studium 0.13.1

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Files changed (871) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +2785 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  38. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  39. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  40. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  41. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  42. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  43. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  44. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  45. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  46. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  47. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  48. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
  49. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  50. data/doc/README.gen +2742 -0
  51. data/doc/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  52. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  53. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  54. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  55. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +112 -0
  56. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_THE_GRAPHICAL_PARTS_OF_THE_STUDIUM_GEM_INCLUDING_WWW_RELATED_ASPECTS.md +35 -0
  57. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  58. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +2710 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +543 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +11 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +110 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +90 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +189 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +163 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +115 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +549 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +46 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +932 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +903 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +14 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2142 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +217 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +25 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +210 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +324 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +163 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +11 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +264 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +163 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +64 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +38 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +196 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +614 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +191 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +108 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +86 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +781 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +214 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +27 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +504 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +43 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +85 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +218 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +114 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +63 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +71 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +52 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +75 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +946 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +438 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +132 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +290 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +311 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +116 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +764 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +60 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +81 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +240 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1002 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1001 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +126 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +382 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +78 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +22 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +503 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +153 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +137 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +106 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +89 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +373 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +442 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +155 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +995 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +87 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +80 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +492 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics +5 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +280 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +28 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +42 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +551 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytokines +5 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +106 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +35 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +56 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +314 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +211 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +354 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +89 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +41 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +547 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +345 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +179 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +138 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +328 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +71 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +511 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +211 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +79 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +176 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +244 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +901 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +8 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +621 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +47 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +93 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +59 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +25 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +109 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +100 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +134 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +191 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +241 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +982 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +97 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +22 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +57 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +502 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +12 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +5 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +208 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +94 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/macroeconomics +40 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mathematics +254 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizin_und_biomedizinische_technik +250 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizinische_chemie_und_pharmazie +398 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/messtechnik_und_regeltechnik +104 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/metabolismus +406 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microbial_ecology +35 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microcontrollers +11 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_lebensgemeinschaften +33 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_physiologie +172 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mitochondria +32 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mixed +278 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molecular_biology_of_plants +242 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molekulare_medizin +131 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nanotechnologie +453 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nature_conservation_and_biodiversity +166 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/naturstoffe +9 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/netzwerke +32 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/neurobiology +267 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nucleotide_sequencing +32 -0
  298. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nutztierethologie +11 -0
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@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Vaccination
3
+ #
4
+ # Everything about vaccination (Schutzimpfungen), including some parts
5
+ # pertaining safety, legal issues and production of vaccines (this may
6
+ # also include knowledge pertaining to the facilities that are used
7
+ # for vaccine production).
8
+ # =========================================================================== #
9
+
10
+ - As of August 2022, is <one>TPOXX</one> FDA-approved for <two>the treatment of monkeypox</two>? No.
11
+ - Is <one>vaccination</one> ever 100% effective? No it is not.
12
+ - In 1977, the last known case of naturally acquired smallpox was seen in ... which country? In <one>Somalia</one>.
13
+ - The <one>rabies vaccine</one> was initially developed by ... ? <one>Louis Pasteur</one>.
14
+ - The <one>COVID-19 vaccine</one> <two>Spikevax</two> has been created by which company? By <one>Moderna</one>.
15
+ - <one>Totimpfstoff</one> heisst, auf Englisch ... ? <one>Killed viral vaccine</one>.
16
+ - In general: if we have a virus, such as the Dengue virus, that has four serotypes, what kind of vaccine will we need? A <one>quadrivalent vaccine</one>.
17
+ - <one>Why</one> was it possible that the smallpox virus could be eradicated? <one>Humans were the only host</one> for the smallpox virus.
18
+ - <one>GISN</one> has to do with Influenza; the I stands for Influenza. What does GISN stand for? <one>Global Influenza Surveillance Network</one>. []
19
+ - Name "the most important constraint of inactivated vaccines", aside from safety? It <one>must be able to evoke an immune response</one>.
20
+ - Name a big advantage that a <one>mRNA vaccine</one> may have compared to a <one>DNA vaccine</one>. A: A <two>mRNA vaccine</two> <one>does not need to enter the nucleus</one>.
21
+ - <one>IPV</one> is ... ? <one>Inactivated polio vaccine</one>, aka <two>the Salk vaccine</two>.
22
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: the <one>suspected natural Ebola hosts</one> are ... ? <one>Fruit bats</one> of the Pteropodidae family.
23
+ - For <two>vaccine research</two>: which two points must be fulfilled for <one>global eradication</one> to work? (1) The viral infection cycle must take place in a single host (2) vaccination must induce lifelong immunity
24
+ - Name an <one>insect cell-based influenza vaccine</one>. A: <one>FlubBlok</one>.
25
+ - Does the <one>live vaccine</one> against <three>smallpox</three> give life-long protection against the virus? Yes. []
26
+ - The first pathogen addressed by the <one>reverse vaccinology approach</one> was ... ? <one>Meningococcus B</one> (<one>MenB</one>). []
27
+ - The <one>measles vaccine</one> contains a strain of ... which virus? <one>Rubella virus</one>. URL: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/mmr-vaccine/
28
+ - The <one>new smallpox vaccine</one> made use of a <two>re-vaccination strategy</two>. What was this? (1) <one>first vaccination</one> with a <two>nonreplicant strain</two> (2) <one>second vaccination</one> with a <two>replicant strain</two>
29
+ - Having a <one>visible scar tissue</one> from vaccination is not great, but there may be one curious advantage of this. Which one may that be? Such a scar tissue eliminates the need for paper records.
30
+ - Name an important reason as to why the smallpox virus could be eliminated. A: Because humans are the only host of this virus - there is <one>no known animal reservoir</one>.
31
+ - Do <one>killed vaccines</one> 'generate' memory T cells? No, because such vaccines can not replicate.
32
+ - Why do children receive two doses of <one>FluMist</one>, but older people only one? Children receive "priming and boost", older people receive only "boost", as it is assumed that they already have been primed by a "natural influenza infection".
33
+ - <one>UniVax</one> is a research collaboration to develop ... what kind of vaccine? A <one>universal influenza vaccine</one>.
34
+ - Which vaccine type yields an <one>endogenously produced antigen</one>? (1) <one>mRNA vaccines</one> (2) <one>DNA vaccines</one>
35
+ - Does a <one>measles vaccine</one> exist? Yes, since <one>1963</one>.
36
+ - The <one>first licenced Influenza Vaccine</one> (in the USA) came in which year? In <one>1945</one> - 12 years after discovery of Influenzaviruses as the cause of Influenza.
37
+ - Die einfachste Form einen <one>Totimpfstoff herzustellen</one> ist es ... ? Einen <one>Wildtypvirus</one> mittels Chemikalien zu behandeln und so zu inaktivieren.
38
+ - Aus <one>Sicht der WHO</one> und ähnlicher Gesundheitsorganisationen geht es beim <two>Impfen</two> nicht nur alleine um den Erwerb eines persönlichen Schutzes gegen eine Krankheit sondern auch um ... ? Den Erwerb einer möglichst hohen, kollektiven Immunität: der sogenannten <one>Herdenimmunität</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdenimmunit%C3%A4t
39
+ - Vergleiche <one>Lebend-Impfstoffe</one> mit <one>Tot-Impfstoffen</one>. Wer von den beiden ist effizienter? Die <one>Lebend-Impfstoffe</one> sind <two>effizienter</two>. []
40
+ - The <one>Hong Kong Flu</one> Influenza strain had which H-N combination, which may be indicative of the name? <one>H3N2</one>. At the least H3 can be memorized by noticing that "Hong Kong Flu" contains 3 words.
41
+ - Does the <one>influenza virus</one> replicate successfully in <two>embryonated hens' eggs</two>? <one>Yes</one> it does. []
42
+ - Historically, which was <one>the most important strategy for the development of vaccines</one>? The <one>passage in tissue culture</one>.
43
+ - Gibt es einen <one>Impfstoff gegen Typhus</one>? Ja. []
44
+ - <one>Rabipur vaccine powder</one> wird von welcher Firma hergestellt? <one>Novartis</one>.
45
+ - Bei <one>DNA-Impfstoffen</one>: die injizierte DNA kodiert meistens (allgemein) für ... ? <one>Oberflächenkomponenten eines Erregers</one>.
46
+ - Why were the first DNA vaccines produced by recombinant DNA technology for "diseases encountered in animals"? Because of <one>less stringent regulatory requirements</one>.
47
+ - Aktivieren <one>Lebendimpfstoffe</one> sowohl das zelluläre als auch das humorale Immunsystem? Ja. []
48
+ - <one>Influenza vaccines</one> are typically n-valent these days? <one>Quadrivalent</one>. []
49
+ - Do <one>mRNA vaccines</one> exist? Yes.
50
+ - How can we <one>make vaccines</one> from non-cultivable viruses? Via <one>PCR</one>.
51
+ - <one>Influenza strains</one> follow a certain schemata, such as A/Hongkong/1/68. What do these characters mean? (1) A means strain, species or subtype. (2) Hongkong refers to where it was isolated. (3) The number <one>1</one> here refers to the number of isolate. (4) The number 68 refers to the year 1968, that is <one>when</one> this strain was isolated. []
52
+ - Is the <one>Salk vaccine</one> or the <one>Sabin vaccine</one> better? The <one>Salk vaccine is better</one>; the oral vaccine (Sabin vaccine) is no longer recommended for use in the USA. []
53
+ - The influenza virus vaccine is adjusted yearly. Why is that so? This is <one>to account for antigenic drift</one>.
