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+# === Virologie tag (Basic Virology)
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+# Vir tag. Virus tag. Vi tag. Viro tag. Viren tag.
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+# Vakzinierung/Impfung wird langfristig in eine eigene Datei ausgelagert.
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+- Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Zelltypen</one> die der <two>Herpes simplex virus 1</two> (HSV-1) infiziert. A: (1) <one>Epithelzellen</one> (2) <one>Neuronen</one>
+- Andere (systematische) Bezeichnung für das <one>Epstein-Barr Virus</one>? <one>Human Herpesvirus 4</one> (<two>HHV4</two>).
+- In <one>icosahedral viruses</one>: <two>how does the genome enter the procapsid</two>? <one>Through a channel</one> located at a site that will become one of the vertices of the icosahedron.
+- In der klinischen Virologie: <one>wie mögen wir eine Reinfektion mit Poliovirus bemerken</one>? Durch einen <one>Wiederanstieg der Antikörperkonzentration</one>.
+- Give <one>two specific examples</one> where viruses are employed as <two>pestizides</two>. A: (1) <one>Baculoviren</one>:  control <two>insects</two>. (2) <one>Myxoma virus</one>: control <two>rabbits</two>.
+- <one>Every</one> <two>RNA</two> <one>virus</one>, no matter how small its genome is, <three>must always encode for which particular protein</three>? For a <one>RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase</one>. []
+- Name <one>two satellite viruses</one> that <two>can be found in animals</two>. A: (1) <one>Hepatitis delta virus</one> (2) <one>Adeno-associated virus</one>
+- <one>Which</one> was the first human disease shown to be viral in nature? <one>Yellow fever</one> (or perhaps <two>Polio</two>, which was shown in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner to be viral in nature).
+- <one>How</one> can some <two>viruses</two> attach to microtubules? They have sequences that allow them to attach to microtubules.
+- <two>Where</two> may we find <one>HIV-2</one>? In <one>western Africa</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV#HIV-2 []
+- <one>An eukaryotic virus</one> <two>must attach to a cell surface molecule</two>. <three>How do we usually call this molecule</three>? The <one>cellular receptor</one>.
+- Why the name <one>ambiviruses</one>? Because <one>their genome is a</one> <two>ssRNA</two> <one>genome</one>, half of which is in the plus-orientation, and the other half being in the minus orientation.
+- The <one>first IRES sequence</one> was discovered in 1988, in the lab of Nahum Sonenberg. Which viral RNA contained this sequence? The <one>Poliovirus RNA</one>.
+- Was ist das <one>Virioplankton</one>? <one>Alle im Wasser schwebenden Viren</one>. In der Ökologie spricht man von allen Viren in aquatischen Ökosystemen. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC98987/
+- Which five <one>Virus-Orders</one> exist? (1) <one>Caudovirales</one> (2) <one>Herpesvirales</one> (3) Mononegavirales (4) <one>Nidovirales</one> (5) <one>Picornavirales</one>
+- <one>INRS</one> stehen für <two>vier Drogen die gegen AIDS eingesetzt werden</two>. Welche sind dies? A: (1) <one>Indinavir</one> (2) <one>Nelfinavir</one> (3) <one>Ritonavir</one> (4) <one>Saquinavir</one>
+- In einem Milliliter Meerwasser finden wir wieviele Viruspartikel? Etwa <one>10 Millionen</one> (<two>10 ** 1⁰</two>).
+- <one>Welches zelluläre Gen</one> trägt ein <two>Flavivirus</two>? Das <one>Gen für die Synthese von Ubiquitin</one>.
+- Name <one>four specific diseases</one> caused by <two>Picornaviruses</two>. A: (1) <one>common cold</one> (2) polio (3) hepatitis A (4) foot and mouth disease
+- A <one>virus</one> is an organism with two phases. What is meant with this? (1) a Virion, which is <one>the infectious particle</one> (2) an infected cell, which is used for the virus to replicate
+- In Virology, the <one>Antigenicity of Influenza-Virus</one> (such as the strain H3N2), is essentially determined how? By the structure of hemagglutinin.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Poliovirus</two> zuerst isoliert? A: <one>1908</one>, von <two>Karl Landsteiner</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus#Entdeckung_und_Geschichte []
+- Are <one>Arboviruses</one> a <two>polyphyletic group</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbovirus []
+- Give another name for <one>viral sex</one>. A: <one>Genetic reassortment</one>.
+- Why is the <one>3'-ntr</one> required in the <two>Poliovirus</two> genome? This area is necessary for the <one>synthesis of negative-strand RNA</one>.
+- Das <one>M2-Protein</one> von <two>Influenza</two> hat welche Funktion? Das <one>M2-Protein</one> von Influenza agiert als <two>Protonenkanal</two>.
+- Wie nennen wir die <one>Ausbeute</one> in der normalen Virusproduktion? <one>Burst size</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_Size []
+- Bezogen auf das <two>HI-Virus</two>: was heisst <one>CFRs</one>? <one>Circulating recombinant forms</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6378278/ []
+- The <one>SV40 large T antigen</one> codes for a <two>dominant-acting oncoprotein</two>. In particular, it can "induce malignant transformation" of a variety of cell types. It will <two>modify which two cellular proteins</two>? (1) <one>retinoblastoma</one> (pRb) (2) <one>p53 tumor suppressor</one>
+- Welche <one>drei mögliche Orientierungen</one> kann <two>ein virales Genom</two> haben? (1) <one>positiv</one> (2) <one>negativ</one> (3) <one>ambisense</one> []
+- The French microbiologist <one>Charles Chamberland</one> invented <two>the Chamberland filters</two>, which had pore sizes smaller than bacteria, thus we could filter away bacteria. Since what year? Since the year <one>1884</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Vertreter</one> der <two>Filoviridae</two>. A: (1) <one>Ebola virus</one> (2) <one>Marburg virus</one> []
+- In order to <one>treat hepatocellular carcinoma</one>, we use <two>sorafenib</two>. What type of drug is it? It is a <one>multi-kinase inhibitor</one>.
+- There exists an ongoing debate as to <one>whether viruses are living or non-living</one>. Can we give another example, also from biology, that may provide additional cues for the answer to this question? Yes - <one>bacterial spores</one>. These are <two>metabolically inert</two>, yet are not considered to be nonliving.
+- The <one>eclipse phase of a virus</one> includes <two>two important periods</two>. Name them. A: (1) the <one>adsorption period</one> (2) the <one>maturation period</one>
+- <one>Warum</one> gelten <two>rekombinante Baculoviren</two> als sicher? Da sie ihre Gene nicht in andere als in Invertebraten-Zellen integrieren können.
+- <one>Durchmesser</one> der <two>Rhinoviren</two> (von-bis)? <one>25-30nm</one>.
+- <one>Largest RNA viruses in bp</one> + Example? <one>32.000 bp</one>, found in <two>coronaviruses</two>, like the SARS virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus
+- Give an example for <one>a viral protein that can inhibit p53</one>. A: <one>HPV E6</one>.
+- Nenne je ein anderes Wort für <one>Klasse V</one>, VI und VII Virus-Genome. A: (1) <one>V minus-strand RNA</one> (2) <one>VI Retrovirus</one> (3) <one>VII Pararetrovirus</one>
+- <one>Delavirdin</one> wirkt gegen <two>HIV</two>. Wie schafft es dies? <one>Delavirdin</one> bindet an die große Untereinheit der reversen Transkriptase, und hemmt dadurch deren Aktivität.
+- The <one>human rhinovirus genome</one> contains <two>how many basepairs</two>? This ssRNA virus has approximately <one>7.200 bp</one>. []
+- Nenne drei Mitglieder von Flavivirus. A: (1) <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> (2) yellow fever virus (3) tick-borne encephalitis virus
+- <one>HIV-2</one> entwickelte sich aus ..? Dem <one>Simian Immunodeficiency Virus</one> (sooty mangabey).
+- Bei der <one>HIV-Kombinationstherapie</one> werden welche zwei Wirkstoffe eingesetzt? (1) ein <one>Protease-Inhibitor</one> (2) ein <one>Reverse Transkriptase-Hemmer</one>
+- The <one>Herpes simples virus type I</one> (<two>HSV-1</two>) makes use of which cellular molecule for attachment? <one>Heparan sulphate</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparan_sulfate []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>live</one> und <one>killed</one> virus particles? (1) <one>live</one>   = infectious (2) <one>killed</one> = <two>non-infectious</two>
+- <one>Human Rhinoviruses</one> belong to which genus? They belong to the <one>genus Enterovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterovirus []
+- Wie nennen wir den <one>Impfvirus</one> und den <one>Wildtypvirus</one> lateinisch? (1) <one>Impfvirus</one>:    <two>virus fixe</two> (2) <one>Wildtypvirus</one>: <two>virus de rue</two> []
+- The <one>Rhinovirus</one> belongs to which genus? It belongs to the genus <one>Enterovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterovirus []
+- Wieviele <one>Influenza HA-Subtypen</one> sind bekannt? <one>18</one>. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/influenza-a-virus-subtypes.htm []
+- The <one>diameter of coronaviruses particles</one> is about <two>n nm</two>? About <one>120 nm</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>fünf Retrotransposons</one> in verschiedenen Organismen. A: (1) MoMLV (2) Rous sarcoma virus (3) Ty1 in Yeast (4) <one>Copia</one> <two>in Drosophila</two> (5) L1 in humans
+- Beschreibe kurz die <one>Aufgabe</one> von <two>Hämagglutinin</two> und <two>Neuraminidase</two> bei Influenza. A: (1) <one>Hämagglutinin</one> heftet das Virus an den zellulären Rezeptor (2) <one>Neuraminidase</one> hilft bei der Freisetzung des Virus aus der Zelle
+- Name four <one>side-effects of interferon treatment</one> against viral infections? (1) fever (2) tiredness (3) muscle pains (4) <one>sickness</one>
+- Sometimes <one>a virion may include enzymes</one>. Some of these enzymes are necessary for the virus life-cycle, but another group of enzymes that is quite important, is tasked with ... ? Modulation of cellular physiology and the cellular immune system.
+- The <one>HIV-1 Vpr protein</one> has <two>how many amino acids</two>? The <one>Vpr protein</one> contains <two>96 amino acids</two>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Gründe</one> wieso das Leben der Virologen schwerer ist als das der Bakteriologen. A: (1) Viren sind obligate, intrazellulare Parasiten, daher ist der Nachweis von Viren oft schwieriger. (2) Zudem sind Viren <one>kleiner</one> als Bakterien.
+- Welche Zellen infiziert <one>HSV-1</one> (<two>Herpes simplex virus 1</two>)? (1) <one>Epithelzellen</one> (2) <one>Neuronen</one>
+- Name <one>three problems of antiviral therapy</one>. A: (1) viral infection is detected too late in the course of disease (2) there is a massive proliferation and an overwhelming intervention by viruses (3) <one>viruses can evolve rapidly</one>, due to the high mutation rate of viral nucleic acid polymerases
+- Finden wir in jedem <one>Cervixkarzinom</one> ein Papillomavirusgenom in integrierter Form? Nein; <one>zumindest nicht in einer nachweisbaren Form</one>.
+- <two>Viren</two> können über ein <one>Durchbrechen der Hautbarriere</one> in den Menschen gelangen. Nenne hierzu drei verschiedene Möglichkeiten. A: (1) ein <one>Arthropode</one> als Vektoren (zum Beispiel eine <two>Gelse</two>) (2) <one>Injektion</one>, zum Beispiel über eine Spritze (3) <one>Piercings</one>
+- Der <one>Hepatitis-B-Virus</one> hat <two>n verschiedene Genotypen</two>? <one>8</one>; <two>A-H</two>.
+- In regards to the <one>Ebola Virus</one>: <two>how are humans infected</two>? This is a classic zoonosis: there is typically <one>contact with an animal carcass</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>a viral gene with lots of introns</one>. A: <two>Gene K15</two> of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesivurs. This gene contains <one>has 7 introns</one>.
+- Why does <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> have <two>a lipoprotein coat</two>? This coat is useful for <one>entry into hepatocytes</one>.
+- <one>Welches adenovirale Protein</one> dient während des Zusammenbaus der Hexon-Capsomere als Scaffold-Protein? Das adenovirale Protein <one>L4-100KD</one>.
+- Nenne 3 Gründe warum <one>Viruspartikel</one> gebraucht werden. A: (1) schützt das Genom durch stabiles <one>Einpacken</one> (2) hat oft Adhäsionsstrukturen ("attachment molecules") und (3) kann Enzyme mitschleppen
+- Die <one>Rhinoviren</one> binden an welchen zellulären Rezeptor? An <one>ICAM-1</one> - auch als <two>CD54</two> bekannt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAM-1
+- <one>David Vetter</one>, the famous <two>bubble-boy</two>, died due to which virus ultimately? The <one>Epstein-Barr</one> virus.
+- Durchmesser eines <one>Adenovirus</one> (von, bis)? A: <one>60 nm - 90 nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridae []
+- How many people die per year in the USA because of <one>Influenza</one>? <one>36.000</one>. []
+- Name a virus group with a <one>brick-shaped virion</one>. A: <one>Poxviridae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poxviridae []
+- <one>Which virus</one> causes the <two>Kaposi sarcoma</two>? A <one>herpesvirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma#Cause []
+- Nenne <one>zwei endozytotische Mechanismen</one> von Viren und jeweils einen Vertreter hierzu. A: (1) <one>Caveolin</one> mit <two>SV40</two> als Vertreter (2) <one>Clathrin</one> mit <two>Adenovirus</two> als Vertreter.
+- What is <one>the average diameter of a parvovirus</one> (give only one value)? <one>20nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvoviridae#Unterfamilie_Parvovirinae []
+- Name <one>a virus-centric database</one> that begins with the letter <two>'V'</two>. A: The <one>VIPER database</one>. []
+- Das <one>Maul-und-Klauenseuche-Virus</one> (<two>foot and mouth disease</two>) gehört zu welcher Familie? <one>Picornaviridae</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maul-und-Klauenseuche-Virus []
+- In virology: what is the <one>CFR</one>? This is the <one>Case Fatality Rate</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate []
+- Name a specific virus that can cause <one>viral hemorrhagic fevers</one> in humans. A: The <one>Marburg virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_virus []
+- <one>In welcher Phase</one> liegen extrazellulär keine infektiösen Viren vor? In der <one>Latenzperiode</one>.
+- How many people die per year due to <one>influenza-related causes</one>? <one>36.000</one>. []
+- Name <two>one common complication</two> seen in people affected by <one>influenza</one>. A: <one>Pneumonia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia []
+- Aside from <one>influenza</one>, name <two>four viruses</two> that can be transmitted from animals to humans. A: (1) <one>yellow fever virus</one> (2) <one>tick-borne encephalitis virus</one> (3) <one>rabies virus</one> (4) <one>ebola virus</one>
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>TCID</one>? <one>Tissue Culture Infectious Dose</one>. URL: https://www.zeomic.co.jp/en/glossary/virus/71 []
+- <one>When</one> was <two>smallpox</two> eradicated? In <one>1977</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#History []
+- Das Medikament <one>Zovirax</one> wirkt gegen welchen Virus? <one>Zovirax</one>, auch als Aciclovir bekannt, wirkt gegen den <two>Herpes-simplex virus</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir []
+- Angenommen ein Patient hat ein <one>Larynxpapillom</one>. Wir möchten dieses entfernen. Was könnten wir tun? Wir könnten "IFN-Alpha" und "IFN-Beta" injizieren.
