studium 0.13.1

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Files changed (871) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +2785 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  38. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  39. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  40. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  41. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  42. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  43. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  44. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  45. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  46. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  47. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  48. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
  49. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  50. data/doc/README.gen +2742 -0
  51. data/doc/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  52. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  53. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  54. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  55. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +112 -0
  56. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_THE_GRAPHICAL_PARTS_OF_THE_STUDIUM_GEM_INCLUDING_WWW_RELATED_ASPECTS.md +35 -0
  57. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  58. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +2710 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +543 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +11 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +110 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +90 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +189 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +163 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +115 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +549 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +46 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +932 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +903 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +14 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2142 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +217 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +25 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +210 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +324 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +163 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +11 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +264 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +163 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +64 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +38 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +196 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +614 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +191 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +108 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +86 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +781 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +214 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +27 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +504 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +43 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +85 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +218 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +114 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +63 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +71 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +52 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +75 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +946 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +438 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +132 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +290 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +311 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +116 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +764 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +60 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +81 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +240 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1002 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1001 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +126 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +382 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +78 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +22 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +503 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +153 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +137 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +106 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +89 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +373 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +442 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +155 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +995 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +87 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +80 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +492 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics +5 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +280 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +28 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +42 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +551 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytokines +5 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +106 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +35 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +56 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +314 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +211 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +354 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +89 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +41 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +547 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +345 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +179 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +138 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +328 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +71 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +511 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +211 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +79 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +176 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +244 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +901 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +8 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +621 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +47 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +93 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +59 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +25 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +109 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +100 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +134 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +191 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +241 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +982 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +97 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +22 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +57 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +502 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +12 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +5 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +208 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +94 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/macroeconomics +40 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mathematics +254 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizin_und_biomedizinische_technik +250 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizinische_chemie_und_pharmazie +398 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/messtechnik_und_regeltechnik +104 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/metabolismus +406 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microbial_ecology +35 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microcontrollers +11 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_lebensgemeinschaften +33 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_physiologie +172 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mitochondria +32 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mixed +278 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molecular_biology_of_plants +242 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molekulare_medizin +131 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nanotechnologie +453 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nature_conservation_and_biodiversity +166 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/naturstoffe +9 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/netzwerke +32 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/neurobiology +267 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nucleotide_sequencing +32 -0
  298. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nutztierethologie +11 -0
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1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS
3
+ #
4
+ # Alles über die Molekularbiologie in Pflanzen, insbesondere von der
5
+ # BOKU. Stressphysiologie-Antwort bei Pflanzen. molplant tag, molplants tag.
6
+ # plantmol tag. Auch Plant Pathogens. Molplant. Mol_plant.
7
+ # molplantstag. molplanttag. molpltag.
8
+ #
9
+ # Auch "Plant Chromosome Structure and Evolution" und Phytohormone.
10
+ #
11
+ # Plant development biology will be covered in another file.
12
+ # =========================================================================== #
13
+
14
+ - Bei Maiskörner gibt es verschiedene Färbemuster, die als <one>Marmorierung</one> bekannt sind. Diese Marmorierung entsteht durch ... ? Durch die <one>Bildung von Anthocyan</one>.
15
+ - Do <one>plants</one> possess <two>TLRs</two> (Toll-like receptors)? <one>Yes</one>.
16
+ - About how many percent of the nuclear genes in Arabidopsis seem to come from cyanobacteria (+/- 5% is ok)? About <one>≈18%</one>.
17
+ - Wie wurde das Phytohormon "Auxin" entdeckt? Durch Untersuchungen zum <one>Phototropismus</one>.
18
+ - In plant genetics: the abbreviation <one>ERFs</one> stands for ... ? <one>Ethylene response factors</one>.
19
+ - Does <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> have <two>arbuscular mycorrhiza</two>? No. []
20
+ - <one>Zink</one> (<one>Zn</one>) ist wichtig für welches Phytohormon? <one>Auxin</one> (Auxin-Synthese). []
21
+ - Das wichtigste, charakteristisches Enzym der <one>Leguminosen</one> ist ... ? Die <one>Nitrogenase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenase []
22
+ - Do <one>plants</one> contain <two>centrioles</two>? In general no, but there are a few exceptions.
23
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>DH plants</one>? This refers to <one>double haploid plants</one>.
24
+ - <one>Heat stress</one> in <two>Triticum aestivum</two> can result in ...? <one>leaf senescence</one>.
25
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> absorbieren vor allem welches Licht? Hauptsächlich <one>Hellrotlicht</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome
26
+ - Can <one>phytochromes</one> move into the nucleus? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome []
27
+ - How many enzymes are, in general, required in plants for the synthesis of <one>anthocyanin</one>? <one>4</one>. []
28
+ - <one>Auxin</one> ähnelt in seiner molekularen Wirkung welch anderem <two>Phytohormon</two>? <one>Gibberellin</one>. []
29
+ - Auxin entsteht aus welcher Aminosäure? <one>Tryptophan</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxine []
30
+ - In Weizenblättern findet man bis zu n DNA-Moleküle pro Chloroplast? Bis zu 1000 DNA-Moleküle pro Chloroplast.
31
+ - Most plants contain more <one>chlorophyll a</one> or <two>chlorophyll b</two>? Most plants contain <one>more chlorophyll a</one>. []
32
+ - Welches Phytohormon verzögert den Blattfall? <one>Auxin</one>. []
33
+ - Findet man <one>Hox-Gene</one> in Pflanzen? Nein. []
34
+ - Welches Enzym ist bei Pflanzen wichtig für die <one>Zellwandsynthese</one>? Die <one>Cellulose-Synthase</one>.
35
+ - <one>Prolamellarkörper</one> finden wir, zum Beispiel, in ...? <one>Etioplasten</one>.
36
+ - Wie wirken <one>Brassinosteroide</one> auf die Pflanze? Sie <one>fördern die Sprossstreckung</one>.
37
+ - Nenne eine <one>pflanzliche miRNA</one>. A: "miR172" in Arabidopsis.
38
+ - Welche zwei Phytohormone steuern das <one>Wachstum von Pflanzenzellen</one>? (1) <one>Auxin</one> (2) <one>Cytokinin</one> []
39
+ - Fördert oder hemmt die <one>Abscisinsäure</one> das Wachstum bei Pflanzen? Es hemmt das Wachstum.
40
+ - Was bestimmt letzten Endes die <one>Grenzen der pflanzlichen Entwicklung</one> (ausgenommen Energie oder Wasser)? Das <one>pflanzliche Genom</one>. []
41
+ - In the "ABC gene flowering model, we may also have <one>D genes</one>. What is the function of the D genes? Function D specifies the identity of the ovule.
