (2) <one>parse step</one> (3) <one>compile step</one> []
+- In Ruby: given an <one>Array</one> of 10 elements starting from 1 and ending at 10, how can we return a new Array with 3 elements each? <one>(1..10).each_cons(3) { |a| p a } # => [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4]</one> []
+- When we make use of <one>exit</one> in ruby, which specific error is raised? <one>SystemExit</one>. []
+- What does <one>duplexed</one> mean, as far as Ruby is concerned? This is an I/O stream that is <one>bidirectional</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how to iterate over an Array so that we get <one>pair-wise output</one>? Via <one>.each_slice(2)</one>, such as in: <one>(1..6).each_slice(2) { |a, b| puts "a: #{a} b: #{b}" }</one> []
+- In Ruby: how to read in a single character? Use <one>IO.getch</one> or <one>STDIN.getch</one>. []
+- In Ruby: why was the name <one>string.tr()</one> chosen? <one>.tr</one> stands for <two>transform</two>. []
+- In Ruby: If <one>ARGV</one> is empty, how does ARGF act? ARGF then acts as if it contained <one>STDIN</one>, that is the the data piped to your script. []
+- In Ruby: is <one>File.read</one> faster, respectively more efficient, than <one>File.readlines</one>? Yes. []
+- On the Ruby side, Ruby organizes objects in <one>memory areas</one> called ... ? <one>Ruby heap pages</one>. URL: https://tenderlovemaking.com/2017/09/27/visualizing-your-ruby-heap.html []
+- In Ruby: what may be better to use than <one>object.send(:remove_method)</one>? <one>object.remove_method()</one> []
+- In Ruby: the <one>noniterative version of each_byte</one> is called ... ? <one>.getc</one> []
+- In Ruby: which classes in general implement <one>.to_str()</one>? <one>.to_str</one> is normally implemented only by those classes that <two>act like strings</two>. []
+- In Ruby, for <one>class Array</one>: what is the difference between using .push versus using << ? (1) << can be used to append only one element. (2) <one>.push</one> can be used to append multiple elements. []
+- In Ruby: if we have to iterate over a <one>large dataset</one> stored in a file, but do not have a lot of RAM, what can we do? We can use the <one>.each_line</one> method. This will avoid loading the whole file into memory. []
+- In Ruby: is there an alternative to <one>"abc\ndef".split("\n")</one>? Yes - <one>"abc\ndef".lines</one> (but it is not completely the same, because newlines will be retained in the resulting Array) []
+- In Ruby: the most common method to <one>read from stdin</one> occurs via ... ? <one>gets</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how can we find out which symbols are used in a given program, globally? Via <one>Symbol.all_symbols</one>. []
+- In Ruby, on <one>class Foobar</one>: which method is defined when the <two>Singleton</two> module is included? The <one>Foobar.instance</one> method. []
+- In Ruby: if we wish to use a regex, how to refer to characters such as <one>!</one>,<one>?</one>,<one>,</one> and <one>' '</one>? Via <one>:punct</one>, as in .gsub(/[[[<one>:punct:</one>]] ]/, '-') []
+- In Ruby: what will the following code return: <one>m = Module.new; m.name</one>? It will return <one>nil</one>. []
+- In Ruby: wo finden wir die <one>.dup</one> Methode? In <one>class Object</one>. []
+- Default value of <one>$SAFE</one> in ruby? 0 (Zero) - but it has been removed in more recent versions of ruby. []
+- In Ruby: wie stellen wir einen Bruch wie <one>2</one>/<one>3</one> dar? Mittels <one>Rational(2, 3)</one>. []
+- In Ruby: can we put a <one>lambda</one> inside of another <one>lambda</one>? Yes. []
+- In Ruby, how can we shorten this proc (Proc.new) code, without making use of: <one>proc.call(9, 1, 2, 3) # => [9, 18, 27]</one>? Via <one>proc.(9, 1, 2, 3) # => [9, 18, 27]</one> []
+- In Ruby: How to convert the decimal number <one>29</one> into its <two>corresponding binary representation</two>? <one>29.to_s(2) => "11101"</one> []
+- In Ruby: how to check whether a given user is a <one>superuser</one>? A: We can use <one>Process.uid.zero?</one>. []
+- What was the biggest change in ruby <one>2.4.x</one>? The <one>Integer Unification</one> - <two>Fixnums</two> and <two>Bignums</two> were merged, into <royalblue>class Integer</royalblue>. []
+- In Ruby: if we wish to use a custom class, such as <one>class Users</one>, and make use of <two>Enumerable#map</two> on it, which method do we have to define on <one>class Users</one>? An <one>.each()</one> method (aka <one>Users#each</one>). []
+- In Ruby: what is the <one>.b() method</one> doing, for Strings? It <one>will return a copied string</one>, whose encoding is <two>ASCII-8BIT</two>. []
+- In Ruby: how can we find out <one>the directory of a given .rb file</one> at hand? Via <one>__dir__</one>. []
+- In Ruby: which method is called by <one>puts</one>? <one>puts</one> will invoke the <one>.to_s() method</one>. []
+- In Ruby: was ergibt <one>1.dup</one>? <one>1</one>. []
+- In Ruby: is there an alternative to <one>FileUtils.mv()</one>? Yes: via <one>File.rename</one> []
+- In Ruby: <slateblue>.partition</slateblue> returns how many Arrays? <one>Two</one>. []
+- In Ruby: what does <one>fcall</one> mean? <one>Function call</one>. []
+- Woher kommt das Wort <one>mutex</one> in Ruby? Es kommt von <one>mutually exclusive</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how to <one>make a regex-component optional</one>? A: Put a <one>question mark</one> (<peru>?</peru>) <one>after it</one>. []
+- In Ruby: wie <one>verknüpfen</one> wir zwei Arrays miteinander, ausser mittels der Methode <three>.zip()</three>? Mittels <one>.transpose()</one>. []
+- In Ruby: which objects tend to have an <one>external encoding</one> typically? <one>I</one>/<one>O objects</one>. []
+- In Ruby: what does the abbreviation in <one>fcntl</one> in its standard library, stand for? <one>file control</one>. []
+- In Ruby: do <one>Struct</one>s make use of <two>instance variables</two> by default? <one>No</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how to raise a <one>frozen error</one>, specifically? Via <one>raise FrozenError.new("Error Message")</one> []
+- In Ruby: how can we obtain the same result as <one>pp foobar</one> would show? Via <one>foobar.pretty_inspect</one> []
+- In Ruby: how do we call <one>anonymous functions</one>? <one>Lambdas</one>. []
+- In Ruby: name one important difference between <one>fibers</one> and <one>threads</one>. A: <one>Fibers</one> are light-weight and thus require less memory, as opposed to <one>threads</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>Bundler</one> will calculate the dependency tree for an application and store this result in a file named ... ? <one>Gemfile.lock</one>. []

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ruby_on_rails

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Ruby on Rails
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- The part of the application the user sees is called ... ? the <one>view</one>.