+- Provide <one>two examples</one> for a <one>satellite virus</one> in small viruses. A: (1) <one>hepatitits delta virus</one> (2) <one>adeno-associated virus</one>
+- Das <one>MS2-Genom</one> besitzt wie viele Nukleotide? <one>3569 bp</one>.
+- Im Jahre <one>2014</one> kam welcher neue Influenza-Stamm auf? <one>H5N8</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelgrippe_H5N8 []
+- The <one>Hepatitis delta virus</one>, <two>as a satellite virus</two>, requires which other virus as its helper virus? The <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>.
+- <one>Dendritic cells</one> can <two>process protein antigens</two> by <three>which two pathways</three>? (1) <one>exogeneous</one> (2) <one>endogeneous</one>
+- Why the name <one>Pandora</one> in Pandoravirus? They are from the <one>Pandora box</one>, which is not a box but a flask; and the Pandoravirus are <two>flask-like in shape</two>.
+- A <one>concentrated suspension of virions</one> might contain n virions per ml? About <one>10¹² virions per ml</one>.
+- Insbesondere <one>welcher HPV-Typ</one> ist mit <three>Cervikarzonima</three> assoziiert? <one>HPV 16</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humane_Papillomviren []
+- Say that we can observe <one>a random, helical animal virus</one>. What can we further assume about such a virus, structure-wise? That this virus will most likely have <one>a lipid envelope</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> in etwa wurde das <two>Influenza-Virus</two> entdeckt (+/- 5 Jahre sind ok)? Im Jahre <one>1933</one>.
+- Name <one>three viruses</one> that <two>can cause long-term infections</two>, aside from the HI-Virus. A: (1) Hepatitis B virus (2) Hepatitis C virus (3) Herpes simplex virus type I
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>einfachen Retroviren</one>. A: Das <one>avian leukosis virus</one>.
+- <one>HIV-1 tat</one> (<two>transactivator of transcription</two>) bindet woran? A stem-loop structure at 5' end of HIV-1 mRNA.
+- <one>Picornaviruses</one> contain <two>n protomers</two> and <two>n structural proteins</two>? <one>60 Protomers</one> and <two>4 structural proteins</two> (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4).
+- Das <one>HTLV Tax-Protein</one> <two>interagiert</two> mit welchen zwei Faktoren? (1) <one>NF Kappa Beta</one> (2) <one>CREB</one>
+- Give a strong example of <one>a human virus able to cause a specific cancer</one>. A: The <one>human papillomaviruses</one>, which can cause <two>cervical cancer</two>.
+- <one>Wieviele Serotypen von Adenovirus</one> sind bekannt? A: Mindestens <one>47</one>, mittlerweile (Jahr: 2017) aber bereits mehr. []
+- Does a <one>virus</one> arise from a pre-existing virus? No - at the least <one>never directly</one>.
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> produces two polyproteins, called <two>pp1a</two> and <two>pp1ab</two>. How are the genes for these polyproteins called? <one>ORF1a</one> and <one>ORF1b</one>.
+- In virology: <one>BSL4</one> stands for ... ? <one>Biosafety Level-4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4 []
+- The drug <one>Ribavirin</one> is used to treat what? The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one>, a ssRNA virus, in combination with Interferon Alpha.
+- Name a <one>DNA-virus with a circular genome</one>. A: The <one>DNA hepatitis B virus</one>.
+- Name the most characteristic feature of a virion. A: It is <one>metabolically inert</one>.
+- <one>CoV</one> (Coronavirus) may contain <two>PRRAR</two> in their genome. What does this stand for? <one>Polybasic cleavage site</one>.
+- Ein <one>Picornavirus</one> kodiert normalerweise für wieviele Proteine? Zwischen <one>11</one> und <one>14</one>.
+- Bei <one>Influenza</one>: welche zwei <two>Hämagglutinin-Subtypen</two> sind die Erreger der klassischen Geflügelpest? <one>H5</one> und <one>H7</one>.
+- Why might we conclude that <one>dHerelle</one> was not the brightest scientist? Because he favoured the hypothesis that <one>only one phage attacked all bacteria</one>. []
+- Name a virus with an <one>internal lipid membrane</one>. A: <one>Iridovirus</one>.
+- Most <one>HPV virions</one> appear to enter the cell via a ... endocytic mechanism. A: <one>Clathrin-dependent endocytic mechanism</one>. []
+- Nenne ein <one>viruscodiertes Enzym</one> beginnend mit dem Buchstaben <two>T</two> ...? Die <one>Thymidinkinase</one>.
+- <one>Herpesviren</one>: Durchseuchungsrate (des Menschen), in Prozent? <one>95%</one>. []
+- What is meant with the term <one>cryptic virus</one>? This refers to <one>a virus that has lost the ability to leave its host genome</one>. []
+- How does <one>HIV gp120</one> <three>protect itself against antibodies</three>? (1) <one>glycan shield</one> (2) <one>molecular occlusion</one> (3) <one>conformational masking</one> []
+- Was bedeutet der Begriff <one>Quasispecies</one> in der Virologie? Die Nachkommen eines RNA-Virus sind <one>eine Population aus sehr nahe verwandten Sequenzen</one>, die aufgrund mangelnder Proofreading-Aktivität entstehen.
+- <one>The first discovery of a coronavirus</one>, <two>IBV</two> (Avian coronavirus), occurred in which year? <one>1931</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_coronavirus
+- Die <one>Retrovirus gag-proteins</one> inkludieren <two>PR</two>. Was ist damit gemeint? Dies ist eine <one>Protease</one>.
+- The <two>foot-and-mouth disease virus</two> has <one>Lpro</one>. What is meant with that? Lpro is <one>the leader proteinase</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4931897/ []
+- Sind <two>Viren</two> <one>haploid</one>? Ja, bis auf die <one>diploiden Retroviren</one>, die zwei fast idente Kopien des viralen Genoms besitzen. []
+- <one>Which person</one> coined the term <two>bacteriophage</two>? <one>Felix d'Herelle</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle []
+- Name one cellular molecule used by the <one>rabies virus</one> for attachment. A: <one>Acetyl-choline receptor</one>.
+- Das <one>Hepatitis-Delta-Virus</one> Genom umfasst n Nucleotide? ~1700.
+- Woher kommt der Name <one>Norovirus</one>? Vom <one>Norwalk Virus</one>, der auch zugleich der einzige Vertreter in diesem Genus ist. []
+- Allgemein: welche Virusgruppen gibt es? Unterscheidung anhand des Genoms: (1) ssDNA (2) dsDNA (3) <one>ssRNA</one> (4) <one>dsRNA</one>
+- The <one>smallest, nondefective animal virus genome</one> can be found in which virus? <one>Circovirus</one>.
+- Das <one>West-Nil-Virus</one> ist seit welchem Jahr bekannt? <one>1937</one>.
+- Name a <one>multicellular change</one> that may be induced by/after a viral infection. A: <one>Syncytium formation</one> - aka <two>fusion of cell</two> events.
+- Name a major difference between <one>bacterial</one> and <one>animal viruses</one>. A: <one>Animal viruses</one> have <two>a longer growth cycle</two>, at about 5-15 hours for completion.
+- What is <one>the most important requirement for a virion</one> (aside from containing the genome)? A virion must be a <one>stable structure</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>DNA Transposons</one>? <one>Class 2 Transposons</one>. []
+- Gibt es einen allgemeinen Unterschied zwischen <one>DNA Viren</one> und <one>RNA Viren</one>, mit Ausnahme der Genom-Grösse? <one>DNA-Viren</one> verwenden häufig <two>zelluläre Polymerase</two>, <one>RNA-Viren</one> kodieren häufig für ihre <one>eigene Polymerase</one>.
+- Wieso mutagenisieren wir einen Virus bei genau <one>32 Grad Celsius</one>? Weil wir hier auf <one>temperatur-sensitive Viren</one> selektieren, die im oberen respiratorischen Trakt, aber nicht im unteren respiratorischen Trakt wachsen können.
+- Nenne 3 <one>Mechanismen</one> wie Viren evolvieren können. Gib jeweils ein Beispiel an. A: (1) <one>Mutation</one>:      HIV-1 (2) <one>Recombination</one>: <two>Poliovirus</two> (3) <one>Reassortment</one>:  <two>Influenza</two>
+- Given <one>HSV-1</one> and <one>HSV-2</one>: which one of these two families produce most of the <two>genital herpes</two>? <one>HSV-2</one>. []
+- Are <one>viruses</one> killers? Not quite so; <one>they have not made their hosts extinct after all</one>. []
+- <one>Wieviele Menschen</one> sind weltweit mit dem Hepatitis-B-virus infiziert? Etwa <one>350 Millionen</one>. []
+- Nenne 6 <one>Übertragungsmechanismen der Viren</one> (primär zwischen Menschen)! A: (1) <one>oral-fäkal</one> (2) <two>Mutter-Kind</two> (3) respiratorisch (4) Hautbarriere durchbrechen (5) Kontakt mit Urin (6) allgemein Körperkontakt zu anderen Menschen
+- Nenne <one>eine Virusgruppe</one> die fäkal-oral übertragen wird und die zu schweren Durchfallerkrankungen führen kann. A: Die <one>Noroviren</one>. []
+- <one>Which virus</one> is described as the <two>winter virus</two> typically? The <one>Influenza virus</one>.
+- Which <one>body fluids</one> are important for viruses? (1) <one>blood</one> (2) <one>semen</one> (3) <one>saliva</one> (4) <one>respiratory fluids</one> (5) <one>feces</one>
+- The <one>poliovirus genome</one> contains the <two>VPg protein</two>, at which of its ssRNA-end? At its <one>5' end</one>. []
+- Können <two>Viren</two> <one>vergesellschaftet</one> sein? Ja, das <one>Mimi-Virus</one> hat einen Satelliten-Virus der nur 1/10 so gross ist wie das Mimi-Virus und <two>Sputnik</two> genannt wird.
+- The <one>Tobacco mosaic virus</one> (TMV) capsid is constructed using a single type of <two>protomer</two>. How many amino acids does this <two>protomer</two> have? <one>159 amino acids</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_597750.1
+- Nenne einen Nucleotidanalogen Hemmstoff der <one>HIV-Revertase</one>. A: <one>Aciclovir</one>.
+- Name the prototype representative of the <one>human parvovirus</one>. A: The <one>AAV</one> (<one>Adeno-associated virus</one>), a <two>dependoparvovirus</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeno-associated_virus
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Maul und Klauenseuche Virus</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1896</one>.
+- Nenne ein Medikament das gegen den <one>Herpes simplex virus</one> eingesetzt werden kann. A: <one>Acyclovir</one> (auch <one>Aciclovir</one> genannt). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir []
+- <two>An welchem Virus</two> wurde <one>das Phänomen der Interferenz</one> entdeckt? <one>Gelbfiebervirus</one>. []
+- <one>Rimantadine</one> wirkt gegen Influenza Virus. Wie? Es verhindert wahrscheinlich das Uncoating der Virus-Hülle und des Capsids. Das virale <one>M2 protein</one>, ein Ionenkanal-Protein, wird wahrscheinlich durch Rimantadine inhibiert.
+- The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> has infected how many people, globally? <one>170 million people worldwide</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Person</one> entwickelte das <two>Konzept der Viren</two>? <one>Martinus Beijerinck</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck []
+- Welchen Vorteil hat das CRISPR-System gegenüber RNAi in der <one>natürlichen Umgebung</one>? RNAi funktioniert nur gegen RNA-Viren, CRISPR hingegen funktioniert sowohl gegen RNA- als auch DNA-Viren.
+- In <one>sea water</one>: how many virions may we find per millileter? About <one>9x 10 ** 8 virions per milliliter</one>.
+- The <one>semliki forest virus</one> belongs to which group? The semliki forest virus belongs to the <one>Togaviruses</one>.
+- Wieso wirkt <one>Ganciclovir</one> gegen Herpesviren? <one>Herpesviren</one> besitzen eine <two>Thymidinkinase</two>, die Ganciclovir phosphoryliert.
+- Name <two>three different diseases</two> caused by the <one>Picornaviruses</one>. A: (1) <one>Polio</one> (2) <one>foot-and-mouth disease</one> (3) <one>common cold</one>
+- Die bei <one>Rindern</one> tödlich verlaufende Krankheit <two>mucosal disease</two> wird von welchem Virus hervorgerufen? Von einem <one>Flavivirus</one>.
+- Warum wollen wir bei einer <one>Tier-Herde</one> immer den gesamten Bestand impfen? Da wir so den <one>Infektionsdruck</one> senken können.
+- <three>Wann</three> wurde erstmals gezeigt das <one>Warzen</one> durch infektiöse Agenzien hervorgerufen werden können, wie zum Beispiel durch <two>Papillomaviren</two>? Im Jahre <one>1894</one>, durch Variot. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299882055_Genitale_Infektionen_mit_humanen_Papillomviren_HPV_und_genitale_Tumoren_Diagnostische_Uberlegungen
+- <two>Biosafety Level 4</two>: nenne einen Virus hier, der mit dem Buchstaben <one>L</one> beginnt. A: Das <one>Lassa virus</one>.
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>membrane fusion</two> used by viruses. A: (1) pH-independent fusion (2) acid triggered fusion
+- What do we mean with an <one>acute infection</one>? This refers to a rapid production of infectious virions, followed by rapid elimination of the infection.
+- Name <two>three diseases</two> that are caused by <one>Adenoviruses</one>. A: (1) <one>conjunctivitis</one> (2) respiratory diseases (3) <one>infant diarrhea</one>
+- Give an example for a <one>Togavirus</one>. A: The <one>Rubella virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella []
+- <one>Amantadin</one> kann gegen welchen Virus eingesetzt werden? Amantadin wirkt gegen <one>Influenza-A-Viren</one>. []
+- Bei den <one>Influenza-Viren</one>: wieviele Subtypen an HA und NA gibt es jeweils? A: (1) <one>HA</one>: <two>18 Typen</two>. (2) <one>NA</one>: <two> 9 Typen</two>.
+- Das <one>VPg bei Poliovirus</one> hat n AA? <one>22 AA</one>. []
+- Historic name for <one>rabies</one>? <one>Hydrophobia</one> (<two>fear of water</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies []
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde die Struktur des <two>Influenza HA-Komplexes</two> durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt? <one>1981</one>.
+- Name <one>a plant virus</one> that has a DNA genome. A: <one>Cauliflower mosaic virus</one>.
+- The <one>HongKong 1968 Influenza strain</one> hat which composition? <one>H3N2</one>. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1968-pandemic.html []
+- What exactly are <one>arboviruses</one>? These are viruses that have a life cycle alternating between an <one>insect vector</one> and a <one>vertebrate host</one>.