42
+ - Was war früher der beste <one>Zusatz für eine pflanzliche Zellkultur</one>? <one>Kokosmilch</one>. []
43
+ - Name a resistance gene in <one>maize</one>. A: <one>HM1</one>.
44
+ - Plants subject to <one>salt stress</one> accumulate ...? <one>Organic osmolytes</one>.
45
+ - In Pflanzen: wofür steht die Abkürzung für das Enzym <one>DFR</one>? <one>Dihydroflavinol-Reduktase</one>.
46
+ - Plants lives are very stressful. Name <one>two stress hormones</one> in plants. A: (1) ethylene (2) ABA
47
+ - Welcher <one>pflanzliche Plastid</one> ist degeneriert? Der <one>Gerontoplast</one>. []
48
+ - Falls <one>Pathogene</one> in das Xylem eindringen kann sich eine Pflanze wie wehren? Indem diese Leitgefäße durch Thyllen verschlossen werden.
49
+ - What effect should there be if a <one>virulence gene</one> is lost? There should be a <one>slower development of disease syptoms</one>, which can be measured via AUDPC, the <two>area under the disease progression curve</two>.
50
+ - Most <one>SUMO-modified proteins</one>, at the least in plants, contain a consensus motif. How many aminoacids? This motif is a "tetrapeptide"; thus it contains four aminoacids.
51
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> hat n Chromosomen? <one>5</one>. []
52
+ - High concentrations of <one>auxin</one> stimulate the production of which other phytohormone? Auxin stimulates the production of <one>ethylene</one>, at high concentrations.
53
+ - <one>Abscisic Acid</one> (ABA) is what chemical type? ABA is a "sesquiterpenoid" (15-carbon).
54
+ - Das <one>Arabidopsis Genom</one> enthält n Gene, die mit der Zellwandsynthese in Zusammenhang stehen? Über <one>1000 Gene</one>.
55
+ - What is the final product of the <one>shikimate pathway</one>? <one>Chorismic acid</one>.
56
+ - <one>Flavonoids</one> can be synthesized by plants. Which amino acid is the precursor there? The amino acid <one>phenylalanine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine []
57
+ - Name a plant that has the "T-urf13 gene". A: <one>Maize</one>.
58
+ - In <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> gibt es etwas das <two>CONSTANS</two> genannt wird. Was ist dies? <two>CONSTANTS</two> ist ein <one>Transkriptionsfaktor</one>. []
59
+ - Ein <one>Chlorophyll-Molekül</one> hat wieviele Stickstoffatome? <one>4</one>. []
60
+ - Welches Gen kodiert für den <one>Acetosyringon-Rezeptor</one>? <one>VirA</one>.
61
+ - A. W. für <one>pflanzliche Jugendhormone</one>? <one>Cytokinine</one>.
62
+ - <one>Plants</one> possess a unique class of CDKs, designated ...? <one>B-type CDKs</one>.
63
+ - Functionally, we can differ between which two variants of phytochromes? (1) <one>light-labile</one> (2) <one>light-stable</one>
64
+ - <one>Carotine</one> haben eine gelbe oder orange Farbe. Molekular betrachtet, wovon hängt diese Färbung ab? Von der Anzahl an konjugierten Doppelbindungen.
65
+ - Nenne ein Abwehrmolekül der Pflanzen, das Pathogene direkt angreifen kann. A: <one>Phytoalexine</one>.
66
+ - How can we detect <one>SUMOylation</one>? Via <one>Immunoblotting</one>, through <two>anti-SUMO antibodies</two>.
67
+ - Telomer-Struktur bei <one>Arabidopsis</one>? <one>TTTAGGG</one>. (7 Nukleotide in Summe.)
68
+ - Is PS I or PS II more susceptible to <one>photodamage</one>? <one>PS II</one>.
69
+ - Den gleichen Aufbau wie die <one>Chlorophylle</one> haben die ... ? <one>Phäophytine</one> - jedoch besitzen sie "kein Zentralatom" und sind deshalb ungeladen.
70
+ - Chromosomensatz der Kartoffel? Die Kartoffel ist <one>tetraploid</one>.
71
+ - Welches <one>pflanzliche Hormon</one> bewirkt das Schließen der Stomata? Die <one>Abscisinsäure</one> (<two>ABA</two>).
72
+ - Welches Phytohormon setzen "dehydrierte Mesophylzellen" frei? <one>Abscisinsäure</one>.
73
+ - <one>RUBISCO</one> has how many <two>subunits</two>? Is it a symmetrical molecule? 16 subunits. 8 identische grosse und 8 identische kleine Subunits. RUBISCO ist ein symmetrisches Molekül.
74
+ - <one>C4-Pflanzen</one>: warum dieser Name? Das erste Zwischenprodukt der Photosynthese bei C4-Pflanzen ist "Oxalacetat", welcher aus vier Kohlenstoff-Atomen besteht.
75
+ - <one>Which phytohormone</one> is important for <two>abiotic stress signalling</two>? Abscisic acid (ABA). It will accumulate.
76
+ - Eine Pflanze mag versuchen, ihre Zellwand mittels <one>Callose</one> zu verstärken. Was ist <one>Callose</one>? <one>Callose</one> ist das "Beta-1,3 Polymer der Glucose".
77
+ - Most <one>SUMO-modified proteins</one> contain a tetrapeptide consensus motif. Name the single aminoacid that is invariant and always the same, within that motif. A: Lysin.
78
+ - The <one>production of ABA</one> is accentuated by stresses such as ... (give 2 examples). A: (1) water loss (2) freezing temperatures
79
+ - Warum ist <one>Arabidopsis</one> ein gutes Modellsystem? Weil Arabidopsis ein kleines Genom hat; und weil Arabidopsis schnell wächst.
80
+ - <one>Welches Phytohormon</one> ist für die Apikaldominanz verantwortlich? <one>Auxin</one>. []
81
+ - What are the <one>GUN mutants</one>? <one>GUN</one> stands for <two>genome uncoupled</two>.
82
+ - <one>Stress</one> can <two>reduce the average plant productivity</two> by ...? <one>60-80%</one>.
83
+ - Where in a plant are <one>cytokinin concentrations</one> the highest? They are the highest in <one>meristematic regions</one>.
84
+ - Name four <one>environmental stress factors</one> that affect plant growth and may pose a threat to "sustainable agriculture". A: (1) drought (2) elevated temperature (3) salinity (4) rising CO2
85
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one>, in Pflanzen, existieren in zwei Varianten. Welchen? (1) "Hellrot-absorbierende Form" (Pr) (2) <one>Dunkelrot-absorbierende Form</one> (<two>Pfr</two>)
86
+ - Woraus besteht ein <one>Phragmoplast</one>? Er besteht aus <one>Mikrofilamenten</one> und <one>Mikrotubuli</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmoplast
87
+ - Sensitivity to the <one>Alternaria alternata</one> toxin in citrus occurs because of ...? Altered mitochondrial RNA processing.