54
+ - Newer <one>Influenza Vaccines</one> may make use of <two>VLPs</two>. What does this abbreviation stand for? <one>Virus-Like Particles</one>. []
55
+ - Nenne zumindest drei verschiedene <one>partikuläre Antigene</one>. A: (1) <one>Pollenkörner</one> (2) <one>Hausstaubmilbenkot</one> (3) <one>Tierhaare</one> (4) <one>Hautschuppen</one>
56
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen bekannten <one>Kombinationsimpfstoff</one>. A: <one>MMR</one> (<two>Masern, Mumps, Röteln</two>). []
57
+ - Nenne ein Problem bei den <one>Lebendimpfstoffen</one>, insbesondere für Entwicklungsländer. A: Man muss eine <one>Kühlkette</one> aufrecht erhalten. []
58
+ - The <one>vaccinia MVA strain</one> has been passaged in chicken embryo fibroblasts at the least n times? <one>570x times</one>.
59
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Vakzine gegen Influenza</one>. A: (1) <one>Tamiflu</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir (2) <one>Relenza</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanamivir []
60
+ - <one>Totimpfstoffe</one> induzieren überwiegend welche (schützende) Reaktion in einer Person? <one>Antikörperreaktion</one>. []
61
+ - Die Ausbreitung von <one>H5N1</one> in Asien und Europa erfolgte durch welche Tiere? Durch <one>Zugvögel</one>. []
62
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>Konjugatimpfstoffen</one>? Dies sind einzelne Polysaccharide, die mit einem Trägerprotein fusioniert werden müssen. Beispiel: <one>Meningokokken C</one>.
63
+ - Do we have <one>pertussis vaccines</one> that give long-lasting immunity? No, we don't. []
64
+ - Nenne vier wichtige Vorteile von <one>Lebend-Impfstoffen</one>. A: (1) sie sind <one>effizienter als Tot-Impfstoffe</one> (2) es sind geringere Impf-Dosen notwendig (3) es sind wenige bis keine Auffrischungs-Impfungen notwendig ('booster') (4) sie erzeugen sowohl eine humorale als auch eine zelluläre Immunantwort
65
+ - The <one>Hib vaccine</one> protects against ... ? <one>Haemophilus influenzae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hib_vaccine []
66
+ - Nenne eine mögliche Gefahr bei <one>DNA-Impfstoffen</one> (DNA-Vakzinen), im Menschen. A: Die injzierte DNA könnte in das Wirtsgenom integrieren.
67
+ - Warum hatten die ersten <one>Influenza-Vakzine</one> eine leicht rötliche Färbung? Aufgrund des <one>Hämoglobin-Anteils</one>. []
68
+ - <one>Influenza vaccine production</one> typically occurs in ... ? <one>Embryonated hen's eggs</one>.
69
+ - In der <one>biologischen Sicherheitsstufe I</one>: außer E. coli, nenne noch eine Gruppe die in dieser Stufe fällt. A: <one>Bakteriophagen</one>. []
70
+ - Name a <one>quadrivalent vaccine</one> against HPV. A: <one>Gardasil</one>; useful against HPV 6/11/16/18. []
71
+ - The <one>live attenuated 17D strain</one> is associated with which vaccine? With the <one>Yellow Fever Vaccine</one>. []
72
+ - The <one>World Health Organization</one> (<one>WHO</one>) maintains a world wide surveillance of influenza epidemiology. The WHO not only monitors how influenza may change, but it does what in addition to that? The <one>WHO</one> gives annual recommendations on the <two>strain composition of the vaccine</two>.
73
+ - Why is <one>magnesium chloride</one> added to <three>live polio vaccines</three>? Because Magnesium ions reduce the rate of inactivation of many RNA-viruses.
74
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: <one>Neuraminidase-antibodies</one> influence Influenza how? They <one>prevent virus release and virus spread</one>.
75
+ - <one>Active immunization</one> is especially important for ... ? <one>Children</one>. []
76
+ - Der <one>MMR-Impfstoff</one> schützt gegen ...? (1) <one>Masern</one> (2) <one>Mumps</one> (3) <one>Röteln</one> []
77
+ - Give an example of a <one>killed viral vaccine</one>. A: The <one>Salk vaccine</one>, which is an "inactivated poliovirus".
78
+ - Why is the <one>Poliovirus vaccine</one> trivalent? Because there are three poliovirus subtypes.
79
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Vorteile einer Lebendimpfung</one>. A: (1) <one>Antikörperantwort</one> (2) <one>zellvermittelte Immunantwort</one>
80
+ - Wieso können wir sagen, das <one>rekombinante Impfviren</one> eingeschränkt sind? Da sich die <one>immunologische Reaktion</one> nur auf ein ausgewähltes Protein beschränkt.
81
+ - <one>Tamiflu</one> inhibits which enzyme? <one>Neuraminidase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir []
82
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Adjuvanzien</one> gegen <three>Influenza-A Virusinfektionen</three>. A: (1) <one>MF50</one> (2) <one>ASO3</one> URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5733358/
83
+ - One limitation of polysaccharide vaccines is their inability to activate ... which cells? <one>TH cells</one>.
84
+ - <one>Inactivated whole-organism vaccines</one> can cause problems. Name a serious complication with the first Salk vaccines. A: The <one>formaldehyde</one> that was used failed to kill all the virus in two vaccine lots, which <two>caused paralytic polio</two> in a high percentage of recipients.
85
+ - Influenza Vaccines are often produced in which cell types? <one>MDCK</one>.
86
+ - Nenne einen Virus, der in die biologische Sicherheitsstufe I hineinfällt. A: <one>SARS-CoV</one>.
87
+ - Nenne ein prominentes Opfer der <one>Spanischen Gruppe</one> von 1918. A: <one>Egon Schiele</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Schiele
88
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Superspotter</one> gemeint? Dies sind Personen, die ein Virus besonders stark verbreiten.
89
+ - What is a <one>Virosome</one>? This is a drug or vaccine delivery mechanism consisting of unilamellar phospholipid membrane vesicles. Virosoms are unable to replicate.
90
+ - What does "genetic stability" mean for a vaccine? An attenuated live virus vaccine must not revert to virulency when it mulitplies in the immunized individual.
91
+ - What are "subunit vaccines" exactly? These are vaccines that use epitopc components of an organism to induce an immunoresponse.
92
+ - Are live vaccine or killed vaccines cheaper? Live vaccines, as we need only a small dose.
93
+ - The trivalent influenza vaccine includes which components? (1) Against H1N1 strains (2) Against H3N2 strains (3) Against Influenza type B strain
94
+ - What is "FluMist"? A live attenuated flu vaccine that is inhaled.
95
+ - Name 3 important, practical requirements for an effective vaccine. A: (1) stability (2) ease of administration (3) low cost
96
+ - What do we mean with a "MMR" vaccine? (1) Measles vaccine (2) Mumps vaccine (2) Rubella vaccine
97
+ - A vaccine against hepatitis B has been available since ...? "1982".
98
+ - What is the live vaccine for smallpox? "Vaccinia virus".
99
+ - A major <one>disadvantage</one> of attenuated vaccines is ... ? The possibility that they <one>will revert to a virulent form</one>.
100
+ - Does the <one>Sabin vaccine</one> induce production of IgA? Yes, <one>in the intestines</one> <two>secretory IgA</two> will be produced. []
101
+ - Name three novel-approaches for <one>future improved vaccines</one> in general, but specifically for Influenza. A: (1) needle-free application (2) a spray (3) a patch (for transdermal application)
102
+ - The <one>Sabin polio vaccine</one> consists of n attenuated strains of poliovirus? Three. []
103
+ - The <one>military</one> is often a prime candidate for testing of vaccines, but aside from this, give another, objective reason as to why it may be important to vaccinate the military, aside from maintaining military power. A: People in the military typically tend to live in close quarters, so vaccination may prevent localized epidemics. []
104
+ - Bei <one>DNA-Impfstoffen</one>: wie gelangt die DNA in den (menschlichen oder tierischen) Körper? Meistens über eine <one>intramuskuläre Injektion</one>.
105
+ - The Salk polio vaccine is produced by inactivation through ... ? <one>Formaldehyde</one>.
106
+ - If we wish to <one>develop a vaccine against a herpesvirus</one>, through genetic engineering, we typically may modify which gene? The <one>thymidine kinase</one>, as it is required for the virus to grow in certain types of cells.
107
+ - Is the <one>Salk vaccine</one> oral? No - the Sabin vaccine is oral. []
108
+ - The most common approach to achieve <one>attenuation</one> is ... ? By growing a pathogenic bacterium or virus for prolonged periods of time under <one>abnormal culture conditions</one> - often at a lower temperature and/or in different cell types.
109
+ - There is a vaccine candidate against Ebola, called <one>ChAd3-ZEBOV</one>, developed by which company? <one>GlaxoSmithKline</one> (<two>GSK</two>).
110
+ - <one>GlaxoSmithKline</one> hat den weltweit ersten <two>Malaria-Impfstoff</two> 2015 auf den Markt gebracht. Wie heisst dieser Impfstoff? <one>Mosquirix</one>. []
111
+ - In <one>vaccine design</one>: does the development of an immune response mean that a state of protective immunity has been achieved? No, not necessarily so.
112
+ - A vaccine that induces a protective primary response will induce the formation of memory cells? No, not necessarily so. This is also a potential problem in vaccine design, as a host may be vaccinated, but may still be unprotected against the target disease or pathogen.
113
+ - <one>Influenza</one> hat schwerwiegende Pandemien verursacht, wie zum Beispiel die Spanische Grippe aus dem Jahre 1918. Im Jahr 1957 gab es welche Grippe? Die <one>Singapur Grippe</one>. []
114
+ - Nenne ein Bakterium, das in die <one>biologische Arbeitsstufe der Risikogruppe 1</one> fällt. A: <one>E. coli</one>. []
115
+ - How do we call vaccines that have been recently developed but have not yet seen wide-spread approval and adoption? <one>Candidate vaccine</one>. URL: https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/candidates_reagents/2019_20_north/en/ []
116
+ - <one>Impfen</one> hat zwei sehr wichtige Dimensionen. Welche? (1) der <one>Erwerb eines persönlichen Schutzes gegen eine Krankheit</one> (2) der <one>Erwerb einer möglichst hohen kollektiven Immunität</one>, der sogenannten <two>Herden-Immunität</two>
117
+ - For the <one>new smallpox vaccine</one>, a <three>re-vaccination strategy</three> was eventually used. What was its <two>major advantage</two>? <one>Dramatically reduced side effect</one>. []
118
+ - For the <one>new smallpox vaccine</one> a so-called <two>re-vaccination strategy</two> was used. What were the two steps? (1) first vaccination with a <one>nonreplicant strain</one> (2) second vaccination with <one>replicant strain</one>
119
+ - The <one>Influenza vaccine</one> was standardised by the <two>CCA assay</two>. CCA stands for ... ? <one>Chick cell agglutination</one> assay.