+- Name three attributes that every <one>ActiveRecord model</one> includes. A: (1) <one>attributes id</one> (2) <one>created_at</one> (3) <one>updated_at</one>
+- In Ruby on Rails: <one>ActiveRecord</one> is a level of abstraction that offers access to ... ? A <one>SQL database</one>. []
+- In Ruby on Rails: show how to <one>get rid of a model</one> called Foobar. A: <one>rails destroy model Foobar</one>.
+- <one>Rails applications</one> are preconfigured with which three standard modes of operation? (1) <one>development</one> (2) <one>test</one> (3) <one>production</one> []
+- In Ruby on Rails: we can migrate a database via <one>rails db:migrate</one>. How do we undo this operation? Use <one>rails db:rollback</one>. []
+- Do <one>models in Rails</one> use a singular name or a plural name? They use a singular name. []
+- <one>Rails applications</one> are preconfigured with three standard modes of operation. Which ones are these? (1) <one>development</one> (2) <one>test</one> (3) <one>production</one> []
+- In Ruby on Rails: are instance methods of a subclass of <one>ApplicationController</one> available in a <three>erb template</three>? Yes. []
+- In Ruby on Rails: one of the cardinal sins in the MVC model is to <one>put too much program logic into</one> ... ? The <one>view</one>. []
+- In Ruby on Rails: does a static file in the directory <one>public</one>/ always have a higher priority than a route in <two>config</two>/<two>routes.rb</two>? Yes. []
+- In Ruby on Rails: what would be a better name for the <one>model</one> in the MVC pattern? <one>Data model</one>.
+- What is typically the first command if we wish to create a basic rails application? <one>rails new</one> []
+- In a typical rails application, <one>when the web browser makes a request</one>, the <three>router component</three> will check which important file? <one>config</one>/<one>routes.rb</one> []
+- Do <one>database tables</one> in Rails use a plural name? Yes. []
+- In Ruby on Rails, in the <one>app</one>/<one>assets</one> directory, we can put down <three>applications assets</three>. Give an example of such an asset. A: <one>Cascading style sheets</one> (<two>CSS</two>).
+- Rails makes use of <two>REST</two>, at the least seven methods. These start with the letters <one>i</one>, <one>s</one>, <one>n</one>, <one>c</one>, <one>e</one>, <one>u</one> and <one>d</one>. Their full names are ... ? (1) <one>create</one> (2) <one>destroy</one> (3) <one>edit</one> (4) <one>index</one> (5) <one>new</one> (6) <one>show</one> (7) <one>update</one>
+- In rails: <one>how to refer to the primary rack application</one>? Via <one>Rails.application</one>. []
+- In Ruby on Rails: how to display a <one>partial</one> residing in a subdirectory? For example: <one><%= render "shared/footer" %></one>
+- In Ruby on Rails: a <one>partial</one> is stored under app/views/. The file name must start with ... ? An underscore, aka <one>_</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: we have the MVC model, including <one>the controller</one> and <one>the view</one>. Give another name for these two. A: (1) <one>controller</one>: <two>programming logic</two> (2) <one>view</one>:       <two>presentation logic</two>
+- In Ruby on Rails: the file <one>routes.rb</one> can be found where? In <one>config</one>/<one>routes.rb</one>. []
+- <one>All Rails controllers</one> inherit from ... ? <one>ApplicationController</one>. []
+- In Ruby on Rails: <one>a connection between two ActiveRecord models</one> is known as ... ? An <one>association</one>. []
+- In a typical ruby on rails application, the first (and possibly most important) controller is ... ? The <one>Application controller</one>. []
+- One very useful feature of Rails is the ability to form ... between different data models. A: <one>associations</one>. []
+- In Ruby on Rails: the <one>opposite</one> to <three>rails generate</three> is ... ? <one>rails destroy</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: what is the purpose of the <one>routes.rb</one> file? The purpose is to control the conversion from an HTTP request to a Rails method call.
+- In Ruby on Rails: what are <one>railties</one>? These are <one>console commands and generators</one>.
