studium 0.13.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cellbiology Tag
+#
+# Cellbio tag. Cell Tag. Cel tag. Zell Tag. Celltag. Zellbiologie tag.
+# Zellbio tag. Akt tag. Aktuell tag.
+# Cell2 tag (wird eventuell später geändert).
+# Zellbiologie tierischer Zellen.
+#
+# Zellzyklus wird in einer separaten Datei gesammelt.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- A human cell has <one>a typical diameter of n micrometres</one>? <one>20 micrometres</one>.
+- In cellbiology: name a classic model of <one>motor functions</one>. A: <one>Skin pigmentation in fish</one>.
+- Menschliche Zellen haben typischerweise einen Zellkern, ausgenommen ... ? Ausgenommen der <one>roten Blutkörperchen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrozyt
+- <one>Average lifetime for a mitochondrium</one> in a liver cell? About <one>10 days</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>transversale Bewegung</one> eines Proteins in einer Zellmembran? <one>Flip-flop</one>. []
+- Name two <one>microtubule motors</one>. A: (1) <one>Kinesin</one> (2) <one>Dynein</one> []
+- Was passiert mit Glykoproteinen die <one>phosphorylierte Mannosereste</one> aufweisen? Sie <one>werden in die Lysosomen transportiert</one>.
+- <one>How</one> does a cell cope with a <two>residual body</two>? (1) it can release the content of residual body by exocytosis (2) it can be retained within the cytoplasm, and become a "lipofuscin granule".
+- <one>Nebulin</one> is an actin-binding protein. It is a very large protein. <two>Up to how many actin monomers can Nebulin bind</two>? It can bind bind up to as many as <one>200 actin monomers</one>.
+- Warum ist <one>Rapamycin</one> (RAPA) in der Zellbiologie wichtig? Weil Rapamycin als <two>Immunosuppressivum</two> wirken kann, und auch die Entwicklung von Krebs behindert.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was ist <one>Vimentin</one>? <one>Vimentin</one> ist ein Typ 3 Intermediärfilament das eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verankerung von Organellen im Cytosol spielt.
+- What is the <one>common feature</one> among Golgi? They are adjacent to <one>endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>first human neocentromere</two> discovered? In the year <one>1993</one>.
+- Name one big difference between the lumen of a lysosome and the cytoplasm. A: The lumen of a lysosome is <one>more acidic</one> than the cytoplasm.
+- What does it tell us if a protein has the designation <one>p38</one> or <one>p53</one> or <one>p88</one>? This refers to the relative molecule mass of 38K or 53K or 88K. []
+- <one>Where in a cell</one> can the <two>Ras protein</two> be found? <one>Ras</one> is usually attached to the cell membrane owing to its <two>prenylation</two> and <two>palmitoylation modification</two>.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> besitzen viel an <two>Albumin-mRNA</two>? <one>Hepatocyten</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte
+- Nenne <one>vier Motorproteinklassen</one> in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: (<one>D</one>, <one>K</one>, <one>M</one>, <one>P</one>) (1) Dynein (2) Kinesin (3) Myosin (4) <two>Prestin</two>
+- What does the enzyme <one>guanylate cyclase</one> produce? <one>cGMP</one>, which is <two>cyclic GMP</two>, synthesized from GTP. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclisches_Guanosinmonophosphat
+- Bei den <one>pH Werten in biologischen Systemen</one>: <two>wie liegt die phosphoryl head group in Membranen vor</two>? <one>Negativ geladen</one>, als <two>Phosphatidate</two>.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> sind gegenüber den Effekten einer ionisierenden Strahlen allgemein sehr empfindlich? Zellen die sehr Mitose-aktiv sind.
+- <one>Phagosomes</one> have diameters that are determined by what exactly? The <one>diameters</one> <two>are determined</two> by the <three>size of the ingested particle</three>. In fact, a Phagosome can be almost as large as the phagocytic cell itself!
+- <one>Plectin</one> is a <two>cytoskeletal linker protein</two>. <three>What size does it have</three>? Plectin is very large, with a size of over <one>500 kDa</one>.
+- What is the <one>Interphase</one>? All but Mitosis; so we have G1, S and G2.
+- What is <one>Hemifusion</one> in cell biology? During membrane fusion, the outer leaflets of the two membranes merge first, whereas the distal membrane leaflets remain separate until the opening of a fusion pore. This intermediate stage is called a hemifusion.
+- Nenne ein <one>Kompartiment</one>, das man nur in (manchen) Eukarya findet - ausgenommen <two>Chloroplasten</two>, <two>Nucleus</two> und "Mitochondrien". A: Die <one>pulsierende Vakuole</one>.
+- The <one>Shibire mutation</one> <two>in Drosophila</two> led to <three>the discovery of which cellular protein</three>? <one>Dynamin</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1674590/ []
+- In der Zelle: <one>welche Aufgabe</one> hat <two>Stathmin</two>? Stathmin reguliert <one>microtubule dynamics</one>.
+- In cell biology, in the <one>chaperone-mediated variant of autophagy pathway</one>: <two>which complex</two> is the most important one? The hsc70-containing complex.
+- What is the <one>cis-Golgi</one>? The Golgi stack <one>closest to the ER</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung bei der <one>MAP Kinase</one>? <one>Mitogen-activated protein kinase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP-Kinase-Weg []
+- What is <one>crinophagy</one>? The direct fusion of lysosomes with secretory vesicles.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>three-layered</one>? <one>Trilaminar</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trilaminar []
+- In cell biology: what does the abbreviation <one>Nups</one> stand for? <one>Nucleoporins</one>.
+- Das <one>Zellweger-Syndrom</one> beruht auf ...? Mutationen in den Genen, die für die Entstehung von Peroxisomen erforderlich sind.
+- Innerhalb der Zelle: wo spielen <one>Actinfilamente</one> eine Rolle? Sie bilden dynamische Netze unterhalb der Zellmembran.
+- Bei den Eukarya: wie wirkt <one>cAMP</one>? Indirekt, über die <one>Proteinkinase A</one>.
+- <one>With which assay</one> can we determine if a nuclear protein shuttles in or out of the nucleus? With help from a <one>Heterokaryon assay</one>.
+- <one>Welche Aufgaben</one> hat das raue ER, <one>welche Aufgaben</one> hat das glatte ER? (1) Aufgaben des rauen ER:   Synthese von Membran-, Export- und Lysosomenproteinen (2) Aufgaben des glatten ER: <one>Lipidsynthese</one>
+- Anteil, in Prozent, von <one>Actin</one> an den Gesamtproteinen in einer eukaryotischen Zelle (<two>von-bis</two>)? Etwa <one>10-20%</one>.
+- The <one>human mtDNA</one> codes for <two>n transfer RNAs</two>? <one>22</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15983868/
+- <one>Welche Kategorie</one> sind I-Cell diseases? <one>Lysosomal storage diseases</one>.
+- Name <one>a drug</one> that can be used to <two>inhibit the function of lysosomes</two>. A: <one>Chloroquin</one>.
+- A single <one>gap junction channel</one> is composed of two ... ? <one>Connexons</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Aktin</one>? <one>Mikrofilamente</one>. Sie haben ja nur einen Durchmesser von etwa 6nm.
+- What does the abbreviation <one>Gamma-TuRC</one> stand for? <one>Gamma-tubulin ring complex</one>.
+- Aus Sicht der Zellbiologie: was passiert wenn das Gen <one>N-Acetylglucosamin-Phosphotransferase</one> ausfällt? Essenzielle Enzyme, wie zum Beispiel Hydrolasen, können nicht mehr ins Lysosom gelangen.
+- Do <one>phospholipids</one> <two>spontaneously form bilayers</two>? Yes, under the appropriate conditions they will. []
+- Nenne etwas bemerkenswertes bei <one>Mikrotubuli</one> und Genexpression? Mikrotubuli bestehen aus zwei Untereinheiten. Diese Untereinheiten werden gekoppelt exprimiert.
+- Can <one>a cell</one> regulate the export and import of shuttling proteins? Yes, via phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of residues adjacent to NLS or NES signals, resulting in blockade/exposure of signals.
+- <one>Autophagy</one> is induced <two>upon nutrient depletion</two> - or alternatively, treatment with which particular drug? With <one>Rapamycin</one>.
+- Give another name for the <one>cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1</one>. A: <one>p21</one>.
+- <one>Welche Reaktion</one> führt die <two>Luciferase</two> genau durch? Nenne Input und Output. A: "Luciferin" + ATP + O2 -> "Oxyluciferin" + AMP + CO2.
+- Nenne zwei (allgemeine) Bedingungen die eine Zelle erfüllen muss um in die Mitose eintreten zu können. A: (1) es dürfen <one>keine DNA-Schäden</one> vorhanden sein (2) die Zellen müssen eine "ausreichende Größe" erreicht haben
+- What is a <one>Rab cascade</one> in cell biology? This is the ordered recruitment of sequentially active Rab proteins.
+- What do the <one>MPRs</one> (<two>Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptors</two>) bind? They bind to newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and deliver them to pre-lysosomal compartments.
+- What exactly is the backbone in <one>phosphoglycerides</one>? The 3-carbon <one>glycerol</one> is the backbone.
+- Das <one>wichtigste transmembranale Protein in Mitochondrien</one> ist ... ? <one>Porin</one>. []
+- What is a <one>clonogenic assay</one>? A <one>clonogenic assay</one> is a cell biology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells.
+- <one>How</one> can we visualize <one>lipid rafts</one> in membranes? Via the <one>AFM</one> (<two>atomic force microscope</two>).
+- In der Zellbiologie: was sind <one>reticulons</one>? <one>Reticulons</one> sind membranständige Proteine, die das tubuläre endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilden.
+- <one>Where</one> can we find "RanGAP" and "RanGEF", respectively? (1) "RanGAP": only in the "cytoplasm" (2) <one>RanGEF</one>: only in the <two>nucleus</two>
+- In <one>Live Imaging</one> there is a "triangle of frustration". What are the three major points? (1) <one>sensitivity</one>  aka "see something" (2) <one>speed</one>     aka "temporal resolution" (3) <one>nice picture</one> aka <two>spatial resolution</two>
+- <one>Plant RNA editing</one> modifies what to what? Plant RNA editing modifies <one>cytidines</one> (C) to <one>uridines</one> (<two>U</two>), at specific sites in the transcripts.
+- <one>DnaA-Protein</one> can be <two>activated by which molecule</two>? <one>ATP</one>. []
+- The <one>cytosylic pH</one> is at ...? At about a value of <one>7.2</one>. []
+- <one>Which chaperone</one> is important for <two>posttranslation translocation</two>? <one>BiP</one>.
+- <one>Water molecules</one> passage into a cell via ... ? This can occur via <one>aquaporines</one>. []
+- How do we call <one>the interior of the nucleus</one>, for the most part? <one>Nucleoplasm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoplasm
+- Was bedeutet <one>Eutelie</one>? <one>Zellkonstanz</one>. []
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> ist Bestandteil der Centrosomen? <one>Gamma-Tubulin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuline#.CE.B3-Tubulin
+- Wo genau kann <one>Sphingomyelin</one> gefunden werden? In der <one>Myelinscheidenmembran der neuronalen Axone</one>.
+- Nenne <one>sechs Organellen</one>. A: (1) <one>Zellkern</one> (2) Mitochondrien (3) Chloroplast (4) Lysosom (5) Peroxisom (6) endoplasmatische Retikulum (7) Golgi-Apparat (bei manchen Definitionen)
+- What is <one>exocytosis</one>? <one>Exocytosis</one> is an energy-using process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles into its extracellular space.
+- Wie können wir den Zerfall der Mikrotubuli bewirken? Durch Einsatz von <one>Colchicin</one>. []
+- Give another name for the <one>cyclins</one>. A: <one>Cdk regulators</one>.
+- <one>Which stain</one> was originally used to identify the Golgi-apparatus? A <silver>silver stain</silver>.
+- <one>Rab-Proteins</one> are what type of proteins exactly? They are <one>monomeric GTPases</one>.
+- The alkaloid <one>colchicine</one> was first described as a mitotic poison in what year? In the year <one>1934</one>.
+- Nenne <one>eine Tiergruppe</one> die <two>keine Intermediärfilamente</two> aufweist. A: <one>Arthropoden</one> haben keine Intermediärfilamente; Pflanzen übrigens auch nicht. URL: http://www.bionity.com/de/lexikon/Intermedi%C3%A4rfilamente.html
+- <one>Welche zwei Enzyme</one> konvertieren <two>dUTP</two> zu dTTP? (1) <one>Phosphatase</one> (2) <one>Kinase</one>
+- What are <one>Biologics</one>? Genetically engineered proteins derived from human genes, designed to inhibit specific components of the immune system, especially those that play a role in inflammation.
+- Wie gross kann eine <one>aerobe Zelle</one> werden? So gross das sie gerade noch Sauerstoff aufnehmen und verteilen kann.
+- In cell biology: what is meant with the expression <one>intrinsic fluorescence</one>? When some proteins or small molecules, in a given cell, are <one>naturally fluorescent</one>.
+- What is the protein <one>SOS</one> (<two>son of sevenless</two>) doing? It <one>exchanges GDP → GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Sevenless
+- On the outside, the <one>nuclear pore complex</one> contains <two>cytoplasmic filaments</two>. Name two cellular functions that these filaments participate in. A: (1) protein transport (2) <one>mRNA export</one>
+- Wie nennt man <one>die Verschmelzung verschiedenartiger Genome in einer Zelle</one>? <one>Intertaxonische Kombination</one>. (Solche Organismen sind aus genetischer Sicht Chimären).
+- Was heisst <one>GPI-anchor</one>? <one>Glycophosphatidylinositol anchor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
+- Do <one>plant cells</one> <two>make use of the KDEL sequence</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- What is <one>autophagy</one>? Degradation of intracellular substrates.
+- Durch <one>Anreicherung nicht abbaufähiger Materialien in der Zelle</one> entstehen ...? <one>Residualkörper</one>.
+- What is the <one>brain</one> of the cell? The <one>nucleus</one>. []
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> kann <two>die cytosolische Menge an cytochrom c</two> <three>messen</three>? <one>Apaf-1</one>.
+- An <one>animal cell</one> <two>contains about n protein molecules</two>? 10¹0 protein molecules.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Beispiele</one> für <two>amphiphile Moleküle</two>. A: (1) <one>Phospholipide</one> (2) <one>Lecithine</one>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Mikrofilamente</one>? <one>Actinfilamente</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei verschiedene Plastid-Typen</one> in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: (1) Chloroplasten (2) Chromoplasten (3) Leukoplasten
+- <one>Welche zwei Formen</one> des Co-Transport gibt es für eine Zelle? (1) Symport (2) Antiport
+- <one>Export</one> and import receptors are structurally related. They belong to which family? To the family of <one>karyopherins</one>.
+- Eine <one>aktive Muskelzelle</one> regeneriert pro Sekunde wieviel ATP Moleküle? <one>10 Millionen</one>.
+- Give another word for a normally shaped "red blood cell". A: A <one>discocyte</one>.
+- Für den <one>Zellkern-Export bestimmte Proteine</one> haben oft was? <one>Leucin-reiche Sequenzen</one>. []
+- <one>Proteins</one> have different half-lives. What determines the half-life of a protein? The <one>amino acids present at the N-terminus</one>. []
+- The <one>Integral of viable cells</one> (IVC) is required for determination of "cell-specific rates". It is calculated from ... ? The <one>growth curve</one>.
+- Can <one>Integrins</one> bind <two>laminins</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Name three <one>functional classification</one> of cell junctions. A: (1) Occluding junctions (2) Anchoring junctions (3) <one>Communicating junctions</one>
+- Give another name for <one>how cells move</one>. A: <one>Cell motility</one>.
+- <one>Clathri</one> is <two>a coating protein</two>. It is associated with proteins, which connect clathrin to vesicle membrane. How do we call these latter proteins? <one>Adaptins</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> do we use a <two>Langmuir-Blodgett trough</two> in a laboratory? We can use it to compress monolayers of molecules on the surface of a given subphase, and then measures surface phenomena due to this compression.
+- Sind <one>Centrioles</one> wichtig? Ja - sie organisieren die <one>mitotic spindle</one>.
+- <one>Zellen</one> besitzen <two>welche drei Typen</two> von Zell-Zell Verbindungen? (1) tight junctions (2) adhering junctions (3) gap junctions (Merkslogan: T,A,G junctions)
+- In cell biology: what is the main statement central to the <one>cisternal maturation hypothesis</one>? <one>Endoplasmic reticulum ER-derived membranes</one> nucleate new Golgi cisternae.
+- Name <one>two categories</one> of <two>endocytosis</two>. A: (1) bulk-phase endocytosis (2) receptor-mediated endocytosis
+- <one>Inositol phospholipids</one> can be <two>phosphorylated at how many positions</two>? <one>3</one> - at <two>3'</two>, 4' and 5'.