120
+ - The introduction of <one>zonal centrifugation</one>, also called <three>continuous flow centrifugation</three>, was very important for vaccine development. In which year did this occur? In <one>1966</one>.
121
+ - When we seek to <one>reduce the reactogenicity</one> of a vaccine, this often means to ... ? To <one>reduce adverse side reactions</one> of the vaccine.
122
+ - <one>GISRS</one> hat etwas mit Influenza zu tun (das I im Namen). GISRS steht für ... ? <one>Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System</one>.
123
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: name a very peculiar way how Ebola may be transmitted. A: Through <one>burial ceremonies</one>.
124
+ - The <one>GAVI Alliance</one> refers to ... ? The <one>Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization</one>.
125
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: Nenne einen berühmten Vertreter aus der Familie der Filoviren, abgesehen von dem <one>Ebolavirus</one>. A: <one>Marburgvirus</one>. []
126
+ - The <one>Varicella zoster vaccine</one> (<two>Var vaccine</two>) is used against ... ? <one>Chickenpox</one>.
127
+ - In poliovirus vaccination, <one>Sabin</one> replaced <one>Salk</one> (Salk being the killed vaccine). The <two>Sabin-vaccine</two> become routine in the USA in which year? <one>1965</one>. []
128
+ - The most well known <one>oral vaccine</one> is probably ... ? <one>Polio</one>. []
129
+ - Eine <one>Impfung</one> ist die ... einer Infektion. A: <one>Nachahmung einer Infektion</one>. []
130
+ - <one>Dryvax</one>, a <two>vaccine against smallpox</two>, may have some serious adverse side-effects in about n% of cases? About <one>1%</one> to <one>2%</one> of cases. []
131
+ - Das <one>Frühwarn-System in Österreich gegen Influenza</one> wird wie genannt? <one>Sentinella</one>. URL: https://www.wien.gv.at/gesundheit/einrichtungen/grippemeldedienst/
132
+ - One of the most successful demonstration of vaccination working was which historic event? The <one>eradication of smallpox</one>, in the year <two>1977</two>. []
133
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: The <one>Influenza</one>virus was discovered as pathogen in the year ..., by filtration experiments and inoculation of ferrets by Smith, Andrews and Laidlow. A: In the year <one>1933</one>. []
134
+ - Give an example for a <one>HIV DNA vaccine</one>. A: A DNA plasmid coding for a surface protein for HIV, such as <one>HIV gp120</one>.
135
+ - Es gibt <one>lizensierte Impfstoffe gegen Flaviviren</one>. Einer davon wirkt auch gegen <two>JE</two> (japanese encephalitis). Es handelt sich hierbei um einen <three>Inaktivierten Ganz-Virus-Impfstoff</three>, der aus den Gehirnen ... von welchen Lebewesen gewonnen wird? Aus <one>infizierten Mäusen</one>. []
136
+ - <one>ACAM2000</one> is a smallpox vaccine developed by ... which company? <one>Acambis</one>. []
137
+ - Was the <one>Dryvax</one> vaccine a good vaccine? Somewhat - but in 1999 the WHO has recommended to replace it with a better <one>smallpox vaccine</one>.
138
+ - Die <one>HBsAg-Partikel</one> eignen sich für die Immunisierung von Menschen, und wirken gegen welches Virus? Gegen das <one>Hepatitis-B-Virus</one>; es handelt sich hierbei um ein <one>Oberflächenprotein</one> dieses Virus.
139
+ - The <one>Yellow Fever Vaccine</one>, the <two>attenuated 17D strain</two>, may sometimes revert sporadically to ... ? <one>Neurovirulence</one>.
140
+ - <one>Vaccine development</one> begins with ... ? <one>Basic research</one>.
141
+ - <one>Live virus vaccines</one> should not be given to which group of people? Those with <one>immunodeficiencies</one>.
142
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: does <one>antigenic drift</one> in influenza occur in both surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase? Yes it does.
143
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: Welche zwei Übertragungszyklen sehen wir beim yellow fever virus? (1) "jungle yellow fever" (2) <one>urban yellow fever</one>
144
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: the most recent Ebola outbreak, as of 2020, was ... ? The <one>Ebola Outbreak 2014</one>, in <two>west Africa</two>.
145
+ - Kistner but move into virus after exam is over: the Ebola virus first emerged in two major disease outbreaks, in Zaire and Sudan, in the year 1976. The Zaire outbreak was particularly deadly, reaching mortality rates of ... n%? <one>88%</one>.
146
+ - Are live vaccines technically more feasible than inactivated vaccines? No - the inactivated vaccines are technically more feasible.
147
+ - Nenne einen Grund wieso wir <one>Biosafety Practices</one> benötigen. A: Zum <one>Verhindern von Tierseuchen</one>.
148
+ - Name three advantages that <one>live vaccines</one> have, compared to "killed vaccines". A: (1) they may elicit both humoral and cellular immunity (2) they require fewer doses usually (3) they generally <one>induce longer-lasting protection</one>
149
+ - The first inactivated virus vaccine was against <one>Rabies</one> in the year ... ? <one>1885</one>.
150
+ - The first <one>inactivated virus vaccine</one> was against ... ? <one>Rabies</one>, in <two>1885</two>.
151
+ - Which person started the <one>rational development of vaccines</one> and also established the basic rules of vaccinology? <one>Louis Pasteur</one>, in about <two>1880</two>. []
152
+ - Nenne zwei häufig eingesetzte Adjuvanzien. A: (1) <one>Aluminiumsalze</one> (2) <one>Öl-in-Wasser Emulsionen</one>, wie <three>MF-59</three> oder <three>AS03</three>
153
+ - A vaccine against HIV-1 would be quite useful. According to the WHO, how many individuals are infected with HIV-1 per day? About <one>16,000 individuals a day</one>.
154
+ - <one>Antigens</one> that are administered <two>intravenously</two>, are first carried inside of the body to ... ? The <one>spleen</one>. In general, the administration route strongly influences which immune organ will be involved in the <two>immune response</two>.
155
+ - Eche Impfkomplikationen, also Nebenwirkungen die durch die Impfung hervorgerufen werden, sind selten. Nenne zwei Beispiele für eine 'echte' Nebenwirkung. A: (1) <one>Lähmungen</one> (2) <one>Auslösung von Autoimmunreaktionen</one>
156
+ - <one>Reverse vaccinology</one> has yielded the <two>meningococcal B vaccine</two>, for the prevention of .... ? <one>Neisseria meningitides</one>.
157
+ - <one>Plasmablasts</one> specific for a particular antigen tend to be at their highest concentration at <two>n days after vaccination</two>? At <one>7 days after vaccination</one>. []
158
+ - Is <one>vaccination</one> cost-effective, in regards to <two>disease prevention</two>? Yes.
159
+ - Warum werden <one>Schweine</one> oft nicht geimpft, auch wenn die Impfung selbst gar nicht so teuer wäre, und extrem sicher ist? Da eine Impfung ein kurzes Exportverbot zur Folge zieht, und sich dies daher wirtschaftlich betrachtet nachteilig auswirkt.
160
+ - In der Vakzinologie hört man mitunter das Wort <one>lapinisiert</one>. Was ist damit gemeint? <one>lapin</one> ist das Kaninchen, und lapinisiert bedeutet <two>gezüchtet und adaptiert</two> in einem Kaninchen.
161
+ - Die am häufigsten zum Einsatz kommende Methode <one>attenuierte Virusstämme zu erhalten</one>, ist ... ? Die <one>kontinuierliche Passagierung von Virusstämmen in der Zellkultur</one>. Dadurch verlieren sie oft ihre Virulenz.
162
+ - Was ist <one>die molekulare Basis der Attenuierung von Viren</one>, für die <two>Erstellung von Impfstoffen</two>? <one>Mutationen im Genom der Wildtypviren</one>.
163
+ - <one>Attenuierte Viren</one> äbneln den krankheitserzeugenden Erregern in vielerlei Hinsicht - jedoch gibt es einen sehr wichtigen Unterschied. Welchen? Sie haben eine <one>stark reduzierte Virulenz</one>.
164
+ - Repliziert ein <one>Lebendimpfstoff</one> in einer geimpften Person? Ja.
165
+ - <one>Antigenic drift</one> was discovered during vaccine development against Influenza, in which year? <one>1947</one>.
166
+ - In the year <one>1943</one> there were clinical trials in the USA for a trivalent Influenza vaccine on which group of humans? <one>US soldiers</one>.
167
+ - The trivalent <one>Influenza vaccines</one> protect against which subtypes ... ? (1) <one>H1N1</one> (2) <one>H3N2</one> (3) <one>Influenza B viruses</one>
168
+ - There was a <one>vaccination campaign</one> against the Polio disease. We had two vaccines back then - an <two>oral vaccine</two> and an <two>inactivated vaccine</two>. Which one had a stronger positive impact? The <one>inactivated vaccine</one>. []
169
+ - Give another expression for <one>multivalent vaccines</one>. A: A <one>vaccine cocktail</one>. []
170
+ - Which vaccines are <one>attenuated in pathogenicity</one>? <one>Live Vaccines</one>. []
171
+ - The <one>vaccinia vaccine</one> is produced in ... ? <one>VERO cells</one>. []
172
+ - <one>Reverse vaccinology</one> has already yielded at the least one vaccine. Which one is that? <one>Meningococcus Group B</one>. []
173
+ - Die <one>WHO</one> erklärte das Ende der <two>H1N1 Pandemie</two> in welchem Jahr? <one>2010</one>.