+- The <one>HPV capsid</one> consists of <two>how many different structural proteins</two>? <two>Two</two>: the <one>major protein L1</one> and the <one>minor capsid protein L2</one>.
+- Give <one>a term for RNA viruses</one> that explicitly exclude the <two>retroviruses</two>. A: <one>Riboviruses</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboviria []
+- <one>Wo</one> innerhalb der Zelle replizieren die <two>Rhabdoviren</two>? <two>Rhabdoviren</two> <one>replizieren innerhalb des Cytoplasmas einer Zelle</one>. []
+- Give two specific examples, where the <one>hammerhead ribozyme</one> could be found. A: (1) In <one>plant viroids</one> (2) In <one>satellite RNAs of plant RNA viruses</one>
+- <one>ITAFs</one> are associated with IRES. The abbreviation <one>ITAFs</one> stands for ... ? <one>IRES trans-acting factors</one>.
+- Name <one>two viruses that are released from lesions</one>. A: (1) the <one>herpes simplex virus</one> (2) the <one>food and mouth disease virus</one>
+- The sequence <one>Gly-Asp-Asp</one> in a virus may indicate ...? <one>RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity</one>. []
+- Die <one>cre-Rekombinase</one> aus <two>P1</two> bindet an? <one>loxP Sequenzen</one>. []
+- <one>Prionen</one> sind vermutlich Erreger der ... ? <one>Spongiformen Encephalopathien</one>.
+- <one>Which virus</one> can provoke a <two>Burkitts lymphoma</two>? The <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one>.
+- Compare the size of <one>polyoma</one> and <one>papillomavirus virions</one> (their diameter). A: (1) <one>Papillomavirus</one>: <two>50-55 nm</two> (2) <one>Polyomavirus</one>:   <two>40-45 nm</two>
+- What is a <one>tegument</one>? This is <one>a cluster of proteins</one> that lines the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid, of all <two>herpesvirus</two>. URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Viral_Tegument.svg
+- Nenne zwei virale Genomvertreter die <two>ambisense</two> sind. A: (1) <one>Geminiviruses</one> (<two>ssDNA</two>) (2) <one>Arenaviruses</one>  (<two>ssRNA</two>)
+- Nenne <one>drei Anforderungen an ein Vakzin</one>. A: (1) Hervorrufen höchstens milder Symptome (2) Stimulation einer effektiven und lang andauernden Immunität (3) <one>genetische Stabilität</one>
+- <two>Durchmesser</two> des <one>Influenza-Virions</one>, in etwa? <one>100 nm</one>. []
+- Name one famous theory of <one>capsid design</one>. A: The <one>Caspar-Klug theory</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Caspar []
+- Name two cellular molecules used by viruses to enter a eukaryotic cell. A: (1) <one>ICAM-1</one> (Intracellular adhesion molecule 1) by human rhinoviruses (2) Integrins, used by the <two>foot-and-mouth disease virus</two>
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Virus der <one>überlappende Leserahmen</one> verwendet. A: <one>Hepatitis-B-Virus</one>.
+- The genome of the <one>Influenza A virus</one> encodes for <two>n genes</two>? <one>11</one>. []
+- Give an example in <one>E. coli</one> of a two-component abortive infection system. A: The <one>Rex system</one>.
+- Es existieren auch <one>komplexe Retroviren</one>. Ein Vertreter hiervon ist <two>HIV</two>. Nenne einen weiteren Vertreter der "komplexen Retroviren". A: <one>HTLV</one>: <two>human T-cell lymphotropic virus</two>
+- What are <one>simple retroviruses</one>? These are retroviruses that have a fairly simple lifestyle, characterized by the presence of at most one coding region in addition to those encoding the common virion proteins encoded by gag, pro, pol, and env.
+- <two>Wann</two> konnte <one>Iwanowski</one> indirekt TMV nachweisen? <one>1892</one>. []
+- Why does <one>Herpes simplex</one> virus code for its own <two>thymidine kinase</two>? The virus cannot grow in neural cells because they are not proliferating (not making DNA). Although purine/pyrimidines are present, levels of phosphorylated nucleosides are low. Allows virus to grow in cells that are not making DNA. "Thymidine kinase" is a misnomer - the name should actually be <one>Deoxynucleoside kinase</one>.
+- <two>Wann</two> gab es <one>in Deutschland das erste Impfgesetz</one>? <one>1874</one>.
+- Was für ein Genom haben die <one>Flaviviridae</one>? <one>(+)ssRNA</one>, <two>linear</two>. []
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Poliovirus</two> erstmals (künstlich) synthetisiert? <one>2002</one>. []
+- Ausser möglicher Krankheitssymptome bei der aktiven Immunisierung, nenne einen weiteren möglichen Nachteil. A: Die aktive Immunisierung dauert einige Zeit, und muss daher <one>zeitkonform</one> durchgeführt werden.
+- Vergleiche wieviel Energie von einer Zelle ein Phage, und ein Tiervirus wie Influenza, von dieser Zelle abzieht, in Prozent. Erkläre den Unterschiede hierbei. A: Tierische Zellen produzieren mehr Energie, und sind auch grösser, somit ziehen die Viren nicht so viel Energie ab, in %, verglichen zu einer bakteriellen Zelle. (1) <one>Bakteriophagen</one>:    40-50% der Energie der Zelle. (2) <one>Influenza</one>:     <two>1% der Energie der Zelle</two>.
+- Zu welcher Familie gehört das <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>? Zur <one>Hepadnavirus-Familie</one>.
+- What is the <one>host range of a virus</one>? The host range of a virus is <one>the spectrum of host cells that virus can infect</one>.
+- <two>Adults</two> infected with <one>Hepatitis A</one> usually develop ... ? <one>Jaundice</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice
+- Warum sind <one>WT Retroviren</one> gefährlich? Sie <one>können in Gene inserieren</one>.
+- We may encounter <one>hydrophobic sequences</one> in a given <two>virus</two>. This may indicate? <one>Membrane association</one>. []
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>nicht-umhüllten RNA Virus</one>. A: Der <one>Poliovirus</one>.
+- The <one>gp120 Protein of HIV</one> has <two>three faces</two>. Name them. A: (1) <one>silent face</one> (2) neutralizing face (3) non-neutralizing face
+- Why may it be <one>harder</one> to work with <two>plant viruses</two> than with <two>animal viruses</two>? Their study sometimes requires the whole plant.
+- <one>HIV</one> contains the <two>Vpr</two> gene/gene product. What does Vpr stand for? <one>Vpr</one> stands for <two>Viral Protein R</two>.
+- Gibt es einen <one>Impfstoff</one> gegen das Epstein-Barr Virus? Nein. []
+- Can <one>AAV</one> infect <two>non-dividing cells</two>? Yes. <one>It can infect neurons in the brain</one>, for instance.
+- Dauer des Vermehrungszyklus des <one>Poliovirus</one> (von-bis)? <one>5-10 Stunden</one>. []
+- <one>When</one> are both viral and bacterial transcripts made (+ specific example)? In a <one>nonlytic-bacteriophage</one> such as <two>M13</two>. []
+- What was <one>the fatality rate of Variolation</one>, in percent? <one>1-2%</one>.
+- Nenne einen grundsätzlichen Unterschied im <one>Virenbefall</one> zwischen <two>Prokaryoten</two> und <two>Eukaryoten</two>. A: Das Virusgenom dringt in die bakterielle Zelle ein, die Proteinhülle bleibt außerhalb des Wirts. Bei den Viren, die eukaryote Zellen befallen, wird das gesamte Virus durch Endocytose aufgenommen. Die Trennung von der Proteinhülle findet im Wirt statt.
+- <one>Wieviele Pflanzenviren</one> sind bekannt? Etwa <one>600 Arten</one>.
+- <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde das <two>Tabakmosaikvirus</two> zuerst entdeckt? <one>1892</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus#Geschichte []
+- The <one>poliovirus</one> uses which cellular receptor? <one>CD155</one>. []
+- Was ist ein <one>kryptisches Virus</one>? Dies ist <one>ein Virus welches die Fähigkeit verloren hat, seine Wirtszelle verlassen zu können</one>. []
+- What is the basic statement that the <one>error threshold</one> concept postulates, in virology? <one>Too many mutations lead to a non-viable virus</one>. []
+- Warum war es mitunter tragisch das die PCR-Methode zu empfindlich war, im Zuge der <one>SARS-Epidemie</one> in Hong Kong? Da einige Personen gesund waren - <one>sich im Krankenhaus jedoch mit dem SARS Virus infizierten</one>. []
+- Minimale und maximale Virion-Grösse (Angabe in nm)? (1) <one>Min</one>: <two>Parvovirus</two>  <three>18 nm</three>. (2) <one>Max</one>: <two>Mimivirus</two>  <three>400 nm</three>.
+- Wie behandeln wir <one>Herpes-simplex</one>? Mittels <one>Aciclovir</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir []
+- Was ist Influenza-C <one>HEF</one>? Das ist ein <one>Hämagglutinin-Esterase Fusionsprotein</one>.
+- Die mit einer <three>HPV-Erkrankung</three> verbunden örtliche Verdickung der Haut bei einer <one>Warze</one>, ist worauf zurückzuführen, klinisch betrachtet? Auf die <one>Induktion lokaler Zellproliferationen</one>. []
+- Was demonstrierte <one>Andre Lwoff</one> in Paris? Die Existenz eines viralen Genoms in einem Prophagen.
+- Was genau heisst <one>segmentiertes Genom</one>? Die viralen Gene sind <one>auf verschiedene RNA-Segmente verteilt</one>.
+- What is <one>scrapie</one>? A disease of sheep and goats that has been known since a long time.
+- Name the most famous virus that can be used to <one>fuse eukaryotic cells</one>. A: The <one>Sendai Virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_respirovirus []
+- The genome of the <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> is ... ? A <one>positive ssRNA genome</one> (<one>+ssRNA Genome</one>). []
+- The <one>rubella virus</one> belongs to which family? The <one>rubellavirus</one> belongs to the <two>Togaviridae</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella []
+- <one>HIV-2</one> ist womit verwandt? Mit dem <one>SIV</one> von <two>Mangabey-Affen</two>.
+- <one>AIDS</one> hat man, per Definition, bei ... ? Weniger als <one>200 T-Helferzellen pro Mikroliter Blut</one>. []
+- The <one>Picornavirus</one> belong to what Baltimore class? IV. []
+- Which protein of the <one>Sendai Virus</one> is responsible for the fusion process? The <one>F protein</one>. []
+- Name the <one>most prominent virus</one> that has a <two>thymidine kinase</two> gene. A: The <one>herpes simplex</one> virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus []
+- Nenne einen <one>Virus</one>, der nur beim Menschen gefunden werden kann. A: Das <one>Masernvirus</one>.
+- Name <one>two viruses</one> that <two>can cause hemagglutination</two>. A: (1) the <one>Influenza Virus</one> (2) the <one>measles virus</one> []
+- <one>Who</one> is the governing body für the Taxonomy of Viruses? The <one>ICTV</one>, the <two>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses
+- Nenne 3 verschiedene Ursprünge einer Mutation. A: (1) <one>spontan</one> (2) chemisch induziert (3) physikalisch induziert
+- The <one>mammalian hepadnavirus</one> uses which sequence for its <two>polyadenylation signal</two>? <one>TATAAA</one> (which is also a TATA box!).
+- The <one>Hong Kong outbreak of 1997</one>, Influenza A, had which combination of H + N? <one>H5N1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_spread_of_H5N1 []
+- <two>Wo</two> repliziert ein <one>Viroid</one>? Im <one>Zellkern der Wirtszelle</one>. []
+- Wann wurde das <one>Tabakmosakivirus</one> erstmals <two>kristallisiert</two>? Im Jahre <one>1935</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus []
+- <one>An Icosahedron</one> has <two>n axis of rotational symmetry</two>? (1) <one>5-fold</one> (2) <one>3-fold</one> (3) <one>2-fold</one> []
+- What means the term <one>RNA Quasispecies</one>? <one>RNA from inaccurate reproduction</one> is NOT an ensemble of identical molecules!
+- What does the abbreviation <one>PP2A</one> stand for? <one>Protein phosphatase 2A</one>. []
+- <one>SV40</one> hat wieviele Gene? <one>6</one>. []
+- What are <one>the host cells of papillomaviruses</one>? <one>Keratinocytes</one>.
+- The <one>HPV E7 protein</one> can interact with which cellular protein? <one>pRB</one>. It will promote its destruction. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC114225/ []
+- Nenne einen Virus, der <one>ACG</one> als Initiationscodon verwendet. A: Das <one>Sendai-Virus</one>. []
+- Nenne die 3 <one>bösartigen HPV-Viren</one>. A: <one>16</one>, <one>18</one>, <one>32</one>. []
+- Nenne drei verschiedene Möglichkeiten der <one>viralen Veränderung</one>. A: (1) <one>Mutationen</one> (2) <one>Rekombination</one> (3) <one>Reassortment</one> []
+- <one>HPV16</one> and HPV18: name two cancers associated with these two serotypes. A: (1) <one>cervical carcinoma</one> (2) <one>anal     carcinoma</one> []
+- Warum verwenden wir <one>Aspirin</one> bei Virusinfektionen? <one>Aspirin</one> wirkt als ein <two>entzündungshemmendes Schmerzmittel</two>. []
+- The <one>Sendai virus</one> uses which initiation codon? <one>ACG</one>. []
+- Is <one>successful entry of a virion</one> the most important step? No, the virus could be inactivated still, before replication, through <one>lysosomal enzymes</one> for instance.
+- Wieviel Fremd-DNA kann man in einen Retrovirus reinpacken? <one>8kb</one> an Fremd-DNA. []
+- <one>How many people worldwide</one> are infected with <two>Hepatitis B</two>? About <one>two billion people</one>. []
+- Name an <one>antiviral mechanism</one> that can be found in both animals and plants. A: RNA interference (RNAi). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference []
+- Give two examples for which viral nucleic acid does not code for. A: (1) <one>mitochondria</one> (2) <one>ribosomes</one> []
+- Unterscheidung der <one>ssRNA-Viren</one>? <one>+ Strang</one> und <one>- Strang</one>. []
+- Was ist das <one>Post-Polio Syndrom</one>? Symptome die erst <one>15-40 Jahre</one> nach der ursprünglichen Polioerkrankung auftreten. []
+- Die häufigsten Verursacher von Magen-Darm-Erkrankungen bei den Viren, insbesondere beim Dünndarm, ist/sind ... ? Die <one>Noroviren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus []
+- Name <one>three different enzymes</one> that could be found in a <two>retroviral virion</two>. A: (1) <one>reverse transcriptase</one> (2) <one>integrase</one> (3) <one>protease</one> []
+- The <one>highest mutation rate</one> can be found in which genetic element? In <one>Viroids</one>. []
+- Does the <one>bird flu</one> infect humans? Usually not. []
+- <one>Oseltamivir</one> kann gegen welchen Virus eingesetzt werden? Gegen den <one>Influenza virus</one>. []
+- Give 3 examples for <one>cellular receptors</one> that are structurally related to immunoglobulines. A: (1) CD4 (2) <one>CD155</one> (3) <one>ICAM-1</one>
+- What does <one>virus interference</one> mean? This is a phenomenon in which infection with one virus interferes with subsequent infection by another virus.