+- Proteine können an den Golgi-Komplex gelangen und von dort, über Vesikel, in welche 3 Zielareale gelangen? (1) in <one>Lysosomen</one> (2) an die "Plasmamembran" (3) "ausserhalb der Zelle"
+- Welche drei Kräfte dominieren bei der <one>Ligandenbindung</one>? (1) ionische Wechselwirkungen (2) <one>van-der-Waals-Kräfte</one> (3) <one>Wasserstoffbrücken</one>
+- In der Zelle: wie wird <one>dGTP</one> hergestellt? Ausgehend aus der GDP-Ribose, über die Ribonucleotide Reduktase, hin zu dGDP, danach fügt eine Kinase ein P hinzu und es entsteht dGTP.
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat das Protein <one>Ran</one>? <one>Ran</one> setzt das Importprotein im Zellkern frei, wenn es in seiner aktiven Form vorliegt (also als Ran/GTP).
+- <one>Theodor Engelmann</one> <two>used which organism</two> in his photosynthesis experiment? <one>Cladophora engelmann</one>.
+- <one>When</one> exactly is the <two>sister-chromatid cohesin</two> destroyed? At the start of the <one>Anaphase</one>.
+- Wie <one>nennen</one> wir die charakteristische <two>innere</two> Anordnung der Geißeln der Eukaryoten? <one>9x2+2</one>.
+- Which <one>energy form</one> does the cell use for actin and tubulin subunits? (1) Actin:   ATP (2) <one>Tubulin</one>: <two>GTP</two>
+- Wenn wir <one>Nocodazol</one> zu Zellen geben, was passiert dann? <one>Arrest in der Mitose</one>.
+- What is a <one>chromocyte</one>? Any cell that contains a pigment. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromocyte
+- Durch <one>Kernporen</one> können <two>kleinere Proteine bis zu einer Grösse von n kDa</two> passiv eindringen? Bis zu <one>60 kDa</one>.
+- The activity of the <one>protein kinase A</one> depends on ... ? The <one>cellular levels of cyclic AMP</one> (<two>cAMP</two>).
+- <one>Wie</one> wird der Export eines Proteins aus dem Nucleus gesteuert? Über <one>NES</one>: <two>Nuclear Export Signal</two>.
+- Bei der <one>Renaturierung von DNA</one> benötigen wir <two>warum</two> eine hohe Salzkonzentration? Um die negativen Ladungen der Phosphatgruppen der DNA zu neutralisieren.
+- What is <one>the job</one> of the <two>lipoprotein particles</two>? Carry lipids via the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
+- Name an <one>actin motor</one>. A: <one>Myosin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin []
+- Wie entsteht ein <one>Autolysosome</one>? Durch Fusion eines <one>Lysosome</one> mit einem <one>Autophagosome</one>.
+- Name the <one>three major coat proteins</one> in a cell. A: (1) clathrin-coated (2) COPI-coated (3) <one>COPII-coated</one>
+- <one>Desmosomes</one> are <two>anchorage sites</two> for ...? <one>Intermediate filaments</one>.
+- In the cell cycle: what means <one>MUGs</one>? <one>Mitosis</one> with <two>unreplicated genomes</two>.
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat das "Tat protein export system" und was heisst "tat" überhaupt? <one>tat</one> heißt <two>twin arginine translocase</two>. Es transportiert gefaltete Proteine aus dem Cytoplasma hinaus.
+- Name <one>an adaptor protein</one> for <two>Ras-Proteins</two>. A: <one>Grb2</one>.
+- Wenn ein Aktinfilament <one>gecapped</one> wird, was bedeutet das für das Wachstum? Das Wachstum dieses Aktinfilaments kommt zum Erliegen.
+- Is <one>robustness</one> <two>in biological systems</two> always a good thing? <one>No</one>. A robust cancer cell is not a good thing for the patient!
+- Name <one>four structural components</one> of a mitochondrium. A: (1) Outer Membrane (2) <one>Matrix</one> (3) Inner Membrane (4) Intermembrane space
+- Was kann das Protein <one>BAX</one> bewirken? Die <one>Apoptose einer Zelle</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bax_(Protein) []
+- In cell biology: <one>ARF-GAP1</one> senses what? <one>Membrane curvature</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARFGAP1 []
+- <one>Humans</one> have n actin genes in their genome? <one>6</one>.
+- <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für <two>anaphase-promoting complex</two>? The <one>cyclosome</one> (Merkhilfe: APC/C heisst der Komplex eigentlich, das 2. C steht eben für <two>Cyclosome</two>).
+- Warum der Name <one>P-Selectine</one>? <one>Platelets</one> (<two>Plättchen</two>).
+- Die <one>Motordomäne von Myrosin</one> <two>kann</two> <three>welche zwei Substanzen binden</three>? (1) <one>ATP</one> (2) <one>Actin</one>
+- In <one>Tunel Labeling</one>: <two>which antibodies are used</two>? <one>Br(d)U specific antibodies</one>.
+- <one>Where exactly</one> do we find the <two>SECIS element</two>? The <one>SECIS element</one> can be found in the <two>3' UTR</two>. []
+- Die <one>Bax-Proteine</one> werden durch welches Protein freigesetzt? <one>p53</one>.
+- The <one>SRP</one> (<two>signal recognition particle</two>) can bind to ...? (1) The <one>ribosome</one> (2) signal sequence
+- Name <one>a small molecule inhibitor of Dynamin</one> that also begins with the letter D. A: <one>Dynasore</one>.
+- <one>Muskelfasern</one> zeigen im Elektronenmikroskop eine <two>charakteristische Querstreifung</two>, die wodurch verursacht wird? Diese Querstreifung wird durch die <one>Sarkomere</one> verursacht.
+- <one>cGMP</one> <two>can bind to which protein kinase</two>? To the <one>protein kinase G</one>.
+- Ein <one>schnelles</one> Protein benötigt für die Durchquerung des Zellkerns wie lange? <one>Wenige Minuten</one>.
+- <one>Wieviel % der Proteine</one> einer <two>Leberzelle</two> werden <three>pro Stunde über Autophagy degradiert</three>? <one>1%</one>. []
+- <one>Menschliche Zellkerne</one> besitzen im Durchschnitt <two>n Kernporen</two> / Zellkern? <one>3000</one>. []
+- Do <one>plants</one> use <two>cAMP for signalling</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- Which <one>categories of SNAREs</one> exist? (1) <one>vesicle</one> or <one>v-SNAREs</one>: these are incorporated into the membranes of transport vesicles during budding (2) <one>target</one> or <one>t-SNAREs</one>:  these are located in the membranes of target compartments
+- In general: <one>which two types of cilia exist</one>? (1) motile cilia (2) nonmotile cilia, also called <two>primary cilia</two>
+- The LDL-LDLR endocytosis pathway begins with sequestering the LDL-LDLR complex on the cell surface into ... ? <one>clathrin-coated pits</one>.
+- In LDL endocytosis: what does LDL stand for? <one>Low Density Lipoprotein</one>.
+- <one>Cells</one> contain <two>extensive sets of intracellular membranes</two>. <three>Together these are called the ... </three>? The <one>endomembrane system</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system
+- The process by which an aged organelle is degraded in a lysosome is called ... ? <one>autophagy</one>.
+- <one>Wie lange</one> dauert die S-Phase in einer Säugetierzelle (von-bis)? <one>10-12 Stunden</one>.
+- The <one>smooth endoplasmic reticulum</one> is called smooth because ... ? Because it <one>lacks ribosomes</one>.
+- Wo kann das Protein <one>Spectrin</one> gefunden werden? <one>Spectrin</one> ist ein <two>Cytoskelett-Protein</two>, das wir "in Erythrozyten" finden können. Es bildet unterhalb der Erythrozytenmembran ein Proteinnetzwerk.
+- The endoplasmic reticulum is especially important in the synthesis of ... ? <one>lipids</one>.
+- <one>Importins</one> <two>belong to which family</two>? <one>Karyopherins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyopherin []
+- In <one>induction of autophagy</one>: <two>who normally inhibits Atg1</two>? The <one>TOR kinase</one>.
+- The <one>Golgi cisternae stack</one> has which 4 functional regions? (1) the cis-Golgi network (CGN) (2) the medial-Golgi (3) the endo-Golgi (4) the <one>trans-Golgi network</one> (<two>TGN</two>)
+- Give another expression for the phenomenon of two, or more, organelles coming into close apposition. A: <one>Inter-organellar membrane contacts</one>.
+- The <one>focal adhesion kinase</one> (FAK) is <two>constitutively associated with</two> ... which subunit of integrins? With the <one>β-integrin</one>.
+- <one>Wieviele Ribosomen</one> könnte man in eine <one>Mycoplasma-Zelle</one> (im Durchmesser) packen? 10.
+- Nenne ein Zellorganell das <one>Cardiolipin</one> enthält. A: Das Mitochondrium und zwar die innere Membran des Mitochondriums.
+- Finden wir <one>in Skelettmuskelzellen</one> <two>mehr ATP</two> oder <two>mehr Kreatinphosphat</two>? Mehr <one>Kreatinphosphat</one>. []
+- Give another name for <one>intracellular containers</one>? <one>Transport vesicles</one>.
+- Can the <one>nuclear lamins</one> be <two>phosphorylated</two>? Most likely, because they can definitely be <one>dephosphorylated</one>.
+- Wie schnell sind <one>G-Proteine</one>, allgemein? Etwa 3 Umwandlungen / <one>Minute</one>.
+- <one>Woran</one> binden die <two>Rab-Domänen</two> der Rab-Proteine? Sie binden an Tethering-Faktoren. Rab-Proteine befinden sich während und nach der Fusion in einem inaktiven, zytosolischen Zustand und stehen so für neue Tethering-Ereignisse zur Verfügung. Der Tethering-Faktor ist auf der Zielmembran.
+- The <one>Triskelion</one> is <two>made up of which subunits called ... </two>? <one>Clathrin</one>.
+- Nenne die <one>drei Hauptgruppen von Membranlipiden</one>. A: (1) Glykolipide (2) Phospholipide (3) <one>Cholesterin</one>
+- Wie können wir <one>beweisen</one> das sich Membranproteine lateral in der Membran bewegen können? Indem wir humane und Maus-Zellen fusionieren. Es kommt dadurch zum Durchmischen artspezifischer Proteine.
+- Why is the <one>histone fold</one> so important? So that the <one>histone octamer</one> can form.
+- <one>Welche zwei Proteine</one> sind für die Stabilität des Zellkerns einer eukaryoten Zelle extrem wichtig? (1) <one>Typ-A-Lamin</one> (2) <one>Typ-B-Lamin</one>
+- Vorläufer der <one>Ceramide</one>? <one>Sphingosine</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heißt "ESCRT"? The <one>endosomal sorting complex required for Transport</one>.
+- A typical animal cell is <one>n μm in diameter</one>. A: <one>10-20 μm in diameter</one>.
+- In der <one>Autophagie</one> bei der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>PAS</one>? <two>Phagosome assembly site</two>.
+- <one>G-Proteine</one> besitzen was für eine Aktivität? Eine <one>GTPase Aktivität</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Proteine []
+- What does the <one>signal hypothesis</one> state? The site of synthesis of a protein was determined by the sequence of amino acids in the N-terminal portaion of the polypeptide.
+- Wieso benötigt eine Zelle <one>Ribose-5-phosphat</one>? Zur <one>Synthese</one> von <two>RNA</two> und <two>DNA</two>.
+- Wie heißt das <one>endoplasmatische Retikulum</one> auf Englisch? <one>Endoplasmic reticulum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum []
+- Give another, more interesting expression for the <one>addition of a ubiquitin tail</one>. A: The <one>kiss-of-death</one>. []
+- How is the inner part of a <one>plasmodesma</one> called? <one>Desmotubule</one>.
+- Nenne ein Protein das den Zellzyklus blockieren kann. A: <one>p21</one>.
+- <one>How many different cell types</one> can we find in the human body? <one>210</one>.
+- In cellbiology, related to G proteins: what are the <one>RGS</one>? <one>RGS</one> are <two>Regulators of G protein signaling</two>. They can activate GTPases for heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunits.
+- Nenne <one>eine sterolähnliche Verbindung in der Zellmembran</one> von <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>. A: <one>Hopanoide</one>.
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> dissoziiert vSNARE/tSNARE Komplex? <one>NSF</one> (unter ATP Verbrauch).
+- Die <one>ATPase</one> besitzt einen <two>F0 Teil</two> und einen <two>F1 Teil</two>. <three>Welcher dieser beiden Teile ist der katalytisch wirkende Teil</three>? <one>F1</one>. []
+- The <one>lipid molecules in a cell membrane's continuous double layer</one> are <two>about n nm thick</two>? About <one>5 nm thick</one>. []
+- In der Zellbiologie: was kann Dank <one>GFP-tagging</one> zellulär erreicht werden? Wir können so zum Beispiel die Kompartimentierung von Proteinen in der Zelle untersuchen.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde die <two>RNA-World Hypothesis</two> vorgestellt? Im Jahre <one>1986</one>.
+- Name <one>the three principal organelles</one> of the <two>secretory pathway</two>. A: (1) The <one>ER</one> (2) The <one>Golgi apparatus</one> (3) The <one>plasma membrane</one>
+- <one>Which protein</one> <two>assembles new nucleosomes</two>? <one>CAF-1</one> - the <two>chromatin assembly factor</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF-1
+- How do <one>wee-mutants</one> look in general? They are <one>small</one>.
+- Name a domain in an <one>initiator procaspase</one>. A: <one>CARD</one> - the <two>Caspase recruitment domain</two>.
+- The <one>SV40 T-Antigen</one> can be imported into the nucleus by <two>importins</two>, thanks to the <one>PPKKKRKV signal sequence</one>. <three>How amenable is said sequence to change</three>? Not very amenable at all. If one lysine is replaced by a threonine, no import will happen at all.
+- Der <one>retrograde transport</one> bei <two>COP I</two> verläuft von ... zu ...?  Von Golgi, zum ER. []
+- Was ist das <one>major cargo protein</one> im zellulären <two>Cvt Pathway</two>? Aminopeptidase I (Ape1).
+- <one>Ionenkanäle</one> <two>können kontrolliert werden</two>. Nenne hierzu drei Möglichkeiten. A: (1) spannungskontrolliert (2) ligandenkontrolliert (Transmitter, Ionen, Nukleotide) (3) <one>mechanisch kontrolliert</one>
+- Nenne <one>drei allgemeine Funktionen der Mikrotubuli</one>. A: (1) Formerhalt der Zelle (2) Geißeln (3) Bewegung der Chromosomen bei der Mitose
+- What is <one>the total mass</one> of the <two>ATP synthase</two>, <three>in Daltons</three>? <one>600.000 Daltons</one>.
+- Can <one>gap junctions</one> be found in <three>erythrocytes</three>? No. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction []
+- What happens if the <one>NLS</one> <two>is mutated</two>? This will lead to <one>cytosolic localization of the given package</one>.
+- Name <one>the three principal organelles of the secretory pathway</one>. A: (1) the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one> (2) the <one>Golgi apparatus</one> (3) the <one>plasma membrane</one>
+- Aus welchen <one>Domänen</one> besteht ein <two>Motorprotein</two>? Aus einer <one>Kopfdomäne</one> sowie einer <one>Schwanzdomäne</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie ist eine <one>Darmepithelzelle</one> ein Beispiel für eine <two>polarisierte Zelle</two>. Welche drei Seiten können wir hier unterscheiden? (1) Apikal (2) Lateral (3) <one>Basal</one>
+- Nenne <one>zwei Typen membranständiger Multiproteinkomplexe</one>, die am <two>Transport mitochondrialer Proteine</two> beteiligt sind. A: (1) <one>TIM</one> (2) <one>TOM</one>
+- Name <one>a trivial difference</one> between a <two>late endosome</two> and an <two>early endosome</two>. A: A late endosome is larger than the early endosome.
+- <one>When</one> is a <two>Rab Protein</two> active? When it has bound <one>GTP</one>. []
+- <one>Wo</one> spalten <two>Caspasen</two>? <one>Hinter</one> einem <two>Aspartat</two>.
+- <one>Microtubules</one> are nucleated at which end? Their <one>minus (-) end</one>.
+- The <one>cell's library</one> is ... ? <one>DNA</one>. []
+- What are <one>sad cells</one>? <one>Cells in culture that die after some weeks</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was ist eine <one>Signalsequenz</one>? Eine <one>Signalsequenz</one> ist eine Peptidsequenz mit der Information wie und wohin ein Protein innerhalb einer Zelle transportiert werden soll.
+- Sind Membranen einer Zelle <one>Polymere</one>? Nein - Membranen sind <one>Aggregate</one>.
+- The <one>outer nuclear membrane</one> is continuous with ... ? the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>.
+- The longest cells are typically ... ? <one>Nerve cells</one>, aka neurons. Some of these neurons stretch from spine to toe.