174
+ - <one>Swine Influenza</one> had which subtype? <one>H1N1</one>.
175
+ - A <one>pandemic influenzavirus</one> is sometimes also called ... ? A <one>pandemic hybridvirus</one>.
176
+ - The <one>Mock-Up License</one> for Pandemic Influenza Vaccines was issued first in which year? In <one>2008</one>.
177
+ - Can a <one>killed vaccine</one> infect cells in the host? No it can not.
178
+ - Deutsche Bezeichnung für <one>subunit vaccines</one>? <one>Spaltimpfstoffe</one>. []
179
+ - When was <one>the first Influenza vaccine in the USA</one> licenced? In the year <one>1945</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139605/ []
180
+ - The <one>attenuated BCG-strain</one> can be used as a vaccine against ... ? <one>Tuberculosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine#Tuberculosis
181
+ - Bei den Laboratorien, die zum Einsatz kommen in der <one>biologischen Sicherheit</one>, wie nennen wir die Sicherheitswerkbänke auf Englisch? <one>Biosafety cabinets</one>.
182
+ - Name three different advantages that <one>inactivated vaccines</one> may have, compared to <two>live vaccines</two>. A: (1) they cannot multiply or revert to pathogenicity (2) they are generally less reactogenic (3) they are <one>nontransmissible to other people</one>
183
+ - <one>Psoralen</one> is used for the <two>inactivation of some pathogens</two>, in order to <three>create (inactivted) vaccines</three>. What useful property does <one>psoralen</one> have? It has a <one>high UV absorbance</one>.
184
+ - Which <one>vaccine type</one> does <three>NOT</three> generate a <two>T-cell response</two>? Killed vaccines and subunit vaccine. Live viral vaccines" on the other hand do generate a B cell and a T cell response.
185
+ - For the <one>production of the poliovirus vaccine</one>, three strains were used typically: <two>Mahoney</two>, <two>MEF-1</two> and Sankett. What does MEF-1 stand for here? <one>Mouse embryo fibroblast</one>.
186
+ - Can <one>live vaccines</one> <two>replicate in the host</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
187
+ - Nenne einen Impfstoff, der mit Hilfe der <one>reversen Vakzinologie</one> hergestellt wurde. A: Der <one>Meningokokken B Impfstoff</one>. []
188
+ - Werden <one>Totimpfstoffe</one> attenuiert? Nein, nur <one>Lebendimpstoffe</one> werden attenuiert. []
189
+ - Nenne drei Gründe wieso viele Impfstoffe ein <one>Adjuvans</one> benötigen. A: (1) <one>Depoteffekt</one>: das Antigen verweilt länger im Körper (2) verstärkt oft die Immunreaktion (3) ermöglicht oft erst eine Immunreaktion
190
+ - <one>Eggs</one> are often important for the production of vaccines. <two>SPF</two> is a commonly used abbreviation in such a case. What does it stand for? <one>Specific-pathogen-free</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific-pathogen-free []
191
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>Polysacharide</one>, die besonders gute Antigene sind. A: <one>Oberflächenantigene von Bakterien</one>. []
192
+ - Was ist eine sogenannte <one>mock-up Lizenz</one> in der Impfstoffherstellung? Dies ist <one>ein Erlass</one> (Erlaubnis) einen pandemischen Impfstoff herstellen zu dürfen. []
193
+ - <one>Vaccination of children</one> usually begins at which age? At about <one>~2 months of age</one>. []
194
+ - Wie lange dauert es bis eine <one>aktive Immunisierung</one> durch eine Impfung zum körpereigenen Schutz führt? Etwa <one>ein bis zwei Wochen</one>. []
195
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>Polysaccharidimpfstoffen</one>? Dies sind zum Beispiel die Hüllen mancher Bakterien, wie <one>Pneumokokken</one>.
196
+ - Die <one>Abwehrreaktion</one> (= Immunreaktion) führt zum Schutz (= Immunität) - aber OHNE ... A: <one>Erkrankung</one>. []
197
+ - The <one>Varicella zoster vaccine</one> is used for treatment of ... ? <one>Chickenpox</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox
198
+ - Der erste in Europa zugelassene <one>Ebola-Impfstoff</one> ist ... ? <one>Ervebo</one>. URL: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/ervebo
199
+ - What is meant with the term <one>adversomics</one>, which was first introduced in <two>2009</two>? This term refers to <one>the study of vaccine adverse reactions</one>, using <two>immunogenomics</two> and <two>systems biology approaches</two>.
200
+ - Which vaccine is meant with <one>IPV</one>? This refers to <one>Inactivated polio vaccine</one> (= Salk vaccine). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated_2
201
+ - Bei welchen Impfstoffen bildet der Körper das Antigen selbst? Bei den <one>DNA Vakzinen</one>.
202
+ - Gibt es einen <one>Impfstoff gegen die Maul- und Klauenseuche</one>? Ja. []
203
+ - How do we call the process of antigen discovery starting from the genome information? <one>Reverse vaccinology</one>. []
204
+ - How safe/effective is the <one>yellow fever vaccine</one>? Very safe. Only very few cases of <one>neurovirulence</one> have been reported.
205
+ - Welcher Impfstoff gegen Pocken wurde von der WHO als unsicher eingestuft? <one>Dryvax</one>.
206
+ - There is a trend in developing vaccines to move away from <one> live attenuated vaccines</one>. What is a consequence of this trend? The need for <one>more powerful adjuvants to nonreplicating antigens</one>.
207
+ - The computer can be used to rationally design vaccines, starting with information present in the genome, without the need to grow the specific microorganisms - this is called <one>reverse vaccinology</one>. How old is the technique called <one>reverse vaccinology</one>? Described in <one>2000</one> already, by <two>Rappuoli</two>.
208
+ - Nenne zwei Beispiele für <one>Adjuvanzien</one>. A: (1) <one>Aluminiumsalze</one> (2) "Öl-in-Wasser Emulsionen"
209
+ - <one>Vaccine developers</one> wish to see which effect in the long run? The <one>development of immunologic memory</one>.
210
+ - Give an example of <one>a passive immunization against a virus</one>. A: The <one>Rabies vaccine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_vaccine
211
+ - Anderer Begriff für <one>aktive Immunisierung</one>. A: <one>Impfung</one>. []
212
+ - Name <one>a highly immunogenic carrier molecule</one> that is also used for <two>peptide vaccines</two>. A: <one>HBcAg</one>: <two>highly immunogenic carrier molecule</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1262597/
213
+ - In order to <one>inactivate viral vaccines</one>, name two different methods that can be employed here. A: (1) <one>Formaldehyde</one> (2) <one>Beta-Propiolactone</one>
214
+ - The <one>Dryvax</one> vaccines in the USA is being replaced by ... ? By <one>ACAM2000</one>.
215
+ - A <one>cellular response</one> such as via CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells is important for protection against many pathogens (and diseases), particularly in which group? The <one>elderly</one>.
216
+ - In 1930, the director of the <one>Lübeck General Hospital</one>, together with the Public Health Board, performed a large-scale testing of a vaccine on children. 77 of these children died due to the contaminated vaccine. That vaccine would have otherwise protected against which disease? <one>Tuberculosis</one> - it was the <two>BCG vaccine</two>.
217
+ - Give three different examples for <one>live-attenuated virus vaccines</one>. A: (1) <one>Vaccinia</one> (e. g. the smallpox vaccine) (2) oral polio (3) Influenza
218
+ - What is <one>the overriding requirement for any vaccine</one>? <one>Safety</one>. []
219
+ - <one>Spaltimpfstoffe</one> sind ... ? Größere Teile eines zerstörten Erregers.
220
+ - Nenne einen <one>möglichen Nachteil</one> der <two>Lebend-Impfstoffe</two>. A: Es besteht das <one>Risiko der Übertragung auf immunschwache Personen</one>.
221
+ - <one>Impfstoffe</one> sind die ... ihres <two>eigenen Erfolgs</two>. A: <one>Opfer</one>. []
222
+ - <one>Antigens</one> are most frequently ... ? <one>Proteins</one>.
223
+ - <one>MVA</one> (<three>Modified Vaccinia Ankara</three>) is <two>an attenuated vaccine of</two> ... ? A <one>poxvirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_vaccinia_Ankara
224
+ - The <one>yellow fever vaccine</one> was developed by Theiler and Smith in New York, in the year ... ? <one>1937</one>.
225
+ - Often, when we have a <one>vaccine for children</one>, which other non-regular group of people may also benefit from such a vaccine? <one>Immunocompromised patients</one>.
226
+ - The <one>prototype strains</one> <two>Brunhilde</two>, <two>Larsing</two> and <two>Leon</two>, belong to which virus? The <one>Polio Virus</one>.
227
+ - What is the general goal of an <one>active vaccine</one>? The development of a state of <one>protective immunity in the host</one>.
228
+ - <one>Dryvax</one> is a live-virus preparation of vaccinia prepared from ... ? <one>Calf lymph</one>.
229
+ - The <one>poliovirus</one> used in the "Sabin-vaccine" was attenuated by growth in ... which cells? <one>Monkey kidney epithelial cells</one>.
230
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>Subunit-Impfstoffen</one>? Dies sind Impfstoffe die nur noch bestimmte Antigene eines Erregers besitzen.
231
+ - <one>Acambis</one> is a vaccine-manufacturer, that has been acquired by ... ? <one>Sanofi Pasteur</one>.
232
+ - How can we produce a <one>recombinant, live attenuated vaccine</one>? We delete pathogenic genes that encode virulence factors, but leave those whose products elicit an immune response.
233
+ - <one>Which incident</one> failed to fully inactivate the polio virus, causing 260 cases of <two>paralytic poliomylelitis</two>? The <one>Cutter incident</one>.
234
+ - The <one>17D Vaccine</one> is a live attenuated vaccine against ... which virus? The <one>Yellow Fever</one> (YF) virus. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6008154/
235
+ - The adjuvant "aluminum hydroxide" can often cause, at the least in "genetically susceptible hamsters", which disease? These hamsters will "develop arthritis".