88
+ - <one>Arabidopsis</one> has <two>how many phytochrome genes</two>? Arabidopsis has <one>five</one> (5) phytochrome genes; PHY (A - E) e. g. PHY-A, PHY-B etc. []
89
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> hat mindestens wieviele CDKs? <one>12</one>.
90
+ - The <one>Arabidopsis mitochondria genome</one> has which length? 368 kb.
91
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Monopteros</one>? <one>ARF5</one> - <two>auxin response factor 5</two> (At1g19850)
92
+ - Nenne ein Enzym das <one>PPT</one> (<two>Phosphinothricin</two>) modifiziert. A: Die <one>PPT-Acetyltransferase</one>.
93
+ - <one>Welches Phytohormon</one> ist für das <two>Streckungswachstum</two> bei Pflanzen hauptverantwortlich? <one>Gibberellin</one>. []
94
+ - The "chloroplast genome of higher plants" contains about n genes? About <one>120 genes</one>.
95
+ - In <one>plant genetics</one>, what can acetosyringone induce? It can induce the <one>vir-genes</one> of the Ti-plasmid.
96
+ - Wieso besitzen <one>Chloroplasten</one> ein sehr kleines Genom? Weil die meisten Funktionen durch <one>Kerngene</one> (Gene im Zellkern der Zelle) bereitgestellt werden. []
97
+ - <one>Cytokinins</one> are compounds with a structure resembling ...? <one>Adenine</one>. []
98
+ - <one>S-nitrosylation</one> is what exactly? This is the <one>reversible coupling of an NO moiety</one> to a critical cysteine residue.
99
+ - How do we denote <one>gene overexpression</one> via symbol? <one>o</one>/<one>e</one>.
100
+ - In the biosynthesis via the <one>shikimate pathway</one>, what is very important for a plant cell? The <one>plastids</one>.
101
+ - <one>Hybrid plant pathotypes</one> can be created how? By <one>protoplast fusion</one>.
102
+ - Name a <one>tetraploid plant</one>, that is quite important in central europe. A: <one>Potato</one>.
103
+ - If we take the relatively small <one>Arabidopsis genome</one>, how much percent of the DNA is composed of various repetitive elements? About <one>20%</one>.
104
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> absorbieren bei welchen zwei Wellenlängen? (1) <one>660 nm</one> (2) <one>730 nm</one>
105
+ - How does <one>H2O2</one> get into the plant cell? Via the <one>apoplast</one>.
106
+ - <one>When</one> was the first cytokinin (<three>kinetin</three>) isolated and discovered? In <one>1955</one>, by Miller et al.
107
+ - What happens when a "mature chloroplast" ages? A <one>gerontoplast</one> arises.
108
+ - Die Form einer Pflanzenzelle wird von den <one>Mikrotubuli</one> bestimmt. Wieso? Bei der Bildung der Zellwand werden die Zellulosefibrillen stets parallel zu den Mikrotubuli angelegt; dies bestimmt somit die spätere Form der Zelle.
109
+ - Biotic and abiotic stresses can <one>reduce avarage plant productivity</one> by ... , depending on the crop? 60-80%.
110
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana's genome</one> (<two>Brassicaceae</two>) has <three>2n</three> ... ? It has 10 chromosomes in 2n ("2n = 10").
111
+ - <one>Violaxanthin</one> is a carotenoid that is important for biosynthesis of "abscisic acid". How many carbons does it have? It has <one>40 (forty) carbon atoms</one>.
112
+ - Why is a <one>phragmoplast</one> required? The phragmoplast is required for the subsequent formation of a new cell wall, which will separate the two daughter cells.
113
+ - <one>2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure</one> ähnelt welchem <two>Phytohormon</two>? <one>Auxin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigs%C3%A4ure []
114
+ - Plants that are subjected to <one>salt stress</one>, protect themselves against this how? By accumulating "organic osmolytes", in particular proline, ectoine and myo-inositol. These accumulate in the cytoplasm of the plant cell.
115
+ - Das Pathogen <one>Erwinia amylovora</one> greift zum Beispiel welche Pflanzen an? Äpfel und <one>Birnen</one>.
116
+ - <one>Chlorophyll</one> absorbiert welches Licht welcher Wellenlänge? (1) "blau": bei "480nm" (2) <one>rot</one>: bei <two>700nm</two>
117
+ - In plant genetics: what does the <one>tfa</one> gene stand for? <one>Things falling apart</one>.
118
+ - Wie können in Pflanzenzellen <one>Organellen</one> entlang der Mikrotubuli des Zellskelettes bewegt werden? Dank <one>Motorproteine</one>.
119
+ - Was ist <one>cpSRP</one>? Der <one>chloroplast signal recognition particle</one>.
120
+ - Das <one>tmr Gen</one> im Ti-Plasmid kodiert für? Die <one>Isopentenyltransferase</one>.
121
+ - A. W. für <one>plant steroids</one>? <one>Brassinosteroids. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinosteroid []
122
+ - Nenne einen <one>roten Farbstoff</one> der Pflanzen. A: <one>Phycoerythrin</one>.
123
+ - Das Enzym <one>RUBISCO</one> hat n Untereinheiten und n aktive Zentren? <one>16 UE</one>, 8 katalytische Zentren.
124
+ - Was ist das erste Entstehungsprodukt von <one>RUBISCO</one>? <one>3-Phosphoglycerat</one>.
125
+ - Pflanzen besitzen <one>Avr-Gene</one>. Warum dieser Name? <one>Avirulenzgene</one>.
126
+ - <one>Which light-colours</one> do <two>phytochromes</two> and <two>cryptochromes</two> make use of? (1) cryptochromes: blue light (2) phytochromes: red light
127
+ - What is the general role of the <one>flavonoids</one> in plants? <two>Flavonoids</two> act as <one>UV protectants</one>.
128
+ - What is the general effect of <one>auxin</one> in regards to <three>flower parts</three> of a plant? Auxin stimulates the growth of flower parts.
129
+ - In plant biology: why were the <one>cytokinins</one> named that way? Because due to <one>their ability to promote cytokinesis</one> (= <two>cell division</two>).
130
+ - <one>Plant cells</one> usually contain <two>how many different RNA-Polymerases</two>? <one>5</one>. []
131
+ - For plants, <one>water deficit</one> is lethal below ...? Below the <one>permanent wilting point</one>.