+- Was ist ein <one>Tendinozyt</one>? Ein Tendinozyt ist eine Fibroblastenart, die im straffen kollagenen parallelfaserigen Bindegewebe von Sehnen vorkommt.
+- Define the term <one>cytosol</one>. A: The <one>cytosol</one> is the organelle-free part of the cytoplasm.
+- An <one>amoeba</one> (a single-celled protozoan) can have a cell diameter of approximately ... ? <one>0.5 mm</one>.
+- <one>Was</one> kann man mit <one>Inhibitors</one> und <two>Uncouplers</two> demonstrieren? Den Elektronenfluss durch Zellkomplexe wie ATPase.
+- The <one>plasma membrane</one> contains how many layers of phospholipids? <one>Two</one>.
+- Are <one>phospholipid membranes</one> permeable to water? No, they are <one>impermeable to water</one>.
+- Is membrane synthesis, for a given cell,  is templated by a parental structure? Yes, always.
+- The conserved building blocks of all cellular membranes are ... ? The <one>phospholipids</one>.
+- Cells produce which three types of large macromolecules? (1) <one>polysaccharides</one> (2) <one>proteins</one> (3) <one>nucleic acids</one>
+- Eine typische Eukaryotenzelle hat etwa n Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPC)? Etwa 3000-5000 dieser NPCs.
+- The basis for asexual reproduction is given by ... ? <one>Mitosis</one>. 
+- Proteine die ins <one>Peroxisom</one> transportiert werden, tragen die Signalsequenz am N-Terminus oder am C-Terminus? Am <one>C-Terminus</one>.
+- How do we call <one>the vesicles</one> derived from the <three>ER</three>? <one>Microsomes</one>.
+- What is the best source for microtubules? Brains.
+- Give another term for "chaperones". A: Folding proteins.
+- For the retention of a protein in the lumen of the ER, which three aminoacids are important, linked together? <one>K-D-Q</one>.
+- Nenne einen Regulator der ras-Aktivität. A: <one>NF1</one>.
+- The <one>KDEL sequence</one> in peptides is located on the N-terminus or the C-terminus? It is located on the C-Terminus of an amino acid sequence of a protein.
+- Was heisst <one>Tom complex</one>? <one>Translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane</one>.
+- Was ist die Rolle des <one>Pyruvat Dehydrogenase Complex</one> (<one>PDC</one>) in der Zelle? Dieser mitochondriale Porenkomplex <one>importiert Acetyl-CoA</one>.
+- <one>Nitric oxide</one> (NO) has an impact on which part of the Mitochondria? On "Complex IV", cytochrome c oxidase.
+- In a <one>hepatocyte</one>, name the two major constituents belonging to an intracellular compartment, in regards to the "total cell volume". A: (1) Cytosol     ("54%") (2) <one>Mitochondria</one> (<two>22%</two>)
+- Definiere Heterotrophy. A: At least two genetically different types of mitochondria (or other organelles) are present in the same cell.
+- From the point of view of cellbiology: how can the DNA in a cell be called, in regards to the cell as the focus of the question? DNA is the <b>genomic repository of a cell</b>.
+- In the cytoplasm, hydrolysis of ... to ... causes <one>dissociation of the export complex</one>. A: "Ran-GTP" -> <one>Ran-GDP</one>.
+- In der Biologie, wo finden wir <one>rafts</one>? In der <one>Membran</one> (es sind <two>Membranproteine</two>).
+- What happens when we increase the concentration of detergents above the CMC? Some of the <one>detergent molecules</one> will form <two>micelles</two>.
+- Was sind die <one>Elektronenüberträger</one> innerhalb der Zelle? NAD/H + NADP/H.
+- Does <one>organelle DNA</one> replicate even in <two>cells that do not divide</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>zwischen den Zellen</one>? <one>Interstitiell</one>. URL: https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Interstiti []
+- Ein <one>Lariat</one> hat was für eine Struktur genau? Zirkuläre RNA mit <one>3' OH-Gruppe-</one>.
+- <one>Activated Raf</one> ultimately activates ... ? <one>MAP Kinase</one>.
+- Unterschied zwischen den <one>saturated fatty acids</one> und <one>unsaturated fatty acids</one>? Die saturated fatty acids haben C-C Bindungen die nur Einzelbindungen sind. Die unsaturated fatty acids hingegen haben C=C Bindungen, also Doppelbindungen.
+- The protein "Dysferlin" is linked to which cellular function ...? To <one>skeletal muscle repair</one>.
+- What is the <one>coatomer</one> in cell biology? The <one>coatomer</one> is a protein complex that coats membrane-bound transport vesicles.
+- <one>Phospholipase C</one> <two>can activate which pathway</two>? The <one>inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate pathway</one>.
+- Why the name <one>cadherin</one>? <one>Cadherin</one> depend on Ca2⁺ ions - removing Ca2⁺ from the extracellular medium causes adhesion mediated by cadherin to come apart.
+- The interiors of cellular compartments communicate with one another via ... ? Via <one>transport vesicles</one>. []
+- <one>Sphingosine</one> plays a role in cell membranes. It is a is a long acyl chain with ... and two hydroxyl groups (OH) at one end. What is the other part? An <one>amino group</one> (<one>NH₂</one>).
+- The <one>main phospholipids</one> in most animal cell membranes are ... ? The <one>phosphoglycerides</one>.
+- What are <one>Neocentromeres</one> and how do they originate? Neocentromeres are ectopic centromeres that originate occasionally from noncentromeric regions of chromosomes.
+- Im rauhen <one>cytoplasmatischen Retikulum</one>: wo findet man die Ribosomen? Auf der <one>Cytosol-Seite</one>.
+- Can cells pick up other cells through <one>endocytosis</one>? Yes. []
+- <one>Microfilaments</one> in a cell derive from which <three>protein</three>? From <one>actin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilament []
+- <one>ARF-GAP1</one> ist was für ein Proteintyp? Ein GAP (GTPase-activating protein)
+- Was wird durch <one>Pinocytose</one> aufgenommen? <one>Flüssigkeiten</one>. []
+- In cell biology: what is a <one>retromer</one>? A complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network.
+- Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) involves the recognition by ... which complex? The <one>hsc70-containing complex</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei konkrete Funktionen des glatten ERs</one>. A: (1) Synthese von Lipiden (2) Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel (3) Detoxifizierung von Giften
+- Anteil von <one>Calmodulin</one> in % an der Proteinmasse in einer typischen eukaryoten Zelle? <one>1%</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the structure of the <two>nucleosome core particle</two> solved? In the year <one>1997</one>.
+- <one>Which hormone</one> causes <two>apoptotic loss of the tail in frogs</two>? The <one>thyroid hormone</one>. []
+- <one>Cytokines</one> can convey to the cells signals to induce ... which four different cell-specific phenomena, all starting with the word "cell")? (1) "<u>cell proliferation</u>" (2) "<u>cell specialization</u>" (3) "<u>cell interaction</u>" (4) <one>cell movement</one>
+- What activity does <one>Dynamin</one> have? <one>Dynamin</one> has <two>a GTPase activity</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin
+- The <one>Coatomer</one> consists of <two>how many different coat ("COP")-proteins</two>? <one>7</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatomer []
+- <one>Inter-organellar connections</one> depend on ... which act as tethers to bridge the respective organelle membranes. A: interacting proteins.
+- What is the <one>end stage</one> of an autolysosome? A <one>residual body</one>.
+- Der Farbstoff <one>Hämatoxylin</one> färbt was genau innerhalb einer Zelle an? Den <one>Zellkern</one>.
+- Wie messen wir die <one>Funktion eines Ionenkanals</one>? Mit Hilfe der <one>patch clamp</one> Technik. []
+- Was machen <one>GTPasen</one>? <one>GTPasen</one> binden GTP und hydrolysieren dieses dann zu GDP.
+- A <one>transport vesicles</one> in general carries ... ? <one>Cargo</one>. []
+- What is the <one>primary function</one> for "intermediate filaments" for a cell? To <one>provide mechanical strength</one>.
+- What means <one>dynamic instability</one> in <two>microtubules</two>? That microtubules undergo phases of growth and shrinkage.
+- Microscopy is very important in cell biology. We can see the <one>refractive index</one> here. If we see a value such as 1.33, which is indicative of water, what does this mean? That <one>light travels 1.33 times slower in water than it does in a vacuum</one>.
+- There is the <one>Ras superfamily</one>. What does <two>Rab</two> stand for? <one>Ras-like in Brain</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_(G-protein) []
+- Nenne einen sehr wichtigen <one>cell survival factor</one>. A: Der <one>Transkriptionsfaktor NF-Kappa Beta</one>. Er aktiviert Gene die für <two>cell-survival Proteine</two> kodieren.
+- Give an example for <one>a monomeric GTPase</one>. A: The <one>Ras-proteins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_GTPase []
+- Name <one>two general advantages</one> associated with subcellular components. A: (1) <one>concentrate metabolic intermediates</one> (2) <one>sequester toxic compounds</one>
+- In cellbiology: what is <one>Dynamin</one>? Dynamin is a large GTPase, involved in the scission of nascent vesicles from parent membranes.
+- How can we detect <one>apoptotic cells</one>? Via <one>TUNEL Labeling</one>.
+- Give another name for the <one>G0-phase</one>. A: <one>Resting state</one>.
+- What is <one>Transcytosis</one>? Transcytosis is the process by which various macromolecules are transported across / through the interior of a cell.
+- Was geschieht beim <one<Spindel-Checkpoint</one>? Die Zelle überprüft ob alle Chromosomen an Spindeln angehängt sind.
+- For its synthesis, <one>Cyclin D</one> requires which specific transcription factor? <one>E2F</one>.
+- What does it mean when we say that <one>the subunits of actin filaments are asymmetrical</one>? These subunits bind to one another head-to-tail, so that they all point in one direction.
+- <one>Durchmesser einer Kernpore</one>, <two>in nm</two>? Etwa <one>120 nm</one>.
+- An die <one>Kernmembran</one> schließt ... ? Das <one>Endoplasmatische Retikulum</one> (<one>ER</one>).
+- <one>Wo</one> befinden sich <one>tSNARE Proteine</one> allgemein? <one>tSNARE Proteine</one> befinden sich in der <two>Membran der Zielorganelle</two>.
+- Give another name for <one>photoreceptors</one>. A: <one>Molecular light switches</one>.
+- Was bedeutet der Name bei der <one>I-cell disease</one>? <one>Inclusion-cell disease</one>.
+- <one>Kompartimente</one> erfordern ...? Proteinsortierung.
+- <one>Which three components</one> do we require for <one>a human artificial chromosome</one>? (1) Centromere (2) Telomere (3) <one>Replication Origin</one>
+- What is <one>ferroptosis</one>? <one>Ferroptosis</one> is <two>a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron</two>.
+- Name an enzyme that helps in "protein folding". A: The <one>protein disulfide isomerase</one>.
+- What is the <one>transitional ER</one>? These are areas of smooth ER that bud off for transport to the Golgi apparatus.
+- <one<Glucose transport</one> in a cell is connected to which gradient? Na+ Gradient.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>Golgi-Komplex</one>. A: <one>Sortierungszentrum</one>.
+- How do we call the vesicles derived from the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>? <one>Microsomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsome []
+- Name <one>an important, extracellular matrix protein</one>. A: <one>Fibronectin</one>.
+- Warum sind <one>vesicles</one> für die Zelle so wichtig? Weil sie damit Moleküle zwischen Organellen und dem Aussenmilieu verschicken kann.
+- A. W. für <one>lösen</one>, in bezug auf die Zellbiologie? <one>Solubilisieren</one>.
+- Which <one>three components</one> can we find in the ABC transport system? (1) substrate-binding protein (2) membrance-integrated transporter (3) ATP-hydrolyzing protein
+- Name one <one>microtubule severing protein</one>. A: <one>Katanin</one>. It is named after the japanese sword katana. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanin []
+- Welche <one>drei Aussagen</one> trifft die erweiterte Cell Theory von Robert Hooke? (1) All organisms are composed of cells. (2) Cells are the smallest living things. (3) Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
+- <one>Welche Hypothese</one> konnte durch <two>Louis Pasteur</two> widerlegt werden? Die <one>Spontanzeugungshypothese</one>.
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat die <one>kontraktile Vakuole</one>? Überschüssiges Wasser wird über die kontraktile Vakuole aus der Zelle gepumpt. []
+- Name a common (functional) feature of <one>karyopherins</one>. A: <one>Karyopherins</one> interact with <two>Ran proteins</two>.
+- Name the <one>two main classes of membrane proteins</one> that mediate transmembrane traffic. A: (1) <one>transporters</one> (2) <one>channels</one>
+- In cell biology: the <one>ARF-GAP1</one> can do what? ARF-GAP1 <one>can sense membrane curvature</one>. []
+- Was sind <one>MDCK Zellen</one>? <one>Madin-Darby canine kidney cells</one>.
+- Give another word/term for the <one>centrosome</one>. A: <one>Microtubule organizing center</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center []
+- Wo finden wir den <one>Intermembranraum</one> eines Mitochondriums? Zwischen der äusseren und der inneren Membran.
+- Was ist ein <one>RNA-Thermosensor</one>? Dies bezeichnet eine RNA, die mittels Veränderung ihrer Sekundärstruktur Temperatur "messen" kann.
+- Die gängige Bezeichnung für <one>Mitochondrien</one> ist ... ? <one>Kraftwerke der Zelle</one>. 
+- Was macht das <one>Tus Protein</one>? Es blockiert die "DnaB-Helikase" und bringt damit die Wanderung der Replikationsgabel zum Stillstand.
+- <one>Wo</one> finden wir innerhalb einer Zelle <two>Phosphoanhydride</two>? In <one>ATP-Molekülen</one>.
+- <one>Dynamin</one> uses which energy source? <one>GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin []
+- In which stage of the cell cycle can we readily mark a cell with <one>radioactive thymidine</one>? In the <one>S phase</one>. []
+- <one>Caspases</one> cleave the target proteins at? At a specific <one>aspartic acid</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase []
+- <one>Wie</one> gelangt Pyruvat in das Mitochondrium? Über einen <one>H⁺</one>-Symporter.
+- Wie werden die <one>drei Stapel</one> im Golgi-Apparat genannt? (1) <one>cis</one> (2) <one>medial</one> (3) <one>trans</one>
+- What is the <one>intracellular signal</one> that triggers macroautophagy? The intracellular levels of particular amino acids.
+- Das Medikament <one>Eribulin</one> bindet woran? An das <one>+Ende wachsender Mikrotubuli</one>.
+- Why is <one>PAS</one> (<two>pre-autophagosomal structure</two>) so important? Most proteins involved in autophagosom formation localize to the PAS at some stage.
+- In cellbiology: what is the primary role of SNARE proteins? <one>SNARE proteins</one> <two>mediate vesicle fusion</two>, that is, the exocytosis of cellular transport vesicles with the cell membrane at the porosome or with a target compartment, such as a lysosome.
+- <one>Diacylglycerol</one> wird als Ausgangssubstanz für welches Phospholipid benötigt? <one>Phosphatidylcholin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithine []
+- In der Zelle führt die <one>TPST</one> (<one>tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase</one>) im Golgi Apparat Sulfonierungen (Sulfation) durch. Woher stammt aber der Schwefel? Der Schwefel stammt von <one>PAPS</one> (<one>3'-Phosphoadenosine-5-Strich-Phosphosulfate</one>).
+- When an <one>early endosome</one> becomes a <two>late endosome</two>, aside from morphology, what else may change that is rather important? It will become <one>increasingly acidic</one>.
+- <one>Receptor-mediated endocytosis</one> is initiated how? When a specific ligand binds to receptors that are present on the cell surface.
+- Do <one>growth factors</one> also belong to the group of <two>cytokines</two>? Yes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor []
+- Um auf ein <one>Hormon</one> reagieren zu können, brauchen die Zellen ... ? einen <one>Rezeptor</one>. []
+- Name the 3 Ras Proteins in humans. A: (1) H-Ras (2) K-Ras (3) N-Ras []
+- <one>COPII-coated vesicles</one> go from→to? From <one>ER→Golgi</one>.
+- Lysosomaler Enzym-Schutz? Zum einen pH-Optimum von 5-6; zum anderen ein <one>Oligosaccharidpanzer</one>, also <two>hochglykosyliert</two> als Schutz vor Autolyse durch lysosomale Proteasen.
+- In der Zellbiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>NA Wert</one>? <one>Numerical Aperture</one>.
+- Die <one>Phospholipid-Synthese</one> erfolgt wo in der Zelle? An <one>der cytosolischen Seite der glatten ER-Membran</one>.