+- What does the term <one>orphaned virus</one> mean? When a virus can no longer find susceptible host cells, usually because these host cells are no longer existing, perhaps even extinct.
+- Provide <two>5</two> examples for <one>body fluids</one> where we can find viruses and give one example each. A: (1) blood: hepatitis B virus (2) faeces: poliovirus (3) semen: HIV-1 (4) <one>respiratory droplets</one>: <two>Influenza A</two> (5) <one>saliva</one>: <two>Eppstein-Barr virus</two>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für das <one>Warzenvirus</one>? <one>Papovaviren</one>. Stimmt aber wohl nicht ganz, das wurde getrennt in <two>Papillomaviridae</two> und <two>Polyomaviridae</two>. []
+- Nenne ein Medikament das gegen das Uncoating eines Virus vorgeht. A: <one>Amantadin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadin []
+- <one>Wo</one> im menschlichen Körper vermehren sich <two>Polioviren</two>? Im lymphatischen Gewebe des Darms.
+- An <one>icosahedron</one> contains <two>how many pentamers</two>? <one>60</one>. []
+- Why do we require <one>two injections of killed viruses</one>? So that they provide <one>a primary</one> and then <one>a secondary immune response</one>.
+- The genome size of the <one>African swine fever virus</one> is about ... ? About <one>170-190 kbp</one>. []
+- Which disease can the <one>feline parvovirus</one> cause in cats? <one>Panleukopenia</one>. []
+- Nenne einen Virus der <one>transovarial transmission</one> verwendet. A: Der <one>yellow fever virus</one>, in Mosquitos.
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> has sufficient affinity to <two>ACE2</two> receptors. <two>ACE2</two> stands for ... ? <one>Angiotensin converting enzyme 2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2 []
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Virus, bei dem wir <one>negrische Einschluss-Körperchen</one> sehen mögen. A: Bei den <one>Rhabdoviren</one>.
+- Name the <two>two distinct infectious particles</two> of the <one>Poxvirus</one>. A: (1) the <one>intracellular mature virion</one> (MV) (2) the <one>extracellular virion</one> (EV)
+- In HIV: does the gp120 first bind to CCR5 or to CD4? gp120 first binds to CD4. []
+- What does a virus <one>lose</one> when it is effectively neutralized by an antibody? Its <one>infectivity</one>.
+- What does <one>Rubella</one> mean? It comes from latin and means <one>little red</one>. []
+- Was sind sogenannte <one>Clara-Zellen</one>? <one>Clara-Zellen</one> sind sekretorisch-aktive Epithelzellen des Lungenkapillarnetzwerkes.
+- Besitzen <one>Flaviviren</one> eine IRES Struktur? Nein. []
+- Die <one>Oberfläche eines Stecknadelkopfes</one> bietet n Rhinoviren Platz? <one>Fünfhundert Millionen</one> (<one>500 Millionen</one>). []
+- Wer genau besitzt <one>v-onc Gene</one>? <one>Akut transformierende Retroviren</one>. []
+- One of the most compelling <one>reasons why mankind is interested in viruses</one> is because ... ? Because <one>viruses cause diseases</one>. []
+- Name one <one>inhibitor of Neuraminidase</one>. A: <one>Tamiflu</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir []
+- The <one>NDV virus</one> is ... ? The <one>Newcastle Disease Virus</one>. []
+- The <one>Filoviridae</one> virus particle binds to a cell surface receptor. The uptake then happens via ... ? <one>Macropinocytosis</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macropinocytosis []
+- In general, what is meant with the term <one>satellite virus</one>? These are <two>viruses that are unable to replicate</two>, unless the host cell is also infected with a so-called <one>helper virus</one>.
+- <one>Leatherjackets</one> (invertebrates) may be infected with <two>invertebrata ... virus</two>? <one>Iridescent virus</one>. URL: http://www.trevorwilliams.info/Iridovirus.htm []
+- Name <one>a virus that is transported via microtubules</one>. A: The <one>Vaccinia virion</one>.
+- We have <one>isolated a new viruse</one> and now we wish to determine whether this virus is a <two>RNA virus</two> or a <two>DNA virus</two>. How can we proceed? We can employ a <one>ribonuclease</one> and a <one>deoxyribonuclease</one>, and thus <two>test the susceptibility of our material at hand to these enzymes</two>. []
+- Wer oder was überträgt am häufigsten <one>Gelbfieber</one> - also das <one>Gelbfiebervirus</one>? <one>Mosquitos</one>. []
+- The genome of <one>Rubella-virus</one> is? A <one>ssRNA of positive polarity</one> (enclosed by an <two>icosahedral capsid</two>).
+- Name <two>a virus</two> that has a <one>Cyclophin</one>. A: The <one>HI-Virus</one>. []
+- Nenne drei Beispiele für Sekundärstrukturen viraler RNA. A: (1) <one>pseudoknot</one> (2) <one>bulge</one> (3) <one>loop</one> []
+- Schlussfolgerung: Ein Virus der im test tube <one>self-assembly</one> zeigt ... A: ... wird dies wahrscheinlich auch in der Zelle zeigen (<one>in-vivo</one>). []
+- Name the three known subtypes of <one>human influenza viruses</one>. A: (1) <one>H1N1</one> (2) <one>H1N2</one> (3) <one>H3N2</one>
+- A <one>viral genome</one> can be in which of 3 (physical) forms? Give an example for each. A: (1) <one>circular</one>: Polyoma (2) "linear":    Adeno (3) "segmented": Influenza
+- Name the <one>four possible types of polymerases</one>. A: (1) <one>RNA-dependent DNA polymerases</one> (2) <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerases</one> (3) <one>DNA-dependent DNA polymerases</one> (4) <one>DNA-dependent RNA polymerases</one> []
+- Nenne zwei Viren die eine <one>Polymerase im Partikel</one> besitzen. A: (1) <one>Poxvirus</one>: repliziert im Cytoplasma und hat eine eigene Polymerase (2) <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>: kodiert für eine DNA polymerase
+- Given the <one>SV40 genome</one>: if we have to group this genome into two general areas, which ones could we use? The <one>early</one> part; and the "late" part of the genome.
+- Das <one>HPV-Genom</one> kodiert für das <two>E1 Protein</two>. Dieses Protein hat Ähnlichkeiten zu welch anderem viralen Protein? Zum grossen T-Antigen von SV40.
+- Beschreibe den <one>Lebenszyklus eines Retrovirus</one>. A: Beginn: Infektion der Wirtszelle. Danach erfolgt die Produktion einer DNA Kopie des RNA Genoms mit Hilfe der RevTranskriptase, Transport viraler DNA in den Zellkern, Integration der viralen DNA in das Wirtsgenom (ziemlich random), Transkription der viralen DNA in mRNA, gesteuert von einem starken Promoter in der 5 Strich LTR Sequenz, Translation von gag,pol env im Ctyoplasma, Produktion des Capsids das mit 2 RNA Strängen und einigen Molekülen RevTranskriptase, beladen wird, Freisetzung der Virionen durch <two>budding</two>.
+- <one>Rimantadine</one> ist ein antivirales Medikament. Gegen welchen Virus wird es eingesetzt? <one>Influenza A</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimantadin []
+- Für die Entstehung von Krebs bei <one>HTLV-Infektionen</one> ist welches HTLV Protein wichtig? Das HTLV-1 Protein <one>Tax</one>.
+- What is the <one>human virome</one>? The <one>human virome</one> is the collection of <two>all the viruses in the human body</two>.
+- <one>Auf welche Art</one> kann eine <two>aktive Immunisierung</two> durchgeführt werden? (1) Lebendimpfstoff (2) <one>Totimpfstoff</one> []
+- Die <one>Thogotoviren</one> besitzen n Genomsegmente? <one>6</one>. []
+- <one>Wann</one> gelang die Kristallisation von TMV? Bereits im Jahre <one>1935</one>. []
+- What means <one>viral shunt</one>? This is a hypothesis in where viruses living in the ocean killing their microbial hosts redirect carbon and nutrients away from larger organisms and back toward other microorganisms.
+- Name an <one>awful virus</one> that attacks rabbits. A: <one>Myxomatosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxomatosis []
+- Can <one>Viruses</one> code for <three>membrane channels</three>? Yes - the so called <one>viroporins</one>. []
+- <two>Wo</two> in einer Zelle replizieren die <one>Pockenviren</one>? Diese <two>DNA-Viren</two> replizieren <one>im Cytoplasma</one>. []
+- Why are <one>nucleoside analog drugs</one> given in non-phosphorylated form? So that we can <one>get these drugs across the membrane</one>. []
+- Der <one>Reovirus</one> besitzt n Gene? <one>22</one>. []
+- The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> belongs to which Family? The <two>Hepatitis C virus</two> belongs to the <one>Flaviviridae</one>. []
+- Name a <one>drug</one> that could be used against the influenza virus. A: <one>Tamiflu</one> - aka <two>seltamivir</two>.
+- Can <two>humans</two> become infected by the <one>african swine fever</one> causing virus? No. []
+- Nenne einen Virus, der in zwei verschiedenen Wirten repliziert. A: Der <one>Alphavirus</one>: dieser Virus repliziert in <two>Mammalia</two> und in <two>Insekten</two>. []
+- Für einen <one>pathogenen Virus</one>: welche 4 grundlegenden Wechselwirkungen sind mit dem Wirt möglich? Gib jeweils ein Beispiel an. A: Der <one>LACP Slogan</one>: (1) <two>latent</two>: <three>Herpes</three> (2) <two>akut</two>: <three>Masern</three> (3) chronisch: Hepatitis B (4) persistierend: Poliovirus
+- <one>Cidofovir</one> wird wo eingesetzt? Zur Behandlung von <two>Cytomegalie-Retinitis</two>, <one>bei AIDS-Patienten</one>.
+- Can <one>viruses</one> skip the <three>extracellular state</three>? Yes, animal viruses such as the <one>polio virus</one> can skip the extraceullular stage when moving from cell to cell within the same organism.
+- The <two>satellite tobacco mosaic virus capsid</two> is about <one>n nm in diameter</one>? <one>17 nm</one> in diameter. []
+- The <one>Russian Flu</one> occurred in which year, roughly? <one>1889</one>. []
+- What are <one>metastabile particles</one>? These are particles that <one>have not yet reached their lowest energy level</one>. []
+- In Virology: what do we mean with a <one>dead-end host</one>? This is a host where the virus can not continue its life-cycle. When this term is applied to humans, this means that in this case there will be no human-to-human transmission of said virus. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394705/
+- The <one>Influenza-virus</one> can <three>undergo antigen drift</three> - but in which proteins? (1) <one>hemagglutinin</one> (2) <one>neuraminidase</one> []
+- Why is the <one>smallpox virus</one> called <two>small</two>? So that it could be distinguished from the <one>great pox</one> (aka <two>syphilis</two>). []
+- <one>Wieviele Pflanzenviren</one> wurden beschrieben? Etwa <one>1000</one>. []
+- Aside from <one>gag</one>, <one>pol</one> and env genes, HIV may also have which other genes? Name at the least three more. A: (1) <one>tat</one> (2) <one>rev</one> (3) <one>nef</one> (4) <one>vpr</one> (5) <one>vif</one> (6) <one>vpu</one> []
+- The receptor for the <one>Ebola Virus</one> is ...? <one>TIM-1</one>.
+- In der Virologie: wieso die Bezeichnung <one>Negativ-Färbung</one>? Weil hier <one>der Hintergrund eingefärbt wird</one>, und das Virus selbst relativ unberührt bleibt. []
+- Name three ways/targets how a virion may become inactivated, by <one>damage to a particular component</one>. A: (1) surface protein (2) nucleic acid (3) internal protein
+- Die <one>HPV</one>/<one>Papillomaviren</one> haben das <two>L1-Protein</two> und das <two>L2-Protein</two>. Gib jeweils ein anderes Wort für diese beiden Proteine. A: (1) <one>L1-Protein</one>: <two>major capsid protein</two> (2) <one>L2-Protein</one>: <two>minor capsid protein</two>
+- Der <one>Influenza - GAU</one> wurde durch welchen Subtyp verursacht? <one>H5N1</one>. []
+- What does the term <one>virulence</one> mean, in regards to viruses? This describes <one>the capacity of a virus to cause disease</one>. []
+- A subset of <one>coronaviruses</one>, such as the <three>betacoronavirus subgroup A</three>, have a shorter spike-like surface protein called HE, which is an abbreviation for ... ? <one>Hemagglutinin esterase</one>. []
+- What may be the relevance of <one>pseudoknots</one> found in some viruses? (1) <one>enzyme activity</one> (2) <one>ribosomal frameshifting</one>
+- <one>Worldwide</one>, how many people are living with HIV? About <one>36.9 million</one> (at the least in the year 2016). []
+- What are the two most popular modes of action for <one>bacteriocin</one>? (1) damaging the cell membrane (2) <one>destroying nucleic acids</one>
+- The <one>largest known DNA viruses</one> <two>infect</two> <three>which target cell</three>? <one>Acanthamoeba</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoeba []
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Patient-0</one>? Dies ist der erste Mensch der bei einer Epidemie ein Virus in sich trägt und auch sein direktes Umfeld ansteckt.
+- Minimaler Durchmesser der <one>Circoviren</one>? <one>16 nm</one>. []
+- The <one>human papillomaviruses</one> use how many genome strands for transcription? Only <one>one</one>. []
+- <one>Where</one> do <two>HSV-1</two> and <two>HSV-2</two> hide in the body, from the immune system? They hide in the <one>cell bodies of neurons</one>.
+- Die <one>rII Region</one> des T4-Phagen umfasst wieviele bp? <one>4000 bp</one>.
+- The <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one> can lead to an infectious mononucleosis. This is also called ... how? <one>Kissing disease</one>. []
+- If <one>a pigeon</one> may walk in circles or look at the sky (<two>stargazing</two>), which viral infection may be the cause for this erratic behaviour? An infection with a <one>paramyxovirus</one>. URL: http://www.pigeon-aid.org.uk/pa/html/paramyxovirus__pmv_.php []
+- Most <one>Merkel cell carcinomas</one> are caused by ... ? The <one>Merkel cell polyomavirus</one>.
+- <one>MERS</one> happened in which year? <one>2012</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS-CoV []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Reassortment</one> bei Viren? <one>Virus Sex</one>. []
+- Does <one>poliovirus</one> require a nucleus? Not really - it <one>can replicate in enucleated cells</one>. []
+- Wieviele Aminosäuren besitzt <one>Vpg</one>? A: <one>22</one>. []
+- Why do many <one>DNA viruses</one> encode for a gene which influences the cell cycle? Because <one>a virus needs the S-phase for reproduction</one>, and most animal cells are in G1 or G0 phase. []
+- Which viruses, in general, employ <one>extrusion through the cell surface</one>? <one>Filamentous phages</one>. []
+- <one>Human rhinovirus</one> consists of a single gene whose translated protein is cleaved by <two>virally encoded proteases</two>, into how many different proteins? <one>11</one>. []
+- Merkslogan der 9 Genera bei den <one>Picornaviridae</one>? Entero, Rhino, Cardio, Kobu, Tescho, Aphtho, Parecho, Hepato, Erbo.