132
+ - <one>ACC synthases</one> are important for the synthesis of which plant hormone? <one>Ethylene</one>.
133
+ - Was sind <one>Phycobilisomen</one>? Dies sind große Proteinkomplexe, die Cyanobakterien, Rotalgen und Cyanellen bei der <one>Photosynthese nutzen</one>.
134
+ - Warum mag <one>zu viel Wasser</one> ein Problem für Pflanzen sein? Wasser kann die Sauerstoffdiffusion in die Wurzeln hinein stark einschränken.
135
+ - Which <one>plant hormone</one> is associated with <two>the triple response</two>? <one>Ethylene</one>. []
136
+ - Die <one>SAR-Antwort</one> (Systemic Acquired Resistance) der Pflanze wird durch welche Substanz ausgelöst? <one>Salicylsäure</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_acquired_resistance
137
+ - Are the <one>gibberellins</one> <two>more acidic</two> or <two>basidic compounds</two>? The <one>gibberellins</one> are more <two>acidic compounds</two>. []
138
+ - Plants need <one>Glucose</one> for ...? Synthesis of the <one>plant cell wall</one>. []
139
+ - Does the movement of <one>abscisic acid</one> (ABA) in plants not exhibit polarity, like auxins? No. ABA is capable of moving both up and down the stem.
140
+ - Can we find <one>linker histones</one> in plants? Yes. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941478/ []
141
+ - Do we find <one>RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases</one> in plant cells such as <two>Arabidopsis</two>? Yes. []
142
+ - Fungal plant pathogens produce <one>HSTs</one>. What does this abbreviation stand for? <one>Host-selective toxins</one>.
143
+ - <one>Phototropin</one> has a chomophore. What colour of the light does this absorb? It absorbs <one>blue light</one>.
144
+ - Kommt <one>Monopteros</one> in Tieren vor? Nein. URL: https://dev.biologists.org/content/118/2/575 []
145
+ - What do we mean with "DH plants"? These are <one>double haploid</one> plants.
146
+ - Do we find <one>intermediate filaments</one> in plant cells? No. []
147
+ - In Planzenzellen: worauf beruht die <one>Plasmaströmung</one>? Auf der Wechselwirkung des Cytoskelett-Proteins "Aktin" mit dem Motorprotein <two>Myosin</two>.
148
+ - What effect should be the case if <one>a pathogenicity gene</one> is lost? This should lead to the <one>complete loss of pathogenicity</one>.
149
+ - Es gibt das Phytohormon <one>Auxin</one>. Das Wort stammt vom lateinischen <two>augere</two>. Was heisst <two>augere</two>? <one>Wachsen</one>. []
150
+ - Haben Pflanzen eine <one>angeborene Immunabwehr</one>? Ja. []
151
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> consists of two identical chains, A and B. Each chain has two domains. Which ones? (1) PAS domain (2) GAF domain
152
+ - In plants: how is the <one>flowering time</one> determined in general? Flowering time is determined by <one>quantifying the number of rosette leaves</one>.
153
+ - <one>Chlorophyll a</one> appears in which colour, typically, to us humans? In <one>green</one>.
154
+ - Give an example, in <lightgreen>plants</lightgreen>, for <one>inverted vacuoles</one>. A: Salt bladders.
155
+ - Das <one>Weizen-Genom</one> ist wie gross? <one>16.5 gigabase pairs</one>.
156
+ - Besitzen Pflanzen eine <one>Na-K-Pumpe</one>? <one>Nein</one>.
157
+ - <one>Gibberellins</one> are synthesized via which pathway? Gibberellins are synthesized via the <one>mevalonic acid pathway</one>.
158
+ - Give an example of <one>plant hormones</one> that are <two>diterpenes</two>. A: The <one>Gibberellins</one> are diterpenes.
159
+ - <one>Chlorophylle</one> absorbieren Licht im welchen Wellenbereich? (1) <one>rote Wellenlänge</one> (2) <one>blaue Wellenlängen</one>
160
+ - Give two examples for <one>redox-modifications</one> in plants. A: (1) S-nitrosylation (2) <one>S-glutathionylation</one>
161
+ - <one>Chloroplast movement</one> ist ein Schutzmechanismus vor Schäden bei starken Lichtintensitäten, abhängig von Photorezeptoren. Wovon hängt dieser Schutzmechanismus zellulär ab? Von <one>Actin</one>.
162
+ - Welche <one>Aminosäure</one> schützt vor <two>Austrocknung</two>, in Pflanzen? <one>Prolin</one>.
163
+ - <one>Pectin</one> consists of <two>how many different polymers</two>? Of <one>3</one>.
164
+ - Wie wirkt "Gibberellin" molekularbiologisch? Es <one>entfernt den Repressor von dem Transkriptionskomplex</one>.
165
+ - Which <one>plant gene</one> is essential for cold- and salt tolerance? The <one>MKK2 gene</one>.
166
+ - Beim <one>Herzstadium</one> eines pflanzlichen Embryos: was sind die beiden Auswölbungen des Herzen? Dies sind <one>die späteren Cotyledonen</one>.
167
+ - In general: how do <one>organic osmolytes</one> accumulate mechanistically in plants? The rate at which they are synthesized, is increased.
168
+ - Ist <one>pflanzliche Stärke</one> optisch aktiv? Ja.
169
+ - Gibt es Pflanzen, die ohne Photosynthese überleben können? Ja - zum Beispiel die Alge <one>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</one>.
170
+ - In 1864, the <one>triple response</one> was first observed, caused by ethylene. What are the 3 parts of the triple response? (1) stunting of growth (2) twisting of plants (3) abnormal thickening of stems
171
+ - Phototropin is a <one>light-activated autophosphorylating serine/threonine kinase</one> that binds what exactly, for this to function as "blue light-absorbing chromophores"? <one>Two flavin mononucleotide</one> (FMN) molecules.
172
+ - Nenne ein <one>Alkaloid</one>, das als <two>Hustenmittel</two> Verwendung findet. A: <one>Codein</one>.
173
+ - Bei <one>Kren</one> wird Sinigrin in der Vakuole gespeichert. Wenn die Vakuole zerstört wird kommt Sinigrin mit dem Enzym ... in Kontakt und scharf riechendes Isothiocyanat wird freigesetzt. A: Das Enzym ist <one>Myrosinase</one>.
174
+ - Das Phytohormon <one>Zeatin</one> hat wieviele C-Atome? 5.
175
+ - Gemeinsamkeit von Trn1 und trnA? Sie flankieren das <one>16S rRNA Gen</one>.
176
+ - Chlorophyll a und b unterscheiden sich lediglich dadurch, dass das Chlorophyll a am 2. Pyrrolring eine Methylgruppe und das Chlorophyll b an derselben Stelle ... hat. A: eine <one>Aldehydgruppe</one>.