+- How do we call the <one>heterotrimeric G-protein of Rhodopsin</one>? <one>Transducin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducin
+- Allgemein: welche 4 chemische Gruppen-Reste können Aminosäuren haben? (1) sauer (2) basisch (3) polar (4) <one>unpolar</one>
+- Was heisst <one>Tor-Kinase</one>? <one>Target of Rapamycin</one>. []
+- <one>pH Wert</one> in einem <two>Lysosome</two>? <one>5</one>. []
+- The <one>fluid mosaic model</one> includes, obviously, the word <two>mosaic</two>. What should this word indicate? That this model refers to the presence of proteins suspended in the membrane bilayer.
+- Nenne einen Marker in <one>smooth muscle cells</one>. A: <one>Calponin</one>.
+- Wenn <one>eine Zellmembran nur bestimmte Ionen durchlässt</one>, <two>wie nennen wir dieses Phänomen</two>? <one>Selektive Permeabilität</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>ERGIC</one>? <one>ER-Golgi intermediate compartment</one>.
+- <one>5-Methylcytosin</one> ist methyliert, und kann über eine Oxidation in welche 3 anderen Nukleotide konvertiert werden? (1) 5-Hydroxymethylcytosin (hmC) (2) <one>5'-Formylcytosin</one> (<two>fC</two>) (3) <one>5'-Carboxycytosin</one> (<two>caC</two>)
+- What is the major task of the <one>cis-Golgi network</one>? The cis-Golgi network receives the biosynthetic output from the ER.
+- In einer eukaryoten Zelle: ist eher das ER näher am Zellkern oder der Golgi Komplex? Das ER ist deutlich näher am Zellkern als der Golgi Komplex.
+- <one>Cell surfaces</one> in general tend to be rather positively or rather negatively charged? <one>Cell surfaces</one> tend to be <two>negatively charged</two>.
+- <one>How</one> is the pH of Lysosomes maintained? By the <one>vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase proton pump</one>.
+- Wo kann das Protein <one>RanGAP1</one> gefunden werden? Auf der <one>Aussenseite des Zellkern</one>.
+- How many <one>NPCs</one> does <two>a typical mammalian cell</two> have (from-to)? <one>3000-4000 NPCs</one>. []
+- <one>Integral membrane proteins</one> can be categorized as type I and type II. What is the difference there? (1) <one>Type I</one>:  these have their C-terminus towards the cytoplasm. (2) <one>Type II</one>: these have their N-terminus towards the cytosol.
+- <one>What type of light</one> is used in microbiology? <one>Visible light</one> + <one>UV light</one>.
+- <one>Welches Signalpeptid</one> wird nicht abgespalten? Das <one>Kernlokalisationssignal</one>.
+- Welches <one>Phospholipid</one> trägt eine negative Ladung nach aussen hin? <one>Phosphatidylserin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserin []
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>primäre Endocytobiose</one> gemeint? Das Aufnehmen eines Prokaryoten und dessen Reduktion auf die Stufe eines Organells im Laufe der Evolution. Wichtig bei der Mitochondrien und Chloroplasten-"Entstehung".
+- <one>Calmodulin</one> besitzt <two>n Ca²⁺ binding sites</two>? <one>4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin []
+- What is <one>Pyknosis</one>? This is <one>the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis</one>.
+- Name <one>one important receptor</one> that is degraded within lysosomes. A: <one>EGFR Receptor</one> (this is a safety mechanism).
+- Die <one>M-Phase</one> im Zellzyklus  wird unterteilt in welche Phasen? (1) "Karyokinese" (2) <one>Zytokinese</one>
+- <one>Phospholipide</one> können in der Membran bewegt werden. Nenne die 4 grundlegenden <two>Bewegungsarten</two>. A: (1) laterale diffusion (2) Flexion (3) Rotation (4) <one>transversale Diffusion</one>
+- In cell biology: what is the <one>kiss of death</one>? <one>The addition of Ubuiqitin to proteins</one>. This addition often commits the labelled protein to degradation in the 26-S proteasome. []
+- Name <one>three detergents</one> used in cellbiology. A: (1) <one>SDS</one> (2) Triton X-100 (3) Beta-octylglucoside
+- In cellbiology, we have an abbreviation called <one>Cvt</one>. Why this weird name? <one>Cvt</one> means <two>Cytoplasm vacuole targeting</two>. It is sometimes called <three>Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting</three>, which may be confusing. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting []
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> erreicht eine <two>Abschnürung von Vesikeln</two>? <one>Dynamin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamine []
+- What do we mean with <one>Translational frameshifting</one>? When we ignore a stop codon.
+- <one>Wo</one> befindet sich der Golgi-Apparat und welche Aufgabe hat er? Der Golgi-Apparat befindet sich in der Nähe des ER. Er ist für die Modifizierung und Sortierung von Proteinen verantwortlich.
+- How was the function of the <one>SRP</one> (Signal recognition particle) discovered? By the study of processed and unprocessed immunoglobulin light chains.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>NLS</two> entdeckt und wo findet man sie? <one>1982 entdeckt</one>; am C-Terminus befindlich. Sie kann jedoch auch an anderer Stelle der Peptidkette auftauchen.
+- <one>Neu synthetisierte Proteine</one> müssen <two>korrekt gefaltet werden</two>. Die dazu <three>notwendigen Hilfsproteine</three> heißen ... ? <one>Chaperone</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone []
+- Name something in cell biology that has a <one>triskelion structure</one>. A: <one>Clathrin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin []
+- Welche Aufgabe hat der <one>ComEC Complex</one>? Der ComEC Komplex macht einen Channel (wichtig für die Kompetenz).
+- Das <one>raue endoplasmatische Reticulum</one> verdankt seine Bezeichnung ... ? Den vielen <one>Ribosomen</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Zellkörper</one>? <one>Perikaryon</one>.
+- <one>Fibrinogen</one> kann vor allem an die Rezeptoren welcher Zellen binden? An die <one>Thrombozyten</one>.
+- How can a cell make sense of many different (external) signals? It can respond to these signals selectively by <one>selectively expressing appropriate receptors</one>.
+- Zellbiologisch heraus betrachtet: wieso hat <one>Koffein</one> eine <two>stimulierende Wirkung</two>? Es <one>hemmt die Phosphodiesterase</one>, und bedingt dadurch einen langsameren Abbau von cAMP.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es eine Technik namens <one>FRAP</one>. Was heisst das? <one>Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching</one>.
+- <one>Telomere fusion</one> may, in general, lead to ... ? <one>Chromosomal instability</one>.
+- What do we mean with <one>Tyr-P</one>? This is <one>a phosphorylated tyrosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine []
+- Name two <one>microtubule organizing centers</one>. A: (1) centrosome (2) <one>centrioles</one>
+- A. W. für <one>Innendruck des Cytoplasmas</one>? <one>Turgor</one>.
+- Was produziert die <one>Phosphodiesterase</one>? <one>AMP</one>.
+- Ein Botenmolekül <one>will</one> eine Zelle beeinflussen. Was braucht die Zelle hierfür unbedingt? Einen <one>Rezeptor</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was genau heisst <one>Caspase</one>? <one>Cysteinyl-aspartat-spezifische Proteinase</one>.
+- Nenne 3 Typen an <one>Membranproteinen</one>. A: (1) <one>peripher</one> (2) <one>integral</one> (3) <one>glykolipid-verankert</one>
+- <one>NSF</one> is an <two>ATPase</two>, involved in membrane fusion. How many subunits does it have? <one>NSF</one> is homohexameric, so it has <two>six subunits</two>.
+- What is a <one>chromocyte</one>? A chromocyte is any cell that contains a pigment, especially red blood cells. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromocyte
+- In cell biology: what does <one>FAOS</one> stand for? <one>Fluorescence-assisted organelle sorting</one>.
+- Nenne die fünf Phasen der <one>Meiose I</one> in korrekter Reihenfolge. A: (1) <one>Leptotän</one> (2) <one>Zygotän</one> (3) <one>Pachytän</one> (4) <one>Diplotän</one> (5) <one>Diakinese</one> []
+- In cellbiology: what is an <one>organotypic culture</one>? This is the case when we grow cells in a "three-dimensional (3-D) environment".
+- Bis etwa 1970 wurde in der Cytologie das <one>Feulgen reagent</one> verwendet. Welche Farbe hat dies? Ein <crimson>dunkles rot</crimson>. []
+- Name the <one>3 Ras Proteins in Humans</one>. A: (1) <one>H</one>-Ras (2) <one>K</one>-Ras (3) <one>N</one>-Ras
+- Gehören die <one>Lysosomen</one> zum <two>Endomembransystem</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Microfilaments</one> are formed by ... ? <one>Actin</one>.
+- Welches Enzym erzeugt <one>dTMP</one>? <one>Thymidylate Synthetase</one> (ausgehend von dUMP).
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>nucleosome</two> discovered? In the year <one>1974</one>.
+- Nenne eine besondere Domäne am <one>EGF-Rezeptor</one>. A: Die <one>Dimerisierungsdomäne</one>.
+- Die <one>Fluidität der Plasmamembran</one> ist geringer als die in der intrazellulären Membran auf Grund des hohen Gehalts an ... ? <one>Cholesterin</one>. []
+- <one>Wo</one> in der Zelle finden <two>N-Glykosylierung</two> und <two>O-Glykosylierung</two> statt? (1) Die <one>O-Glykosylierung</one> findet nur im Golgikomplex statt. (2) Die N-Glykosylierung beginnt im ER und wird im Golgi-Komplex fortgeführt.
+- Was heisst <one>iPS</one>? <one>Induzierte, pluripotente Stammzellen</one>. []
+- <one>Which Cdc</one> activates the APC/C complex? <one>Cdc20</one>.
+- Nenne 3 Vertreter des <one>Endomembransystems</one>. A: (1) Golgi (2) Endoplasmatisches Retikulum (3) <one>Lysosom</one>
+- Is <one>lampbrush DNA</one> special? Yes. The DNA in these lampbrush loops appears to be <one>transcriptionally active</one>, while the majority of DNA in axis is inactive.
+- Das <one>Porin</one>-Protein in Mitochondrien erlaubt einen Durchtritt von Molekülen bis zu n Dalton durch? <one>600 Dalton</one>.
+- Name a complex similar to the <one>Gamma-TuRC complex</one>. A: The <one>ARP complex</one>.
+- Give another name for the term <one>autophagy</one>. A: <one>Organelle turnover</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle []
+- What is the function of the <one>ECM</one> (<one>extracellular matrix</one>)? The ECM <one>ties cells together</one>, enabling them to "form complex tissues". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix
+- Was heisst <one>ERAD</one> in der Zellbiologie? <one>ER-associated degradation</one>.
+- Within a <one>monolayer</one>, <two>where</two> can we find Cholesterol? <one>Cholesterol</one> is preferentially localized to the upper region of the monolayer because the hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment.
+- Was ist ein <one>Gewebe</one>? Dies ist <one>ein Verbund von Zellen mit gemeinsamer Funktion</one>.
+- Nenne <one>three photoproteins</one>. A: (1) <one>Aequorin</one> (2) <one>Obelin</one> (3) <one>Phialidin</one>
+- What is the RNA component of SRP? The <one>7SL-RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle_RNA
+- <one>Who</one> and <two>when</two> published the molecular structure of the first nucleotide? <one>Furbery</one>, 1951.
+- Nenne ein zelluläres Ereignis, das durch <one>exogene Noxen</one> ausgelöst werden kann. A: Die <one>Nekrose</one>.
+- What is the job of the <one>satellite muscle cells</one>? They repair injured muscle cells. Satellite cells can self-renew and proliferate, thus providing new myogenic cells.
+- Was genau ist die <one>Matrix</one> der Mitochondrien? Das ist genau <one>der innerste Teil der Mitochondrien</one>.
+- What is <one>the most important parameter</one> in animal cell culture? The <one>concentration of cells</one>.
+- A. W. für <one>histone writers</one>? <one>Histone modifying enzymes</one>.
+- <one>Desmin</one> is a protein, a type III intermediate filament. It can also be found in humans. In which type of cells may we find it? Desmin can be found in <two>muscle cells</two>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>ICAM</one>? <one>Intercellular adhesion molecule</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercellular_adhesion_molecule
+- In the cell, tethering proteins of the membrane do recognize which proteins? They recognize <one>Rab proteins</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>EDTA</one> und wozu setzt man es in der Zellbiologie ein? <one>EDTA</one> heisst <two>Ethylendiamintetraacetid acid</two>. Es bindet Ca2+ Ionen, die wiederum für Zell-Zell Adhesionskontakte wichtig sind. Das Zell-Gewebe kann daraufhin leichter getrennt werden.
+- Name <one>an advantage of optical microscopy</one>, in regards to visualizing biological systems. A: Light is relatively <one>nondestructive</one>.
+- <one>How much</one> of the ER comprise of <two>newly-synthesized proteins</two>? Only about <one>1%</one>.
+- What is the job of the <one>PIN Proteins</one> in plants? They serve as secondary active transporters in the cell membrane, regulating the influx and efflux of auxins.
+- <one>Below a certain temperature</one>, lipids are in ... which form? They tend to be in a <one>paracrystalline</one> form. []
+- Name one general way to inhibit translation. A: <one>Make use of a microRNA</one>.
+- <one>Welche Gene</one> verzögern den Zellzyklus? <one>Tumorsuppressor-Gene</one>.
+- <one>Inositol</one> besitzt <two>n OH-Gruppen</two>? <one>6</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol []
+- In general, <one>activation of p53</one> has which two different possible "cellular outcomes"? (1) "cell-cycle arrest" (2) <one>apoptosis</one>
+- <one>Wo</one> findet man die <two>tSNAREs</two>? Auf der <one>Zielorganelle</one>. []
+- <one>G-Proteine</one> bestehen aus drei Untereinheiten. Welche davon bindet GTP? Die <one>alpha-Untereinheit</one> bindet (und hydrolysiert) GTP. []
+- Aufgabe der <one>Calpaine</one>? <one>Calpaine</one> <two>bauen Muskeleiweiß ab</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain
+- Consider an <one>integrin</one> that is in an <two>active state</two>. What do we know, then? That this integrin will <one>readily form attachments</one>.
+- The ability of <one>importins</one> and <one>exportins</one> to transport their cargo is regulated by ...? <one>Ran</one>, a small Ras-related GTPase.
+- What is <one>the central component of the translocon</one>? The <one>Sec61 complex</one>.
+- What is the <one>most abundant disaccharide</one> in Biology? <one>Sucrose</one> (this is Saccharose, but we prefer the term Sucrose in the english language).
+- Wie erfolgt <one>der Import von NLS-haltigen Proteinen</one>? Durch <one>Importin Alpha</one> und <one>Importin Beta</one>.
+- How comes a cell manages to counteract <one>incorrect stop codons</one>? This is achieved by a process called <one>NMD</one> (<slateblue>nonsense mediated decay</slateblue>).
+- Wozu braucht die Zelle <one>Mikrotubuli</one>? Mikrotubuli funktionieren wie <one>Schienen</one>, entlang derer Mitochondrien, Chloroplasten, Vesikel, Proteine und mRNA transportiert werden kann.
+- Are <one>Endosomes</one> organelles? Yes. []
+- <one>How</one> is the <two>Ras signal-transduction pathway</two> activated? When e. g. EGF binds to a receptor.
+- To which family do the "death receptors" belong to? <one>TNF receptor family</one>.
+- Give a shorter word for "cytoskeletal linker proteins". A: <one>Cytolinkers</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was heisst <one>SNARE</one>? <one>SNAP-(Soluble NSF Attachment Protein)-REceptor</one>. Wenn man das NSF auch noch ausschreibt so kommt man auf "Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment Receptor".
+- What cellular effect may be caused by a <one>phenobarbital-treatment</one>? This will <one>stimulate liver cell division</one> - and thereby liver enlargement.
+- Name <one>a potent inhibitor of autophagy</one>. A: <one>Amino Acids</one>.
+- Give another, prettier name for <one>pigments</one>. A: <one>Rainbow catchers</one>.
+- Woraus besteht <one>ein einzelnes Tubulin-Molekül</one>? Es handelt sich hierbei um ein <one>Heterodimer</one>, bestehend aus <two>Alpha</two> und <two>Beta-Tubulin</two>. []
+- Inside of a given cell, where may the protein <one>Profilin</one> be found? It can be found <one>bound to an actin monomer</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es die <one>Microbodies</one>. Was wird damit bezeichnet? (1) <one>Peroxisomen</one> (2) <one>Glyoxisomen</one> (3) <one>Glykosomen</one>
+- How can a <one>lysosome</one> <two>maintain its acidic pH</two>? It contains a H+ pump in its membrane, which uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump more H+ into the lysosome.
+- <one>Where</one> does the <two>signal peptidase</two> reside? In the <one>ER membrane</one>.
+- <one>cdc42</one> belongs to which family? The <one>Rho family</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>quaternary RNA Structure</one>. A: The <one>ribosome</one>.