+- In Rails: a browser sends a <one>request</one>, which is received by a web server and then passed on to ... which part of rails? A <one>rails controller</one>.
+- <one>CRUD</one> operations: <one>CRUD</one> stands short for? (1) <one>create</one> (2) <one>read</one> (3) <one>update</one> (4) <one>destroy</one> []
+- In Rails: the <one>most important parent class</one> is ... ? <one>ApplicationController</one>. []
+- In Rails: where do <one>controllers</one> reside? In <one>app</one>/<one>controllers</one>. []
+- <one>Rails</one> typically comes with a directory called <two>app</two>/. Name three subdirectories that can be found in that directory. A: (1) <one>models</one> (2) <one>views</one> (3) <one>controllers</one> []
+- Every time <one>bundler</one> gets to install something, it will calculate the dependency tree for the application and store the results in a file named ... ? <one>Gemfile.lock</one>. []
+- How does Rails call a <one>footer</one> on every page? <one>Partials</one>. []
+- In Rails: wie erhalten wir <one>alle Anwender aus einer Datenbank</one>? Mittels <one>User.all</one>. []
+- A <one>product owner's</one> principal tool for product planning is ... ? The <one>user story</one>.
+- Aside from the app/ directory, name three other important directories that can be found in every rails application. A: The <two>MVC directories</two>, aka <one>models</one>/, <one>views</one>/ and <one>controllers</one>/. []
+- Gems for use in a rails-application, may go into which directory? Into the <one>vendor</one>/<one>cache</one> directory, inside of the Rails application. []
+- In rails: the main <one>project directory</one> is also called ... ? The <one>application root directory</one>.
+- Name three subdirectories that can be found in a typical rails <one>app</one>/ directory. A: (1) <one>models</one> (2) <one>views</one> (3) <one>controllers</one> []
+- What is meant with the term <one>WebSockets</one>, which Rails supports at the least since as of the year 2019? WebSockets is a protocol that enables bidirectional communication between the client and the server of a web application over a single long living TCP connection.
+- The default time zone for <one>Rails applications</one> is ... ? <one>UTC</one>. []
+- The current environment of rails can be specified via which <one>environment variable</one>? <one>RAILS_ENV</one>. []
+- When does the browser use a <one>POST request</one>? When we fill in a <form> tag, for example, upon hitting the submit button. []
+- Rails comes with a directory such as <one>app</one>/<one>assets</one>. Give an example what we can find in this directory. A: <one>CSS</one>, aka <two>cascading style sheets</two>. []
+- The <one>MVC design pattern</one> originated from ... ? From the <one>design of desktop applications</one>. []
+- In the <one>MVC</one> setup of rails, which important component may be left out that is vital for every rails application? The <one>route</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: what do we mean with a <one>view</one>, usually? This is <one>the HTML output</one> that will be sent back to the browser.
+- In Ruby on rails: what is the main purpose of the <one>view</one>? The view should <one>just display information</one>.
+- The primary form builder for Rails is ... ? The helper method called <one>form_with</one>.
+- In Rails: does the <one>view</one> collect information? No - that would be the job of the <one>controller</one>.
+- Most of the work of developing a Rails application happens in which directory? In the app/ directory. []
+- When interacting with a Rails application, a browser sends a ... ? <one>Request</one>. []
+- Name a possible advantage as to why the <one>model-view-controller</one> is used by rails. A: It <one>enforces separation of concerns</one> and may help in keeping the code organized (and uniform).
+- What do we mean with an <one>Asset Pipeline</one> in Ruby-on-Rails? The asset pipeline is a framework to concatenate and minify or compress JavaScript and CSS assets.
+- What is meant with <one>fingerprinting</one> in the rails asset pipeline? This refers to a technique that makes the name of a file dependent on the contents of the file. 
+- What does the <one>Gemfile</one> specify? It lists each gem that are used by the particular rails application.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/scientific_writing_and_publishing

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Scientific writing
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Ist die Bereitstellung von Finanzmitteln für die Autorschaft in einem paper verwendbar? Nein. []
+- What do we mean with a <one>hypothesis testing paper</one>? This is when the Introduction goes from something known, towards something unknown, to (finally) the question the paper is asking.
+- The <one>abstract</one> of a paper is ... ? The summary of the work.
+- If we see <one>Maier et al., 2007</one>, what does the et al. mean? That there were <one>3 or more authors</one>.
+- <one>The head of the lab</one> is often mentioned in which <two>position</two> in a <three>scientific paper</three>? Often last. []
+- Was ist eine kumulierte Masterarbeit? Wenn bereits publizierte papers verwendet werden.
+- Give at the least three reasons as to why we should <one>publish scientifically</one>. A: (1) feedback (2) contributes knoweldge (3) promote yourself (4) improve chance for funding (5) obligation e. g. when public funding is used
+- Der Hirsch-Faktor (h-Index) bezieht sich immer auf ... ? Einen bestimmten Autor.
+- Kann die MeSH Datenbank von PubMed aus aufgerufen werden? Ja.
+- Was ist das primäre Ziel eines Review Article? Dem Leser es zu erlauben sich in ein bestimmtes Gebiet rasch einlesen zu können.
+- Nenne einen (praktischen) Vorteil des "Vancouver Zitierstils" gegenüber dem "Harvard Zitierstils". A: Der "Vancouver Zitierstil" benötigt weniger Platz gegenüber dem "Harvard Zitierstil".
+- Nach dem Abstract eines scientific papers folgt eigentlich immer ... ? die <one>Introduction</one>.