177
+ - Name two plants that show <one>cytoplasmic male sterility</one>. A: (1) <one>sorghum</one> (2) <one>maize</one>
178
+ - What is <one>the main driving force</one> of <two>intercellular auxin transport</two>? The <one>pH level</one>.
179
+ - Does <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> have a <two>symbiosis with N2-fixing bacteria</two>? No.
180
+ - Name 4 ways how <one>bacteria</one> can invade a plant cell. A: (1) through the stoma (2) through a wound (3) through a hydathode (4) through a <one>nectarthode</one>
181
+ - In pathogenicity, including plant pathogenecity: what does <one>AUDPC</one> stand for? The <one>area under the disease progression curve</one>.
182
+ - <one>Brachypodium distachyon</one> ist verwandt mit ...? <one>Weizen</one> und <one>Gräsern</one>.
183
+ - What is <one>the family</one> of the <two>Arabidopsis thaliana</two>? The <one>Brassicaceae</one>.
184
+ - Durch die Kartoffelfäule starben wieviele Iren vor 1900? Etwa "500.000".
185
+ - Durch die Thylakoidmembran wird das Innere des Chloroplasten in welche zwei Kompartimente geteilt? (1) das "Thylakoidlumen" (2) das "Stroma"
186
+ - "Glyphosat" hemmt was? Die "EPSP-Synthase".
187
+ - The plant can synthesize Ethylene from which aminoacid? "Methionine".
188
+ - Welche "enzymatische Akvititäten" vereint RUBISCO? (1) "Carboxylase-Aktivität" (2) "Oxygenase-Aktivität"
189
+ - Which plant hormone is involved in "fruit ripening"? "Ethylene".
190
+ - Nenne zwei Auswirkungen von Wassermangel in Pflanzenzellen, also auf "zellulärer Ebene". A: (1) eine Verminderung der Membranintegrität (2) Veränderung in der Raumstruktur der Proteine
191
+ - Pflanzen können durch Pathogene angegriffen werden. Nenne ein Zellwandprotein, das auf der Innenseite der Zellwand abgelagert wird. A: "Extensin".
192
+ - Wie sehen Monopteros-Mutanten in Arabidopsis aus? Ihnen fehlt der "Unterteil" des Embryos.
193
+ - Nenne eine Pflanzengruppe die "pokilohydre" ist. A: Die "Pteridophyta".
194
+ - Aus einem "Etioplasten" mag ein ... plast werden. A: Chloroplast.
195
+ - What may be the role of RNA polymerase IV and V in plant cells? They create an inhibitory chromatin structure by small interfering RNAs.
196
+ - Wie nennen wir, auf englisch, die Transformation einer Arabidopsis-Pflanze mit Agrobacterium tumefaciens, im Labor? "floral dip".
197
+ - Aquaporine in Pflanzen: sind diese beeinflussbar? Ja - Phosphoyleriung der Aquaporine kann die Geschwindigkeit der Wasserbewegung beeinflussen.
198
+ - RUBISCO Enzymtyp? Lyase.
199
+ - Give an example, in plants, for a relatively young "allopolyploid species". A: Rapeseed, aka "Brassica napus".
200
+ - Genomgröße von "Arabidopsis thaliana"? 135 MB. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana#Use_as_a_model_organism
201
+ - Aus dem "Proplastiden" können 7 andere Plastiden werden. Welche? (1) Leucoplast (2) Elaioplast (3) Amyloplast (4) Chromoplast (5) Gerontoplast (6) Etioplast (7) Mature chloroplast
202
+ - Chloroplast avoidance movement reduces ... in plants. A: photodamage.
203
+ - The absorbance maximum for phytochrome is at n nm? About 650-670 nm.
204
+ - Nenne eine Region am Gibberellinrezeptor. A: Die F-Box.
205
+ - Warum ist das "Sporopollenin" in der Außenwand der Pollenkörner so besonders? Sporopollenin ist der chemisch am widerstandsfähigste Naturstoff überhaupt.
206
+ - RUBISCO kann wieviele CO2 Moleküle in der Sekunde fixieren? 3.
207
+ - Wieviele Untereinheiten besitzt ein Phytochrom? 2.
208
+ - Ein Chloroplast entsteht woraus und wie? Durch eine "lichtinduzierte Entwicklung" aus einem Proplastiden.
209
+ - Wer erzeugt, ausgehend von "Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphat", mehr direkte Produkte - die "Oxygenase" oder die "Carboxylase"? Die Oxygenase; sie erzeugt "3-Phosphoglycerat" and "2-Phosphoglycolat".
210
+ - Bei Pflanzen, was meinen wir mit den "corticalen Mikrotubuli"? Dies sind Mikrotubuli, die unter dem Plasmalemma liegen.
211
+ - Was ist der Unterschied/Grund zwischen Pflanzen mit grossem und kleinem Genom? Der Unterschied ist vor allem im "Gehalt an mobilen genetischen Elementen" (Transposons) begründet.
212
+ - Abscisic Acid has which functional effect on "shoot growth" of a plant, in general? Abscisic Acid inhibits "shoot growth" of a plant.
213
+ - Name 2 genes that are induced during ripening of fruits. A: (1) the enzyme "cellulase" (2) the enzyme "polygalacturonase"
214
+ - Name a phytohormone that is partially synthesized in the chloroplasts. A: Abscisic Acid (ABA). As a consequence, biosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves.
215
+ - Degradation of cytokinins, in plants, occurs largely due to which enzyme? The "cytokinin oxidase".
216
+ - Wie wirken Cytokinine, zumindest in Pflanzen? Sie "stimulieren die Zellteilung".
217
+ - What was the first cytokinin that was discovered? Kinetin.
218
+ - CAM Pflanzen fixieren CO2 in der Nacht, an Phosphoenolpyruvat (PEP). Welches Enzym führt diese Fixierung durch? Eine cytosolische "PEP-Carboxylase".
219
+ - Anthocyanins are synthesized from which amino acid? Phenylalanine.
220
+ - Die Gibberelline der Pflanzen gehören zu welcher sehr häufigen Klasse, chemisch gesehen? Sie gehören zu den "Diterpenen".
221
+ - Nenne 6 Phytohormone. A: (1) Auxine (2) Cytokinine (3) Gibberelline (4) Abscisinsäure (5) Ethylen (6) Brassinosteroide
222
+ - Nenne die fünf Hauptklassen von Phytohormonen. A: (1) Abscisinsäure (2) Auxine (3) Cytokinine (4) Ethylen (5) Gibberelline
223
+ - Was bewirkt eine höhere Auxinkonzentration, beim Spross, einseitig? Das die beschattete, andere Seite rasch wächst, so das sich die Spitze eines Sprosses zum Licht hin krümmt.