+- What is a <one>Ionophore</one>? This is a lipid-soluble molecule usually synthesized by microorganisms, able to transport ions across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
+- Es gibt <one>SUN</one> und <one>KASH</one> Proteine. Wo finden wir diese? KASH-Proteine sind dem Cytosol zugewandt, SUN Proteine dem Nucleus (Merkhilfe: Eine sun sieht dem Nucleus von der Form her ähnlich).
+- Der <one>MPF</one> (<one>Mitosis-promoting factor</one>) wird wann und wie aktiviert? MPF wird am Ende der G2-Phase durch eine Phosphatase aktiviert, die eine hemmende (inhibitory) Phosphat-Gruppe entfernt.
+- Welche Aufgabe haben die <one>RAB-Proteine</one> in der Zelle? Sie überprüfen die Spezifität des Andockens eines Vesikels an die Zielorganelle.
+- Name one <one>lysosomal storage disease</one>. A: The <one>Tay Sachs disease</one>. []
+- Is it easy <one>to stretch a membrane</one>? No. []
+- How can we <one>visualize lateral diffusion of membrane proteins</one>? Via <one>FRAP</one>: <two>Fluorescent Recovery after Photobleaching</two>.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es ein sehr wichtiges, dimeres (genauer: heterodimeres) Protein namens <one>MPF</one>. Was heisst <one>MPF</one>? Maturation-promoting factor. Manchmal wird es aber auch <one>mitosis-promoting factor</one> bezeichnet.
+- <one>Griseofulvin</one> wirkt wie? Griseofulvin hemmt den Spindelapparat der Zelle, indem es an Tubulin bindet.
+- Was fungiert als <one>allgemeine, zelluläre Zeitschaltuhr</one> in einer Zelle? Die G-Alpha Untereinheit mit gebundenem GTP, in den trimeren G-Proteinen.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> bilden die <two>Myelinschicht</two>? Die <one>Gliazellen</one>. []
+- Wie werden die <one>Intermediärfilamente in Nervenzellen</one> genannt? <one>Neurofilamente</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediärfilamente#Typen
+- Name <one>an organism</one> in which cilia assemble in the cytoplasm. A: <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one>.
+- The <one>Nuclear pore complexes</one> consist of about <two>n different proteins</two>? About <one>30</one>.
+- Wie werden die <one>Intermediärfilamente im Zellkern</one> genannt? <one>Lamina</one>. []
+- Which <one>tubulin-subunits</one> are known? (1) Alpha-Tubulin (2) Beta-Tubulins (3) <one>Gamma-Tubulins</one>
+- What happens if we treat a <one>rat</one> with the drug <two>phenobarbitol</two>? This drug stimulates liver cell division, thereby causing "liver enlargement".
+- Nenne die zwei <one>Ionenkanaltypen</one>. A: (1) <one>spannungs-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle</one> (2) <one>liganden-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle</one>
+- <one>Chromatin</one> besteht grob formuliert, in Prozent, aus? <one>45% Protein</one>, <two>55% DNA</two>.
+- Was heisst <one>mTOR</one> in der Zellbiologie? <one>Mammalian target of rapamycin</one> - beziehungsweise heutzutage <one>mechanistic target of rapamycin</one>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTOR
+- Give one example for <one>actin based motor proteins</one>. A: <one>Myosins</one>. []
+- What does a <one>mast cell</one> secrete? <one>Histamine</one>. []
+- Can <one>p53</one> be both <two>acetylated</two> AND <two>phosphorylated</two>, in principle? Yes. []
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>zellulärer Proteinsortierung</one>? Wenn die Zelle "unterscheidet" wohin ein Protein geschick werden soll.
+- Define <one>transmembrane proteins</one>. A: These are proteins that span the lipid bilayer.
+- The fibrillar extension of <one>NPC proteins</one> (<three>nucleoporins</three>) contain many repeats of which two amino acids? <one>FG-repeats</one> (<two>Phenylalanine</two> and <two>Glycine</two>).
+- <one>COP-Proteine</one> in Vesikeln dienen dem Transport zwischen ...? <one>ER</one> und <one>Golgi</one>.
+- The <one>SCF complex</one> promotes ...? <one>Degradation of CKIs</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>Cvt-Pathway</one>? <one>Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting
+- <one>Integrins</one> have how many <two>switchable conformations</two>? <one>2</one> (active/inactive conformation). []
+- Nenne einen Prozess, mit dem man <one>RNA-Aptamere herstellen kann</one>. A: <one>SELEX</one>.
+- Warum haben <one>Integrine</one> ihren Namen? Sie haben die Fähigkeit, extrinsische Signale in Veränderungen des Cytoskeletts der betreffenden Zelle zu "integrieren".
+- What are <one>ameloblasts</one>? These are cells that are important for tooth development. They <one>deposit tooth enamel</one>.
+- How is the <one>interior of the ER</one> called? <one>lumen</one>.
+- Durchmesser eines <one>clathrin triskelion polyhedral lattice</one>? <one>80nm</one>. []
+- In humans: <one>Phospholipase C</one> activates which cellular enzyme? <one>Proteinkinase C</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_C#Biological_function
+- Wo befinden sich <one>vSNARE Proteine</one>? Sie befinden sich <one>in der Vesikelmembran</one>.
+- Is <one>a human egg</one> or <one>a human red blood cell</one> larger? A <one>human egg is larger</one> than a red blood cell. []
+- Give another name for <one>DNA-protein intermediary</one>. A: <one>RNA</one>.
+- <one>Diffusion</one> erfolgt nach <two>welchem Gesetz</two>? Nach dem <one>Fickschen Diffusionsgesetz</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion#Erstes_Ficksches_Gesetz []
+- Wo speichert eine Zelle <one>Ca2⁺</one>? Im <one>Lumen des endoplasmatischen Reticulums</one>. []
+- <one>How many nucleosomes</one> does a single, diploid human cell have? It should have about <one>30 million nucleosomes</one>.
+- The <one>ER</one> cycles between ...? The <one>ER membrane</one> and the <one>cytosol</one>.
+- What is the job of <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one>? This protein functions as <one>a light-activated H+ pump</one> that transfers H+ out of the archaeal cell.
+- Name <one>two things</one> that <two>mature mammalian red blood cells</two> lack. A: (1) <one>nucleus</one> (2) <one>cytoplasmic organelles</one>
+- In cell biology: what does "autophagy" ensure or a given normal cell? <one>Autophagy</one> ensures the synthesis, degradation and recycling of cellular components.
+- <one>Which protein</one> separates Ran-GTP from importin? The <one>RanBP</one> (Ran Binding Protein).
+- Warum besitzen <one>Archaea</one> <two>Etherbindungen</two>? Da <one>Esterbindungen</one>, wie in Bacteria und Eukaryoten, unter extremen Bedingungen rasch hydrolysieren würden.
+- The main reaction types of <one>cell synthesis</one> are ... ? <one>Polymerization Reactions</one>.
+- How do we call the three <one>MAP-Kinases</one> in mammalian cells? (1) Raf (2) Mek (3) <one>Erk</one>
+- In cellbiology: we may see something called <one>Endo H</one>. What is this? This is the enzyme <one>Endoglycosidase H</one>.
+- We may wish to <one>determine the concentration of dead cells</one>. How to do so, experimentally? We stain via <one>trypanblue</one>, which is a <two>dye exclusion methods</two>.
+- The Protein <one>synaptotagmin</one> binds what? <one>Calcium</one>, und zwar die <two>C2-Domäne</two>. URL: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptotagmine
+- <one>Pro Sekunde</one> produziert ein erwachsener Mensch wieviele Erythrocyten? <one>33.000</one>.
+- Wieso werden <one>Sterole</one> in die Zellmembran eingebettet und welches Dilemma haben manche Prokaryoten hier? Um sie zu verstärken. Manche Prokaryoten können diese Sterole nicht selbst synthetisieren und nehmen sie aus der Umgebung auf.
+- Why was the name <one>Rab</one> chosen for the <one>Rab proteins</one>? <one>Rab</one>: <two>Rat sarcoma-related in brain</two> proteins.
+- Welche Aufgabe haben die <one>Cajal-Körper</one>? Sie synthetisieren kleine Kern-RNAs (<one>small nuclear RNAs</one>).
+- <one>Cyclin-dependent kinases</one> are a subclass of ... which family? They belong to the <one>serine</one>/<one>threonine protein kinases</one>.
+- Why is <one>CO₂</one> used for Live Imaging? Because this will yield a buffer (CO2/HCO3-).
+- What is <one>Allotransplantation</one>? When the donor organ comes from a <one>closely related species</one>.
+- Kann das <one>26S-Proteasom</one> im Zellkern gefunden werden? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- Was ist die sogenannte <one>korpuskuläre Absorption</one>? (1) Phagocytose (2) Pinocytose (3) <one>Endocytose</one>
+- Wie wird die <one>PKA</one> (<one>Proteinkinase A</one>) aktiviert? Über <one>cAMP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A []
+- What are <one>spheroid cells</one>? This is <one>a 3D cell culture method</one> where a small aggregate of cells grows free of foreign materials.
+- In <one>cell biology</one>: what means <two>Transfection</two>? The process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells.
+- Aufgabe der <one>SUN</one> und <one>KASH</one> Proteine? Sie verbinden den Nucleus und das Cytoplasma durch die Zellkern-Membran.
+- What are <one>primary cultures</one>? These are <one>cultures prepared directly from the tissues of an organism</one>.
+- <one>Ribosomes</one> are one of the most abundant macromolecules in the cell. Compare the amount of ribosomes <two>per yeast cell</two> and <two>per HeLa cell</two>, in numbers. A: (1) <one>yeast cell</one>: about   <one>200.000 ribosomes</one> (2) <one>HeLa cell</one>:  about <one>3.000.000 ribosomes</one> [Warner, 1999]
+- Wie schützt die Zelle die <one>Plus-Enden von Mikrotubuli</one> vor Depolymerisation? Durch Verankerung in einem capping Protein geschützt werden.
+- <one>Eps15</one> in der Zelle ist ein "multifunctional adaptor protein". Welche Aufgabe hat dies? Reguliert <one>intracellular trafficking</one>.
+- <one>Human CDKs</one> have a modified ATP-binding site that can be regulated by ... ? It can be regulated by <one>cyclin binding</one>.
+- Where do we find the <one>SRP-Receptor</one>? In the <one>ER membrane</one>.
+- <one>Vorgänger</one> eines Lysosoms? Ein <one>late endosome</one>.
+- Wie wird <one>die Länge der Aktinfilamente</one> <two>reguliert</two>? Mit Hilfe der <one>Motorproteine</one>. Diese bewegen sich entlang der Filamente und kürzen sie, wenn sie zu lang werden.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein kleines Signalmolekül, das eine zelluläre Rolle spielt. A: <one>NO</one> (<two>Stickstoffmonoxid</two>).
+- <one>Microtubules</one> are made of which protein? <one>Tubulin</one>. []
+- Name the <one>two proteins</one> that control the transition from G2 to M-phase. A: (1) cdk1 (2) <one>cyclin B</one>
+- What is <one>the most typical trigger of autophagy</one>? <one>Nutrient starvation</one>. Lack of any type of essential nutrient can induce autophagy. In yeast, nitrogen starvation is the most potent stimulus.
+- Name the <one>two classes</two> of <two>microtubule-based motors</two>. A: (1) <one>Dynein</one> (2) <one>Kinesin</one>
+- What are <one>cathepsins</one> and where are they activated? <one>Cathepsins</one> are Proteases which become activated at the low pH found in Lysosomes.
+- Was sind <one>Kinozilien</one>? Das sind <one>Wimpern</one> beim, zum Beispiel, Wimpertierchen.
+- Der <one>Proteingehalt einer bakteriellen Zelle</one> beträgt etwa n Prozent der Trockenmasse (es reicht ein Wert, der innerhalb des Intervalls liegt)? Etwa <one>50-60% der Trockenmasse</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>bidirektionalen Rezeptor</one> der Zelle. A: <one>Integrine</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> sind Chromosomen <two>unsichtbar</two>? In der <one>Interphase</one>. []
+- In cellbiology: what is <one>Shibire</one>? This is a "temperature sensitive phenotype" in Drosophila.
+- <one>Portaler Transport</one> innerhalb der Zelle ... ? Durch die <one>Kernporen des Zellkerns</one>.
+- For any given eukaryotic cell: <one>when</one> is <two>supercoiling</two> extremely important? When it comes to the <one>replication of DNA</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>Autophagy</one>? <one>Autophagy</one> is a cellular, catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary cellular components through the actions of lysosomes.
+- In der Zellbiologie steht die Abkürzung <one>CDK</one> für ... ? <one>Cyclin dependent kinase</one>. []
+- What kind of information can we gain by <one>Endo H Cleavage</one>? Endoglycosidase H can cleave certain oligosaccharide structures. Later oligosaccharide structures are resistant to Endo H  cleavage, so the enzyme can be widely used to report the extent of oligosaccharide processing a protein of interest has undergone.
+- <one>Which enzyme</one> catalyzes the synthesis of cGMP? <one>Guanylate cyclase</one>.
+- There is <one>a hormone</one> which <two>transforms</two> a tadpole into a frog. Which hormone is that? <one>Thyroid hormone</one>.
+- <one>Fibroblasts</one> secrete what? <one>Collagen</one>.
+- <one>KDEL</one> ist ein intrazelluläres <two>retention signal</two> für das ER. Aber wie hat man dies nachweisen können, experimentell? Durch <one>in-vitro Mutagenese</one>.
+- What is the purpose of a <one>caveole</one>? A caveole protects a cell from stretching.
+- Wofür steht der Name <one>P-bodies</one> in der Zellbiologie? <one>Processing bodies</one>. []
+- <one>Cell lines</one> are <two>usually derived from</two> ... ? <one>Tumors</one>. []
+- Das <one>Glykoproteinhormon EPO</one> hat n AA? <one>165</one>.
+- <one>Integrine</one> bestehen aus wievielen Untereinheiten? <one>2</one>; Integrine sind <two>Heterodimere</two>. []
+- How do we call <one>the tethering proteins of the Golgi complex</one>? <one>Golgins</one>.
+- When <one>lipids</one> go below the paracrystalline temperature, what do they "lose"? The ability to <one>rotate</one>.
+- Lassen <one>tight junctions</one> Nährstoffe durch? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- Erlauben <one>Transfersequenzen</one> den gerichteten (= Polarität) Einbau von Proteinen in Membranen? Ja. []
+- <one>Nanodiscs</one> are surrounded by ...? A belt of proteins.
+- <one>Durchmesser eines Nucleosoms</one>? <one>11 nm</one>.
+- Zellulär betrachtet, was heisst <one>Atg8</one> und warum ist <one>Atg8</one> wichtig? Atg8 heisst "Autophagy-related protein 8". Es ist ein ubiquitin-like Protein, das für die Bildung von autophagosomalen Membranen wichtig ist. Die Konjugation von Atg8 an die autophagosomale Membran ist für die Autophagie in Eukaryoten essenziell.
+- Name 3 general roles of <one>actin filaments</one>: A: (1) cellular contraction (2) migration (3) <one>signalling</one>
+- <one>Karyopherins</one> are <two>nuclear transport receptors</two> that bind to ... ? <one>Nups</one>.
+- In nm: what is the <one>diameter</one> of a typical <two>Nuclear Pore Complex</two>? <one>125 nm diameter</one>.
+- What is the <one>rate-limiting step</one> in the <two>formation of actin filaments</two>? <one>Nucleation</one>. []
+- <one>Nitric oxide</one> can activate what inside of a cell? The <one>Guanylyl cyclase</one>.
+- Chemischer Name für <one>Caffeine</one>? <one>1,3,7-trimethylxanthine</one>.
+- <one>With which technique</one> could we prove that signal sequences in proteins are important? With a <one>transfection experiment</one>.
+- What effect may <one>TGF-Beta</one> have on cells? TGF-Beta may <one>force a halt to proliferation</one>.
+- <one>Welcher Wachstumsfaktor</one> spielt bei <two>Blutgerinnung</two> und <two>Wundheilung</two> eine Rolle? <one>PDGF</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor
+- <one>Microtubules</one> are organized from ...? <one>Centrosomes</one>.
+- A <one>32 base pair deletion</one> can confer <two>HIV resistance</two>. In which human Gene? <one>CCR5</one>. []
+- What is <one>the main signal</one> for protein delivery into lysosomes? <one>M6P</one> (<two>Mannose 6-phosphate</two>).
+- <one>Mice without p53</one> show what phenomen, in general? They are <one>susceptible to early tumours</one>.
+- Das <one>KDEL Signal</one> lässt sich wo finden? Am <one>C-terminalen Ende</one> einer Polypeptidkette.
+- In cell biology: what do we mean with the term <one>free ribosome</one>? Ribosomes that are not attached to the RER.
+- Name <one>two ways</one> how a cell culture can become immortalized. A: (1) spontaneously (2) by oncogenes
+- In cellbiology: what are the <one>CAKs</one>? <one>Cdk-activating kinases</one>.
