studium 0.13.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cell cultures
+#
+# This file collects information about cell cultures and cell populations.
+# It may also include some information about cell biology and cancer
+# biology, if it is of relevance to cell cultures in any way.
+#
+# Zellkultur tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- In der Biotechnologie, welches ist die "wichtigste tierische Zellkultur-Linie"? <one>CHO</one>, aka <two>chinese hamster ovary</two>.
+- "Supportive feeder cells" often express high levels of ... which FGF? <one>Fibroblast growth factor-2</one>, aka <two>FGF2</two>.
+- Name a risk associated with <one>primary cultures of human origin</one>. A: They may be a source of viral infection, e. g. "hepatitis B" or "hepatitis C" and so forth.
+- The majority of successful biopharmaceutical ingredients are produced in ... which cell line? In <one>CHO cell lines</one>.
+- The "BHK-21" cell line ... BHK stands for? <one>Baby hamster kidney cells</one>.
+- CHO-K1 (CHO-cells) are deficient in which gene? <one>Dihydrofolate reductase</one>.
+- In cell cultures we may have to use CO2. How does an "increasing CO2 value" change the pH of the medium? It will decrease the pH - thus, make the medium <one>more acidic</one>.
+- In welchem Jahr wurde das "HAT-Medium" (Hypoxanthin, Aminopterin, Thymidin) eingeführt? <one>1964</one>.
+- Können <one>transformierte Zellen</one> auf <two>Weichagar</two> wachsen? Ja. []
+- Warum verwenden wir <one>NaHCO3</one> in der tierischen Zellkultur? Um den pH-Wert nicht zu sauer werden zu lassen. Bei Zellwachstum erhöhen sich die CO₂-Werte, die wiederum den pH-Wert des Mediums erniedrigen. NaHCO3 neutralisiert diesen Effekt.
+- Bei den <one>CHO Zellen</one>: nenne eine Voraussetzung für eine hohe Expression. A: <one>Genamplifikation</one>.
+- Is it easier to maintain a "finite cell line", as opposed to a <one>continuous cell line</one>? No - "continuous cell lines" are easier to maintain.
+- For "animal cell cultures" the cells are usually taken from ... ? The <one>organ of an experimental animal</one>.
+- If <one>syncytin</one> is added to trophoblast cells in culture, what may happen? These cells may fuse together.
+- For animal cell culturing, the substrate concentration of aminoacids is often very important, in particular <one>glutamin</one>. Why glutamin, though? Because <one>glutamin</one> <two>functions as an energy substrate</two>.
+- <one>Animal models</one> are a bad predictor for which part of the human? The <one>skin system</one>. []
+- Benötigen <one>VERO-Zellen</one> ein <one>Substrat</one>? Ja.
+- <one>A549 cells</one> are used as models for the study of ... ? <one>lung cancer</one> (and the development of drug therapies against it).
+- An infection of a cell culture via "mycoplasm" can change the metabolism of the cells. Give one example for this. A: For example, there may be <one>an increased requirement for arginin</one>.
+- For certain cell lines we can apply scraping, via a <one>cell scraper</one>. In particular to which cell lines may we wish to do so? To cell lines that are otherwise <one>sensitive to proteases</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit den <one>Ansprüchen einer Zelle an das Serum</one>, in einer Zellkultur? Das sie von bestimmten <one>Wachstumsfaktoren</one> abhängig sein mögen.
+- The <one>3T3 cell line</one> was established in the year ... ? <one>1962</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3_cells
+- Es gibt den <one>3T3 Zelltyp</one>. Wieso dieser eigenartige Name? <one>3T3</one> heisst <one>jeden 3. Tag 1x3</one> gesplitted. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3_cells
+- <one>Tumor cells</one> used in cell cultures may be homogenous, but have which general disadvantage? They often show <one>genomic instability</one>.
+- In cell culturing, <one>PBS</one> is often used. This abbreviation stands for ... ? <one>Phosphate buffered saline</one>.
+- The <one>MDCK cell line</one>: what does MDCK stand for? <one>Madin Darby Canine Kidney</one>.
+- The <one>ECACC</one> has how many cell lines? More than <one>40.000</one>.
+- The <one>standard fibroblast cell line</one> is ... ? The mouse <one>3T3 cell line</one>.
+- A549 cells contain which virus? Adenovirus.
+- The A549 cells were established by D. J. Giard in which year? 1972. 
+- In cell culturing: what is meant with a <one>clonogenic assay</one>? This is <one>the culturing of tumor stem cells</one>.