236
+ - What is "the only approved adjuvant in humans"? "Alum" ( = aluminum potassium sulfate) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_alum
237
+ - Name three important features that vaccine viruses should have. A: (1) "good immunogenicity" (2) "lack of pathogenicity" (3) "highly stable genetically"
238
+ - The "world's oldest smallpox vaccine" is ... ? "Dryvax".
239
+ - If we wish to make use of a vaccine against Malaria, which protein could we target? The "Merozoite surface protein 3".
240
+ - Was meinen wir mit "Immunogenität"? Dies ist die Fähigkeit eines Moleküls, eine Immunantwort auszulösen.
241
+ - Adjuvants are often included in "vaccine formulations". Which one is the most common adjuvant here? The "aluminum compounds", such as "alum hydroxide".
242
+ - Give a definition of a "killed vaccine". A: This is an immunogen that cannot infect cells in the host.
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Vektoren tag
3
+ #
4
+ # Vektor tag. Vector tag. Alles über Gentechnologie-Vektoren.
5
+ #
6
+ # Ist ähnlich Gentechnik, aber spezialisierter. Und mehr anwendungsbezogen
7
+ # als Virus-Tag. Genetherapy tag. Gentherapie Tag.
8
+ # Viral Vectors and Gene Therapy
9
+ # =========================================================================== #
10
+
11
+ - Im <one>pET-Vektor</one> kommt welcher Promotor zum Einsatz? Der <one>T7-Promotor</one>. []
12
+ - In gene therapy: the <one>LNP</one> delivery system, what does <one>LNP</one> stand for? <one>Lipid Nano Particle</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_lipid_nanoparticle
13
+ - Name a <one>needle-free injection method</one> for getting DNA into a cell. A: <one>Ballistic injection</one> - aka the <two>gene gun</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_gun []
14
+ - In <one>CRISPR</one>: <two>which protein cuts DNA</two>? The <one>Cas9-protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas9 []
15
+ - Nenne einen typischen "Lambda-Vektor". A: Der <one>Charon-Vektor</one>.
16
+ - When a "Splice Switching Oligonucleotide" ("SSO") binds to an "Exonic Splicing Silencer" ("ESS"), what is the net effect? <one>Exon retention</one> aka <two>the exon will be retained</two>.
17
+ - Ein "typischer Plasmid-Klonierungsvektor" erlaubt eine Insertion von x kb? Etwa <one>10 kb</one>.
18
+ - Welches Risiko haben "retrovirale Vektoren"? Das Risiko einer "Insertionsmutagenese" - sie können an zufälligen Positionen in das Wirtsgenom inserieren. URL: https://wiki.edu.vn/wiki20/2020/12/31/insertionsmutagenese-wikipedia/
19
+ - Kapazität der YACs? Bis zu <one>2000 kb</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_Artificial_Chromosome
20
+ - Nenne ein möglichst einfaches Beispiel, um festzustellen, ob ein Klonierungsvektor Fremd-DNA besitzt. A: Mit Hilfe der <one>Insertionsinaktivierung</one>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/insertionsinaktivierung/34217
21
+ - Gentherapie ist bei welchen Erkrankungen konzeptionell einfach? Bei <one>monogenetischen Erkrankungen</one>. []
22
+ - Welchen Promotor finden wir in "pGEX Vektoren"? Den synthetischen <one>tac Promotor</one>.
23
+ - Beim <one>Plasmid YEp</one>: wofür steht "YEp"? <one>Yeast Episomal plasmid</one>.
24
+ - A <one>live attenuated viral vaccine</one> is potentially dangerous, in particular for which group of people? For <one>immunosuppressed patients</one>.
25
+ - Im Jahre 2000 wurde Gentherapie eingesetzt um den schweren kombinierten Immundefekt (X-SCID), in Frankreich, zu therapieren. 5 der 20 behandelten Kindern entwickelten daraufhin was? <one>Leukämie</one>.
26
+ - Jesse Gelsinger died to adenoviral gene therapy. How many adenovirions were injected into his body? About 38 billion particles.
27
+ - From the point of view of <one>gene therapy</one>: what could we consider as the <three>minimal genetic vector</three>? <one>mRNA</one>.
28
+ - In <one>gene therapy</one>: what is typically meant with the term <one>lipoplex</one>? This refers to a combination of <one>lipid</one> and <two>DNA</one>, e. g. a liposome carrying DNA.
29
+ - Name the two primary strategies for transgene delivery. A: (1) viral (2) non-viral
30
+ - Viral vectors are very powerful, but aside from the limitation in carrying capacity, they may have one other, major limitation, which is ... ? The potential for oncogenesis due to chromosomal integration or activation of oncogenes/inactivation of oncogene regulators.
31
+ - <one>Gene therapy</one> is especially well suited for diseases that involve what 'type' of genes (categories)? (1) <one>defective genes</one> (2) <one>missing genes</one> (3) <one>overexpressing genes</one>
32
+ - In <one>vector design</one>: what does the abbreviation <three>Ad5</three> stand for? <one>Adenovirus serotype 5</one>.
33
+ - Name four advantages of <one>Phage Therapy</one>. A: (1) phages can have low inherent toxicities (2) phages tend to only minimally disrupt normal flora (compare this with antibiotics) (3) phages can be equally effective against antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (4) phages seem to be capable of disrupting bacterial biofilms
34
+ - In phage display: the pIII protein has its N-terminus or its C-terminus fused to our protein of interests? The N-Terminus.
35
+ - <one>Virale Vektoren</one> sind allgemein Viren die ... welche Veränderung zeigen? Sie sind <one>replikationsinkompetent</one>.
36
+ - In what year was <one>pBR322</one> developed? In the year <one>1970</one>.
37
+ - Was für ein "System" finden wir in den <one>pGEX Vektoren</one>? Das <one>GST Gene Fusion System</one>.
38
+ - If a <one>eukaryotic expression vector</one> is to be used, it must alwas have which very important actor if it is to be used? A <one>eukaryotic origin of replication</one>.
39
+ - The <one>pUC19 cloning vector</one> is derived from ...? From the <one>ColE1 plasmid</one>.
40
+ - An <one>expression vector</one> that is supposed to work in eukaryotic systems, such as yeast, ought to not only contain an origin, a promoter but also which other component? A <one>polyadenylation and termination</one> signal/sequence.
41
+ - What is the defining feature of the <one>TA cloning vector</one>? It has single 5-prime "thymidine overhangs" at each end.
42
+ - <one>BACs</one> can accept how much foreign DNA, in n bp? Between <one>100 kb</one> and <one>300 kb</one>.
43
+ - Do the <cadetblue>AAV vectors</cadetblue> integrate into the genome of the target cell? No.
44
+ - Nenne ein sehr wichtiges Kennzeichen von Expressionsvektoren. A: Sie besitzen einen <one>starken Promotor</one>.
45
+ - What is meant with the term <one>gene drive</one>? This is genomic editing where at the least one modified gene is introduced into every individual of a population, within a few generations.
46
+ - Die ex-vivo Gentherapie ist oft auf welche Zellen beziehungsweise Zelltypen beschränkt? Auf <one>hämatopoetische Zellen</one>.
47
+ - Wie können wir sicherstellen, das ein Vektor der in der Gentherapie verwendet wird, nur bestimmte Zellen korrigiert? Wir müssen das eingeführte Gen unter die Kontrolle eines Promotors stellen wird, der nur im Zielgewebe aktiv ist.
48
+ - Was meinen wir mit der somatischen Gentherapie? Dies sind Manipulation des Genoms in Körperzellen.
49
+ - Seit Ende 2014 gibt es eine zugelassene Gentherapie, die mit dem Buchstaben <one>A</one> beginnt. Welche ist dies? Alipogentiparvovec. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipogene_tiparvovec
50
+ - Name two disadvantages of baculovirus-based vector systems. A: (1) they are quite time-consuming (2) viral instability
51
+ - Ein <one>Translationsexpressionsvektor</one> sollte eher eine schwache oder eine starke Terminatorsequenz besitzen? Einen <one>starke Terminatorsequenz</one> (also einen starken Terminator).
52
+ - Nenne ein Expressionsystem, das auf dem araC-Protein aufbaut. A: Das <one>pBAD-Expressionsystem</one>.
53
+ - Nenne einen (allgemeinen) Vektor, der <one>eine optimale Ribosomenbindungsstelle</one> besitzen mag. A: Ein <one>Translationsexpressionsvektor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_vector
54
+ - Der Vektor <one>pGEX-5T</one> enthält welchen Promotor? Einen "tac-Promotor".
55
+ - Beim "<u>pPICZ Vektor</u>" für "Pichia pastoris", welchen Selektionsmarker verwenden wir hier? Zeocinresistenz.
56
+ - Maximale Aufnahmekapazität eines <violet>Cosmids</violet>? Bis zu <one>45kb</one>.
57
+ - A given vector-system may carry a FKBP (<one>FK506-binding protein</one>) domain. Why? This domain may allow crosslinking (dimerization), by addition of a bivalent FKPB ligand. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16505/ (2000)
58
+ - From the point of view of cell biology but also vector science, where may we find an "<u>Adenovirus</u>" typically? In the "nucleus", as an "<u>episome</u>".
59
+ - Nenne drei allgemeine, verschiedene Gentherapie-Strategien. A: (1) "ex-vivo" (2) "in-vivo" (3) "antisense"
60
+ - Name a specific vector (with name) based on the "M13 phage". A: The "M13mp18" vector. URL: http://www.sfu.ca/biology/courses/bisc431/m13.htm
61
+ - Name two specific limitations of "viral vectors" once they are inside of the human body. A: (1) toxicity (2) a strong, antiviral host immune response
62
+ - Name an "expression vector system" that makes use of the "T7 promoters". A: The "pET-expression system".