+- MeSH steht für ... ? <one>Medical Subject Headings</one>.
+- Was ist ein Vollplagiat? Wenn eine fremde Arbeit als eine eigene ausgegeben wird.
+- How to assess the quality of authors in a scientific publication? Via the h-index ("Hirsch-Faktor").
+- The quality of scientific articles is usually assessed how, in general? Via its <one>Impact-Factor</one>.
+- When may <lightgreen>editorial rejection</lightgreen> occur? For example, when the sent manuscript does not match the scope of the journal or other publication criteria.
+- What does <violet>non sequitur</violet> mean? When a statement does not follow, such as <one>by lack of logic</one>.
+- According to the roman rhetor Quintilian: what is clear writing? Clear writing is writing that is incapable of being misunderstood.
+- Name a type of evidence suitable in scientific arguments. A: Statistics.
+- Give a reason as to why we ought to write effectively, in scientific writing/publication. A: To <one>make an impact</one>.
+- Scientific manuscripts (in biomedicine) have a conserved ... structure. A: <one>IMRaD structure</one>.
+- In scientific writing, in a paper: what is the purpose of the <one>Resolution</one> section? The purpose of resolution is to explain the meaning of the results and demonstrate to the reader how these findings may complement the existing knowledge.
+- Name an obstacle during the publishing process that may occur. A: <one>Editorial rejection</one>.
+- Editorial rejection can happen for a paper, but give another example for rejection that may happen after the editorial rejection step. A: The <one>rejection upon review</one>: the manuscript is rejected based on the reviewers' feedback.
+- The structure of the Materials and Methods section is essentially ... ? <one>chronological</one>.
+- The <one>anatomy of a research article</one> often follows which structure? The <violet>IMRaD</violet> structure.
+- In a scientific paper, how do we call the <violet>Summary of Work</violet>? <one>Abstract</one>.
+- Why is it important to do financial disclosure for a paper? Because the source of support can influence the results.
+- What is the major function of the abstract of a scientific paper? To provide an overview of the paper.
+- Name the two major citing references styles in scientific papers. A: (1) The "Harvard style" (2) The "Vancouver style"
+- In scientific papers: in the <violet>doi number</violet>, what does doi stand for? <one>Digital Object Identifier</one>.
+- Which part of the paper should present the main story in a condensed manner? The <one>abstract</one>.
+- How do we call the numbered list of references citation style? <one>Vancouver style</one>.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/semisynthese_von_proteinen_und_nukleotiden

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Semisynthese von Proteinen und Nukleotiden
+#
+# Auch Biologische Chemie II.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Nenne einen Vorteil der <one>Merrifield-Technik</one>, der damals sehr wichtig war. A: Die Reaktionsschritte bestehen nur mehr in Reagenszugabe und Waschen; es gibt somit keine Reinigung der Zwischenprodukte mehr.
+- Bei der Peptidsynthese in Lösung ist <one>Dibenzofulven</one> nicht ideal. Wieso nicht? Da <one>Dibenzofulven</one> ziemlich reaktiv ist.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>Bioconjugation</one>? <one>Bioconjugation</one> involves the linking of two or more molecules to form a novel complex having the combined properties of its individual components.
+- Nenne eine Schutzgruppe, die für die Synthese in Lösung verwendet werden kann. A: Die <one>Chlorophenylschutzgruppe</one>.
+- Die Kügelchen in einem DNA-Syntheseautomaten bestehen aus ... ? <one>Kieselerde</one>.
+- <one>Ninhydrin</one> reagiert mit welcher funktionellen Gruppe? <one>R-NH2</one>. []
+- Are <one>Peptoids</one> resistant to proteolysis? Yes. []
+- Nenne eine <one>physikalische Methode</one> zur <two>Racemat-Trennung</two>. A: "Chromatographische Racemat-Trennung": die Enantiomere binden hier an chirale Adsorbentien.
+- Werden Stickstoffe reaktiver je mehr Methylgruppen sie tragen? Ja.
+- Nenne eine Problem der <one>Phosphotriester-Methode</one>. A: Spuren von Wasser können die Reaktion verhindern.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>temporäre Schutzgruppe</one> gemeint? Dies ist eine Schutzgruppe, die von den Polymerbestandteilen während der Reaktion abgespalten wird.
+- Was ist das besondere bei <one>Controlled Pore Glass</one>? Diese Glasträger sind mit "primären Aminen" funktionalisiert worden.
+- <one>Fmoc</one> (<two>Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl</two>) ist eine wichtige Schutzgruppe für den ...-Terminus. A: <one>N-Terminus</one>. (Mnemonic: <royalblue>Fmoc-N</royalblue>)
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>permanenten Schutzgruppe</one>? Dies ist eine Schutzgruppe, die <one>bis zum Ende der Synthese</one> erhalten bleibt.
+- Die <one>Orthogonalität von Schutzgruppen</one> ist wichtig. Nenne eine Schutzgruppe die orthogonal zu "BOC" ist. A: <one>Z</one>.
+- <one>Murexid</one> ist ein saures ... salz. A: Ein <one>Ammoniumsalz</one>.
+- Der <one>Nitrobenzyl-Linker</one> ist ein besonderer Linker. Wie kann er abgespalten werden? Durch <one>Licht</one>.
+- Die <one>Fmoc-Schutzgruppe</one> wird mit Hilfe einer Base entfernt. Diese Base ist meistens allgemein ... ? Ein <one>sekundäres Amin</one>.