+- Warum werden <one>CHO Zellen</one> bevorzugt in der Biotechnologie? Da sie <one>in Suspensionskultur wachsen können</one>.
+- The most commonly used <one>CO₂ concentration</one> used for animal cell culture is ... n%. A: <one>5%</one>.
+- The <one>Namalwa host cell line</one> is used for the production of ... ? <one>Alpha-interferon</one>.
+- In cell cultures: we may have the so-called <one>PD number</one>. What does PD stand for here? <one>Population doubling</one> number.
+- "<u>Tissue culture</u>" begann wann? <one>1907</one>.
+- The <violet>MDCK cell line</violet> has been derived from? <one>Dogs</one> (Epithelial cells).
+- The 3T3 mouse cells show what kind of ploidy state? They are <one>hypertriploid</one>.
+- The <one>3T3</one> designation refers to ... ? The abbreviation of <royalblue>3-day transfer, inoculum 3x10**5 cells</royalblue>.
+- Say that we may wish to allow allow anchorage dependent cells to grow in a stirred tank reactor. What could we use? <one>Microcarriers</one>.
+- Nenne einen gravierenden Nachteil des Serums in (industrieller) Zellkultur. A: <one>Chargenvariabilität</one>.
+- Give an example for an undefined supplement that is commonly used for cell cultures. A: <one>fetal calf serum</one>.
+- Complex media are often required for animal cell cultures. Name two such examples. A: (1) <one>fetal calf serum</one> (2) <one>soya bean extract</one>
+- The <one>BHK21 cell line</one> is ... what kind of hamster? Syrian hamster (from the kidney).
+- Eine nicht-immortalisierte Zellline ist nach etwa wieviele Passagen nicht mehr teilungsfähig? Nach etwa <one>30 Passagen</one>.
+- From about 1980 to 1986 there was a regulatory struggle for the use of <one>continuous cell lines</one>. What was the major concern here? <one>Oncogens</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Puffer</one> der in Zellkulturen oft verwendet wird. A: "<u>NaHCO3</u>".
+- The cell culture line called "Namalwa" typically includes which virus that is integrated into the genome? The <one>Epstein-Barr virus genome</one>.
+- Media development for animal cells is largely an ... process. A: <one>empiric process</one>.
+- Say that we are working with CHO cell lines. We now add a substance called <one>methionine sulphoximine</one> (MSX). Why may we do so? Because methionine sulphoximine can be used to inhibit endogenous Glutamine Synthetase activity. That way only transfectants with additional Glutamine Synthetase activity can survive.
+- Some mammalian cell lines used in a cell culture do not express sufficient levels of <one>Glutamine Synthetase</one> (GS) to survive without the addition of glutamine into the cell culture. Name one such cell culture that requires GS addition. A: <violet>NS0</violet>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS0_cell
+- Give a good practical reason as to why we may wish to substitute serum, in particular FCS (<one>fetal calf serum</one>). A: We always have a risk of viral (or prion) <violet>contamination</violet> from natural fetal calf serum.
+- The <one>starting point</one> for many cell culture media used for animal cells is often ... ? <crimson>Blood</crimson>.
+- Name a popular microplate that is larger than the well known 96-well plate. A: The <one>384-well plate</one>.
+- Given the two terms adherent cells and suspended cells - give two different, longer words for these, respectively. A: (1) adherent cells:  <one>anchorage dependent   cells</one> (2) suspended cells: <one>anchorage independent cells</one>
+- Name a famous African Green Monkey kidney cell line. A: The <one>VERO</one> cell line.
+- Name an "adenovirus transformed human cell line". A: The <orange>HEK293</orange> cell line.
+- The "standard fibroblast cell line" is ... ? The "<u>3T3 cell line</u>".
+- How often will fibroblasts typically divide, compared to epithelial cells? (1) "<u>Fibroblast cells</u>": "50-80 times" (2) "<u>Epithhelia cells</u>": "10-20 times"
+- If we add the enzyme "Beta-Galactosidase" to e. g. mouse fibroblasts, in which organelles will this enzyme be active, eventually? In the "<u>lysosome</u>".
+- "<u>Feeder cells</u>" can improve cell growth in a cell culture. But we may also be able to just provide the substances that these cells provide, "extracellular matrix proteins" such as ... name three examples. A: (1) "collagen" (2) "fibronectin" (3) "laminin"
+- Nenne drei verschiedene "Zellkulturbanken". A: (1) "ATCC": URL -> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCC_%28company%29 (2) "ECACC": ("The European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures") (3) "DSMZ": URL -> https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/catalogue-human-and-animal-cell-lines.html
+- How can we, possibly accidentally, kill cells in a cell culture, without even knowing or trying hard? Yes - for example, if these cells lack "growth factors".