+- Why is the <one>26S-proteasome</one> important for a cell? (1) It can <one>eliminate defective proteins</one>. (2) It can <one>regulate cellular processes</one>.
+- <one>Which genes</one> are required for the "autophagic pathway"? <one>Atg-genes</one>.
+- How many <one>different types of autophagy</one> can we distinguish? <one>Three</one>. []
+- What is the purpose of the <one>caveolae</one> within a given cell? They can protect a cell from stretching. (<one>Caveola mechanosensing</one>)
+- Das Enzym <one>Thymidylate Synthetase</one> benötigt eine Methyl-Gruppe. Woher stammt diese? Von <one>Tetrahydrofolate</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>cytokinesis</one>. A: <one>Cytoplasmic division</one>.
+- Die Form von Mitochondrien ist unter anderem wovon abhängig? Vom <one>metabolischen Zustand</one>.
+- <one>Dystrophin</one> bindet ... an die Zellmembran von Muskelzellen. A: <one>Actinfilamente</one>.
+- Nenne eine <one>Pumpe</one> in den Membranen der Lysosomen. A: H+ ATPase.
+- Bei <one>G-Proteinen</one>: ist der Komplex aus GDP + G(alpha,beta,gamma) aktiv? Nein, er ist <one>inaktiv</one>. []
+- We can convert <one>heme</one> into which "photoreceptor pigment"? Into <two>phycocyanobilin</two>.
+- What happens to <one>p53</one> upon activation? It will be <one>translocated into the nucleus</one>.
+- Give <one>three examples</one> for G-protein-coupled receptors. A: (1) muscarinic receptor (2) adrenergic receptor (3) opioid receptor
+- What does <one>pinocytosis</one> literally mean? <one>Cellular drinking</one>.
+- Was für ein Typ sind <one>RAB-Proteine</one>? <one>Kleine GTPasen</one>.
+- Wo finden wir <one>Kupffer cells</one>? In der <one>Leber</one>. []
+- Name a way how <one>lipid rafts</one> can be observed. A: Via <one>AFM</one> (<two>Atomic Force Microscopy</two>).
+- <one>Dendritische Zellen</one> - was heisst <two>dendritus</two>? <one>Verzweigt</one>.
+- <one>G-Proteine</one> besitzen 3 Untereinheiten. Wie können wir experimentell die Alpha-Untereinheit dauerhaft binden und somit einen Effektor blockieren oder dauerhaft aktivieren? Durch Gabe von schwefelsubstituiertem GTP.
+- Do <one>chloroplast</one> <two>contain ribosomes</two>? <one>Yes</one>. They are smaller than the regular ribosomes though.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie man den Zeitpunkt der <one>S-Phase</one> experimentell bestimmen kann. A: Durch Verwendung von <one>Bromodeoxyuridin</one>.
+- <one>Which COP protein</one>, COP I or COP II, functions in <two>intra-Golgi trafficking</two>? <one>COP I</one>.
+- Within a cell, <one>ArfGAP1</one> contains motifs which specifically bind to ...? Small liposomes.
+- <one>Plectin</one> can bind to ... ? <one>Desmin</one>.
+- <one>Macroautophagy</one> creates what? An <one>autophagic vacuole</one>.
+- Is <one>cell fusion</one> important in <two>practical cellbiology</two>? Give an example. A: Yes, it can be <one>used to produce monoclonal antibodies</one>.
+- Wie wirkt das Gift <one>Phalloidin</one>? Phalloidin stabilisiert Aktinfilamente, die dadurch ihre Dynamik verlieren.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Vakuolenmembran</one>? <one>Tonoplast</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonoplast []
+- <one>When</one> are compartments said to be <two>topologically equivalent</two>? If they can communicate with one another in the sense that molecules can get from one to the other without having to cross a membrane.
+- <one>FtsZ</one> ähnelt in Eukarya was? <one>Tubulin</one>.
+- Was wird im <one>smooth endoplasmic reticulum</one> gebildet? <one>Lipide</one> werden hier gebildet.
+- <one>Formine</one> können die <two>Polymerisation von</two> ... induzieren. A: <one>Aktin</one>.
+- <one>Microglia</one> are scavenger cells. What is meant with that term? Scavenger cells are cells that engulf and digests debris, as well as invading microorganisms.
+- How do we call the clear gel that is part of <one>the matrix surrounding animal cells</one> in a tissue? The <one>extracellular fluid</one> (<one>ECF</one>).
+- Why is it important that the <one>ER</one> (<one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>) has a large surface area? This helps in <one>biochemical synthesis</one>.
+- What is the <one>opposite</one> of the secretory pathway? The <one>endocytic pathway</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>Ubiquitin E1</one>. A: <one>Ubiquitin-activating enzyme</one>.
+- Wie weit sind <one>die Membranen des Zellkerns</one> voneinander entfernt (von, bis)? <one>10-50 nm</one>.
+- In cellbiology: what is a <one>Shmoo</one>? A shmoo is a budding yeast responding to a pheromone from the opposite mating type (either a or alpha) - Yeast-Cells that undergo mating present this particular structure, and look like such a "shmoo"- thus, the whole process is known as "shmooing".
+- What is the main task of <one>SNARE proteins</one>? SNARE proteins mediate <one>fusion of lipid bilayers</one>.
+- The only <one>direct intercellular junctions</one> that exist in plants are ... ? <one>Plasmodesmata</one>. []
+- In cellbiology: what means the word <one>ERES</one>? <one>ER export site</one>. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/8568278_fig3_Figure-3-Biogenesis-of-Golgi-and-the-ER-export-site-A-Cells-stably-expressing-the
+- <one>Acetyl-Coenyzm A</one> besteht aus? Pyruvat und Coenzym A.
+- For <three>autophagy</three> to properly function, which <one>organelle</one> is the most important? The <one>lysosome</one>. []
+- <one>Integrins</one> can, on the outside of a cell, bind to ... ? <one>Fibronectin</one>.
+- Nenne ein (physiologisches) Kriterium, mit dem wir zwischen <one>Nekrose</one> und "Apoptosis" relativ einfach unterscheiden können. A: Die <one>Nekrose</one> geht mit einer <one>Entzündungsreaktion</one> einher.
+- Angenommen wir sehen zwei Zellen - eine kleinere Zelle und eine größere Zelle. Wir wissen das eine davon eine Stammzelle sein muss. Welche würden wir dann annehmen wäre die Stammzelle? Die größere der beiden Zellen.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>asymmetrischen Zellteilung</one>? Dies ist schlicht eine Zellteilung, bei der die beiden Tochterzellen unterschiedlich groß sind.
+- Was ist die Grundlage eines <one>Riboswitch</one>? Wirkt wie ein <one>Schalter</one> - einmal kann er abgelesen werden, ein anderes mal nicht.
+- Who initiates the <one>metaphase-to-anaphase</one> transition? The <one>APC</one>/<one>C complex</one>.
+- Most <one>animal cells</one> have a covering over the plasma membrane. How is this covering called? <one>Glycocalyx</one>.
+- Why do the <one>osteoclasts</one> need <three>acid</three>? In order to <one>dissolve the bone minerals</one>. []
+- In der Zellbiologie: was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Heterophagie</one>? Dies ist <one>das Verdauen zellfremder Substanzen</one>.
+- Wie gross (in nm; von-bis) sind <one>caveolae</one>? <one>50-100 nm</one>.
+- <one>Cadherins</one> are linked to the Actin Cytoskeleton by ...? <one>Catenins</one>.
+- Why is <one>Cholesterol</one> preferentially localized to the upper region of the lipid monolayer? Because its hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment.
+- Are <one>tetraspanins</one> glycosylated? Some are, at the <one>N-terminus</one>.
+- What was the first <one>membrane transport protein</one> whose structure was determined? <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es <one>COPII</one>. Dieses Protein ist wichtig beim Protein-Transport von RER zum Golgi Apparatus. Wofür steht das Wort COPII? <one>Coat Protein Complex II</one>.
+- Der <one>Austausch von Ionen im ladungsneutralen Gegenstrom</one> heißt ... ? <one>Antiport</one>. []
+- Wo finden wir die <one>Cathepsine</one>? Im <one>Lysosom</one>. []
+- Warum das <three>g</three> in <one>G1-Phase</one>? <one>g</one> steht hier für <one>gap</one>. []
+- Im Jahre 2015 waren etwa wieviele <one>kleine G-Proteine</one> bekannt? Etwa <one>100</one>.
+- In cell biology: whats means <one>dynamic instability</one>? This refers to the coexistence of assembly and disassembly at the + end of a microtubule.
+- Der Durchmesser eines <one>Histon-Oktamers</one> beträgt ... ? <one>11 nm</one>. []
+- Name <one>a protein that requires a large vesicle for its transport</one>. A: <one>Collagen</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Inhibitor der Phosphodiesterase</one>. A: <one>Koffein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffein []
+- Name a factor that may counteract <one>VEGF</one> (vascular endothelial growth factor). A: <one>Endostatin</one>.
+- Warum heissen <one>G-Proteine</one> so (das <one>G</one> in ihrem Namen)? Weil sie <one>Guanin-Nukleotide</one> binden.
+- Im Golgi Apparat können wir kleine Transportvesikel (small vesicles) finden. Welchen Durchmesser haben diese Vesikel (von-bis)? <one>60-80 nm</one>.
+- What does the cyclosome/anaphase promoting complex degrade? It degrades the <one>anaphase inhibitor</one>, via the "ubiquitin-degradation pathway".
+- The <one>nucleoporins</one> in a cell often contain different types of ... which two amino acids that are repeated? (1) <one>F</one>: <two>Phenylalanine</two> (2) <one>G</one>: <two>Glycine</two>
+- What is <one>the difference</one> between budding and binary fission? Both are forms of asexual reproduction. Binary Fission is the splitting of the cell with mitosis followed by cytokinesis. Budding is the outgrowth of a new cell from the surface of an old one.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie die Zelle die <one>GTP-Hydrolyse</one> von GPCRs beschleunigen kann. A: Sie kann <one>GAPs</one> (<two>GTPase-aktivierende-Proteine</two>) verwenden.
+- Wer entdeckte das Phänomen <one>splicing</one>? <one>Joan Steitz</one>. URL: https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/steitz/
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>ERAD</one>? <one>ER-associated degradation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated_protein_degradation
+- How do we call an <one>inactive caspase</one>? <one>Procaspase</one>. []
+- Is <one>Autophagy</one> useful only for <one>organelle turnover</one>? No - <one>it can also help protect an organism against intracellular threats</one>, such as <two>invading bacteria</two>.
+- In der Zellbiologie, gib ein anderes Wort an für das <one>KDEL Signal</one>, auf Englisch. A: <one>ER retention sequence</one>. []
+- <one>Clathrin</one> besteht aus? 3 leichten und 3 schweren Ketten.
+- In <one>cell biology</one>: give another expression for <two>reversable cell cycle arrest</two>. A: <one>Quiescence</one>.
+- <one>Multicellularity</one> is in general a successful strategy, but there is at the least one major drawback when compared to unicellularity. Which one is that? It takes longer before <one>reproduction</one> can occur.
+- Name a big advantage that multicellularity brought. A: Bigger organisms are able to access more nutrients than do unicellular organisms.
+- <one>Collagen fibrils</one> are ropes with tunable ... ? <one>Stiffness</one>.
+- What is the <one>glycosome</one>? The glycosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle that <one>contains glycolytic enzymes</one>.
+- Der <one>ABC-Transporter</one> ist membrangebunden und kann ATP binden. Auf welcher Seite der Zellmembran bindet dieser Transporter ATP? Auf der <one>cytosolischen Seite</one>.
+- Warum benötigt eine Zelle die <one>Intermediärfilamente</one>? Diese sind die stabilsten Bestandteile des Zytoskeletts. Bei ihnen steht die <one>Stützfunktion</one> im Vordergrund.
+- Is it possible to detect a small object below the resolution limit, in light microscopy? Yes, if said object itself emits light.
+- The limiting separation at which two objects appear distinct is called <one>the limit of resolution</one>. It depends, primarily, on which two features? (1) the <one>wavelength of the light</one> (2) the <one>numerical aperture of the lens system used</one>
+- The interaction of light with an object changes the phase relationships of the light waves in a way that produces complex ... effects. A: Complex interference effects.
+- <one>Superresolution microscopy</one> may resolve the wavelength range from n nm to n nm? From about <one>40nm</one> to <one>120nm</one>, give or take.
+- <one>Schleiden</one> and <one>Schwann</one> proposed the cell doctrine in which year? In the year <one>1838</one>. 
+- A typical animal cell is n (from-to) µm in diameter? <one>10-20 µm</one>.
+- Das <one>ced-4 Genprodukt</one> aktiviert welches andere Protein? Die <one>ced-3 Caspase</one>.
+- In multicellular, eukaryotic cells, what is the most prominent cell cycle stage, e. .g the one that is used most often by eukaryotic cells? The <one>G0-phase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0_phase
+- <one>Prenylation</one> is what? The linkage of C15/C20 units to <one>cysteine side chains</one>.
+- Das <one>KDEL Sequenz</one> am C-Terminus von Proteinen spielt eine wichtige Rolle beim Transport in den ER hinein. Gibt es einen KDEL Rezeptor? Ja, das <one>salvage compartment</one>, als Teil der ER Membran.
+- Welches <one>radioaktive Isotop</one> kann genutzt werden, um die Teilungsaktivität von proliferierenden Zellen zu beobachten? <one>P32</one>.
+- Welchen Durchmesser haben <one>Ribosomen</one> (von-bis)? Etwa <one>20nm - 25nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom#Aufbau_und_Arten
+- <one>Mikrotubuli</one> sind am Centrosom + oder -? <one>-</one>
+- Was sind "speckles"? <one>Protein-Aggregate</one> im Zellkern. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/locations/SL-0186
+- Cell membranes prevent passage of which type of molecules, aside from the size of that molecule? <one>Polar molecules</one>.
+- Name a protein that has a "pleckstrin homology domain". A: <one>Dynamin</one>.
+- What defines the "character of a cellular compartment"? The <one>composition of the enclosing membrane</one>.
+- Can proteins contain "multiple nuclear localization signal" (<one>NLS</one>) sequences? Yes.
+- "Ras proteins in the cytoplasm" tend to have what at their carboxy termini? <one>Lipid groups</one>.
+- Warum der Name "F-Aktin" und "G-Aktin"? (1) F-Aktin: <one>filamentöses Aktin</one> (2) G-Akin:  <one>globuläres   Aktin</one>
+- Periphere Mikrotubuli in den Geisseln sind miteinander wie verbunden? Durch das Motorprotein <one>Dynein</one>.
+- Was heisst "ERES" in der Zellbiologie? <one>ER export sites</one>.
+- An "autophagic vesicle" can fuse with ...? A <one>lysosome</one>.
+- <one>Coated pits</one> give rise to which structure? <one>Coated vesicles</one>.
+- Auf Ebene der Zelle: was bewirkt eine aktivierte <one>Protein-Kinase A</one>? A: Dieses Enzym katalysiert die Phosphorylierung anderer Proteine, was zu einer zellulären Antwort führt (i. e. bei einer vorhergegangengen Aktivierung über einen G-Protein gekoppelten Rezeptor).
+- What does a "secretory protein" truly hate? The <one>cell membrane</one>.
+- In Biology, where can we find a "lagging head"? In the cell, in <one>kinesin</one>.
+- Name a binding protein for beta 1 integrin. A: <one>Talin</one>.
+- Es gibt nicht nur <lawngreen>GFP</lawngreen> sondern auch CFP und YFP. Was heisst das? CFP ist "cyan fluorescent protein", YFP ist "yellow fluorescent protein".
+- Name a dangerous but very effective way to stop all cell division. A: <one>High exposure to x-rays</one>.
+- What is the most important group of enzymes in the lysosome? The <one>hydrolases</one>.
+- Name a protein that can "severe actin filaments". A: <one>Gelsolin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsolin
+- Name an ER-resident protein start with the letter "P". A: Protein disulfide isomerase (PPI).
+- Nenne eine Grenze der Lichtmikroskopie. A: Die <one>Abbe-Grenze</one>.
+- Was passiert bei Zugabe von ATP zu <one>Actinmonomeren</one>? Es erfolgt eine Konformationsänderung in Actin; dieses assoziiert mit 2 anderen Actin-Monomeren. Dies kann der "Beginn für die Entstehung eines Actin-Filaments" sein.
+- Ist <one>Importin Alpha</one> oder <one>Importin Beta</one> wichtiger? <one>Importin Alpha</one>, denn es bindet an das für den Zellkern bestimmte Protein.
+- The Adaptor protein "Epsin" in a cell helps which other molecule? <one>Clathrin</one>.