+- Wenn wir DNA in Lösung chemisch synthetisieren möchten, welche Methode werden wir höchstwahrscheinlich einsetzen? Die <one>Phosphotriester-Methode</one>.
+- Die <one>NHS Ester</one> besitzen wieviele N-Atome? 1.
+- Wie werden <one>photolabile Linker</one> abgespalten? Durch Bestrahlung mit <one>Licht einer bestimmten Wellenlänge</one>.
+- Which person invented the "solid-phase chemical synthesis"? <one>Bruce Merrifield</one>.
+- Reagiert <one>Lysin</one> mit Dansyl-Cl? Ja. Dies wird auch bei der <one>N-terminalen Endgruppenanalyse</one> eingesetzt.
+- Sind Thioester im Sauren stabil? Ja.
+- Sind Thioester unter den Bedingungen der Fmoc-Peptidsynthese stabil? Nein (siehe auch den Einsatz von Piperidin hier).
+- Nenne drei wichtige <one>Vorteile der Festphasensynthese</one>. A: (1) <one>automatisierbar</one> (2) <one>geringe Verluste</one> (3) <one>keine aufwendige Reinigung</one>
+- Nenne zwei Nachteile der Festphasensynthese. A: (1) <one>hoher Chemikalienverbrauch</one> (2) <one>hohe Kosten</one>
+- <one>Phosphorothioat-Oligonukleotide</one> werden in der RNAi Therapie benutzt. Binden sie an Proteine? Ja.
+- Aus Löslichkeitsgründen enthält die PNA-Sequenz am C-Terminus ein ...amid (welche Aminosäure)? Ein <one>Lysinamid</one>.
+- The <one>Sanger's reagent</one> is also known as <two>1-Fluoro-2,4-di</two> ... ? <one>1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene</one>.
+- Bei der Bestimmung der N-terminalen Aminosäure mit Hilfe von Dansylchlorid: was muss nach der Kopplung von Dansylchlorid an die N-terminale Aminosäure passieren? Es muss eine Hydrolyse-Reaktion stattfinden, damit das Dansylchlorid-Aminosäure Fragment abfallen kann.
+
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Peptoids tag
+# =========================================================================== #
+- Peptoids are poly-N-substituted ... which aminoacid? <one>Glycines</one>.
+- Are peptoid oligomers conformationally stable or conformationally unstable? They are <one>conformationally unstable</one>.
+
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Fmoc tag
+# =========================================================================== #
+- Nenne ein Harz für die Fmoc-Strategie. A: Das WANG-Harz (4-Benzyloxybenzyl-Harz).
+- Die Fmoc-Schutzgruppe wird oft durch eine Base abgespalten. Gib ein konkretes Beispiel hierzu an. A: <one>Piperidin</one>.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one> Orthogonalität der Schutzgruppen</one> gemeint? Das sich alle nötigen Schutzgruppen getrennt und ungestört voneinander entfernen lassen können.
+- Fmoc (<one>Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl</one>) ist eine wichtige Schutzgruppe für ... welches Ende an einem Protein? Den <one>N-Terminus</one>.
+- Die "Fmoc-Gruppe": wofür steht die Abkürzung Fmoc? <one>9-Fluorenylmethyl-oxycarbonyl-</one>. (Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl)
+- Fmoc kann durch welche Bedingungen abgespalten werden? Durch basische Bedingungen; es ist im Basischen labil.
+
+- Kann das GFP Protein durch Festphasenpeptidsynthese hergestellt werden? Ja; dies wurde bereits 1999 gezeigt, durch SAKAKIBARA. GFP hat 238 Aminosäuren.
+- Können wir mit Hilfe der Festphasenpeptidsynthese Proteine mit mehr als 250 Aminosäuren Länge synthetisieren, im Jahre 2019? Nein.
+- Die "Phosphodiestermethode" wurde in den 1950ern von ... entwickelt. A: <one>Khorana</one>.
+- Das praktikable Limit der chemischen Peptidsynthese liegt heute bei etwa n Aminosäuren? Etwa <one>30-50 Aminosäuren</one>.
+- Die schwierige Region in der Peptidsynthese entsteht durch ...-Bildung besonders bei Kettenlängen von ca. 9-15 AS. A: β-Faltblatt-Bildung.
+- Die <one>DMT-Gruppe</one> (Dimethoxytrityl) zeigt nach Abspaltung welche Farbe? <orange>Orange</orange>.
+- Können wir bei der <one>Festphasensynthese</one> Fluoreszensmarkierungen einbauen? Ja.
+- The "Staudinger ligation" is a modification of the classical Staudinger reaction in which an electrophilic trap is placed on the "triaryl phosphine". Typicall this trap-chemical is ... ? A "methyl ester".
+- "Rüker": "TRIMER CODONs" are essentially ... ? "Trinucleotide Phosphoramidites".
+- Wir können den Edman-Abbau beschleunigen wenn wir den pH-Wert verändern, und zwar erhöhen oder erniedrigen? Erhöhen, auf pH 9. Dies beschleunigt die Reaktion.
+- Beim Edman-Abbau reagiert "Phenylisothiocyanat" (PITC) unter milden basischen Bedingungen mit der N-terminalen Aminogruppe des Proteins bei Temperaturen um 50°C unter Bildung eines ... Adduktes. A: Eines "Phenylthiocarbamoyl (PTC)-Adduktes".
+- Die Sequenzierung eines Proteins oder Peptides kann nach dem "Edman-Abbau" erfolgen. Welches Reagens benötigen wir hier? PITC: "Phenylisothiocyanat".