+- In a cell culture, we may wish to make use of the "end-point measurement". We have non-destructive, and destructive methods here. Give two examples for "destructive measurement". A: (1) "cell lysis" (2) "cell fixation"
+- One of the most important uses of cell culture is in research and production of ... ? "Vaccines".
+- The most important piece of equipment within a cell culture laboratory is the "MSC". What does this abbreviation stand for? "MSC" stands for "Microbiological safety cabinet".
+- Wieviel Prozent der Zellkulturlabore in Deutschland testen auf "Mykoplasmen", in etwa? Etwa 30%.
+- Gegeben sei eine "Suspensionskultur" (Zellkultur). Sollte hierbei die Konzentration an Kalzium hoch oder niedrig sein? Eher niedrig, da eine hohe Konzentration an Kalzium die Aggregation der Zellen untereinander fördert.
+- Name 3 different eukaryotic cell cultures. A: (1) "HeLa Zellen" (2) "VERO Zellen" (3) "CHO Zellen"
+- Zu tierischen Zellkulturen wird oft "Phenolrot" hinzugefügt. Wieso? Phenolrot wirkt als ein "pH-Indikator".
+- Nenne zwei "Arten von Zellkulturen". A: (1) "adhärente Zellkulturen" (2) "Zellen die in Suspension wachsen"
+- The "doubling time" for CHO cells is about n hours? About "20-22 hours".
+- Why may we wish to want to find out whether apoptosis occurs in a cell culture? This may allow us to test e. g. whether a drug can induce apoptosis in a given cell line.
+- Give two reasons as to why "gamma-irradiation" is worse than treatment of a cell culture via "mitomycin-C". A: Because gamma-irradiation is (1) "expensive", and (2) "time-consuming"
+- Normal cells are unable to replicate past several rounds of proliferation. How do we call that "barrier"? The "Hayflick limit".
+- Growth arrest can be induced by chemicals, such as "mitomycin-C". This may be useful to create "feeder cells", for use in a cell culture. Name another chemical, that begins with the letter "g", that could be used here. A: "Glutaraldehyde". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaraldehyde
+- Long-term storage of mammalian cells in a viable state can be done via ... ? "Cryopreservation". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation
+- When we use a "Matrigel coated surface", in animal cell culture, which cell types do we usually employ here? "Endothelial cells".
+- "Matrigel" is the trade name for a gelatinous protein mixture secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) ... sarcoma cells. A: "Mouse sarcoma cells".
+- How do "feeder cells" help in a cell culture? They "release growth factors intoto the culture medium", which helps other cells grow.
+- In "tierischen Zellkulturen" erscheinen die Zellen oft leicht rot. Wieso? Durch den Wirkstoff "Phenolrot".
+- "Cryopreservation of fully functional animal cells" was first reported in the scientific literature in the year ...by Polge et al. A: In the year "1949".
+- Mycoplasmen sind in der Zellkultur-Technik ein Problem. Können sie einen 0,2 mikrometer-Membranfilter passieren? Ja. Der aufgebrachte Druck drückt die sich verformenden Mykoplasmen durch die Poren, auch wenn sie eigentlich größer als 0,2 mikrometer sind.
+- "DMEM-Medium" ("Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium") gibt es in welchen zwei Varianten? (1) eine Variante mit "wenig Glukose" (2) eine Variante mit "viel Glukose"
+- Do "human skin cells" require physical contact with feeder cells? Yes.
+- Incubators for cell culture must maintain an environment which is optimal for cell growth. This requires that three parameters be measured, controlled and reliably maintained. Which ones are these? (1) "temperature" (2) "humidity" (3) "carbon dioxide concentration"
+- Für die Etablierung und Verbreitung der Zellkulturen war welche Substanz eminent wichtig? "Penicillin".
+- The early development of cell culture technology was hindered by issues of ... ? "Microbial contamination".
+- The cells of the feeder layer used in some cell cultures will not proliferate. How is this often achieved, technically? (1) via "irradiation" (2) also via "certain chemicals"
+- "Leonard Hayflick" entwickelte den ersten menschlichen diploiden Zellstamm. Wie war dessen Name? "WI-38". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WI-38
+- Give another name for "spheroids". A: "organoids".
+- Why are spheroids considered so important? Because they present a "more realistic model of tumor tissue", in research.