+- In der Virologie: was bedeutet es wenn festgehalten wird, das das Capsid <one>Economy of Genetic Information</one> zeigt? Wenn <one>das Capsid nur aus einem Protein besteht</one>, brauchen wir auch nur ein Gen das dafür kodiert. Das ist effizient, wir können dieses eine Protein ja wiederverwenden.
+- Ab wann sprechen wir, klinisch betrachtet, von <one>AIDS</one>? Ab einer Konzentration von <one>weniger als 400 Helferzellen pro ml Blut</one> (400 / ml). []
+- In the Baltimore scheme, which virus classes use DNA? Class I, II and VII. []
+- Wie kann man <one>Tierviren quantifizieren</one>? Durch Bestimmen der <one>lethal dose</one>. []
+- Beim <one>AIDS-Test</one>: was wird hier getan? Zuerst erfolgt ein ELISA, dann ein Western-Blot. Beide weisen Antikörper gegen HIV-Proteine nach.
+- <one>Wieviele Eckpunkte</one> hat ein <two>Adenovirus-Capsid</two>? <one>12</one>. []
+- <one>Influenza</one> besitzt das <two>NEP</two>-Protein NS2. Was heisst <two>NEP</two>? <one>Nuclear Export Protein</one>. []
+- Warum wird eine <one>chronische Infektion</one> häufiger bemerkt als eine <one>persistierende Infektion</one>? A: <one>Persistierende Infektionen</one> haben meistens einen niedrigeren Titer als die <two>chronischen Infektionen</two>. []
+- Nenne ausser den <one>Influenza-A-Viren</one> noch eine weitere Virusgruppe die <two>Reassortanten</two> bildet. A: Die <one>Reoviren</one>. []
+- Wann wurde das <one>Adenovirus</one> erstmals isoliert? Im Jahre <one>1953</one>. []
+- If there is a <one>species barrier</one> for viruses, can we conclude something from this? That a human viral disease will rarely <one>originate from a zoonotic origin</one>.
+- Wie geht die <one>NLS-Sequenz</one> des <three>SV40 virus</three>? <one>P-P-K-K-K-R-K-V</one> - hence <two>eight aminoacids</two>. []
+- First step of <one>HIV-1 entry</one>? Binding of the <one>gp120 surface molecule</one> to its receptor, the CD4 molecule. []
+- <one>Vitravene</one> is an antisense oligonucleotide for the treatment of which <two>viral infection</two>? <one>Cytomegalovirus infection</one>.
+- The virions of <one>Adenoviruses</one> contain <three>spikes</three>. How long can these spikes be? Up to about <one>80 nm</one>. []
+- What are <one>fusion proteins</one>, in regards to viruses? These are <one>envelope glycoproteins</one> that have an external hydrophobic sequence that can be inserted into the target membrane.
+- Is the <one>adeno-associated virus</one> an <two>Adenovirus</two>? No - it is a <one>parvovirus</one>. []
+- <one>HIV</one> hat eine Lipidschicht mit zwei Glykoproteinen. Welches davon durchspannt die Membran? <one>gp41</one> <two>durchspannt die Membran</two>. []
+- <one>Amantadin</one> wurde früher gegen welchen Virus eingesetzt? Gegen <one>Influenza-A Viren</one>. Es verhinderte das <two>Uncoating</two>. []
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>class I Baltimore Viren</one>. A: <one>Feline parvovirus</one>. []
+- Das <one>SV40 Genom</one> kodiert für das <two>large-T Antigen</two>. Wie beeinflusst dieses Protein die Apoptose? Es <one>inhibiert die Apoptose</one>. []
+- Name <one>two different viruses</one> that have the name <two>thread</two>. A: (1) <one>Filovirus</one> (2) <one>Closterovirus</one>
+- Name <one>three hypotheses</one> explaining the origin of viruses, without explaining these hypothesises. A: (1) Regressive hypothesis (2) Cellular origin hypothesis (3) <one>Coevolution hypothesis</one>
+- <one>Iridoviruses</one> can cause which disease? <one>African swine fever</one>.
+- The <one>poliovirus</one> requires n days to begin before it infects the central nervous system? About <one>3 full days</one>. []
+- <one>Pandoravirus</one> holds what record? The Pandoravirus has <one>the largest genome of any viral genus</one>. []
+- Was heisst das <one>MNPV</one> in <two>Autographa californica MNPV</two>? <one>Multivirion Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus</one>.
+- Können Retroviren in das Virusgenom ihrer Wirtszelle integrieren? Ja. []
+- Does the <one>African swine fever virus</one> virion have an outer envelope? Yes. []
+- In <one>HIV</one> we can see a phase where there are, at best, only <two>minor symptoms</two>. How do we call this phase? This is the <one>asymptomatic phase</one>. []
+- In <one>Influenza</one>, such as the H1N1 'swine flu' variant, which segment is primarily responsible for shutting off the immune system? The <one>NS1 segment</one>. []
+- <one>Coronaviruses</one> typically tend to cause diseases in <two>which two eukaryotic groups</two>? (1) <one>birds</one> (2) <one>mammals</one> []
+- What does it mean to find a <one>pandemic virus</one>? That a virus occurs in many nations simultaneously world wide. []
+- The <one>Newcastle Disease Virus</one> (NDF) has become famous in 2002 for killing which animals? Birds. It killed - or otherwise caused the deaths - of about 3.16 million birds in the UK. []
+- Wer entwickelte den <one>Totimpfstoff</one>? Jonas <one>Salk</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polioimpfstoff#Inaktivierter_Polioimpfstoff_.28Salk.29 []
+- <one>Genom-Typ</one> des MKS-Virus (Maul und Klauenseuche)? Das Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus ist ein <two>ss(+)RNA Virus</two>. []
+- A <one>delayed emergence of potato</one> may be caused by what virus? <one>Tobacco rattle virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_rattle_virus []
+- Name the main surface protein of <one>Influenza</one>. A: <one>Hemagglutinin</one>. []
+- In Virology: <two>when</two> may we speak of a <one>chronic infection</one>? When the infected host continues to release viral progeny over a longer period of time, perhaps even over several generations (when bacteria are infected).
+- The <one>SV40 large T antigen</one> consists of how many subunits? <one>6</one>; it is a <two>hexamer protein</two> (<two>hexamer</two>). []
+- Die meisten <one>Pflanzenviren</one> haben was für ein Genom? <one>ssRNA</one>. []
+- Bei Viren: was heisst <one>VPg</one>? <one>Viral priming protein</one> beziehungsweise <two>Virus Protein, genome linked</two>. []
+- <one>Influenza B</one> only undergoes genetic drift, not genetic shift. Why? Probably because Influenza B <one>lacks an animal reservoir</one>. []
+- Name one common mechanism how <one>metastabile particles</one> are produced. Give one example in viruses. A: By <one>proteolysis of a viral protein</one>. Influenza HA0 protein becomes HA1 + HA2.
+- <one>How many</one> major types of CRISPR systems exist? 3. []
+- Der <one>2017</one> entdeckte Large Virus <two>Klosneuvirus</two> hat ein Genom, das wie groß ist? <one>1.57 Mb</one>.
+- Was war das erste <one>Onkogen</one>, das entdeckt wurde? <one>src</one>, aus dem <two>Rous Sarkomvirus</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virus#Src_gene []
+- <two>Viruses</two> were actually discovered in the year <one>1892</one>, by which person? <one>Dimitri Ivanowski</one> (a Russian botanist). []
+- Name a virus, other than Adenovirus, that is <one>able to cause diarrhea</one>. A: <one>Rotavirus</one>. (Another good answer would be the <two>Norovirus</two>.) []
+- The longest pandemic in humans is, most likely ... ? The <one>HIV pandemic</one>. []
+- <one>Which protein</one> from the Influenza virus limits the Interferon-production? The <one>NS1-protein</one>.
+- Das Genom von <one>SV40</one> umfasst, in etwa, wieviele Basenpaare? Etwa <one>5000bp</one>. []
+- It was quite simple to understand the gene expression patterns of the <one>polyomaviruses</one>. Why was it much harder to study <two>papillomaviruses</two>? It was very difficult to grow these viruses in cell culture systems.
+- What is <one>the most important clinical characteristic of a herpesvirus infection</one>? <one>Latency</one>. []
+- The diameter of the <one>HPV capsid</one> is <two>n nm</two>? <one>55 nm</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Pocken</one>? <one>Variola</one>. []
+- Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für Viren mit <one>teilweise doppelsträngigem DNA-Genom</one>. A: Die <one>Hepadnaviren</one>.
+- Die <one>Inkubationszeit</one> (von-bis) beim Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus, beträgt <two>n Tage</two>? <one>2-3 Tage</one>. []
+- Wohin wandern <one>Herpesviren</one> intrazellulär? Intraaxonal zu <one>sensorischen Ganglien</one>.
+- Viruses that belong to <one>Baltimore class I</one> have what kind of genome? They have a <one>dsDNA genome</one>. []
+- Was ist die <one>Passive Immunisierung</one>? Dies ist <one>die Zuführung körperfremder Antikörper</one> zur Bekämpfung einer akuten Infektion. Dies mag auch als eine kurzfristige <two>Urlaubs-Immunisierung</two> seine Verwendung finden. []
+- Name a <one>dsDNA virus</one> that replicates through an <two>RNA intermediate</two>. A: The <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>. It carries a <two>virally encoded reverse transcriptase</two>.
+- Where in/on a <one>picornavirus</one> can we find <two>VP4</two>? VP4 lies on the inside of the virus particle.
+- Name one advantage for a virus to make use of a <one>vector</one>, in natural systems? They can <one>cross a strong membrane</one> due to the vector, such as a plant cell.
+- How can we <two>easily detect</two> the <one>mosaic disease of tobacco plants</one>? By the distinct <one>discoloration of the leaves</one>.
+- Das <one>Vogelgrippe-Virus</one>, aka <two>Influenza H5N1</two>, gelang wie von Asien nach Europa? Über <one>Zugvögel</one>. []
+- <one>HIV</one> hat eine Strukturelement im Genom, genannt <two>TAR</two>. Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? Diese Abkürzung steht für <one>tat responsive element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_(HIV)
+- <one>RNA viruses</one> in general deserve what reputation? RNA viruses deserve their reputation as <one>Natures swiftest evolvers</one>. []
+- Das <one>Cytomegalie-Virus</one> gehört zu welcher Virusgruppe? Das Cytomegalie-Virus gehört zur Familie der <one>Herpesviridae</one>. []
+- Nenne zwei Vertreter der <one>PicoRNA Viren</one>. A: (1) <one>Poliovirus</one> (2) <one>Foot and mouth disease virus des Aphthovirus-Genus</one> (URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease)
+- Nenne einen Virus der die Blutgefäße zerstören kann. A: Das <one>Ebola-Virus</one>. []
+- <one>TMV</one> hat n identische UE? <one>2130</one>. []
+- Das <one>gp120-Protein</one> von HIV bindet an welchen Rezeptor? An den <one>CD4-Rezeptor</one>. []
+- <two>Which two proteins</two> determine the <one>antigenic properties of Influenza A</one>? A: (1) <one>Hemagglutinin</one> (2) <one>Neuraminidase</one> []
+- Der erste Wirkstoff gegen <one>Herpes</one> war ... ? <one>Aciclovir</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir []
+- Was können wir über die Chromosomen von <one>small viruses</one> sagen? Deren Chromosomen sind <one>single-stranded</one>.
+- Was heisst virale <one>RDRP</one>? <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</one>. []
+- The cellular molecule used by the <one>SV40 virus</one>, for attachment, is ... ? The <one>major histocompatibility complex class I molecule</one>.
+- <one>1846</one> brach auf den Faroe Islands was aus? <one>Measles</one>, verursacht durch das <two>measles virus</two>. []
+- The <one>sole members</one> of the <two>Baltimore class VI</two> are ... ? The <one>Retroviruses</one>. []
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie der <one>physiologische Level an Interferon</one> hochgehalten werden könnte. A: Durch <one>häufige Virusinfektionen</one>. []
+- Name 4 ways how a <two>human papilloma virus</two> can be transmitted (via <one>physical contact</one>). A: (1) <one>sexual contact</one> (2) contact sport (3) children's games (3) during birth, from the infected mother to her child
+- Nenne eine Virusgruppe die <one>IRES</one> verwendet, inklusive einem Vertreter hierzu. A: Das <one>Picorna-Virus</one> (zum Beispiel <two>Poliovirus</two> als ein Vertreter hierzu). []
+- Nenne einen <one>viral kodierten Transkriptionsfaktor</one>. A: <one>HSV VP16</one>.
+- Nenne 3 Vertreter der <one>Togaviruses</one>. A: (1) Rubella virus (2) Semliki Forest virus (3) <one>Sindbis Virus</one>
+- Durchmesser eines <one>Parvovirus</one> (von-bis)? <one>18 - 28 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus
+- Beim <one>Piercing</one> und bei <one>Tätowierungen</one> kann <two>welches Virus</two> übertragen werden? Das <one>Hepatitis C-Virus</one>. []
+- Wann gelang erstmals der erste Nachweis eines tierpathogenen Virus? <one>1898</one>. []
+- In the <one>SV40 genome</one>, we can find a <two>small-T</two> and a <two>large-T</two>. The Large-T antigen - does it belong to the <three>early</three> or to the <three>late</three> transcription stage? It belongs to the <one>early genes</one> that are transcribed. []
+- <one>Wieviele Viruspartikel</one> des MKS-Virus (Maul Klauenseuche) benötigen wir um ein Tier zu infizieren? Weniger als 10. []
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>pleomorphen Viruspartikeln</one>? Dies sind <one>Viruspartikel die sich hinsichtlich Größe und Form stark voneinander unterscheiden</one>. []
+- Name <one>a virus family</one> that is similar, in name, to an old computer game. A: The <one>pacmanviruses</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28446673/ []
+- If we pick a <one>random virus</one> from anywhere, is it more likely that said virus will infect <two>bacteria</two> or <two>eukarya</two>? <one>Eukarya</one>. []
+- Salk und Sabin-Impfstoff. Einer ist ein Totimpfstoff, der andere ein Lebendimpfstoff. Wie kann man sich das merken? "Happy Saby"! (1) <one>Sabin</one> ist der <two>Lebendimpfstoff</two>. (2) <one>Salk</one> ist der <two>Totimpfstoff</two>. []
+- How many orders exist for the Viruses? <one>5</one>. []
+- Name <one>two viruses</one> that are transmitted via the <two>respiratory route</two>, aside from rhinoviruses. A: (1) <one>influenza A virus</one> (2) <one>measles virus</one>
+- <one>Influenza</one> repliziert wo? Im <one>Zellkern</one> einer eukaryoten Zelle. []
+- Was bewirkt <one>Aciclovir</one>? Strangabbruch bei der Replikation des viralen Genoms.