+- Schutzgruppen, die eine Urethan-Struktur ausbilden, sind im Vergleich zu den Acylgruppen sehr viel besser geeignet, da ... ? Sie einfacher und selektiver abspaltbar sind.
+- Zum Entschützen der BOC-Schutzgruppe verwenden wir Säuren oder Basen? Säuren. "Trifluoressigsäure" mag zum Entschützen verwendet werden. 
+- Die "BOC-Schutzgruppe" lässt sich zum Schützen von ... ? Einem "Amin".
+- Innerhalb organischer Synthesestrategien verhindert die "Boc-Schutzgruppe" die Umsetzung von freien ... ? "Aminen".
+- Es gibt die "BOC-Schutzgruppe". Wofür steht "BOC"? "tert-Butyloxycarbonyl".
+- Mit Hilfe des "Königs-Knorr-Verfahrens" kann zum Beispiel welches Nukleotid synthetisiert werden? "Guanosin".
+- Für die erfolgreiche Peptidsynthese ist eine sorgfältige Wahl ... erforderlich. A: der "Schutzgruppen".
+- Um ausschließlich das gewünschte Alpha-Anomer zu erhalten, wird während der "Koenigs-Knorr-Glykosidierung" eine ... eingesetzt, die anschließend zur Aminogruppe reduziert und acetyliert wird. A: "Azidogruppe".
+- Vergleiche die Stabilität von "Phosphorthionatbindungen" mit "Phosphodiesterbindungen". A: Phosphorthionate sind viel stabiler als Phosphodiesterbindungen.
+- Allgemein: nenne zwei "Selektivitätsprobleme der Peptidsynthese". A: (1) "Chemoselektivität" (2) "Stereochemie" (Stereochemieselektivität)
+- Als "CPG-Linker" (Controlled Pore Glass) verwenden wir meistens ...? "Succinat".
+- Ist der "NHS-Ester" stabil in H2O? Ja.
+- Nenne eine besondere chemische Struktur in einem "LNA" ("Locked Nucleic Acid"). A: Eine "Methylenbrücke".
+- Wir können abgebaute Aminosäuren chemisch identifizieren. Vom "N-Terminus" über den "Edman-Abbau" - aber wie geht dies über den "C-Terminus"? Mit Hilfe des "Schlack-Kumpf-Abbaus".
+- Nenne eine "Nukleosidierung", die mit "H" beginnt. A: "Hilbert-Johnson Nukleosidierung".
+- Nenne zwei verschiedene "permanente Schutzgruppen" an den Nukleobasen. A: (1) "Benzoyl-Schutzgruppe" (2) "Isobutyryl-Schutzgruppe"
+- Nenne eine chemische Modifikationen die Phosphat-Rückgrat von Oligonukleotiden betrifft. A: "Phosphorthioat".
+- Welche Festphase wird vorwiegend für die Oligonukleotidsynthese verwendet? CPG: "Controlled Pore Glass".
+- Nenne drei verschiedene Verfahren zur "Oligonukleotid-Synthese". A: (1) das "Phosphortriester-Verfahren" (2) das "Phosphittriester-Verfahren" (3) das "Phosphoramidit-Verfahren"
+- Winkler: Wie können wir siRNA stabiler machen gegenüber Abbau durch Exonukleasen? Mit Hilfe von "phosphorothioate".
+- Give another name for "10-peptide". A: "Decapeptide".
+- Formally, "cyclic peptides" are formed upon formation of a peptide bond between ... ? Between the amino and carboxy termini of a "linear peptide".
+- Bei der "Oligonukleotid-Festphasensynthese" kommt meistens das "Phosphoramidit-Verfahren" zum Einsatz. Pro Nukleotideinheit gibt es hierbei vier Reaktionen. Nenne diese in Kurzform, inklusive Mnemonic. A: "E-K-C-O". (1) "Entschützung" (2) "Kopplung" (3) "Capping" (4) "Oxidation"
+- Die "Oligonukleotid-Festphasensynthese" erfolgt in welcher Richtung? Stufenweise von 3' nach 5'.
+- Englisch für "Festphase"? <one>Solid Phase</one>.
+- Die "Trityl-Schutzgruppe", die bei der künstlichen Synthese von Proteinen verwendet wird, schützt welche Gruppe? Die "Amid-Gruppe".
+- Der "Kupplungsschritt" beim Edman-Abbau erfolgt bei einem pH von ... ? "9".
+- "Boc" ist stabil gegenüber Basen oder Säuren? Boc ist stabil gegenüber Basen.
+- Wie nennen wir die "Festphasensynthese" auf Englisch? SPPS: "Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis".
+- Wieso mögen wir das "Ellman's Reagenz" verwenden? Zwecks Quantifizierung von Thiolen in Proteinen.
+- Name a way how to break up disulfide bonds. A: We can use TCEP (Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine). TCEP is a potent, versatile, non-volatile, odorless, thiol-free reducing agent with broad application in the "reduction of disulfide bonds". 
+- Nenne drei Vorteile der "DNA-Festphasensynthese" nach Letsinger. A: (1) Die Synthese geht schnell. (2) Die Synthese weist eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit auf. (3) Die Fehlerhäufigkeit ist sehr gering.
+- Eine "Chlorophenyl-Schutzgruppe" kann mit ... abgespalten werden. A: Mit "Pyridin-2-carbaldoximat".
+- In der Praxis, wurde bei der "5'-OH" Schutzgruppe eher Trityl oder Pixyl eingesetzt? Trityl; die Tritylgruppe hat sich durchgesetzt.