+- CHO-K1 (CHO-cells) was mutagenized with ... to generate a cell line lacking dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity. A: "ethyl methanesulfonate".
+- Müssen transformierte Zellen zwingend malign sein? Nein, nicht unbedingt. Sie können auch lediglich eine "permanent wachsende Zellinie" (== immortalisiert) sein, die aus einer Primärkultur entstanden ist.
+- Das "Hayflick-Limit" gilt für etwa wieviele Zellverdoppelungen? Etwa 50 - danach ist Schluss.
+- The "VERO cell line" is also used for the production of ... which virus? "Poliovirus".
+- Feeder cells are useful for cell cultures, but they may also show one particular problem? They may attempt to "overgrow the culture" unless this is somehow prevented.
+- Welche Bakterien sind in der Zellkultur ein grosses Problem? Die "Mykoplasmen". Sie besitzen keine Zellwand und sind daher vollkommen resistent gegenüber den meisten Antibiotika, die normalerweise in der Zellkultur eingesetzt werden, wie Penicillin, Streptomycin oder Gentamycin.
+- In a cell culture, we may wish to look at the cells via "end-point measurement", which should ideally be "non-destructive". Give an example for a technique that would be non-destructive here. A: For example, "microscopy" is a non-destructive technique.
+- When we put endothelial cells onto a Matrigel matrix, what can we observe? A "spider-like network connection between these cells".
+- Gegeben sei eine Primärkultur die wir kultivieren möchten. Welches Medium sollten wir hier verwenden? Ein "Hanks-gepuffertes Medium".
+- In der Zellkultur wird mitunter welcher Puffer verwendet als Alternative für den Bicarbonat-Puffer? Der "HEPES" Puffer.
+- Was ist die "Matrigel matrix"? Dies ist eine "extrazelluläre Matrix" (ECM).
+- "In-vitro test systems" based on cell cultures have several key advantages, but also disadvantages. Name one specific disadvantage. A: In vitro test-systems only measure cellular effects. They can not measure "liver metabolism" or "inflammatory reactions".
+- Name three different applications of animal cell cultures in biotechnology. A: (1) Production of recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, insulin or hormones. (2) Production of vaccines such as in the VERO cell line. (3) Production of "artificial skin", for use in treating burns.
+- Give an example for a cell line immortalized with a virus. A: "HEK293T", which was immortalized through the SV40 virus.
+- Give an example for a specific cell line that arose by "spontaneous immortalisation". A: "Vero cells" - which is a "monkey kidney cell line".
+- Name four different ways how "immortal cells" can be generated, for a cell culture. A: (1) Isolate them from a naturally occurring cancer. This is the original method for generating an immortalised cell line. Major examples include human HeLa cells (which originated from a cervical cancer). (2) Introduction of a viral gene that partially deregulates the cell (Example: HEK 293 cell line). (3) Artificial expression of key proteins required for immortality, such as the "telomerase". (4) Hybridoma technology, specifically used for the generation of immortalised antibody-producing B cell lines, where an antibody-producing B cell is fused with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell.
+- "3T3 feeder fibroblasts" constitutively produce ... which factor? "Hyaluronic acid".
+- We can distinguish two general groups among "feeder cells" used in cell cultures. Which ones are these? (1) "growth-arrested feeder cells" (2) "live feeder cells"
+- Why may we see "chemically fixed feeder cells" in the refrigerator? We could re-use them as culture substrate at a later time.
+- Give an example where "chemically fixed feeder cells" may be used. A: They may be used to support the growth and maintenance of "induced pluripotent stem cells" ("iPSC").
+- "Mitomycin-C" is often used in cell cultures. How does it work? It works by arresting cells in G1 and S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The cells remain vital. Mitomycin-C "prevents DNA double-strand separation" during cell replication, by forming covalent cross-links between DNA opposite strands. RNA and protein synthesis continue nonetheless.
+- Nenne eine Substanz mit der man Zellkulturen transformieren kann. A: "EMS" ("Ethylmethansulfonat)".
+- A. W. für "permanente Zellkultur"? "Dauerkultur".
+- Gamma-irradiation remains a commonly used method to avoid "feeder cells" dividing. Name a chemical treatment to achieve the same. A: Treatment of these cells via "mitomycin-C".
+- Wieso wird menschliches t-Pa in "CHO-Zellen" produziert und nicht in prokaryoten Organismen? Da "das Protein glykosyliert werden muss" - Prokaryoten können dies jedoch nicht.
+- "Feeder cells" have been in use since what year? Since the year "1955".