+- How can we define <one>giant viruses</one>? These viruses are <one>visible by light microscopy</one>.
+- Trivialname für den <one>Norwalk virus</one>, auf englisch? <one>Winter vomiting virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus []
+- In <one>marine viral ecology</one>: what means <two>DOM</two>? <one>Dissolved organic matter</one>. []
+- Das <one>Baltimore Scheme</one> beginnt mit welcher Virusgruppe? <one>dsDNA Viren</one>. []
+- By what <one>transmission route</one> does the Influenza virus spread? By the <one>oral-fecal route</one>. []
+- <one>Papillomaviren</one> wie HPV binden an <two>Heparansulfate</two>. Welches virale Protein ist hier für diese Viren wichtig? Das <one>L1-Protein</one>.
+- Welcher Virus wurde 2012 in Deutschland bekannt da er über Lebensmittel übertragen wurde? Der <one>Norovirus</one>. Man vermutet das Noroviren relativ hitzestabil sind. []
+- Welchen Typ von Genom haben <one>Potyviren</one>? Potyviren sind <one>Pflanzenviren</one> mit einem <two>ss(+)-RNA Genom</two>.
+- Unterschied zwischen der Genom-Struktur von Retroviren und Ty1 Elementen? A: Ty1 fehlt die env Gruppe. Ansonsten sind die Strukturen sehr ähnlich. []
+- <one>Amantadin</one> hat welches molekulare Ziel in Influenza? Das virale <one>M2-Protein von Influenza</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadin []
+- What is <one>the ultimate virus-host co-evolution</one>? When the virus genome becomes <one>permanently integrated into the genome of its host</one>. []
+- Was sind <one>SRS-Viren</one>? <one>Small, round-structured viruses</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8133807/ []
+- Wir haben einen <one>positiven Nachweis von Antikörpern bei einer Herde Rinder</one>. Was mag dies bedeuten (2 Möglichkeiten)? (1) Die Rinder wurden gegen einen Krankheitserreger geimpft (2) Es hat eine <one>Feldinfektion</one> stattgefunden []
+- Is <one>SV40</one> a dangerous virus? Yes, for monkeys, as it can cause cancer. []
+- Durchmesser eines <one>Papillom-Virus</one>? <one>55 nm</one>. []
+- <one>Influenza-C-Viren</one> besitzen als rezeptorzerstörendes Enzym keine Neuraminidase sondern ... ? Eine <one>Esterase</one>. []
+- What is the <one>virosphere</one>? The virosphere is all those places where viruses are found or in which they interact with their hosts.
+- Manche Viren lassen sich nicht in Icosahedral oder helical einteilen, das sind die <one>komplexen Viren</one>. Nenne <two>zwei Familien</two> dazu. A: (1) <one>Poxviridae</one> (2) <one>Retroviridae</one>
+- Most virions are too small to be studied with a light microscope, so why is this microscope still used in virology? Because we could still observe <one>cytopathic effects</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathic_effect []
+- Some virus families make use of a single large protein (<one>polyprotein</one>), which is then cleaved by proteases into the individual proteins. Which virus family in particular is known to do so? The <one>positive stranded RNA viruses</one> (<two>+ssRNA viruses</two>).
+- Welche Besonderheit des Genoms weisen <one>Papillomviren</one> auf? Papillomviren besitzen <one>histonähnliche Proteine</one>, die mit der DNA assoziiert sind und dem Chromatin eukaryoter Zellen ähneln.
+- Give one specific example for <one>viral footprints</one>. A: <one>Inclusion Bodies</one>.
+- What does <one>viral recombination</one> allow the virus? It <one>allows viable virus to be generated from two defective genomes</one>.
+- The <one>Hepadna Family</one> has how many members? <one>5</one>. []
+- Nenne eine Virusgruppe, die den Menschen infizieren kann und das Phänomen der <one>Latenz</one> zeigen kann. A: Die <one>Herpesviren</one>. []
+- <one>Slow virus</one> Infektionen wirken sich vor allem wo im Körper aus? Im <one>zentralen Nervensystem</one>. []
+- Name a <one>Satellite virus</one> that infects <three>ameba</three>. A: <one>Sputnik</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_virophage []
+- Das <one>TMV-Genom</one> besitzt <two>n Nukleotide</two> (+/- 100 reicht als Antwort)? <one>6395</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus []
+- The order of the <one>Caudovirales viruses</one> is also known as ... ? The <one>tailed bacteriophages</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudovirales []
+- Name <one>a virus</one> that has, at the least, two distinct (and different) life cycles. A: <one>Arboviruses</one> - they have both insects and vertebrates as hosts.
+- The <one>HPV particle</one> interacts with the cell surface via interaction of its major capsid protein (L1) with ... which target? It interacts with <one>heparan sulfate proteoglycans</one>.
+- Give an example for the unusual <one>dsRNA virus group</one> among the animal viruses. A: The <one>Reoviruses</one> (example: rotavirus).
+- Nenne <one>zwei raffinierte Wege eines Virus zu überleben</one>. A: Als (1) <one>Teil der DNA</one> und (2) als <one>trojanisches Pferd in Immunzellen.</one>
+- Name two possible causes for <one>antigenic shift</one>. A: (1) <one>Recombination</one> (2) <one>Reassortment</one> []
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> is what kind of virus? <two>SARS-CoV2</two> is a <one>coronavirus</one>. []
+- Was heisst <one>hämatogene Verbreitung</one>? Eine <one>Streuung über den Blutweg</one>. []
+- Nenne zwei Krankheiten, die durch das <one>FSME-Virus</one> verursacht werden. A: (1) <one>Meningitis</one> (2) <one>Enzephalitis</one> []
+- Name one important difference between a <one>bacterial toxin</one> and a <one>virus</one>. A: A <one>virus can reproduce</one>. []
+- Der Wirkstoff <one>AZT</one> kann die <two>reverse Transkriptase hemmen</two>. Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>AZT</one>? <one>Azidothymidin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine []
+- Is the <one>Poliovirus</one> enveloped? No; the Poliovirus is a <one>non-enveloped RNA virus</one>. []
+- <one>Herpesvirus</one> can not only <two>cause liver tumors</two> but also ... ? The <one>Kaposi's sarcoma</one>.
+- Give an example for a virus that has a colour as part of its name. A: The <one>Bluetongue virus</one> (<one>BTV</one>), which infects sheep. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetongue_disease []
+- Wieviele verschiedene <one>humane Papillomavirustypen</one> (HPV) sind heute in etwa bekannt? Weit <one>über 100</one>.
+- Nenne einen Virus der <one>tRNAs</one> im Virion besitzt. A: Die <one>Virionen der Retroviren</one>.
+- Do <one>viruses</one> exist that code for <two>tRNA</two>? Yes, <one>T4</one> and <one>phycodnaviruses</one> do.
+- Does HPV integrate into the genome? Yes. []
+- Durchmesser des <one>Phi X174</one>? <one>27 nm</one>.
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>Alphaviren</one>. A: Das <one>Sindbis-Virus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindbis-Virus []
+- The <one>HSV1 genome</one> has n genes? The <one>HSV1 genome</one> contains <two>70 genes</two>.
+- The <one>SV40 virus</one> has a protein called <two>large T antigen</two>. Why the <three>T</three> there? <one>T</one> ... stands for <one>Transplantation</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6175086 []
+- <one>Retrovirus-Partikel</one> haben welche <two>gp-Proteine</two>? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_glycoprotein_GP120 []
+- <one>Plant viruses</one> have usually which form/morphology? Plant viruses are typically <one>of helical symmetry</one>. []
+- <one>Human rhinoviruses</one> have how many groups? <one>3</one> (<two>A</two>/<two>B</two>/<two>C</two>). []
+- Nenne einen Virus der <one>ICAM-1</one> verwendet. A: Das <one>Rhinovirus</one>.
+- What do <one>Viroids</one> lack? <two>Viroids</two> lack a <one>protein coat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid []
+- The <one>first internal ribosome entry site to be discovered</one> was <two>found in which virus group</two>? In <one>poliovirus</one>. []
+- Give an example of the <one>error threshold concept</one> being applied in order to treat a specific viral disease. A: The compound <one>ribavirin</one> is used to treat <two>hepatitis C virus</two> infection (which is a RNA-virus).
+- <one>Who</one> <three>discovered viruses</three>? <one>Dmitry Ivanovsky</one> in 1892. Martinus Beijerinck then gave them the name <two>viruses</two>, though. []
+- Nenne einen Virus, ausgenommen Influenza, dessen <one>Genom segmentiert vorliegt</one>. A: <one>Reovirus</one>. []
+- Kann man das Pocken-Virus mit dem Lichtmikroskop sehen? Ja. []
+- Bekanntester Vertreter der <one>Flaviviren</one>? Das <one>Gelbfiebervirus</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>ein zelluläres Enzym</one>, welches durch <two>Ribavirin</two> gehemmt wird. A: Die zelluläre <one>Guanylyltransferase</one>.
+- Nenne einen Vorteil eines <one>Peptidimpfstoffes</one>. A: Ein Peptidimpfstoff ist frei von Nucleinsäuren.
+- Das <one>SARS-CoV-2 Genom</one> ist wie groß, in n kbp? <one>29 kbp</one>. []
+- Gehören die <one>Interferone</one> zu den <two>Cytokinen</two>? Ja. []
+- Der erste potente Wirkstoff gegen <one>Herpes-Viren</one> war ...? <one>Aciclovir</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir []
+- In Virology: what is a <one>minichromosome</one>? SV40 DNA with bound nucleosomes. []
+- Nenne eine virale Krankheit, die über einen <one>Arthropoden-Vektor</one> übertragen wird. A: <one>Gelbfieber</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelbfieber []
+- Benötigt das <one>SV40 large-T Antigen</one> ATP? Ja. Dieses Protein besitzt eine <one>ATP-abhängige Helicase</one>-Aktivität. []
+- Was sind die meisten <one>mystery viruses</one>? Viren die <one>Respirationsprobleme verursachen</one>.
+- Nenne zwei konkrete, endozytische Mechanismen von Viren mit jeweils einem spezifischen Beispiel hierzu. A: (1) <one>Caveolin</one> mit <two>SV40</two> (2) <one>Clathrin</one> mit <two>Adenoviren</two>
+- Die <one>HIV-Protease</one> ist eine ...? <one>Aspartatprotease</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-Protease []
+- During which season does <one>Influenza-A</one> and <one>Influenza-B</one> cause disease? During the <one>winter season</one> only. []
+- The <one>human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I</one> belongs to which family? It belongs to the <one>retrovirus family</one>.
+- Name <one>a virus that clusters in a rosette</one>. A: <one>SSV</one> (<two>Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus</two>).
+- Nenne ein zelluläres Protein das von <one>Papillomaviren</one> im Capsid mitverpackt werden kann. A: <one>Zelluläre Histonproteine</one>. []
+- The <one>Filoviridae</one> bind to the <two>NPC1 protein</two> (Niemann-Pick disease type C integral membrane protein), which can be found where inside of a cell? NPC1 is exposed in the <one>endosomal lumen</one>. []
+- Which virus causes <one>shingles</one>? The <one>varicella-zoster virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus []
+- Name a very important <one>viral evasin</one> that can block antigen presentation by preventing peptide movement through the TAP peptide transporter. A: <one>US6</one>.
+- What is <one>viraemia</one>? Viraemia refers to <one>the presence of viruses in the blood</one>. []
+- Ist der "Poliovirus" umhüllt? Nein. []
+- What is a <one>peplomer</one>? A glycoprotein spike on a viral capsid or viral envelope. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer
+- Do viruses arise from pre-existing viruses directly? No, never. A <one>cell</one> is required for their propagation. []
+- Welche zwei Gruppen an Substanzen können wir unterscheiden, die <one>die Genomvermehrung der Viren hemmen</one>? (1) Nucleosidanaloga (2) nicht nucleosidische Hemmstoffe
+- Why the name <one>adeno-associated virus</one>? Because this virus <one>depends on a helper virus</one> (i.e. adenovirus) for its replication. []
+- Name <one>the three types of capsid symmetry</one>. A: (1) <one>helical</one> (2) <one>icosahedral</one> (3) <one>complex</one> []
+- What is the job of the <one>HIV protease</one>? It cleaves an HIV precursor protein, necessary in <one>virus maturation</one>.
+- What is <one>the prototype virus</one> of the <two>Herpesvirus-family</two>? The <one>Herpes simplex</one> virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus []
+- <one>HIV</one> can bind to CD4 because of ... ? <one>gp120</one>. []
+- Für einen <one>antigen shift</one>, in <two>Influenza</two>, muss welches Ereignis eintreten oder geschehen? Eine <one>Doppelinfektion einer Zelle</one>. []
+- Welcher Bereich im <one>Adenovirus-Genom</one> ist für die Virusreplikation verantwortlich? Die <one>E1 Region</one>. []
+- Welche Viren sind, in etwa, <one>stäbchenförmig</one>? Die <one>Filoviridae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoviridae []
+- <one>Polioviren</one> degradieren welchen Initiationsfaktor? <one>eIF4G</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Krankheit</one> wird durch das <two>Epstein-Barr-Virus</two> verursacht? Das <one>Pfeiffersche Drüsenfieber</one>.
+- Das <one>E1A-Protein</one> der Adenoviren bindet an welches Wirtsprotein? An das <one>Rb-Protein</one>.
+- The <one>Rhinovirus</one> belongs to <three>which viral family</three>? The <two>Rhinovirus</two> belong to the <one>Picornaviridae family</one>. []
+- Family of the <one>Human papillomaviruses</one> (<one>HPVs</one>)? The <one>Papovaviridae family</one>.
+- <one>Orthomyxoviren</one>, wie zum Beispiel die <two>Influenzaviren</two>, haben was für eine Orientierung ihres Genoms? Deren Genom ist in <one>Negativstrangorientierung</one> vorliegend. []
+- Warum lösen <one>manche Retroviren</one> <three>Krebs</three> aus? <one>Retroviren</one> tragen ein <two>virales Onkogen</two>, das ein Protein kodiert, das an der <three>onkogenen Transformation</three> beteiligt ist.
+- Das <one>Kaposi-Sarkom Virus</one> ist was für ein Typ? <one>Herpesvirus Typ 8</one>.
+- Lateinisch für das <one>Rötelnvirus</one>? <one>Rubella</one>. []
+- How many documented species of viruses have been described, in 2016? About <one>3000</one>.
+- The <one>main host cells</one> for the Epstein-Barr-virus (in Humans) are ... ? <one>B-cells</one>.
+- Die <one>Norovirus-Virionen</one> sind wie groß (<two>von, bis</two>)? ca. <one>25nm-35nm</one>.
+- Give one example for a chemical <one>RNA mutagen</one>. A: <one>Ribavirin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribavirin []
+- <one>Antiviral wirkende Interferonpärparate</one> wirken auch ... ? <one>Tumorhemmend</one>. []
+- Das Immunsystem bekämpft eine <one>Hepatitis B Virus Infektion</one> vor allem über ... ? <one>Cytotoxische T-Zellen</one>.