63
+ - Which "baculovirus" is most frequently used as an "expression vector"? "AcMNPV": "Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301119/
64
+ - Der "<u>Transfervektor</u>" im Baculovirus-Expressionssystem muss folgende/s Element/e enthalten ... ? Das "Ampicillin-Resistenz-Gen".
65
+ - Was meinen wir mit der "Lipofektion"? Dies ist wenn genetisches Material mit Hilfe von Liposomen in Zellen eingebracht werden.
66
+ - Gegeben sei ein Vektor der einen "Metallothionein-Promotor" enthält. Wie kann dieser Promotor aktiviert werden? Mit Hilfe "geringer Mengen an Zinksulfat".
67
+ - In welchen Vektoren finden wir das "Glutathion-S-Transferase System"? In den "pGEX Vektoren".
68
+ - Name a famous "insertion vector" based on the lambda-phage. A: "lambda gt10".
69
+ - Cosmids are based on ... ? The "phage lambda".
70
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für "Shuttle Vektor"? "Binärer Vektor".
71
+ - In Pichia pastoris können wir Vektoren verwenden die intrazellulär aber auch extrazellulär Proteine produzieren können. Wie unterscheiden sich diese Vektoren voneinander? Bei der extrazellulären Produktion gibt es eine Signalpeptidsequenz für den Alpha-Faktor von S. cerevisiae.
72
+ - Was ist ein "Shuttle Vector"? Ein Vektor der in mindestens zwei verschiedenen Organismen replizieren kann.
73
+ - Welches Ziel verfolgen wir mit einem Expressionsvektor? Wir möchten möglichst viele Kopien eines ausgewählten Proteins in einer Wirtszelle herstellen.
74
+ - Nenne zwei Lambda-Vektortypen. A: (1) "Lambda gt-10" (2) "Lambda gt-11"
75
+ - Im Lambda-Vektor Charon $a wird welches Reportergen verwendet? Beta-Gal.
76
+ - Was sind "Sekretionsvektoren"? Bei ihnen wird das inserierte Gen nicht nur exprimiert, sondern auch aus der Zelle sezerniert.
77
+ - Wie kann ich das Fusionsprotein eines Expressionvektors abtrennen? Durch eine Erkennungsstelle für eine Protease (Thrombin, Faktor Xa, Enterokinase); die Abspaltung kann aber auch rein chemisch erfolgen.
78
+ - Was ist das wichtigste Kriterium für einen "Expressionsvektor"? Das er einen starken, meist regulierbaren Promotor enthält.
79
+ - Was ist an einer "MCS" in einem Vektor so besonders? Sie kommt nur 1x vor - also die jeweiligen Restriktionsschnittstellen, in dieser MCS.
80
+ - Nenne einen "Ti Plasmid Vektor". A: pBin 19 Vektor.
81
+ - Beim populärsten "Pichia Pastoris" Expressionsvektor pPICZ finden wir welches Resistenzgen? "Zeozinresistenz".
82
+ - Was ist ein "Klonierungsvektor"? Ein "Klonierungsvektor" ist ein Vektor, der im Gegensatz zum "Expressionsvektor" nur zur Klonierung verwendet wird.
83
+ - Der pGEX-Vektor verwendet einen "synthetischen tac Promotor". Dieser Promotor kann wie induziert werden? Durch "IPTG".
84
+ - Der "pUC19 Vektor" hat wieviel bp? "2868 bp".
85
+ - In "pGEX Vektoren", welche Protease können wir verwenden um das Fusionsprotein enzymatisch zu spalten? "Thrombin".
86
+ - Welches "Resistenzgen" verwenden pUC-Vektoren? amp.
87
+ - Warum werden pET und BAD-Expressionsvektoren verwendet? Da sie "gut regulierbar" sind.
88
+ - Plasmidvektoren haben typischerweise n bp an inserierter DNA, maximal? Bis zu 10kb.
89
+ - Woher stammt das "YAC-Vektor Centromer"? "Cen4" stammt aus dem "Hefechromosom 4".
90
+ - Name the main reason for using lambda as a cloning vehicle. A: The "high efficiency of DNA transfer to the host cell".
91
+ - Name a "lambda replacement vector". A: "EMBL3".
92
+ - Wie könnten "Ribozyme" in der Gentherapie hilfreich sein? Sie könnten jede beliebige mRNA erkennen und diese zerstören.
93
+ - Which Lambda-Enzyme packages the Lambda-genome into the empty capsid? The "terminase enzyme".
94
+ - Two different types of lambda derived cloning vectors have been developed. How are they called? (1) "Insertion vectors" (2) "Replacement vectors"
95
+ - Wie könnten wir, per Gentherapie, gegen HIV immun werden? Wir schalten den Rezeptor CCR5 aus, zum Beispiel über CRISPR-Cas9.
96
+ - If a lambda-replacement vector such as "EMBL4" is to be used for cloning, the maximum cloning capacity will be around ... kb. A: Around "23 kb".
97
+ - Welcher Promoter wird im pET-Vektor verwendet? Der "T7 Promoter".
98
+ - Are "BACs" more stable than "YACs"? Yes.
99
+ - Ab wann können wir von einem "Vektor" sprechen, in der Gentechnik? Wenn der Vektor sich selbst und jedes DNA Fragment, das er trägt, unabhängig von der Zelle replizieren kann.
100
+ - Im pUC18-Vektor, wo finden wir den "Polylinker"? Im "lac Z Gen".
101
+ - The filamentous phage vector M13mp18 has a "polylinker region" (MCS) that is the very same as that found in ... ? "Plasmid pUC18".
102
+ - The central region of the lambda phage controls largely which properties of that phage? It controls largely the "lysogenic properties" of the phage.
103
+ - What is the primary purpose of the "pET-3 vector"? Expression of genes in bacterial cells.
104
+ - Two bacteriophages have been extensively developed for cloning purposes. Which ones? (1) "Lambda" (2) "M13"
105
+ - "Plasmid pUC19" is very similar to "Plasmid pUC18" except for which difference? The orientation of the polylinker region is reversed.
106
+ - The vector "pAT153" is a ... derivative of pBR322. A: It is a "deletion derivative".
107
+ - "pAT153" is called a "better" vector than "pBR322". Give two reasons as to why. A: (1) pAT153 is present in more copies per cell (2) pAT153 has a greater degree of biological containment because it is "not mobilisable"
108
+ - The plasmid "pAT153" is derived from which other vector? It is derived from "pBR322".
109
+ - Name a reason why it is so difficult to cure mutations in the "dystrophin gene". A: Because it is such "a large gene".
110
+ - Name a defining characteristic feature of the charon-phages. A: Unwanted restriction enzyme sizes have been removed by mutation.
111
+ - Das wichtigste Merkmal von Expressionsvektoren ist ...? Ein "streng kontrollierter/kontrollierbarer Promotor".
112
+ - Vektoren, die von dem Hefe-2-mikrometer-Plasmid abstammen, enthalten oft Gene für welch "essenzielle Aminosäure"? "Leucin".
113
+ - Der "pBin19 Vektor" ist ein Derivat welchen Plasmids? Der pBin19 Vektor, ein binärer Vektor, ist "ein Derivat des Ti Plasmids. URL: http://www.addgene.org/vector-database/1918/
114
+ - What does "CAR-T" stand for? "chimeric antigen receptor T-cell" therapy.
115
+ - The "first gene therapy product" to be licensed to treat cancer was based on ...? An "adenovirus".
116
+ - Bei CRISPR gibt es auch "HDR". Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? Für "Homology directed repair".
117
+ - MCS ("Multiple Cloning Site"; Polylinker) werden häufig in der Gentechnologie verwendet. Nenne eine sehr wichtige Voraussetzung damit wir eine MCS in einem Plasmid verwenden können. A: Die Schnittstelle darf nur einmal, eben im MCS selbst, vorhanden sein.
118
+ - In der Gentherapie, bei der Korrektur von "splicing sites", wofür steht die Abkürzung "SSO"? Für "Splice Switching Oligonucleotides".
119
+ - In gene therapy, what do we mean with CSC? "Cancer stem cells".
120
+ - In der "klassischen" Gentherapie finden vor allem welche zwei viralen Vektoren Verwendung? (1) "Adenoviren" (2) "Retroviren"
121
+ - Nenne einen konkreten Induktor des "Metallothionein-Promoters". A: "Zinksulfat".
122
+ - What do we mean with "CpG-plasmids"? These are plasmids that have no CpG islands. URL: https://www.invivogen.com/pcpgfree
123
+ - In gene therapy, what do we mean with the term "pseudotyping"? This is when the virus/vector is targeted towards a new receptor.
124
+ - Wann fand die erste Gentherapie am Menschen statt? Im Jahre "1990".
125
+ - Was ist bei den "Transgenen in Sekretionsvektoren" typisch? Sie besitzen eine "Signalsequenz".
126
+ - One problem when using retroviruses in gene therapy is "Insertional mutagenesis". Can we say something about this, in regards to a pattern? Yes - insertion happens mostly in "transcriptionally active sites in the genome".
127
+ - "pEPito" is a significantly improved non-viral episomal expression vector for ... which cells? For "mammalian" cells.
128
+ - Erstes zugelassenes Gentherapiemedikament? "Glybera". URL: http://www.uniqure.com/gene-therapy/glybera.php
129
+ - Was meinen wir mit "Delta-E1 Ad Vektoren"? Dies sind "replikationsdefiziente Adenovirus-Vektoren".
130
+ - Wie vermehrt sich "M13"? Durch "Knospung".
131
+ - Bei der "Leber's Congenital Amaurosis" wurde welcher Vektor verwendet und in die Retina injiziert? "AAV": Adeno Associated Virus.
132
+ - Do "AAV" infect dividing and non-dividing cells? Yes.
133
+ - Ist eher RNA-DNA oder DNA-DNA für ein "crossing-over Ereignis" wahrscheinlicher? Eher "RNA-DNA Hybridmoleküle".
134
+ - "Gendicine" is a recombinant adenovirus. What gene does it express? wildtype-p53 (rAd-p53).