+- Nenne zwei "5' -OH-" Schutzgruppen, die sauer abspaltbar sein. A: (1) Trityl-Gruppe (2) Pixyl-Gruppe
+- Muss die "5' -OH" Schutzgruppe sauer oder basisch abgespalten werden? Sauer.
+- Was könnte ein "semisynthetisches Protein" sein? Ein Protein das eine N-terminale Komponente hat, die aus der normalen Biosynthese entstanden ist, gefolgt von einem Teil, der "chemisch synthetisiert" wurde.
+- Bei der Synthese von Proteinen, welcher Teil wird temporär geschützt? Die "Alpha-Aminogruppe" wird temporär geschützt.
+- Nenne 2 allgemeine Schwierigkeiten bei der Biokonjugation von Proteinen. A: (1) Chemoselektivität (2) Regioselektivität
+- Sind "Aryl-Sulfonate" gute Abgangsgruppen? Ja.
+- Was meinen wir mit "Semisynthese von Proteinen"? Dies ist die Schnittmenge zwischen "Biosynthese" (über die Translation) und die "chemische Synthese".
+- Nenne zwei Gründe, wieso wir die "Semisynthese von Proteinen" anstreben wollen. A: (1) Zum Beispiel für den "Einbau unnatürlicher Aminosäuren". (2) Oder um manche Eigenschaften zu verbessern, wie die "Stabilität" oder die "Aktivität".
+- Nenne ein (allgemeines) Beispiel für ein "chemisch modifitiertes Protein", also im Labor. A: Ein Protein das eine Fluorophor-Gruppe trägt.
+- In der Semisynthese von Proteinen werden mitunter "NHS Ester" verwendet. Wofür steht NHS? "N-hydroxysuccinimide esters". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Hydroxysuccinimide
+- Was meinen wir mit "Totalsynthese" in der biologisch-dominierten, organischen Chemie? Dies ist das Herstellen des gesamten Proteins durch eine Synthesereaktion, also "Peptidsynthese aus Aminosäurebausteinen".
+- Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff "Alloprotein"? Dieses ist ein Protein, das nicht-natürliche Aminosäuren enthält, die in ribosomal synthetisierten Proteinen typischerweise nicht auftreten.
+- Wir können eine Schutzgruppe an Nukleobasen anheften, so zum Beispiel eine "Benzoyl-Schutzgruppe". Wenn wir ein Purin haben, wo wird die Benzoyl-Gruppe additiert? An die NH-Gruppe.
+- Bei Schutzgruppen, wie können die "Acylgruppen" entfernt werden? Durch "basische Hydrolyse".
+- Nenne zwei temporäre Schutzgruppen an der Ribose. A: (1) Dimethoxytrityl (2) Pixyl
+- Halbwertszeit einer Peptidbindung in neutralem, wässrigem Puffer? 7 Jahre.
+- In "nonribosomal peptide synthesis", large and complex enzymes polymerize short runs of amino acids that include such oddities as ... ? Give two examples there. A: (1) halogen-bearing side-chains (2) D-amino acids
+- Bei der "N-Glykosylierung", der Konsensussequenz, welche Aminosäure findet sich zu beginn? Asparaginsäure.
+- Wie nennt man die vier Reaktionsschritte des "Phosphoramidit-Verfahrens"? (1) "Detritylierung" (2) "Kopplung" (3) "Capping" (4) "Oxidation"
+- Welche Brücke finden wir bei LNAs ("Locked Nucleic Acids")? Eine "Methylenbrücke".

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/sexualbiologie

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Sexualbiologie
+#
+# Sex und Fortpflanzung. Sex tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- The <one>homogametic sex</one> is usually which one? The <one>female</one> one.
+- What is the major disadvantage of <one>vinclozolin</one>? Vinclozolin prevents sperm production. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinclozolin
+- A <one>human female</one> will ovulate only about how many mature eggs during the course of her lifetime? About <one>four hundred mature eggs</one>.
+- Does the <one>male gorilla</one> produce more sperm as a male human? No - the gorilla only one-hundredth of what a male human produces.
+- Wie nennt man die Innenauskleidung des Uterus? <one>Endometrium</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrium []
+- Was ist der <one>Coitus</one>? Der <one>Geschlechtsverkehr</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coitus []
+- Nenne ein Tier bei dem wir <one>Hemipenisse</one> finden können. A: <one>Männliche Schlangen</one>.
+- What was the contrary view to Epigenesis? <one>Preformation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preformationism []
+- Fachbegriff für <one>lebendgebärend</one>? <one>Vivipar</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivipar []
+- Ein adulter Mann produziert wieviele Spermien pro Sekunde? Etwa <one>50.000 Spermien pro Sekunde</one>.
+- Beim Orgasmus der Frau wird welches Hormon ausgeschüttet? <one>Oxytocin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin []
+- Das menschliche <one>Y-Chromosom</one> ist kleiner als das <one>X-Chromosom</one> und kann <two>kaum</two> mit diesem rekombinieren. Mit wieviel % seiner Länge kann das Y-Chromosom mit dem X-Chromosom rekombinieren? Nur auf <one>5% seiner Länge</one>. []
+- What is <one>tokophobia</one>? <one>Fear of pregnancy</one>.
+- The primary source of <one>estrogen</one> in the human body? <one>Ovaries</one>.
+- Wie heisst das <one>Kondom für die Frau</one>? <one>Femidom</one>.
+- Was <one>liefert</one> die <two>Oogenese</two>? <one>Eizellen</one>.