+- Erweiterungen des <one>Kochschen Postulats</one>? Das <one>Evans Postulat</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2595276/ []
+- Kann <one>HIV-1</one> beim Stillen von der Mutter auf das Kind übertragen werden? Ja. []
+- <one>Who</one> defines the <two>nomenclature for viruses</two>? The <one>International Committee Taxonomy of Viruses</one>, the <two>ICTV</two>. URL: https://talk.ictvonline.org/
+- Das <one>T antigen</one> findet sich wo? Im <one>Monkey Virus SV 40</one>. []
+- Woraus besteht das <one>Nucleocapsid</one>? <one>Capsid</one> + <one>virales Genom</one> (== <two>viral head</two>). []
+- What means <one>species specificity</one> in Virology? Different species of animals show different susceptibility to various viral infections.
+- Das <one>Nepovirus</one> wird wodurch übertragen? A: Durch <one>Nematoden</one>. (Mnemonic: <two>Ne</two> ... <two>Nematoden</two>) []
+- Nenne ein spezifisches Beispiel für eine <one>virale, vertikale Übertragung</one> beim Menschen. A: Das <one>Rötelnvirus</one> → <two>schwangere Frau</two> → <three>Übertragung auf das Baby</three>.
+- Das <one>Influenza-Nucleocapsid</one> besteht vor allem aus dem <two>NP-Protein</two>. Welche Aminosäuren finden wir hier vor allem? <one>Arginin</one> - also <two>eine basische Aminosäure</two>. []
+- Für Viren: was sind oft <one>late transcripts</one>? Dies sind häufig <one>Capsid-Proteine</one>.
+- What is <one>viral uncoating</one>? The complete or partial removal of the capsid in order to release the viral genome.
+- Was ist die Methode der <one>Kokultivierung</one> in der Virologie? Dies ist die Zugabe von Indikatorzellen zu Gewebekulturen, die durch Auftreten eines <one>cytopathischen Effekts</one> die erfolgte Replikation eines Virus anzeigen.
+- <one>HIV Tat</one> stands for? <one>Trans-Activator of Transcription</one>.
+- Bei <one>Gelbfieber</one> entwickeln die betroffenen Personen nicht nur <two>Gelbsucht</two>, sondern haben oft noch welch anderes Problem? <one>Blutungsneigungen</one>.
+- Wann war <one>ein Vakzin</one> für das <two>Yellow Fever Virus</two> erhältlich? <one>1935</one>. []
+- What is the <one>RNA-Bullet</one>? That is the <one>Rhabdovirus</one> (like <two>Rabies virus</two>). [] []
+- Which <one>novel virus</one> caused severe respiratory disease in Saudi-Arabia in 2012/2013? The <one>MERS-Virus</one>. []
+- The <one>Bluetongue virus</one> tends to infect which animal group? <one>Sheep</one>. []
+- <one>HIV</one> zerstört was? <one>T-Helferzellen</one>. []
+- <one>When</one> was <two>AIDS</two> first revealed? In the year <one>1981</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS []
+- What are the <one>largest animal viruses</one> (<three>metazoa</three>)? The <one>Poxviruses</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poxviridae []
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> uses which entry receptor in humans? <one>ACE2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2 []
+- Welche Funktion haben die <one>inclusion bodies</one> der Poxviruses? Die <one>Virionen werden in den inclusion bodies assembliert</one>.
+- Name a plasmid with <one>dual personality</one>. A: The <one>P1 plasmid</one>. It can remain as a plasmid, or act as a lytic virus.
+- What does the <one>herpes simplex</one> virion host shutoff protein do? It <one>reduces the stability of mRNAs in infected cells</one>.
+- The <one>Filoviridae</one> are released by ... ? <one>budding</one>. []
+- The <one>Influenza pandemics</one> were caused by which H-subtypes only? (1) <one>H1</one> (2) <one>H2</one> (3) <one>H3</one> []
+- In Virology: define the term <one>multipartite virus</one>. A: A <one>multipartite viruses</one> has its genomes fragmented into two or more segments, each packed into a separate capsid. Such viruses require complementation, because each genomic segment must be complemented with the rest of segments in order to produce viable viral offspring. []
+- How abundant are <one>marine viruses</one> in the seawater, per mL? 10 ** 7 virions / mL. []
+- Viruses could be used to <one>act as a pesticide</one>, e. g. to <two>control a rabbit population</two>. Name one such virus group that could be used for this. A: <one>Myxoma virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma_virus []
+- Was sehen wir oft wenn ein Virus einen neuen Wirten befällt? Der Virus ist oft <one>viel virulenter im neuen Wirt</one>, verglichen mit dem alten Wirt. []
+- The <one>abortive infection systems</one> in bacteria do what? They can cause premature bacterial cell death upon phage infection. This decreases the number of progeny particles and thus limits spread of viruses to other cells. The bacterial population is hence more likely to survive.
+- Name one constraint of the <one>reverse transcriptase</one>. A: This enzyme <one>requires a primer</one>. []
+- <one>Durchmesser des Tabakmosaikvirus</one>, in nm? Etwa <one>15-18 nm</one>.
+- <one>HPV5</one> (ein Papillomavirus) ist assoziiert mit welcher interessanten Erkrankung? <one>Epidermodysplasia verruciformis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>re-emerging virus</one>. A: Das <one>Hantavirus</one>.
+- Woran bindet das <one>Hämagglutinin</one> von Influenza? An endständige <one>N-Acetyl-Neuraminsäurereste</one> komplexer Oligosaccharide.
+- Lateinisch für <one>Wildtypvirus</one> und <one>Impfvirus</one>? (1) <one>Wildtypvirus</one>: <two>virus de rue</two> (2) <one>Impfvirus</one>:    <two>virus fixe</two>
+- <one>Most viruses on planet earth</one> have DNA or RNA genomes? The vast majority of viruses have <one>RNA genomes</one>. []
+- The <one>large T-Antigen of SV40</one> binds to ..? To the ori region of SV40.
+- Der <one>Pestivirus</one> gehört zu welcher Familie? <one>Flaviviridae</one>.
+- Nenne <two>zwei Hemmstoffe</two> die das aktive Zentrum der <one>HIV-Revertase</one> (=reverse Transkriptase) blockieren. A: (1) <one>Delavirdin</one> URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delavirdin (2) <one>Nevirapin</one>
+- Die <one>Baculoviren</one> können wieviel Fremd-DNA aufnehmen? Bis ca. <one>15 kb</one>.
+- <one>Influenza</one> makes use of <two>cap snatching</two>. Where inside of the cell does this happen for Influenza? Inside the <one>nucleus</one>. []
+- There is the <one>ATV virus</one> (<one>Acidianus two-tailed virus</one>). What is the trigger for the tail formation? <one>High temperature</one>. []
+- The <one>B genes</one> of the HSV1 genome are important for ... ? DNA replication of this virus. URL: https://jvi.asm.org/content/86/11/6371
+- Der Wirkstoff <one>Zanamivir</one> wirkt gegen welchen Virus? Zanamivir wirkt gegen das <one>Influenza</one> Virus. []
+- Give an example for a virus that may make use of a <one>macropinosome</one>. A: The <one>Ebola Virus</one>.
+- <two>Which virus</two> causes <one>smallpox</one>? <one>Variola major</one>.
+- Nenne zwei verwandte Folgekrankheiten des <one>HBV</one>. A: (1) <one>Leberkarzinom</one> (2) <one>Leberzirrhose</one> []
+- In January 2021, <one>which EU-country</one> suffered from a new breakout of the African swine fever virus? <one>Romania</one>. []
+- Wer verursacht <one>Warzen</one>? Das <one>Papilloma-Virus</one>. []
+- Why do <one>Reoviruses</one> have an 'O' in their name? The 'O' here indiciates an <one>orphan virus</one>. []
+- In <one>helikalen Viren</one>: wovon hängt die Länge der <three>helical capsid</three> ab? Von der Länge der Nukleinsäure die darin zu finden ist. []
+- Give another name for a <one>virales Genom</one>. A: <one>Viral recipes</one>. []
+- Is the <one>Polio virion</one> stable at an acid of pH 3? Yes. []
+- Which <one>Influenza virus</one> infects only humans? The <one>Influenza B Virus</one>. []
+- The <one>Human metapneumovirus</one> (<one>HMPV</one>) can cause significant upper and lower respiratory disease in all age groups worldwide. Does this virus have a RNA genome or a DNA genome? This virus has a <one>RNA genome</one> (<two>ssRNA</two>; about 13.3 kb in size). []
+- <one>Alle Grippeviren vom Typ Influenza A</one> hatten ihren <two>Ursprung</two> in ...? <one>Wasservögeln</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelgrippe_H5N1 []
+- Nenne einen konkreten Virus der einen <one>Decoy-Mechanismus</one> verwendet. A: Der <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>.
+- Unterschied zwischen <one>HIV-1B</one> und <one>HIV-1A</one>? HIV-1B infiziert sehr spezifisch Zellen in der Darmschleimhaut.
+- The concept of <one>quasispecies</one> was established when? In <one>1978</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>sylvatic transmission</one>? This mostly refers to the natural transmission cycle of a pathogen, referring to <one>the involvement of wild animals in regards to transmission of the virus at hand</one>.
+- What happens to the <one>herpesvirus</one> when it infects a cell? The linear herpesvirus genome becomes <one>circularized</one>.
+- The <one>major host</one> for the <two>ASF virus</two> (African swine fever) is ... ? The <one>warthogs</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus []
+- In general, for humans: do <one>RNA viruses</one> or <one>DNA viruses</one> present <two>a greater disease burden</two>? <one>RNA viruses</one>. []
+- Give two examples of <one>endocytotic mechanisms</one> used by viruses. A: (1) <one>caveolin-mediated endocytosis</one> (2) <one>clathrin-mediated endocytosis</one> []
+- The <one>first papillomavirus to be studied</one> in detail was ... ? <one>BPV</one> (<two>bovine papillomavirus type 1</two>).
+- <one>What concept</one> limits the RNA Length of RNA viruses? The <one>error-threshold concept</one> limits RNA length. []
+- Name <one>three different examples for subviral agents</one>. A: (1) <one>Prions</one> (2) <one>Viroids</one> (3) <one>Satellites</one>
+- Does <one>HIV</one> insert its genome into DNA? Yes. []
+- What do we mean with the term <one>The capsid paradox</one>? That <one>the capsid has a dual role</one>: <two>protection</two> and <two>delivery</two>.
+- Nenne den bekanntesten Virus der ein <one>Flavivirus</one> ist, und dessen Name auch mit dem Buchstaben <two>F</two> beginnt. A: Der <one>FSME-Virus</one> (im englischen <two>TBEV - tick-borne encephalitis virus</two> genannt). []
+- The <one>vector</one> in sylvatic transmission of <two>African Swine Fever</two> is ... ? A <one>tick</one>. []
+- In <one>Virology</one>: what do we mean when we speak about a <three>zoonosis</three>? This is <one>a virus that is transmitted from an animal to a human</one>. []
+- Genes shared among the <one>herpesviruses</one> are important how, usually? They are important in <one>viral reproduction</one>.
+- Allgemein: wie können wir Viren aufbrechen? Mit Hilfe von <one>chaotropen Agenzien</one>.
+- Was genau finden wir in <one>Picornavirus</one> innen? (1) <one>VPg</one> (2) <one>ssRNA</one>
+- The <one>capsid-size of the Poxviruses</one>, in nm (<two>max</two>)? <one>360nm</one>. []
+- The human body produces <one>antibodies against which Influenza protein</one> in particular? Against the <one>major surface protein</one> - <two>hemagglutinin</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin []
+- Ein <one>virales Vakzin</one> muss was bewirken können? Es muss Schutz vor einem pathogenen Virus induzieren können ohne selbst die Krankheit auszulösen.
+- Nenne einen <one>Nachteil</one> des ELISA-Tests für den Virennachweis. A: Anti-Virus Antikörper lassen sich erst nach Wochen in nachweisbaren Mengen nachweisen.
+- <one>Which poliovirus type</one> has been eradicated? <one>Type 2 poliovirus</one>. []
+- <two>Wieviele Menschen</two> sterben in Deutschland jährlich an <one>Influenza-A</one>? Etwa <one>10.000</one>.
+- Welche <one>zwei Typen von Membranfusionen</one> existieren bei Viren? Gib auch jeweils ein Beispiel. A: (1) acid-triggered fusion, wie bei Influenza. (2) <one>ph-independent</one>, wie beim <two>Herpesvirus</two>
+- Name two representatives (genus) of the <one>Sendai virus</one>. A: (1) <one>Morbillivirus</one> (2) <one>Rubulavirus</one>
+- The <one>Filoviridae</one> <two>L protein</two> codes for ... ? The <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</one>.
+- <one>Ribavirin</one> is used against which virus? <one>Ribavirin</one> is used against the <two>hepatitis C virus</two>.
+- A <one>pseudoknot</one> usually occurs in ...? <one>ssRNA</one>. []
+- What is the causative agent of <one>poliomyelitis</one>? The <one>Poliovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Spumaviren des Affen</one>? <one>Simian-Foamy Virus</one>.
+- <one>Poliovirus</one> belongs to which family? <one>Picornavirus</one>. []
+- Können Influenzaviren <one>Myokarditis</one>, also eine Herzmuskelentzündung, verursachen? Ja. []
+- Can we find <one>superantigens</one> in viruses? Yes. []
+- Give another name for <one>viral penetration</one>. A: <one>Viral entry</one>. []
+- Name <one>two viruses</one> that could be called early model organisms for research. A: (1) the <one>T phage</one> (2) the <one>lambda phage</one>
+- <two>Wo</two> genau replizieren <one>Flaviviren</one> intrazellulär? An der Membran des endoplasmatischen Reticulums.
+- An <one>Adenovirus</one> contains <two>how many capsomeres</two>? <one>252</one>. []
+- What is <one>transovarial transmission</one>? Transmission into the next generation through an egg.
+- Name a super-simple way for a virus to protect itself against <one>UV inactivation</one>, aside from being integrated into the host cell genome. A: Simply increase the amount of G+C in its genome. []
+- What is the <one>morbidity</one>? This is the relative incidence of a particular disease.
+- In Virology, we know the <one>M protein</one>. What does M stand for in this context? <one>M</one> stands for <two>matrix protein</two>. []
+- Give two examples for <one>complex retroviruses</one>. A: (1) <one>lentiviruses</one> (2) <one>spumaviruses</one>
+- Length of the <one>Pithovirus</one>? <one>1.5 µm</one>.
+- Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel bei Viren wo <one>alternative Splicing</one> zum Einsatz kommt. A: Beim <one>SV40 T-Antigen</one>.