224
+ - Kann ein "physikalischer Reiz" die Induktion eines Phytohormons bewirken? Ja, zum Beispiel bei der Ethylenbildung.
225
+ - Welches Gas wirkt als "Ethylenantagonist"? CO2.
226
+ - When does the phragmoplast form? During "late cytokinesis".
227
+ - Ist das Genom von "Triticum aestivum" oder das Genom von "Oryza sativa" grösser? Das Genom von "Triticum aestivum" ist grösser.
228
+ - Name a typical and very important, "quantitative trait" for plant breeders. A: Yield.
229
+ - Welches Phytohormon hilft beim Schliessen der Spaltöffnungen? Abscisinsäure.
230
+ - Where in plants does fatty acid biosynthesis take place? Within plastids.
231
+ - Many plant nuclear genomes contain "accessory chromosomes". Give another word for these. A: "B chromosomes".
232
+ - In plant cells, where can we find the "individual Golgi stacks"? Adjacent to the ER exit sites.
233
+ - Nenne 3 Substanzen, die von einer Pflanze der Außenwelt ausgesetzt sind. A: (1) Cutin (2) Suberin (3) Wachs
234
+ - Cutin besteht aus ... ? Hydroxyfettsäuren.
235
+ - In plant-pathogen setups, what does the abbreviation "VIGS" refer to? This is "Virus induced gene silencing".
236
+ - The "maize HM1 gene" provides protetion against ... ? The lethal "leaf blight and ear mold disease".
237
+ - Auxin steuert die Expression von anderen Genen in Pflanzen. Im molekularen Kontext interagiert Auxin mit AUX/IAA. AUX/IAA wiederum interagiert mit welch anderem Protein? TPL, aka Topless.
238
+ - The filamentous fungus "Cochliobolus carbonum", a pathogen, is exceptionally virulent against which plant? Maize.
239
+ - Name two factors that can be responsible for "osmotic stress" in plants. A: (1) drought (2) salinity
240
+ - What is "cytoplasmic male sterility"? Cytoplasmic male sterility is the total or partial male sterility in plants as the result of specific nuclear and mitochondrial interactions. The affected plants can not produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes.
241
+ - Name 2 different strategies for stress survival in plants. A: (1) Stress tolerance (2) Stress avoidance
242
+ - Wie heisst die "mature Arabidopsis Plant"? Sporophyte.
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+ #
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+ # Prüfungsfragen und Übungsfragen zu "genetischen Krankheiten" sollten in
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+ # der Datei "genetische_krankheiten" gespeichert werden.
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+ #
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+ # Molekulare Medizin. Molmed tag. Molmed2 tag. Molmed1 tag.
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+ # =========================================================================== #
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+
10
+ - In CAR-celltherapy, what does CAR stand for? <one>Chimeric antigen receptor</one>.
11
+ - <one>HbS</one>/<one>HbS patients</one> are treated with ... ? <one>Hydroxy urea</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide#Medical_uses
12
+ - Name a <one>transcription factor</one> for <two>osteoblast differentiation</two>. A: <one>Osterix</one>.
13
+ - Give an example for a <one>RNP hyper-assembly disease</one>. A: "ALS": <two>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</two>.
14
+ - In molecular medicine, what are the <one>LAPs</one>? <one>Lamin-associated Proteins</one>.
15
+ - In molecular medicine: what do we mean with <one>LADs</one>? <one>Lamina associated domains</one>.
16
+ - The proteins ERK1/2 and Raf1 can be found in which pathway? They are part of the <one>MAP-Kinase cascade</one>. []
17
+ - Do Ceramides have an influence on tumors? Yes; Ceramides have <one>tumor suppressor functions</one>.
18
+ - Nenne eine Krankheit beziehungsweise einen Krankheitstyp der durch "aberrantes splicing" verursacht werden mag. A: <one>Autismus</one>.
19
+ - In 1864, Oscar Liebrich argued that brain tissue was composed of a single giant molecule. What name did he give it? <one>Protagon</one>.
20
+ - <one>n% of sexually active adults in the U.S.A.</one> have <two>genital warts</two>. A: <one>1%</one>.
21
+ - Was ist <one>SIRT3</one>? <one>SIRT3</one> ist eine wichtige <two>mitochondriale Proteindeacetylase</two>.
22
+ - <one>80% der Bluter</one> fehlt welches Protein? <one>Faktor VIII</one> (<one>Faktor 8</one>). []
23
+ - Name a famous person that suffered from <one>colour blindness</one>. A: <one>John Dalton</one>.
24
+ - In der molekularen Zellbiologie, auch wichtig für die Therapie, gibt es <one>EAAT2</one>. Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? <one>Excitatory amino acid transporter 2</one>.
25
+ - What means the word <one>mitogenic</one>? An <one>agent that induces mitosis</one>.
26
+ - When <one>RNA decay</one> outcompetes RNP assembly, how do we call such diseases? <one>RNP hypo-assembly disease</one>.
27
+ - Wieso verwendet die <one>molekulare Medizin</one> verschiedene Topoisomerase-Inhibitoren, wie zum Beispiel <two>Topotecan</two>? Dies wird als <one>Mittel gegen Krebs</one> erprobt.
28
+ - Die <one>Sporozoiten</one> von <two>Plasmodium falciparum</two> wandern wohin, im menschlichen Körper? In die <one>Leber</one> des Menschen; dort entwickeln sie sich zu <two>Merozoiten</two>. []
29
+ - Eine <one>menschliche Leberzelle</one> hat wieviele Mitochondrien? Etwa <one>2000</one>.
30
+ - <one>Octanoat</one> hat <two>wieviele C-Atome</two>? <one>Octanoat</one> ist eine <two>C8 Fettsäure</two>. []
31
+ - Who or what is the <one>causative agent of malaria</one>? <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum
32
+ - In <one>recombineering</one>: what do we use as substrate? Linear DNA substrates containing the desired change, and short homologies to the target DNA.
33
+ - Eine bestrahlte Maus kann man heilen durch ... ? Die Übertragung von Knochenmarkszellen.
34
+ - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects about n% of the world's population? ABout 1%.
35
+ - The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is dangerous because Malaria may spread as a consequence. Name a "molecular marker of artemisinin resistance". A: The "propeller domain gene of K13".
36
+ - Amyloidosen behindern ... ? Die "Mikrozirkulation".
37
+ - Wieviele Aminosäuren haben die "Opsine"? 364.