+- The "Ras protein" has a slow intrinsic ... activiy. A: It has a slow intrinsic <one>phosphatase-activity</one>, converting GTP -> GDP.
+- How does mRNA with premature stop codons arise in humans, most likely? Due to <one>improper splicing</one>.
+- Angenommen wir möchten das glatte ER in der Zelle massiv proliferieren lassen. Was könnten wir tun? Wir könnten <one>Barbiturate</one> verwenden.
+- Die <one>RNA Helicasen</one> können im zellulären Kontext was machen? Sie können "RNA binding proteins" von der RNA lösen.
+- The <one>lysosomal membrane</one> has a single or double phospholipid bilayer? It has <one>a single phospholipid layer</one>.
+- Within the cell, the so-called FG repeats are associated with ... ? <one>Karyopherins</one>.
+- Wo finden wir eine "glykosidische Bindung" in einem Nukleotid? Zwischen der <one>Base</one> und dem <one>Zucker</one>.
+- In der Mikroskopie, was sind <one>chromophore groups</one>? Groups with conjugated double bonds that give the dye its color.
+- The "Gamma-Tubulin Ring complex" is built where exactly? At the <one>minus end of Microtubules</one>.
+- The Sec23 gene is part of a protein complex in a cell. Where can it be found inside of a cell? In the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>.
+- Where inside of a cell can we find the "Cajal bodies"? In the <one>nucleus</one>.
+- Nenne ein kleines G-Protein das mit dem Buchstaben "A" beginnt. A: <one>Arf</one> (ADP ribosylation factors). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor
+- Welche Mikrotubuli reichen von Zellpol zu Zellpol? Die <one>Polar-Mikrotubuli</one>.
+- Incoming transport vesicles move to the Golgi apparatus. Where to first? Towards the <one>cis-face</one> of the Golgi apparatus.
+- A single <one>NPC</one> can transport n macromolecules per second? <one>1000</one>.
+- Vinculin kann welch anderes Protein binden? <one>Actin</one>.
+- In cell biology, what happens if a late endosome combines with a lysosome? An <one>autolysosome</one> is created.
+- Name something in a cell that is "bipolar". A: The <one>mitotic spindle</one>.
+- The famous protein p53 actually does not have a mass of 53 kDa but only 43.7 kDa. Why is that the case? p53 has a high number of <crimson>proline</crimson> residues, which "slow its migration on SDS-PAGE", thus making it <one>appear heavier</one> than it actually is.
+- What happens when lipids go beyond a certain temperature? Also name a consequence of this. A: They turn into a "paracristalline form" - hence, <one>they can no longer rotate freely</one>.
+- Ran-GTP can bind to ... ? <one>Importin</one>.
+- Do lipids <one>flip-flop</one>? No.
+- In Cellbiology, what is a <one>CKI</one>? This is a <one>cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor</one>.
+- Who proposed the structure for the <one>nucleosome</one>? <one>Roger Kornberg</one>.
+- Do <one>gap junctions</one> allow passage? Yes; of <one>small water-soluble molecules</one>.
+- Innerhalb der Zelle, wo docken "incoming transport vesicles" an? Am <one>CGN</one> ("cis golgi network") des Golgi apparatus.
+- Rab Proteins are anchored on two cysteins in their C-terminus through which group? Through <one>prenyl groups</one>.
+- How do we call the "specialized domain" in cell membranes? <one>Lipid rafts</one>.
+- Has <one>autophagy</one> an important additional role aside from organelle turnover? Yes, <one>it is an immune mechanism</one>. It plays a role in the destruction of "intracellular pathogens".
+- Why the Z in <one>FtsZ</one>? Because it will build the Z ring at the site where the septum forms.
+- Was enthält das <one>Peroxisom</one>? Enzyme, die <one>H2O2</one> bilden und abbauen kann.
+- The signal sequence of a protein is related to folding in what way? It may "interfere" with the folding process.
+- Welche drei Autophagen-Mechanismen existieren? (1) <one>crinophagy</one> (2) <one>macroautophagy</one> (3) <one>microautophagy</one>
+- Zellulär betrachtet, wo findet man das Protein "Cathepsin D"? In <one>Lysosomen</one>.
+- When a protein does not have a "sorting signal", what will be the result? This protein will <one>permanently reside in the cytosol</one>.
+- Name two "ER-resident chaperones". A: (1) <one>Calnexin</one> (2) <one>Calreticulin</one>
+- Das <one>BiP Protein</one> ähnelt welch anderem Protein? <one>Hsp70</one>.
+- Der cis-golgi ist "wem" zugewandt? Dem <one>ER</one>.
+- Name a protein that can dissociate SNARE pairs. A: <one>NSF</one>.
+- Innerhalb einer Zelle schaffen Membranen ...? <one>Abgegrenzte Reaktionsräume</one>.
+- Give another (fancy) term for "phagocytosis". A: <one>Cellular cannibalism</one>.
+- In prokaryotic cells (such as E. coli), what is the most abundant membrane Phospholipid? <one>Phosphatidylethanolamine</one>.
+- Name two components of the <one>ER lumen</one>. A: (1) ER tubules (2) ER sheets
+- Paired strands of RNA are arranged how ...? <one>Antiparallel</one>.
+- Wo innerhalb der Zelle findet man die "zelluläre Phosphotransferase"? Dies ist <one>ein Enzym des Golgi apparatus</one>.
+- Was ist "Transmission" in der Mikroskopie? Dies ist <one>das Durchdringen eines Objektes mit Licht</one>.
+- Vorgänger des "Lysosome"? The <one>late endosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome#Late_endosomes_to_lysosomes
+- Was ist eine <one>isokonte Begeißelung</one>? Wenn eine Zelle mehrere Geißeln trägt.
+- Phospholipid molecules also include <one>choline</one>. Is this hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Choline is fairly <one>hydropholic</one>; it is part of the hydrophilic head group of phospholipids as well.
+- In general, most cell lines used in cell culture technology were derived from? From <one>tumors</one>.
+- Why do we make use of the Yeast-one-hybrid system? To study <one>protein-DNA interactions</one>.
+- Das <one>clathrin triskelion</one> besteht aus ... ? Es ist ein <one>Hexamer</one>, bestehend aus 3x schweren Ketten und 3x leichten Ketten.
+- Wieso schaffen es <one>Lysosomen</one> einen niedrigeren pH-Wert als ihre Umgebung zu halten? Sie besitzen eine <one>Protonenpumpe der Klasse V</one>, die unter ATP-Verbrauch Protonen in den Lysosomen anreichert.
+- What is the net effect of "mitosis without cytokinesis"? <one>Cells with multiple nuclei</one> will be the result.
+- If we wish to add a "fluorescent dye" to Tubulin, which one should we use? <crimson>Rhodamine</crimson>.
+- Welche Zellen reparieren Skelettmuskelfasern? <one>Satellitenzellen</one>.
+- How was "autophagy" initially called? <one>Autolysis</one>.
+- The <one>clathrin triskelion</one> is specifically made up of ... ? 3 light chains - and 3 heavy chains.
+- "FSH" in humans means what? <one>Follicle-stimulating hormones</one>.
+- <one>Taxol</one> bindet an welche Tubulin-Form? Taxol bindet an <one>Beta-Tubulin</one>, anstelle von GTP.
+- In cellbiology we can see the <orange>CVT pathway</orange>. This abbreviation stands for ... ? <one>Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir die Hülle einer Muskelfaser? <one>Sarkolemma</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskulatur
+- Why may it be an advantage for eukaryotic cells if they can store secretory proteins in membrane compartments? Because this allows them to release these proteins from the cell surface in response to internal or external signals.
+- Haben Zellen normalerweise mehr GTP oder mehr GDP? Mehr GTP.
+- What is <one>the most remarkable ER specialization</one>? The <one>rough ER</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir den <one>G1-Kontrollpunkt</one> in Säugetierzellen? Restriktionspunkt (<one>R-Punkt</one>).
+- Membrane bending by ... domains? <one>BAR domains</one>. They can induce different curvatues.
+- Name an enzyme that plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis. A: <one>AMPK</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase
+- Nenne einen Hemmer von <one>MDM2</one>. A: Das Arf-Gen Produkt.
+- <one>Selenocystein</one> ist was genau? Ein <one>Cystein</one>, bei dem die Schwefelgruppe durch ein reaktiveres Selenium-Atom ausgetauscht wurde.
+- Nenne ein Enzym, das beim lysosomalen Proteinabbau Verwendung findet. A: <one>Cathepsin</one>.
+- Name a way how to detect cells in the S-phase. A: For instance, via <one>BrdU Incorporation</one>.
+- Inermediärfilamente können mit anderen Intermediärfilamenten eine Interaktion eingehen. Wie geschieht dies? Über <one>Heptad-Repeats</one>.
+- Was ist zum <one>Zellkern von Osteoklasten</one> zu sagen? Diese Zellen sind <one>mehrkernig</one>.
+- <one>Detergents</one> are soluble in which specific medium? In <one>water</one>.
+- Who or what can produce "transit amplifying cells"? <one>Stem cells</one> can.
+- Wo findet man <one>Rab-GTP</one>? An einem <one>Vesikel</one>.
+- Wie kann Autophagie (ein "degradation process") induziert werden? Durch <one>Hungern</one> (<one>starvation</one>).
+- <one>Actin</one> macht n% der Proteinmasse in einer eukaryoten Zelle aus? <one>Bis zu 20%</one> der Proteinmasse.
+- For "clathrin-coated buds", which protein assembles at the neck of the bud? <one>Dynamin</one>.
+- Die "stoffliche Zusammensetzung einer Säugetierzelle" - wieviel % Wasseranteil? <one>70%</one>.
+- Who has a <one>DEAD box motif</one>? <one>RNA Helicases</one>.
+- Which "cellular phenomenon" was first discovered in <one>C. elegans</one>? <one>Apoptosis</one>.
+- How can we observe lipid rafts in a cell membrane? We can use the <one>AFM</one> (atomic force microscope).
+- Welches Protein spaltet Vesikel in einer Zelle ab? <one>Dynamin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin
+- Why is <one>Cholesterol</one> preferentially localized to the upper region of a monolayer? Because the hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment.
+- Aus welchen vier Untereinheiten besteht "Cohesin"? (1) SMC1 (2) SMC3 (3) Scc1 (4) Scc3
+- Proteins that permanently reside in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) seem to be distinguished from newly synthesized secretory proteins by the presence of the C-terminal sequence ... ? <one>KDEL</one>: Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu.
+- Give another term for the "Protein kinase A". A: <one>cAMP-dependent protein kinase</one>.
+- Nenne zwei Genprodukte die für die Bildung des Autophagosoms wichtig sind. A: (1) Atg1 Kinase Komplex (2) PI3K
+- Wieso kann Chlorophyll mit Lipiden assoziieren? Weil es eine <one>Alkoholseitenkette</one> besitzt.
+- How do we call the proteins that make up the "nuclear pore complex"? The <one>nucleoporins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin
+- Nenne zwei zentrale, sekundäre Botenstoffe. A: (1) <one>cAMP</one> (2) <one>cGMP</one>
+- Give another name for the <one>centrosome</one>. A: <one>MTOC</one>: <one>Microtubule organizing center</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center
+- The main phospholipids in most animal cell membranes are ...? The <one>phosphoglycerides</one>.
+- Was ist "negative staining"? The background but not the cell is stained. Unstained cells appear as bright objects against a dark background.
+- What does "phagocytosis" literally mean? <one>Cellular eating</one>.
+- How do we call a fused t-SNARE and v-SNARE? <one>trans-SNARE complex</one>.
+- Der Begriff "Autophagy" in der Cellbiologie wurde von <one>Christian de Duve</one> geprägt. In welchem Jahr? <one>1963</one>.
+- Die <one>t-SNARES</one>: kann man sich das merken, was die auf zellulärer Ebene machen? Ja, über das "t ... tethering factor" mnemonic.
+- Why do <one>Caspases</one> not instantly kill a cell? They are synthesized as <one>inactive precursors</one>.
+- Who produces Lysosomes? The <one>Golgi complex</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus
+- Ist <one>Myoglobin</one> an intrazellulären Prozessen beteiligt? Ja - und zwar am "intrazellulären O2-Transport".
+- Name 3 skeletal proteins, starting with the letters A,V,F. A: (1) Actin (2) Vinculin (3) Fibronectin
+- Diameter of the "megakaryocytes"? Up to <one>60 micrometer</one>.
+- Welche zwei wichtige Aufgaben hat <one>Ran/GTP</one>? Es hilft beim Import und Export von Proteinen in und aus dem Nucleus.
+- In cell biology, what does "Nups" stand for? <one>Nucleoporins</one>.
+- <one>Chaperones</one> not only help during protein folding, but may also reduce which unwanted side effect? <one>Aggregation</one>, e. g. of <one>unfolded proteins</one>.
+- Im Zellkern, nenne ein Protein, das an "Importin" bindet. A: Das monomere G-Protein <one>Ran</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_%28gene%29
+- Nenne zwei Hemmstoffe der "cAMP-Phosphodiesterase". A: (1) Coffein (2) Theophyllin
+- Besitzen Pilze <one>Centriolen</one>? Nein.
+- <one>Adrenalin</one> bindet an eine Leberzelle. Effekt innerhalb dieser Zelle? Die Glykogenphosphorylase wird aktiviert.
+- A. W. für "Tay-sachs disease"? <one>GM2 gangliosidosis</one>.
+- How do we call the disc-like compartments of the Golgi apparatus? <one>Golgi cisternae</one>.
+- Wie können wir die <one>Phosphodiesterase</one> hemmen? Durch <one>Koffein</one>.
+- The <one>Rab GTPase</one> is important for ... ? <one>Organelle identity</one>.
+- Wie kann ich die Mitose genetisch ausschalten? Durch <one>Deletion des Centromers</one>.
+- What is the "time hormone"? <one>Melatonin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin
+- In seiner chemischen Struktur ähnelt "Phycocyanin" wem? Einem <one>unfolded chlorophyll molecule</one>.
+- Was findet am glatten ER statt? Dies ist allgemein <one>der Ort der Lipidsynthese</one>.
+- Der <one>SRPT</one> wirkt auch als ...? GEF - Guanin nucleotide exchange factor.
+- Zellmembranen wirken als ...? <one>Osmotische Schranken</one>.
+- What is the main minus-end directed <one>motor-protein</one> on microtubules? <one>Dynein</one>.
+- Nenne das wichtigste <one>monomere G-Protein</one>. A: Das "Ras-Protein".
+- Wo genau spalten die "Caspasen"? Spezifisch hinter <one>Aspartatresten</one>.
+- Warum sieht das <one>rauhe Endoplasmatische Reticulum</one> so aus wie es aussieht? Da multiple Ribosomes dort zu sehen sind.
+- Nenne ein Protein, das an das "ER-Retentionssequenz" <one>KDEL</one> bindet. A: "BiP". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28769758
+- Name an "ER stress reaction". A: The "unfolded protein response", <one>UPR</one>.
+- Nenne zwei Aufgaben der Peroxisomen. A: (1) Oxidativer Abbau von Fettsäuren (2) Entgiftung von toxischen Substanzen
+- The Glucose-Transporter (<one>GLUT</one>) is an example for what kind of transporter? GLUT is a "uniporter transporter protein". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_transporter
+- Allgemein formuliert - welche Zellen sind vor allem in der G0 Phase? <one>Ausdifferenzierte Zellen</one>.
+- What is the <one>I-cell disease</one>? Material accumulates in the lysosomes because of the absence of hydrolytic enzymes due to the enzyme phosphotransferase unable to add phosphate groups to mannose in the Golgi complex.
+- Which organelle produces Lysosomes? The <one>Golgi Apparatus</one>.
+- How do we call the two layers of the phospholipid-bilayer? <one>Leaflets</one>. URL: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Lipid_Bilayer
+- Der <one>Zellzyklus</one> hat 7 prominente Punkte (die checkpoints ausgenommen). Welche? A: (G0)G1,R,S,G2,M,Cytokinese.
+- Hohe Apertur, niedrige Auflösung? Nein! Gute Auflösung.
+- Wieviele Billionen Zellen hat ein adulter Mensch in etwa? <one>37.2 Billionen Zellen</one>.
+- Who can reverse ubiquitination events? The <one>Deubiquitinases</one>.
+- <one>Tubulin subunits</one> (Alpha and Beta) can bind what exactly? GDP or GTP.
+- Es gibt das sogenannt I-cell diseases, "Inclusion-cell" diseases. Die sind Teil von "lysosomal storage disease families". Welches Enzym ist hier defekt? Die <one>Phosphotransferase</one>, ein Enzym des Golgi-Apparatus.
+- Wann gibt <one>Aequorin</one> Licht ab? Bei Zugabe von (geringen Mengen) <one>Ca2+</one>.
+- Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death. In this type, we can see the accumulation of ... ? <one>lipid peroxides</one>. 