135
+ - Upon designing Zinkfinger-Nucleases for genome engineering, which enzyme is usually used that does the cutting? The "FokI endonuclease".
136
+ - Does AAV cause disease in humans? No.
137
+ - "H101" is a genetically modified oncolytic adenovirus that was approved for the treatment of "nasopharyngeal carcinoma" in China in November 2005. Which company created this modified virus? "Shanghai Sunway Biotech".
138
+ - Der "pEPI Vektor" hat SMAR. SMAR steht für ... ? "Scaffold matrix attachment region".
139
+ - The first company to develop an "oncolytic virus" was ... ? "Amgen".
140
+ - "EBNA1" - welcher Virus ist hier gemeint? Epstein-Barr ("Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1").
141
+ - Gene therapy may be classified into which two types? (1) "somatic" (2) "germline"
142
+ - In der Vektorwissenschaft, was sind "MACs"? "Mammalian Artificial chromosomes".
143
+ - Amgen developed the T-VEC. What does this abbreviation stand for? "Talimogene laherparepvec".
144
+ - The first commercial gene therapy was "Gendicine" and it was approved in ... ? "China".
145
+ - Do "oncolytic virus" replace within "tumour cells"? Yes.
146
+ - The first attempt at gene therapy was conducted by ... on 10 July 1980. A: By "Martin Cline".
147
+ - Organ transplants have been found to introduce foreign DNA into patients. Can this be considered "gene therapy"? No.
148
+ - Side-effect of retroviral vectors? Can "cause cancer in patients".
149
+ - The "AAV serotype 8 capsid" targets which cells? "Hepatocytes".
150
+ - Ad5 that is injected intravenously will infect ... which cells? "Hepatocytes".
151
+ - The half-life of plasmid DNA, at the least in mice, has been estimated to be n minutes following "intravenous injection"? About 10 minutes only; this is largely due to "endonucleases" in the blood.
152
+ - In welchen Vektorsystem findet man vor allem das "His-Tag System"? In den verschiedenen "pET Vektoren".
153
+ - What are "SB transposons", the SB part? "Sleeping beauty".
154
+ - In pGEX Vektoren kommt welches System zum Einsatz? Glutathion S-Transferase Fusionssystem.
155
+ - Was sind Charonphagen? Lambda-Phagen, aus denen man "unerwünschte Restriktionsenzyme" entfernt hat, durch Insertion, Deletion oder Substitution.
156
+ - Linker eines Klonierungsvektors enthalten oft ...? "Restriktionsschnittstellen".
157
+ - X-SCID treatment in gene therapy from ~1999 to 2003, led to "leukemia" in some patients. Why? There was "a retroviral genomic integration", which led to "insertional mutagenesis". In these cases, "LMO2" was activated (a proto-oncogene), which is "active during hematopoiesis".
158
+ - Liposomen werden bei n% der Gentherapiebehandlungen eingesetzt? Etwa bei "10%".
159
+ - Nenne die zwei Resistenzgene des Vektors "pBR322". A: (1) Tetracyclin-Resistenzgen (tet) (2) Ampicillin-Resistenzgen (amp)
160
+ - Length of the "piggyBac element"? 2.4 kb is its length.
161
+ - A. W. für "Lipidvesikel"? "Chassis".
162
+ - "Agrobakterium" tumefaciens befällt nur? "Dikotyledone Pflanzen".
163
+ - Which "inherited eye disease" could be cured via gene therapy? "Leber's Congenital Amaurosis".
164
+ - Nenne einen "mechanistischen Grund" wieso sich CRISPR-Cas gegenüber dem TALEN System durchgesetzt hat. A: Die Synthese einer Sequenz-spezifisch bindenden RNA ist einfacher als die Konstruktion Sequenz-spezifischbindender Proteine. Daher hat sich das CRISPR-Cas System durchgesetzt.
165
+ - Nenne eine Möglichkeit Vektoren zu konstruieren, ohne hierzu Restriktionssequenzen verwenden zu müssen. A: Zum Beispiel mit Hilfe des "Rekombinations-Prozesses".
166
+ - Bei der "Suizidgentherapie" mögen wir die "Herpes simples Thymidin Kinase" verwenden. Welche Substanzen geben wir hinzu? "Ganciclovir".
167
+ - Das AAV-Virus integriert normalerweise wo beim Menschen? AAV integriert in das "Chromosom 19".
168
+ - Fragmentgrösse bei Lambda-Vektoren (von, bis)? "10 - 20 kb".
169
+ - Maximale Aufnahmekapazität der "MAC"s (Mammalian Artiicial Chromosomes)? Etwa "500 Mb".
170
+ - "Gendicine" was an "adenoviral vector" designed to express ... ? "p53".
171
+ - In the treatment of the "Leber's congenital amaurosis", how was the gene therapy vector delivered? By "subretinal injection".
172
+ - Was meinen wir mit "Gentherapie 2.0"? Dies bezeichnet neue, verbesserte, effizientere und sichere Vektoren.
173
+ - Plasmids are routinely used as expression vectors in non-viral gene therapy studies. Why? This is owed to their "ease of construction and amplification".
174
+ - Can "polyplexes" localize intact into the nucleus? Yes they can.
175
+ - Name an "AAV-based gene therapeutic". A: "Glybera". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipogene_tiparvovec
176
+ - Name two advantages that "synthetic vehicles" may have over viral-based vector systems. A: (1) "synthetic vehicles" tend to have lower immunogenicity than viral vectors (2) patients do not have pre-existing immunity, as may be the case with some viral systems
177
+ - Non-viral gene therapy may have one fundamental advantage over viral-based gene therapy. Which one is that? Non-viral gene therapy should be safer than viral-based gene therapy.
178
+ - What is the "effector molecule" of the "ara-operon"? "Arabinose".
179
+ - Die gebräuchlichste Nuklease für das "Genome Editing", das Cas9 Protein, stammt aus welchem Organismus? Aus "Streptococcus pyogenes".
180
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für "chemische Transfektion". A: Zum Beispiel mit Hilfe von "Lipid-verpackter DNA".
181
+ - Welche 4 Schritte gibt es bei der "ex-vivo Gentherapie"? (1) Entnahme der Zellen (2) Korrektur des genetischen Defektes (3) Vermehrung der korrigierten Zellen (4) Rückführung in Patienten per Infusion oder Transplantation
182
+ - Wenn wir einen Vektor mit His6-Tag verwenden, wo müssen wir unser GOI (gene of interest) einfügen? Gleich hinter diesem His6-Tag.
183
+ - Ist der Begriff "Expressionsvektor" gut? Nun, eigentlich sollten wir von einem Überexpressionsvektor sprechen, da wir ja eine hohe Expression eines bestimmten Gens erreichen möchten.
184
+ - Wieviel % des Lambda-Phagengenoms kodieren für Strukturproteine? 1/3 (also etwas mehr als 30%).
185
+ - Die MCS ("Multiple Cloning Site") in Vektoren dient allgemein wozu? Dem "Einbringen eines Fremdgens".
186
+ - Welches sind die gebräuchlichsten "Gentransfersysteme"? "Virale Vektoren" - in etwa 2/3 der Studien.
187
+ - Name a huge possible disadvantage of retroviruses as vectors. A: Because they can integrate into the host cell chromosome, this might lead to "insertional mutagenesis" and especially much so "oncogene activation".
188
+ - Wieso wurde die "cystische Fibrose" als Ziel für eine Gentherapie ausgewählt? Weil die Lunge anfällig ist gegenüber Virusinfektionen.
189
+ - Will man Krebszellen mit Hilfe der Gentherapie bekämpfen, was ist meistens der erste Schritt hierbei? Man muss zuerst das "mutierte Gen" identifizieren.
190
+ - Beim Adenovirus, welche Region wird durch das inserierte, therapeutische Gen ersetzt? Die E1-Region.
191
+ - pUC18 hat welches Resistenzgen? Der pUC18 Vektor hat ein "Ampicillin-Resistenzgen".
192
+ - Was kannst du kurz über das "Retrovirus-Genom" sagen? 2x RNA, 8000 Nukleotide, gag/pol/env.
193
+ - Was sind "gutless Adenoviruses"? Dies sind Adenoviren bei denen man alle viralen Gene entfernt hat.
194
+ - Vergleiche wie jeweils einfache und komplexe Retroviren in den Nucleus der Wirtszellen gelangen können. A: (1) einfache Retroviren können nur in den Zellkern gelangen, wenn sich die Kernmembran auflöst (2) Komplexe Retroviren, wie die Lentiviren, können aktiv durch die Kernpore passagiert werden
195
+ - Was ist die "cPPT-Sequenz"? Central polypurine tract - diese erleichtert auch den Transport des Präintegrationskomplexes in den Zellkern. URL: http://dharmacon.gelifesciences.com/resources/faqs/what-purpose-central-polypurine-tract-cppt-viral-vectors/
196
+ - Zu welcher Ordnung gehört der Lambda-Phage? Dieser Virus gehört zur Ordnung der "Caudovirales".
197
+ - Was passiert wenn das "E1A-Gen" von Adenovirus eliminiert wird? Dann kann sich dieser Adenovirus nicht mehr vermehren.
198
+ - Lentivirale Vektoren der dritten Generation haben welche 3 Plasmide? (1) Transfer Plasmid (2) Packaging Plasmid (3) Envelope Plasmid
199
+ - Selbstinaktivierende (SIN) Lentiviren basieren auf ...? HIV.
200
+ - Nenne eine charakteristische Eigenschaft von "Selbstinaktivierenden Lentiviren". A: Sie zeigen eine reduzierte Präferenz für "transkriptionell aktive Stellen im Genom".
201
+ - Bei Vektoren, die auf Retroviren basieren, wo sieht man vor allem die "insertionelle Mutagenese"? Vor allem an "transkriptionell aktiven Stellen des Genoms".
202
+ - What are "SIN vectors"? Self-inactivating (SIN) vectors.
203
+ - When was "human gene therapy" first tried? In 1990.