38
+ - Welches Strukturmotif finden wir in einem "Amyloid" primär? Es sind im Amyloid überwiegend Beta-Faltblatt-Strukturen als Sekundärstruktur zu finden.
39
+ - Name a substance that can increase the activity of the ENaC-receptor. A: AVP ("Vasopressin)".
40
+ - Name a substance that can be used to block the actions of NCC ("Na+Cl-cotransporters"). A: "Thiazide".
41
+ - Der "ENaC Rezeptor" ist gekoppelt mit ... ? "NCC" ("Na + Cl - cotransporter"). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4392439/
42
+ - Die hormonelle Regulation des ENaC Kanals erfolgt durch ... ? "Aldosteron".
43
+ - Besitzen die Nieren "ENaC Rezeptoren"? Ja; zur teilweisen Rückgewinnung von Natrium.
44
+ - Nenne eine loss-of-function mutation des ENaC Rezeptors. A: PHA1 ("Pseudohypoaldosteronism").
45
+ - Nenne eine gain-of-function Mutation des "ENaC Rezeptors". A: Das "Liddle's syndrome" (Hypertension, also hoher Blutdruck).
46
+ - Warum ist der ENaC Rezeptor so wichtig? Er ist für den "Geschmacksinn" wichtig, vor allem den Salzgeschmack.
47
+ - Nenne eine Substanz, die den ENaC Rezeptor blockieren kann. A: "Amilorid". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilorid
48
+ - Wo finden wir typischerweise den ENaC Rezeptor? Im Epithelgewebe; vor allem Lunge, aber auch bei den Nieren.
49
+ - Wieviele Untereinheiten hat "ENaC" (epithelial sodium channel)? Vier - Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel
50
+ - Was genau ist "Puromycin"? Ein starker "Inhibitor der Protein-Biosynthese".
51
+ - Welches Enzym stellt Laktat her? Die "Lactat-Dehydrogenase".
52
+ - Foisner: Nenne zwei Kennzeichen des "metabolischen Syndroms". A: (1) "vermehrtes abdominales Fettgewebe" (2) "Bluthochdruck"
53
+ - Hofbauer: Nenne eine "angeborene neurometabolische Erkrankung", die die Mitochondrien betrifft, also den Metabolismus. A: Einen "Pyruvat-Dehydrogenase-Mangel".
54
+ - Hofbauer: Ein Patient mit "Pearson Syndrom", die Mitochondrien betreffend, könnte im Alter welches Syndrom entwickeln? Das "Kearns-Sayre Syndrom".
55
+ - Hofbauer: welche zwei Formen der Mitochondriopathien können unterschieden werden? (1) vererbte Mitochondriopathien (2) durch Umwelteinflüsse erworbene Mitochondriopathien
56
+ - What is the ultimate aim of molecular medicine? To understand human physiologies at the molecular level - and to apply this knowledge in curing disease.
57
+ - Was für einen Schnitt machen "gene-editing nucleases"? Einen "Doppelstrangbruch".
58
+ - Foisner: Name two "laminopathies" associated with "premature aging". A: (1) Hutchison-Gilford Progeria (2) Atypical Werner-Syndrome
59
+ - Foisner: Give another term for "Laminopathies". A: "Nuclear Envelopathies".
60
+ - Um eine Laktatazidose feststellen zu können muss man den Laktatwert herausfinden. Wie machen wir das? Mittels des Enzyms "Lactat-Dehydrogenase".
61
+ - Der Transkriptionsfaktor CREB wird durch welches medizinisch-relevante Protein beeinflusst? Durch "Hintingtin".
62
+ - Woran genau bindet der Transkriptionsfaktor MeCP2? An "methylierte CpG Inseln".
63
+ - Cholesterin wird wo produziert? In der "Leber".
64
+ - Nenne einen spezifische Farbstoff für "lebende Mitochondrien". A: "Rhodamine 123".
65
+ - Martinez: The assembly of specific RNPs is generally in kinetic competition with ... ? "RNA degradation".
66
+ - "Sphingosin" has how many C-atoms, usually? 18.
67
+ - Was ist eine "farnesyl group"? Dies ist ein "Isoprenoid" das 15 C Atome hat.
68
+ - Wann wurden Mitochondrien erstmals intakt isoliert? Im Jahr "1948".
69
+ - Bei der Cancerogenese durch DNA-Tumorviren sind proto-Onkogene oder Tumor-Suppressorgenen wichtiger? Bei der Cancerogenese durch DNA-Tumorviren spielt primär die "Inaktivierung von Tumor-Suppressorgenen" und erst in zweiter Linie die Aktivierung von Onkogenen eine Rolle.
70
+ - Nenne eine Droge gegen "Malaria". A: "Artemisinin".
71
+ - What role do "type B lamins" have? These lamins are situated between the "inner nuclear membrane" and "peripheral heterochromatin". This suggests that they "provide a docking site for chromatin".
72
+ - Weltweit hatten wir 2006 wieviele Millionen Menschen die mit Malaria infiziert waren? "247 Millionen Menschen".
73
+ - Wie kann man Polymorphismen im Genom molekularbiologisch detektieren? Mittels "PCR" oder "Southern Blotting".
74
+ - Mit welcher funktionellen Gruppe kann man fatty acids an carnitine binden? Über dessen "OH-Gruppe".
75
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für "Nucleinsäuren als therapeutisch wirksame Stoffe"? "Gentherapie".
76
+ - In HbS, "Valin-6" mutations generate a ... patch? "Hydrophobic patch".
77
+ - Each red blood cell ("RBC") contains how many Hb molecules? About "280 million Hb molecules".
78
+ - What means the disease SCN and what is it? SCN means "Severe Congenital Neutropenia". This is a condition that causes affected individuals to "be prone to recurrent infections". People with this condition have a shortage of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in inflammation and in fighting infection.
79
+ - Welche Krankheit ist mit dem "RUNX1-Gen" assoziiert? Die "akute, lymphatische Leukämie". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUNX1
80
+ - Wie nennen wir die C16 Fettsäure? "Palmitate".
81
+ - Lamin A kann mit einem Protein verbunden sein das einen sehr coolen Namen trägt. Wie heisst dieses Protein? "SUN".
82
+ - The Pingelap island was famous for which disease? "Achromatopsia".
83
+ - Welche Blutgruppe schützt am besten vor Malaria? Blutgruppe Null.
84
+ - In Deutschland waren im Jahr 2015 wieviele Menschen von Parkinson betroffen? Etwa ~300.000.
85
+ - Two proteins can be targeted in Alzheimer Disease. Name them. A: (1) The "Tau-Protein" (2) The "Amyloid-beta peptide"
86
+ - Which "nuclear lamin proteins" exist? A, B, and C.