+- A. W. für "Selbststerilität"? Selbstunfruchtbarkeit.
+- Was sind "semelpare Arten"? Dies sind Arten, die sich nur ein einziges Mal in ihrem Leben fortpflanzen.
+- Was ist der Fachbegriff für "Fruchtbarkeit"? Fekundität.
+- Name 3 different forms of gametes. A: (a) Isogamy (b) Anisogamy (c) Oogamy
+- What do we mean with "Oogamy"? This is a form of sexual reproduction in where the female gamete, the egg cell, is non-motile and significantly larger than the male gamete.
+- Was ist das Gegenteil der "Polygynie"? Polyandrie.
+- Nenne eine Einschränkung bei der äusseren Befruchtung. A: Ein "feuchtes Habitat" wird benötigt.
+- Wann degeneriert der Gelbkörper? Wenn es nicht zu einer Schwangerschaft kommt.
+- Was ist das "soziale Geschlecht"? Das ist wie sich jemand verhält oder wie er empfindet, zum Beispiel ein Transvestit.
+- Wann werden die ersten Lämmer geboren? Zu Beginn des Frühjahrs.
+- What "value" does the "zygotic sex ratio" in humans have, and what is that? The zygotic sex ratio is the ratio of X:Y in humans. Y chromosomes are lighter and thus move faster than X chromosomes. The ratio is 1.3:1 in favour of Y-chromosomes, at birth it is 1.07:1
+- Wo wird das SRY-Gen exprimiert? In den Sertolizellen.
+- Was ist der "östrische Zyklus"? Bei Säugern, ausser dem Menschen, wenn es nicht zu einer Schwangerschaft kommt, wird das Endometrium resorbiert.
+- Eine zyklische Fortpflanzung der Tiere ist oft gekoppelt mit ..? Dem Wechsel der Jahreszeiten.
+- Wann degeneriert der Gelbkörper? Wenn es nicht zu einer Schwangerschaft kommt.
+- A. W. für Verhaltensänderungen, die durch die Einnahme von Steroiden hervorgerfuen werden können? Roid Rage.
+- Welche 2 verbreitete Formen asexueller Vermehrung gibt es bei Tieren? (1) Knospung (2) Regeneration
+- Nenne 1 markanten Unterschied zwischen Arten mit innerer Befurchtung und Arten mit äusserer Befruchtung (ausgenommen Wasser). A: Arten mit innerer Befruchtung produzieren weit weniger Zygoten.
+- A. W. für "Vergrösserung der Brüste"? Gynecomastie.
+- Wann wurde das XXY-Klinefelter Syndrom beschrieben? 1942.
+- Welches genetische Problem ergibt sich durch XY Konstitution? Das Problem X-chromosomal rezessiver Gendefekten, wie zum Beispiel Hämophilie. Frauen sind hierbei Konduktorinnen, Männer hingegen erkranken.
+- Wodurch wird das "chromosomale Geschlecht" bestimmt? Durch die "Konstellation der Gonosomen".
+- Bei welcher Tiergruppe vor allem finden wir Parthenogenese? Hymenoptera.
+- Unterscheide zwischen phänotypischer Geschlechterbestimmung und genotypischer Geschlechterbestimmung. A: (1) Phänotypische Geschlechterbestimmung liegt dann vor wenn exogene Faktoren (wie z.B. die Temperatur bei Reptilien) das Geschlecht des Jungtieres bestimmt (2) Genotypische Geschlechterbestimmung liegt dann vor wenn ein Gen, das auf einem Geschlechtschromosom lokalisiert ist, über das Geschlecht entscheidet, z.B. das SRY-Gen (codiert für den Transkriptions-Faktor SRY).
+- Was sind "Anisogameten"? Das ist dann der Fall wenn die Gameten, die sich vereinigen können, unterschiedlich aussehen, vor allem von ihrer Größe her betrachtet.
+- Welches für die Entwicklungsbiologie wichtige Wort prägte Aristoteles? Epigenesis.
+- What is a "gynandromorph"? Someone with both male and female structures.
+- Wer produziert Vitellogenin für die Oocyte? Die Follikelzellen.
+- Nenne die 3 äußeren Geschlechtsorgane der Frau. A: (1) Clitoris (2) große Schamlippe (3) kleine Schamlippe
+- A. W. für "Spermium"? Genom mit Antrieb.
+- Wie heisst das "Kondom für die Frau"? Femidom.
+- Nenne die 5 Ebenen der biologischen Geschlechtsdifferenzierung in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: Merkschema: c g g h s. (1) chromosomale Ebene (2) genitale Ebene (3) gonadale Ebene (4) hormonale Ebene (5) somatisch-morphologische Ebene
+- Gemäss der Theorie von Anne-Fausto Sterling gibt es welche 5 Geschlechter? (1) Männlich (2) Weiblich (3) "Herms (Hermaphrotiten) (4) "Ferms" (Weibliche Pseudohermoaphrotiten) (5) "Merms" (Männliche Hermaphrotiten)
+- Was ist die "Menarche"? Die erste Menstruation.
+- A. W. für "Zona pellucida"? Glashaut.
+- A. W. für "Empfängnisverhütung"? Empfängnisverhütung wird auch "Kontrazeption" genannt.
+- Definiere Hermaphroditismus! A: Ein Organismus der beide Typen an Gameten bilden kann.
+- Eine Maus produziert normalerweise wieviele Eizellen? 5-10.
+- A. W. für "Somatotropin"? Growth hormone.
+- When is a mouse sexually active? After about 4 weeks.