204
+ - Bei der "Leber's Congenital Amaurosis" kam es zu einer subretinalen Injektion von AAV (Adeno assoziiertes Virus). Welches Gen trug dieser AAV-Vektor? RPE65.
205
+ - Name three "Genome Engineering" techniques. A: (1) TALEN (2) Zink Finger (3) CRISPR/Cas9
206
+ - Nenne das "typische Retrovirusgenom". A: LTR-Verpackungssignal-gag-pol-env-LTR.
207
+ - Was ist die größte Hürde für die Gentherapie? Nicht ausgereifte Übertragungssysteme (Vektoren).
208
+ - Was ist das primär Ziel in der "aggressiven Gentherapie"? Vor allem Krebs zu bekämpfen.
209
+ - What is the main disadvantage of using "Adeno-associated Viruses" for gene therapy? Its low capacity - the transgene is limited to a size of only "about 4.5 Kb".
210
+ - Was meinen wir mit "Lipofektion"? Wenn ein (künstliches) Liposom mit einer Membran verschmizlt und seinen Inhalt entlässt.
211
+ - Was ist "Eugenik"? Die Verbesserung der menschlichen Spezies durch "selektive Fortpflanzung".
212
+ - Was bezeichnen wir mit "Lipofektion"? Dies ist die Transfektion mit Liposomen, Vesikeln oder Micellen.
213
+ - Most commonly used vector in Gene Technology? Phagemids.
214
+ - What is a "phagemid"? This is a plasmid that contains an F1 origin of replication, from the F1 phage.
215
+ - Name a real danger because of retroviral vectors. A: The development of T cell leukemia.
216
+ - What is an advantage when we use retroviruses as gene therapy vectors? They are also able to infect non-dividing cells.
217
+ - What is the most important advantage that retroviral vectors offer? Their ability to transform their single stranded RNA genome into a double stranded DNA molecule, that stably integrates into the target cell genome.
218
+ - Was für eine Rekombination finden wir bei Lambda (deutsche Bezeichnung)? Ortsspezifische Rekombination.
219
+ - Nenne 4 Charakteristika des pBR322 Vektors. A: Tetracyclin Resistenz mit BamHI-Schnittstelle sowie Ampicillinresistenz mit PstI-Schnittstelle.
220
+ - Was ist ein Shuttle-Vektor? Ein Vektor der in mindestens 2 verschiedenen Organismen replizieren kann.
221
+ - In Gene Therapy, where can we find the "bystander effect"? It can be found in the herpes Thymidin kinase / ganciclovir system.
222
+ - Wer hat die "Theorie der differentiellen Genaktivität" erstmals formuliert? Thomas Hunt Morgan.
223
+ - Nachteil der "unspezifischen Rekombination"? Wir können den Integrationsort nicht vorhersagen.
224
+ - What are TALENs and why may they be useful? These are the TAL effector nucleases (TALENs). They are artificial nucleases capable of cleaving specific target DNA sequences in vivo. They may be used to genetically correct the sickle cell disease mutation in human cells.
225
+ - W. h. "TALENs" in der Gentherapie? TAL effector nucleases.
226
+ - Main disadvantage of AAV Vectors? Limited in size, only 4.5 KBs.
227
+ - Name 3 disadvantages for Liposomes. A: (1) transient gene expression (2) circulation half-life low (3) inefficient gene transfer
228
+ - Warum wird das Lambda N-Protein gebraucht? Es ist ein Antiterminationsprotein das es der RNA-Polymerase erlaubt, an spezifischen Terminatoren vorbei zu transkribieren, so das längere Transskripte entstehen.
229
+ - Wie schützt sich Phagen-DNA vor Selbstzerstörung? Sie enthält oft 5-Hydroxymethylcytosin (HMC) statt Cytosin.
230
+ - Inserting DNA into a phage head involves which two types of reaction? (1) Translocation (2) Condensation
231
+ - Durchmesser des Lambdaphagen Kopf? 50-60 nm.
232
+ - Was ist das Haupthüllprotein von M13? gp8.
233
+ - Warum verwenden wir Lambda-Derivate statt Wildtyp Lambda in der Gentechnik? Natürliche Lambda-DNA enthält keine geeigneten Restriktionsschnittstellen.
234
+ - Was ist die "Tetracycline-Controlled Transcriptional Activation"? It is a method of inducible gene expression where transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the antibiotic tetracycline (or one of its derivatives, like doxycycline).
235
+ - The "GATEWAY" system in use of gene technology, is based on which virus? The lambda phage. It is based on cloning by recombination.
236
+ - Welche Region in M13 ist entbehrlich? Die "intergenische Region".
237
+ - Nenne 6 Vorteile bzw. wichtige Kennzeichen des pGEX Systems, das in einem biochemischen Labor zur Anwendung kommen kann. A: (1) Der pGEX Vektor besitzt das Strukturgen der Glutathion-S-Stransferase (2) Der pGEX Vektor besitzt einen synthetischen tac-Promotor, der durch IPTG induzierbar ist (3) Sequenz für enzymatische Spaltung des Fusionsproteins mit Thrombinprotease (4) Zusätzliche Kopie des LacI-Repressors (leaky expression) (5) Antikörper gegen GST (6) Die Reinigung erfolgt über Glutathion Sepharose
238
+ - Was verwendet der pGEX Vektor? Glutathion-S-Transferase System.
239
+ - What does the "pGEX vector system" allow us? It allows us to make fusion proteins with the glutathione-S-transferase moiety and express the fusion in bacteria.
240
+ - The lentiviral vectors have which advantage? They can deliver genes into non-dividing cells.
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1
+ # ================================================================================ #
2
+ # === VERFAHRENSTECHNIK
3
+ #
4
+ # Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik, chemische und physikalische Verfahrenstechnik
5
+ #
6
+ # Verfahren tag. Mech tag. Chemver tag
7
+ #
8
+ # Inkludiert zur Zeit all diese Bereiche.
9
+ #
10
+ # Auch pflanzliche Verfahrenstechnik.
11
+ # ================================================================================ #
12
+
13
+ - Allgemein, was meinen wir mit <one>Verfahrenstechnik</one>? Dies ist eine <one>Stoffumwandlungstechnik</one>, also Vorgänge, bei denen die Stoffe hinsichtlich Zusammensetzung, Eigenschaften oder Stoffart verändert werden.
14
+ - In der <one>Verfahrenstechnik</one> in der Landwirtschaft, haben wir welche 2 grundlegenden angewandte Wege um einen Produktionsprozess zu überwachen? (1) <one>Aktoren</one> (2) <one>Sensoren</one>
15
+ - Nenne 3 "Absetzprozesse". A: (1) Sedimentieren (2) Zentrifugieren (3) Zyklonieren
16
+ - Ein heterogenes (ungleiches) Gemisch aus mindestens zwei Stoffen, die sich nicht vollständig ineinander lösen, wird auch ... genannt. A: "Disperses System".
17
+ - Was ist "häckseln"? Klein schneiden.
18
+ - Die zweite "stille" Revolution der Agrartechnik wird wodurch getragen? Durch die Informationstechnologie.
19
+ - Vorteil der "Drillsaat"? Der Vorteil der Drillsaat ist das die Pflanzensamen genau und gleichmäßig gesäät, relativ tief, abgelegt werden.
20
+ - Was machen wir, kurz gesagt, bei einer "Rektifikation"? Bei diesem "thermischen Trennverfahren" trennen wir eine homogene Lösung auf, welche wiederum aus zwei oder mehr Stoffen bestand.
21
+ - Was ist das Ziel mechanischer Verfahrenstechnik? Die Umwandlung stofflicher Systeme unter mechanischer Einwirkung.
22
+ - A. W. für Dispersität? Feinheit.
23
+ - Was ist ein "isochorer Prozess"? Ein Prozess bei dem das Volumen konstant bleibt.
24
+ - Was ist die "Nephelometrie"? Ein optisches Analyseverfahren, mit dem sich die Konzentration feinverteilter, kolloidaler Teilchen in Flüssigkeiten oder Gasen quantitativ bestimmen lässt.
25
+ - Bei der Tropfkörper-Technologie, unterscheide 3 Zonen. A: (1) Zone der grünen Algen (2) Zone der Bakterien und Bakteriophagen (3) Zone der Räuber
26
+ - In der Verfahrenstechnik, A.W. für "Grundoperationen"? "Unit Operations.".
27
+ - Im Rührkessel, was ist die Fr Zahl? Die Froude-Zahl. Sie ist das Verhältnis von Trägheitskräften zu Schwerkräften.
28
+ - Nenne eine Limitierung des Impulsstroms. A: Er kann nur in einem strömendem Fluid auftauchen.
29
+ - Was sind "Kolligative Eigenschaften"? Stoffeigenschaften, die nur von der Teilchenzahl (=Stoffmenge), nicht aber von der Art der Teilchen oder deren chemischer Zusammensetzung abhängen.
30
+ - Nenne 2 Ziele der pflanzlichen Verfahrenstechnik in bezug auf die Erhaltung der Bodenfunktion. A: (1) Vermeiden von Bodenverdichtung (2) Vermeiden von Bodenerosion
31
+ - Was ist eine "Grundoperation" in der Verfahrenstechnik? Dies ist der einfachste Vorgang bei der Durchführung eines Verfahrens.
32
+ - Was ist eine "EMSR Stelle"? Elektro-, Mess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungs-Stelle.
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1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Veterinary Medicine
3
+ #
4
+ # Vetmed tag. Vet Tag. Vettag. veterinary_medicine tag.
5
+ # =========================================================================== #
6
+
7
+ - In der Veterinärmedizin: was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Gravidität</one>? <one>Trächtigkeit</one>.
8
+ - The Cushing syndrome exists due to increased exposure to which hormone? cortisol.
9
+ - In der Veterinärmedizin unterscheiden wir zwischen welchen 4 Tiergruppen? (1) Nutztiere (2) Heimtiere (3) Zootiere (4) Wildtiere
10
+ - Was ist das dominierende Kortisol im Blut von Caniden, Feliden und Equiden? Das Glukokortikoid.