87
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff "Gynäkotropie"? Dies bedeutet, das von einer Erkrankung oder Fehlbildung, bevorzugt das weibliche Geschlecht betroffen ist.
88
+ - What do we mean with "Aquired Drug Resistance (ADR)"? This means that an initial drug response works, but is lost during the therapy, such as in leukemias.
89
+ - Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria is caused by which modification on the protein? A 50 amino acid deletion.
90
+ - Farnesyl-groups are attached to which amino acid? Cysteine.
91
+ - How does Progeria develop from a molecular point of view? It develops due to the activation of a cryptic splice site.
92
+ - Wie nennen wir Krankheiten die durch das Mitochondrium verursacht werden? "Mitochondriopathien".
93
+ - What are "Lamininopathies"? These are diseases linked to lamin mutations.
94
+ - Name a very important post-translational processing of lamins. A: Farnesylation.
95
+ - Why does "Targeted Therapy" work in Cancerbiology? Tumor cells often depend on a dominant oncogenic pathway, also called "oncogenic addiction". This means that the cellular signaling is reorganized by a dominant oncogene.
96
+ - Sind Addukte an der DNA reversibel? Nein, sie sind praktisch irreversibel.
97
+ - How can we treat HbS/HbS? With "hydroxyurea", which encourages the synthesis of HbF.
98
+ - Both HbS and HbC can confer protection against sickle cell anemia. Difference? HbC only protects as a homozygote, HbS on the other hand can protect as a heterozygote (HbS/HbA).
99
+ - What does Haemoglobin do? (1) Oxygen (2) Carbon dioxide
100
+ - Nenne ein Motif das wir carboxyterminal bei Laminen finden. A: Das CaaX motif.
101
+ - Farnesylation happens according to which sequence information? It happens due to a "CaaX motif" sequence motif. These 4 amino aids are at the carboxyl terminus of a protein.
102
+ - Laminopathies result in which defect? Muscle Diseases.
103
+ - Welche 2 Typen an "gene-editing nucleases" existieren? (1) Zink-finger nucleases (2) TALENs
104
+ - Nenne ein Produkt der "Carnitin Acetyltransferase". A: CoA, ausgehend von Acetyl-CoA.
105
+ - Warum ist Carnitine für den Menschen wichtig? Carnitine transportiert langkettige, acylierte Fettsäuren in das Mitochondrium.
106
+ - Carnitine entsteht biosynthetisch aus welchen 2 Aminosäuren? (1) Lysin (2) Methionin
107
+ - Wofür steht "MELAS" im MELAS Syndrom? (a) Mitochondriale (b) Enzephalomyopathie (c) Laktatazidose (d) Schlaganfall-ähnliche Episoden
108
+ - Beim MELAS-Syndrom, was ist die Ursache für die "Laktatazidose"? Eine allgemeine Gewebshypoxie.
109
+ - How can we identify cardiomyocytes morphologically? By using Alpha-actinin staining.
110
+ - Was ist die "Suicide Gene Therapy"? Man versucht über den Virus als Vektor ein Enzym in die Tumorzellen einzuschleusen, das Substanzen in cytotoxische Substanzen umwandeln kann (Bsp: Hermes-Simplex Thymidin-Kinase).
111
+ - Was ist "Alopecia"? Haarausfall.
112
+ - Was ist eine "Laktatazidose"? Ein Übersschuss an Laktat im Blut.
113
+ - Im NER-Repair Pathway, der für die Krankheit "Xeroderma Pigmentosum" hauptverantwortlich ist, gibt es vier Enzyme die nacheinander wirken. Nenne diese. A: (1) Nuclease (2) DNA helicase (3) DNA polymerase (4) DNA ligase
114
+ - Nenne eine rein mitochondrial vererbte Krankheit im Menschen. A: "LHON" -> Lebers hereditary optic Neuropathy.
115
+ - What is the aim of "Exome sequencing"? The aim is to selectively sequence the coding regions of the genome.
116
+ - Why did "exome sequencing" become popular? It was cheaper than whole genome sequencing, but still fairly effective.
117
+ - Was passiert allgemein bei einer "spezifischen Immuntherapie" SIT? Bei der SIT werden dem Körper über einen definierten Zeitraum regelmäßig Allergene zugeführt. Ziel: Normalisierung einer bestehenden Überempfindlichkeit.
118
+ - Was ist die "Allergen spezifische Immuntherapie"? Der Patient enthält das Allergen, gegen das er sensibilisiert werden soll, entweder in Form von Spritzen unter die Haut appliziert, oder in Form von Tabletten oder Tropfen die unter die Zunge appliziert werden, ein. Ziel ist es, das Immunsystem an das Allergen zu "gewöhnen". Im Anschluß daran sollte ein paar Jahre später eine "Erinnerungsdosis" verabreicht werden.
119
+ - Nenne 3 nukleophile in der Zelle. A: (1) R-SH (2) R-OH (3) R-NH2
120
+ - Nenne 1 Syndrom das mit einem p53 Defekt assoziiert ist. A: Das Li-Fraumeni Syndrom.
121
+ - Nenne 3 Nebenwirkungen einen Cytostatikatherapie beim Menschen. A: (1) Haarausfall (2) Blutbildschädigungen (3) starkes Erbrechen
122
+ - Wie unterscheidet sich eine "Genom-Mutation" von einer "Chromosomen-Mutation"? Bei einer Genom-Mutation verändert sich die Chromosomenzahl pro Genom, wie z. Bsp bei einer "Aneuploidie". Bei einer "Chromosomen-Mutation" hingegen verändert sich nur ein einzelnes Chromosom.
123
+ - How does the Botulinum toxin work? It blocks the release of acetylcholine.
124
+ - Was ist "TReg"? Eine regulatorische T-Zelle.
125
+ - Warum der Name "pap smear"? Dieser Text auf Krebszellen der Cervix heisst auch "Papanicolaou test". Er wurde von einem griechischen Doktor namens "Georgios Papanikolaou" entwickelt.
126
+ - Wie lange leben normal die Erythrocyten? 4 Monate.
127
+ - Name the 6 Barriers to Malignant Transformation according to Weinberg. A: (1) Evading Aptoptosis (2) self-sufficiency in growth signals (3) insensitivity to anti-growth signals (4) tissue invasion and metastasis (5) limitless replicative potential (6) sustained angiogenesis
128
+ - Was sind "onkolytische Viren"? Dies sind Viren die Tumorzellen infizieren und lysieren können.
129
+ - What is the basic concept of gene therapy? Introduce a replacement for a defective gene.
130
+ - How many people died due to malaria in 2010? About 660.000, plus minus 200.000.
131
+ - Papovavirus can cause what disease in mammals? Neoplasms.