+- Name the two major roles that <one>autophagy</one> has. A: (1) to remove damaged organelles and macromolecules (2) to recycle amino acids during periods of starvation
+- Wann wurde der "Golgi-Apparat" entdeckt? <orange>1898</orange>.
+- Name a component of the "signal recognition particle (SRP)" complex. A: The "signal recognition particle RNA", which is also known as 7SL RNA.
+- For animal cell culturing, the substrate concentration of aminoacids is often very important, in particular glutamin. Why glutamin? Because glutamin "functions as an energy substrate".
+- Anderes Wort für VCCD ("Viable Cumulative Cell Days"? "Viability Index".
+- Which three general functions may a "P body" have? (1) "storeage" (2) "repression" (3) "degradation"
+- Cell division creates ... ? New cells.
+- Bei der "Dynamik von Mikrotubuli/Tubulin" in der Zelle hat "Alpha-Tubulin" eigentlich immer "GTP" gebunden. Lediglich Beta-Tubulin unterscheidet sich in seinem Verhalten, je nachdem ob es GTP oder GDP gebunden hat. Wie unterscheidet sich Beta-Tubulin bei "GDP" und "GTP" dahingehend jeweils? (1) Beta-Tubulin mit "GDP": "Zerfall der Mikrotubuli" (2) Beta-Tubulin mit "GTP": "Polymerisierung der Mikrotubuli"
+- Centrioles are essential for development of ... ? cilia and flagella.
+- Welche zwei verschiedene Arten von "Membrantransport" gibt es? (1) Transport durch die Membran hindurch (2) Transport innerhalb der Membran selbst (zum Beispiel Elektronentransport)
+- Die Synthese "cytoplasmatisher Proteine" erfolgt ...? An "nichtmembran-assoziierten Ribosomen".
+- In der molekularen Zellbiologie, was ist "Wee1"? Wee1 ist eine Nuclear Kinase (ist also im Zellkern), die zur Ser/Thr Familie der Proteinkinasen gehört, in der fission yeast "Schizosaccharomyces pombe". Die molekulare Masse ist 96 kDa. Ihre Aufgabe ist es den Verlauf des Zellzyklus zu regulieren. Zudem kann es die Zellgrösse beeinflussen, indem sie den Eintritt in die Mitose verzögert, durch hemmende Interaktion mit Cdk1- daher der Name "Wee".
+- Welche Aufgabe hat die Alpha-Subunit bei G-Proteinen? Dies ist eine "GTPase". Sie hydrolysiert GTP zu GDP; dies inaktiviert das G-Protein.
+- Karyopherins are, or can be broadly grouped into, ...? (1) "importins" (2) "exportins"
+- Nenne die "vier Bewegungsmöglichkeiten von Phospholipiden". A: (1) "flexion" (2) "rotation" (3) "laterale Diffusion" (4) "transversale Diffusion"
+- In der Zellbiologie binden die MAPs ("Microtubule-associated protein") an Tubulin Subunits. Welche Funktion erfüllt dies? Sie "regulieren damit deren Stabilität" - machen sie also stabiler oder instabiler.
+- Name two ways how proteins to be exported can be identified by the cell. A: (1) SecA protein (2) signal recognition particles (SRP)
+- Inside cilia there is a "microtubule-based cytoskeleton". What is its name? The "axoneme". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoneme
+- Name 2 different forms of "cell senescence". A: (1) "replicative senescence" (2) "induced     senescence"
+- Give an example for "gated transport" in cell biology. A: The transfer of material through "nuclear pore complexes".
+- Proteins can move from one intracellular compartment to another, by which 3 mechanisms? (1) gated transport (2) protein translocation (3) vesicular transport
+- Nenne die 3 Domänen des "Glykophorin". A: (1) extrazelluläre Domäne (2) Transmembrandomäne (3) cytoplasmatische Domäne
+- Wo vor allem könnte ich das Protein "Dynein" finden? In "Flagellen" oder "Spermatozoa".
+- In an electron microscope, name two major differences between "lysosomes" and "peroxisomes". A: (1) lysosomes are smaller (2) Lysosomes appear "darker", hence they are more "electron rich", thus, denser.
+- Nucleoporins contain in particular which two-aminoacid repeats? FG, aka "Phe/Gly repeats".
+- A. W. für "Glykoprotein der Zelloberfläche"? Aggregationsfaktoren.
+- Name the four main families of motor proteins in human cells. A: (1) Integrins (2) Immunoglobulins (3) Cadherins (4) Selectins
+- In cell biology, how do we call the methodological step necessary for releasing organelles? Homogenization step. 
+- Cargo within the cell can be sent via vesicles, which must be cleave off during the "scission" step. Which enzymes catalyze this reaction usually? GTPases, such as "dynamin".
+- Name one famous "cellular Cdk inhibitor". A: p21.
+- Gib 3 Nucleosid Beispiele an. A: (1) Cytidin (2) Uridin (3) Guanosin
+- Nenne 3 Wachstumsfaktoren inklusive ihres vollen Namens. A: (1) PDGF: Plateled Derived Growth Factor (2) VEGF: Vascular Endothelian Growth Factor (3) EGF:  Epidermal Growth Factor
+- Nenne 2 viel verwendete Detergenzien für bzw. gegen eine "biologische Membran". A: (1) Tritox X-1000 (2) Natriumdodecylsulfat
+- Wie bezeichnen wir die Diffusion durch eine Membran? Passiver Transport.
+- Was ist das gemeinsame Merkmal aller G-Proteine? Eine "hoch konservierte G-Domäne".
+- Nenne 1 Substanz, die Mikrotubuli stabilisieren kann. A: Taxol.
+- Cells can degrade proteins without lysosomes - give a proof for this statement. A: Reticulocytes lack lysosomes but can still selectively degrade abnormal proteins.
+- Name a "lipid-soluble second messenger". A: Diacylglycerol.
+- Warum führt die Zelle "Farnesylierungen" durch? Um Proteine fest mit der Membran zu assoziieren.
+- Was heisst "die Zellmembran ist asymmetrisch" ganz konkret, mit Beispiel? Nehmen wir das Mitochondrium heran - Cytochrom c der Atmungskette ist aussen, ATP-Synthase ist innen.
+- Anderer Name für "importin-beta-like protein"? Karyopherin-Beta-family.
+- Where are "cell membranes" synthesized? Membranes and their constituent proteins are assembled in the ER.
+- Wann wurde das "Fluid-Mosaic-Modell" vorgeschlagen? 1972.
+- Eine typische Eukaryotenzelle hat wieviele Proteasome pro Zelle? 30.000
+- Die Rab Proteinfamilie haben allgemein wieviele Untereinheiten? Eine.
+- Name 2 "degradation organelles". A: (1) the 26S-Proteasome (2) the lysosomes
+- In Cellbiology, Shibire is a "temperature sensitive phenotype" in Drosophila. What happens at high temperature, and why? The flies become paralysed at high temperature. The phenotype is the result of the inability of endocytic vesicles to be separated from the parent membranes and thus there is a depletion of vesicles especially in synaptic terminals.
+- What would happen if we would knock out "lysosomal hydrolases"? Undigested molecules would accumulate in lysososomes, causing the cell to swell and ultimately die.
+- In welche Richtung wandern COP I und COP II Vesikel? COP I wandert von trans-Golgi zu cis-Golgi, COP II wandert in die gegengesetzte Richtung also vom rauhen ER hin zum Golgi Apparatus.
+- Zusätzlich zu den Motorproteinen stellen zytoplasmatische Verbindungsproteine eine Verbindung her, zwischen Mikrotubuli und anderen Zellorganellen. Wie nennen wir diese Proteine? CLIPS ("cytoplasmic linker proteins")
+- Mikrotubuli besitzen eine polare Struktur. Welchen funktioniellen Unterschied gibt es zwischen dem +-Ende und dem -Ende? Das plus-Ende hat eine höhere Geschwindigkeit für Ein- und Abbau von Untereinheiten. Am minus-Ende erfolgt der bevorzugte Abbau.
+- Wir können zwischen "primären Lysosomen" und "sekundären Lysosomen" unterscheiden. Was ist das wichtigste Unterscheidungskriterium hierzu? Die primären Lysosomen werden vom Golgi Apparat abgeschnürt. Sie enthalten neu gebildete, noch nicht aktive lysosomale Enzyme. Nimmt so ein Lysosom dann neues Material auf, das verdaut werden soll, so nennt man diese dann sekundäre Lysosomen.
+- Give an example for a "single-pass transmembrane protein". A: The LDL-Receptor.
+- What is the "D" and "T" form of actin filaments? D form ... bound ADP. T form ... bound ATP.
+- Within the cell, the centromeres play a critical and very important role where exactly? In the "segregation of chromosomes".
+- Was meinen wir in der Zellbiologie mit dem "retrograden Transport"? Dies ist Transport von der Zellmembran hin zum Zellkern.
+- Name a way how to experimentally measure DNA replication. A: Use [3H] thymidine.
+- Give 2 examples for materials cells like to adhere to. A: (1) polylysine (2) extracellular matrix components
+- Which 2 classes of "apoptotic caspases" exist? (1) initiator caspases (2) executioner caspases
+- Name the three most commonly used scaffolds for 3D cultures. A: (1) Agarose (2) Collagen (3) Fibronectin
+- What is "Transdifferentiation"? Transdifferentiation is the conversion of a differentiated cell type into another differentiated cell type.
+- Name 1 bacterial homolog of actin. A: MreB.
+- What is the "most fundamental task" for a cell? The passing on of its genetic information to the next generation of cells.
+- How are "lysosomal hydrolases" tagged in the Golgi apparatus? Via "mannose-6-phosphate" groups.
+- Name 3 "Biogenesis Strategies" for making a new organelle (duplication). A: (1) de novo nucleation growth (2) templated assembly/growth (3) growth/fission
+- What is the general role of Gamma-Tubulin? This protein is involved in the nucleation of microtubule growth.
+- In Cell Biology, we know the "ARP complex". What other name is given to this complex? The Arp 2/3 complex.
+- What do we mean with "non-bilayer lipids"? These are lipids that can not build a bilayer of lipids.
+- Who are the most complex "glycolipids"? The gangliosides.
+- Welche Cytoskelett-Elemente sind apolar? Nur die Intermediärfiamente.
+- What does the name "Ras" stand for? Ras is an abbreviation of "Rat sarcoma".
+- Most laminopathies (== diseases of the lamina) are associated with ..., in a cellular context? A mutant version of lamin A.
+- Was ist "spectral tuning"? Spectral tuning bedeutet, das verschiedene Pigment-Spektren, sowie andere Faktoren, die diese beeinflussen, durch den Organismus, der diese produziert, adaptiert werden. Also quasi eine "Anpassung an Licht verschiedener Wellenlänge".
+- What means "cellular respiration"? This is how cells consume O2 and produce CO2.
+- Another term for "the translocon"? Protein-conducting channel.
+- Name 3 important jobs for the ER (Endoplasmatic Reticulum). A: (1) lipid-biosynthesis (2) protein biosynthesis (3) intracellular Ca 2+ store
+- In cell biology, what do we mean with "INM"? inner nuclear membrane. 
+- What are "professional phagocytes"? (1) macrophages (2) neutrophils
+- Nenne die 3 Komponenten beim Aufbau eines Lipidmoleküls. A: (1) Cholin (2) Phosphat (3) Glycerin
+- Nenne 4 Phospholipide, die wir in einer Membran finden können. A: (1) Phosphatidylcholin (PC) (2) Phosphatidylserin (PS) (3) Phosphatidylinositol (PI) (4) Phosphatidylethanolamin (PE)
+- Wer etablierte das "Flüssig-Mosaik-Modell" 1972? Singer und Nicolson.
+- Proteine die in die Mitochondrien importiert werden sollen, haben was für eine leader sequence? Am N-Terminus 20 oder mehr Aminosäuren.
+- The MPF ("maturation promoting factor") consists of how many subunits? 2.
+- The ER lumen can store what? It can store "calcium" (Ca2+).
+- Folded proteins inside of a cell leave the ER where? At "ER exit sites".
+- What exactly is a "neoplasm"? An accumulation of "abnormally dividing cells".
+- Actin Filamente haben einen "nucleation point", der von einem Komplex ausgeht, welcher wiederum 7 Proteine hat. Wie heisst dieser Komplex, und wofür steht die Abkürzung? Arp2/3 complex. Arp steht für "Actin-Related Protein" - ARP ähnelt Aktin strukturell.
+- Do Microfilaments have a plus and minus end? Yes.
+- In cell biology, what means "Photobleaching"? Photobleaching is the photochemical destruction of a fluorophore.
+- Which class of enzymes trigger the events in the cell cycle? Kinases.
+- Eine bakterielle Zelle hat wieviele Moleküle ATP? 1 Million.
+- Wie sind die Mikrotubuli in einer nicht-polarisierten Zelle verteilt? Die Plus-Enden befinden sich nahe an der Zellmembran, die Minus-Enden eher in der Mitte der Zelle.
+- Was ist die "Glykokalyx"? Die Gesamtheit der Zuckerketten an der extrazellulären Zelloberfläche.
+- Wer stellte die <one>Zelltheorie</one> auf? <one>Matthias Schleiden</one> und <one>Theodor Schwann</one>.
+- Rab6 Proteins haben was für eine Aufgabe? They direct a vesicle to specific spots on the correct target membrane.
+- Eine menschliche Pankreaszelle hat wieviele Ribosomen? Einige Millionen.
+- Was ist "Endocytose"? Die Aufnahme von Flüssigkeit sowie großen und kleineren Molekülen in eine eukaryotische Zelle (nicht bei Prokaryoten)
+- What functions do the "Synaptotagmins" have? They function as calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion.
+- In der Zellbiologie, welche Rolle spielen "multivesicular bodies"? Sie spielen eine Rolle beim Transport von ubiquitinierten Proteinen und Rezeptoren in ein Lysososome.
+- Give two hormone-examples for vesicular proteins. A: (1) insulin (2) erythropoietin (EPO)
+- What is a "Heteroplasmon"? This is an eukaryotic cell in which both wild-type and mutant organelle DNA coexist. Sometimes also called a cytohet. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet
+- In der Zellbiologie, was ist das "Retromer"? Das Retromer ist ein Komplex an Proteinen die wichtig sind für die Wiederverwendung von "transmembrane receptors", von Endosomen hin zum trans-Golgi network (TGN).
+- What is the main signal for protein delivery into lysosomes via endosomes? The Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor (MPR).
+- The GTP bound to Beta-tubulin may be hydrolyzed to GDP shortly after assembly. What is the effect of this? New dimers are added to the Tubulin-Structure.
+- Name 3 functions of autophagy. A: (1) starvation (recycling of nutrients) (2) protein aggregation (neurodegenerative importance) (3) damaged organelles
+- Name one important but unusual environmental cue for a cell in a multicellular organism. A: Signals from the other cells.
+- Which three main pathways are involved in autophagy? (1) Macroautophagy (2) Microautophagy (3) Chaperone-mediate autophagy (CMA)
+- What are "early endosomes"? Bubbles that exist directly after being pinched off. They are mildly acidic, so not much degradation has yet taken place. As the early endosome migrates deeper into the cell, it becomes more and more acidic and evolves into a late endosome.
+- Within a cell, what happens if a protein loses its KDEL Sequence? It can no longer be retained within the ER.
+- Welche Funktion haben Intermediärfilamente? Gib Beispiele für Intermediärfilamente. A: Intermediärfilamente dienen der "Erhöhung der mechanischen Stabilität der Zelle". Sie haben einen Durchmesser von 10 nm und liegen somit zwischen Aktinfilamenten (7 nm) und Mikrotubuli (25 nm). Intermediärfilamente bilden mit Mikrotubuli und Aktinfilamenten das Cytoskelett der Zelle. "Desmine" und "Lamine" sind Beispiele für Intermediärfilamente.
+- Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen Mitosis und Meiosis. A: Die Produkte der Meiosis sind haploid.
+- Wann setzt die Zelle das Enzym "Glutamine Synthetase" ein? Wenn die NH3-Konzentration niedrig ist.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was ist 3D5? Eine "tetracycline inducible transfectant cell line".
+- Wie funktioniert der Import von Proteinen in das Mitochondrium? Mitochondrien haben Rezeptoren, die bestimmte Signalsequenzen binden können.
+- Der Mensch hat wieviele Zellen? 10 ** 14.
+- A. W. für Nucleotide? Nucleoside-5-Prime-Phosphate.
+- Gib ein Beispiel für eine Serin/Threoninkinase. A: Proteinkinase A.
+- Was ist die "H & E Färbung"? Hämatolysin + Eosin.
+- Wann genau bildet sich der synaptonemale Komplex? Im Zygotän.
+- Nenne die 3 Typen von Membranrezeptoren. A: (1) G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (2) Rezeptortyrosinkinasen (3) Liganden-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle.
+- A. W. für "Oberfläche einer Zelle"? Cytoplasmamembran.