+- Was meinen wir mit einer "Primärkultur"? Dies ist eine Kultur, die von Zellen, Geweben oder Organen angelegt wird, die "direkt einem Organismus entnommen wurden".
+- Why are "feeder cells" used in cell cultures? They can "promote cell proliferation".
+- Can "feeder cells" divide? No, they are unable to divide - but they can still provide extracellular secretions that can help other cells proliferate.
+- How can we eliminate Mycoplasm from a cell culture? We could use "Kanamycin".
+- What is the "opposite" of a "continuous cell line"? A "finite cell line".
+- Wie nennen wir in der Zellkultur eine "konfluente Schicht" noch? "Monolayer".
+- "Per.C6" is a "human embryonic ... cell line". A: It is "a human embryonic retinal cell line".
+- The "Hek293" cell line has been transformed with ... ? The "Ad5 genome" that was cleaved via a restriction enzyme. 
+- The cell line called "Hek293", aka "Hek", stands for ... ? "Human embryonic kidney" cell line.
+- Cell lines that are used in biotechnology usually start with cells that are known to be normal, aka diploid. Then they may be transformed, in particular "immortalized". Name three different mechanisms here for achieving this goal of immortalization. A: (1) use a "virus" (2) use "cellular oncogenes" (3) use "hTERT"
+- In a cell culture, we may have to not forget "provenance". What is meant with this term? This is the question as to what has happened to the particular cell line at hand since its original isolation.
+- Can we detect Apoptosis purely from DNA? Yes. We can extract DNA from apoptotic cells, then separate it by gel electrophoresis. This will reveal a "characteristic ladder pattern of low molecular weight DNA fragments".
+- If we wish to find out how many apoptotic cells are in a given cell culture, what may be the simplest way to do so? We can use a specific DNA stain to detect apoptotic cells. Nucleic acid stains can be a useful tool for identifying even low numbers of apoptotic cells in cell populations.
+- Name three general "growth characteristics" for a cell culture. A: (1) the "population doubling times" (2) the "ability to grow in suspension" (3) the "plating efficiency"
+- Die Zellinie "HaCat" - wofür steht diese Abkürzung? "Human adult low Calcium high Temperature" cell line. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402346
+- Name three different "carrier proteins" in the serum. A: (1) "albumin" (2) "lipoproteins" (3) "riboflavin carrier proteins"
+- CHO cells are the most common mammalian cell line used for mass production of therapeutic proteins. They can produce recombinant protein on the scale of n grams per liter of culture. A: "3-10 grams per liter".
+- Nenne einen Nachteil der Proteinexpression in CHO Zellen. A: Die "Ausbeuten sind relativ gering".
+- In welchen Zellen produzieren wir "EPO-Präparate"? EPO-Präparate werden aufgrund der ähnlichen "Glykosylierungsmuster" in "CHO-Zellen" produziert. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHO-Zellen
+- Wie bemerken wir das sich die Phase-II in einer Zellkultur dem Ende zuneigt? Die Zellen in dieser Phase teilen sich zunehmend langsamer; dies ist ein Zeichen für den Beginn der Phase III.
+- In a cell culture, if we use the gene "DHFR" ("Dihydrofolat-Reductase"), how can we then select? We apply "Methotrexat"; this allows the amplification of the target gene.
+- Nenne zwei "Vorteile einer 3D Zellkultur". A: (1) eine 3D Zellkultur simuliert natürliche Gewebe (2) eine 3D Zellkultur ist realistischer betreffend Strahlungsdosis bei einer Radiotherapie gegen Krebs; dies spiegelt den natürlichen Zustand im Körper besser wider
+- Es gibt in der tierischen Zellkulturtechnik das "DMEM-Kulturmedium" ("Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium"). Was wird hierbei als "Glutamin-Quelle" verwendet? "Glutamax".
+- Die "menschliche Zellinie WI-38" wird vor allem wozu eingesetzt? Zur "Herstellung von Impfstoffen".
+- Give two examples for "in-vitro cell immortalization" caused by viruses or viral proteins. A: (1) "SV40 large-T antigen" (2) "Adenovirus-E1a protein"
+- Name two different (but general) ways to detect apoptotic cells in a cell culture. A: (1) use "DNA Stains" for detecting apoptotic cells (2) check the "membrane permeability" to determine how many cells are dead
+- When we wish to "perform experiments on cell cultures". Give "two different reasons" as to why we would want to obtain as little data as possible. A: (1) cost (2) time required to analyse and evaluate the data