+- Das <one>Tollwut-Virus</one> ist ein ... ? Ein <one>Rhabdovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdoviridae []
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>Satellite Virus</one>. A: Das <one>Hepatitis delta virus</one>. []
+- Das <one>Influenza-Genom</one> hat am <two>3' Ende</two> welche 3 Proteine komplexiert? (1) <one>PB1-Protein</one> (2) <one>PB2-Protein</one> (3) <one>PA-Protein</one>
+- <one>Which virus</one> do <three>HeLa cells</three> include in their genome? <one>HPV-18</one>. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/6605671 []
+- <one>How many receptors</one> does a virion require? At least the <one>main receptor</one>, often also a <two>co-receptor</two>. Binding to the main receptor often causes a conformational change in the virion that enables it to bind to the co-receptor. []
+- Does the <one>Herpes simplex virus type 1</one> have a <two>tegument</two>? Yes it does. []
+- <one>Rabies virus</one> tend to use which cellular receptor for attachment? The <one>acetyl-choline receptor</one>.
+- <one>Wieviele Viren</one> waren im Jahr ~2014 mindestens bekannt? Mindestens <one>5000</one>. []
+- The viral glycoprotein of <one>Filoviridae</one> is cleaved by <two>endosomal cysteine proteases</two>, such as ... ? The <one>cathepsins</one>.
+- In Virology: what means the term <one>tropism</one>? The restriction of replication of specific viruses to certain tissues and cells.
+- Are <one>polioviruses</one> single or double stranded? They are single stranded (<one>+ssRNA</one>).
+- Die <one>Filoviridae</one> besitzen allgemein <two>n Gene</two> in ihrem Genom? <one>7</one>.
+- Was fehlt den <one>LTR-Retrotransposons</one>? Die <one>env-Region</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTR_retrotransposon []
+- Nenne einen <one>Virus</one> bei dem eine geringe infektiöse Dosis ausreicht damit eine Krankheit manifest wird. A: Das <one>Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus</one>. []
+- <one>SV40</one> requires which protein for its replication? The <one>large T antigen</one>. []
+- Zu welcher <one>Baltimore-Gruppe</one> gehören die <two>Flaviviridae</two>? Zur <one>Baltimore Gruppe 4</one>. []
+- In Virology: what do we mean with <one>binal symmetry</one>? This is <one>a phage</one> with a head that resembles an icosahedron, and additionally a tail that is helical.
+- Infektionen mit <one>Cytomegaloviren</one>, die gegen Ganciclovir resistent geworden sind, werden womit behandelt? Mit <one>Cidofovir</one>.
+- A. W. für <one>reverse Transkriptase</one>? <one>Revertase</one>. URL: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28774 []
+- In <one>viral therapy</one>: <two>ACV</two> (<two>Acyclivor</two>) acts in which three different ways? (1) competes with GTP (2) <one>chain terminator</one> (3) <one>remains bound</one>
+- If we see a virus able to persist in a healthy individual, what can we conclude from this? That this virus must somehow have strong defensive or evasive capabilities.
+- Why does <one>the Influenza genome</one> <two>require a cell nucleus</two>? Because their genomes absolutely require the <one>cell splicing marchinery</one>. []
+- When was the first virus purified by <one>differential centrifugation</one>"? In <one>1933</one>, by Schlessinger. []
+- The diameter of the <one>Pithovirus</one> virion is ... ? <one>500 nm</one>. []
+- Trivialname für <one>aktive Immunisierung</one>? <one>Schutzimpfung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impfung []
+- <one>Rotaviruses</one> belong to which family? <one>Reoviridae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reoviridae
+- Wo (in seinem Genom) beginnt die Replikation des Retrovirus? Im 5 Strich LTR Abschnitt. []
+- Nenne <one>eine Erkrankung</one> die durch ein <two>Flavivirus</two> hervorgerufen werden kann. A: Das <one>virale hämorrhagische Fieber</one>.
+- The <one>African swine fever virus</one> (ASFV) belongs to the <two>Asfarviridae family</two>. Is its genome RNA-based or DNA-based? It is <one>DNA-based</one>. []
+- In der Virologie werden <one>Zellkulturen</one> verwendet. Welche zwei Typen können hier unterschieden werden? (1) primäre Zellen (2) kontinuerliche Zellinien
+- A. W. für FSME-Impfung? "Zeckenimpfung". []
+- <one>SSPE</one> (<one>Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</one>) is <two>caused by which virus</two>? By the <one>measles virus</one>.
+- <one>Hämagglutinin</one> hat eine hohe Affinität zu? <one>Sialinsäureresten</one> auf der Wirtszelloberfläche.
+- In <two>1957</two>, there was the <one>Asian Flu</one>, an Influenza strain. Which H and N type did it have? <one>H2N2</one>.
+- Nenne 2 kleine DNA-Viren. A: (1) Polyomaviren (2) Papillomaviren []
+- In which organism can the <one>large T antigen</one> be found? In the <one>Simian virus 40</one>, SV40. []
+- Beim <one>Influenza A virus</one>: welches Protein bildet den <two>ion channel</two>? Das <one>M2 Protein</one>. []
+- Schön geflammte Tulpen durch welchen Virus? <one>Poty Virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potyvirus []
+- Was ist die <one>Tenazität</one>? Das ist die <one>Widerstandsfähigkeit</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>viral spikes</one>? <one>Peplomer</one> (plural: peplomers). Siehe auch folgenden Link URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer []
+- <one>Influenza</one> gehört zu welcher Gruppe? Influenza gehört zu den <one>Orthomyxoviren</one>. []
+- Der <one>Chikungunya-Virus</one> ist <two>ein Vertreter welcher Virusfamilie</two>? Der <one>Togaviridae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya []
+- Können <three>AAVs</three> in das <one>Wirtschromosom</one> integrieren? Ja. []
+- What is the genome size of <one>human rhinoviruses</one>? About <one>7.200 ssRNA</one>.
+- Seit wann ist <one>Azidothymidin</one> zur <two>Therapie von HIV</two> zugelassen? Seit dem Jahre <one>1987</one>. []
+- Give an example for a virus that is <one>a cap snatcher</one>. A: <one>Influenza</one>.
+- Are <one>positive-stranded RNA viruses</one> or <one>negative-stranded RNA viruses</one> <two>more widespread</two>? <one>Negative stranded RNA-Viruses</one> are <two>more widespread</two>. []
+- <one>Introns</one> were discovered where? In <one>Adenoviruses</one>. []
+- Der <one>Norovirus</one> hat was für ein Genom? Ein <one>(+)ssRNA Genom</one>. []
+- Name <one>a virus of rabbit-tumors</one>. A: The <one>myxoma virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma_virus []
+- Warum der Name <one>L-Protein</one> bei Papillomaviren, zum Beispiel bei den Proteinen L1 und L2? <one>L</one> steht hier für <two>Late</two>. []
+- In Virology: what are <one>antimutators</one>? These are mutations located in genes encoding viral polymerases that <one>reduce the frequency of incorporation errors</one>.
+- Welche <one>Genom-Klasse</one> der Viren kann direkt als mRNA fungieren? Klasse IV Genome. []
+- Die <one>Schweinegrippe</one> hat welchen Subtyp? <one>H1N1</one>. []
+- Why is <one>Ribavirin</one> so useful to treat certain viruses? <one>Ribavirin</one> <two>can raise</two> the <three>viral mutation rates</three> over the error threshold.
+- Wie lässt sich eine <one>Rhinovirusinfektion</one> verhindern? Durch <one>Gabe von Interferon</one>. []
+- Wer sollte allgemein immer zuerst geimpft werden? Risikogruppen. []
+- Das <one>MERS-Virus</one> ... wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>MERS</two>? <one>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus []
+- Die Influenza-<one>Schweinegrippe</one> von <two>2009</two> hatte welche Konstitution? <one>H1N1</one>. []
+- What is the most common vector of <one>plant viruses</one>? <one>Aphids</one>.
+- Das <one>HPV L1-Protein</one> besteht aus wievielen Untereinheiten? <one>5</one> - es ist ein <two>Pentamer</two>.
+- Das berühmteste <one>Rhabdovirus</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Rabiesvirus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabiesvirus []
+- Was heisst <one>virus de rue</one>? <one>Wildtypvirus</one>. []
+- In Virology for the <two>Herpesviridae</two>: what does the greek word <one>herpein</one> mean? <one>To creep</one>. This refers to the latent, recurring infections typical for this group of viruses. []
+- How is the <one>poliovirus VPg</one> <two>modified</two>? It is <one>uridylated</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPg []
+- Nenne einen recht alten und einfachen Test zum Virusnachweis. A: Den <one>Hämagglutinationstest</one>. []
+- <one>Wieviele Basenpaare</one> finden wir im Genom der <two>Polyomaviren</two>? Etwa <two>5000 Basenpaare</two> (genauer: <one>5291 bp</one>).
+- Was zeigt <one>eine hohe Neopterinkonzentration im Blut</one> an? Das <one>eine Virusattacke stattfindet</one>. []
+- Die <one>Asfarviridae</one> sind Viren, deren Mitglieder vornehmlich Schweine infizieren. Als Genom haben diese Viren <two>RNA</two> oder <two>DNA</two>? <one>DNA</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asfarviridae []
+- <one>Which virus</one> was the first human virus ever isolated, in the year <two>1902</two>? The <one>yellow fever virus</one>. []
+- Das <one>HIV-Vakzin</one> aus dem Jahre 2005 basierte auf welchem Virus? <one>Adenovirus</one>.
+- Does the <one>Simian Virus 40</one> (SV40) particle contain <two>histones</two>? Yes. []
+- Der <one>Measel Virus</one> verwenden welchen Zellrezeptor? A: <one>CD150</one>.
+- Why does <one>Influenza</one> require a low pH? Because <one>a low pH causes a conformational change in HA</one>.
+- Was ist <one>HTLV I</one>? Ein <one>menschliches Retrovirus</one>.
+- Wer ist der <one>Hauptwirt für Ebola</one>? Der <one>Nilflughund</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilflughund
+- Was heisst <one>pleomorph</one>? <one>Keine definierte Form</one>.
+- To <two>which family</two> does the <one>vesicular stomatitis virus</one> belong to? To the <one>rhabdovirus family</one>.
+- How can we, <two>from a practical point of view</two>, differentiate between <one>Influenza A</one> and <one>Influenza B</one>? We can use <one>Antisera</one>.
+- Gibt es Viren die <one>kleiner</one> sind als ein Ribosom? Ja. []
+- How is the <one>major virus capsid protein</one> in <two>adenovirus</two> called? The <one>hexon protein</one>.
+- In Virology - what does <one>HERV</one> stand vor? <one>Human endogenous retroviruses</one>.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit, wie <one>Herpesviren</one>, die bereits eine Zelle infiziert haben, wieder aktiv werden können. A: Zum Beispiel durch einen <one>Sonnenbrand</one>.
+- The <one>ssDNA circoviruses</one> genome codes for how many proteins? For <one>two</one>. []
+- Die <one>klassische Virusdiagnostik</one> beruht auf ... ? Dem <one>Nachweis von Antikörpern</one>, die der Patient infolge der Infektion gegen das Virus bildet.
+- <one>How many viruses</one> have been described in detail so far? At the least <one>5.000</one>. []
+- The <one>tobacco rattle virus</one>: what is its genome type? It is a <one>+ssRNA virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_rattle_virus
+- In der (medizinischen) Virologie: was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Vektorkontrolle</one>? Dies ist die Kontrolle durch <one>Überträger von Viren wie bestimmten Arthropoden</one> (Gelse, Zecke, Sandfliege etc..).
+- Das <one>env-gene product</one> von Retroviren wird während der Maturation in welche Produkte geschnitten? (1) <one>transmembrane domain</one> (2) <one>surface domain</one>
+- In virology: what is meant with a <one>permissive cell</one>? This is <one>a cell that will permit the replication of the virus</one>. []
+- A <one>viral polymerase</one> typically consists of how many subunits? Just one; viral polymerases tend to be active as a single protein. []
+- Was ist das <one>Virioplankton</one>? Dies sind <one>alle im Wasser vorkommenden Viren</one>. []
+- Englischer Begriff für die <one>Virusausschüttung</one>? <one>Virus shed</one> or rather <one>viral shedding</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_shedding []
+- Name <one>a Neuraminidase inhibitor</one> against <two>Influenza</two> beginning with the letter <three>P</three>. A: <one>Peramivir</one>.
+- <one>Viruses</one>, in general, can exist in which phases? (1) <one>extracellular</one> (2) <one>intracellular</one>
+- Nenne einen Virus, der ein <one>S-förmiges Capsid</one> besitzt. A: Das <one>Pockenvirus</one>.
+- <one>Chamberland filter diameter</one> is ... (from, to)? <one>100 nm -500 nm</one>. []
+- In <one>wasps</one>: what is the <two>PDV virus</two>, the abbreviation? <one>Symbiotic polydnaviruses</one>.
+- Durchmesser der <one>Rotaviren</one> (von-bis)? <one>70nm - 80nm</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel eines Virus das <one>Negrische Einschlusskörperchen</one> zeigte. A: <one>Rhabdoviren</one>.
+- In der Virologie: <two>wo</two> vor allem finden wir <one>segmentierte Genome</one>? In den Genomen der <one>dsRNA Viren</one>.
+- Nenne eine Virusgruppe die mindestens <one>2 ORFs</one> verwenden. A: Die <one>Togaviren</one>.
+- Beim <one>Corona-Virus</one>: wieso das Wort <three>Corona</three>? <two>Corona</two> steht für <one>Krone</one>. []
+- Gibt es das <one>Quasispezies Konzept</one> auch bei DNA-Viren? Ja. []
+- Das <one>Cauliflower mosaic virus</one>-Genom ist ... ? Ein <one>dsDNA-Genom</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil der HIV-Detektionssysteme. A: Das <one>diagnostische Fenster</one>. Patienten in einem sehr frühen Infektionsstadium werden nicht erkannt.
+- Vergleiche allgemein die <one>Mutationsraten</one> von <two>DNA Viren</two> mit <two>RNA Viren</two>. A: DNA Viren haben allgemein eine niedrigere Mutationsrate als RNA Viren; dies erlaubt auch <one>größere Genome</one>.
+- Do we have <one>antiviral therapies</one> against <two>human rhinoviruses</two>? No. []
+- The <one>SV40 large T antigen</one> binds <two>how many p53 molecules</two>? <one>6</one>, as it is a <two>homohexamer</two>. []
+- <two>Where</two> do most <one>RNA viruses of eukaryotes</one> replicate? In the <one>cytoplasm of the cell</one>. []
+- The <one>parechovirus</one> can cause which disease? <one>Diarrhoea</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea
+- <two>Which advantages</two> may <one>segmented genomes</one> have? A <one>more rapid evolution</one>. []
+- Wann kam die <one>HAART Treatment of AIDS</one> auf? <one>1997</one>. []
+- In addition to a <one>high mutation rate</one>, many viruses also have a high ... ? A: They may have a <one>high rate of replication</one>.
+- <one>Retroviruses</one> can be divided into <two>simple</two> and <two>complex</two>. This distinction is based on what? It is based on the <one>organization of their genomes</one>.
+- Are <one>rabies viruses</one> enveloped? Yes. []
+- <one>Hepatitis B</one> is a viral infection that attacks ... what part of the body? The <one>liver</one>. []
+- How many different classes of <one>viral fusion proteins</one> have been identified to date (2015)? <one>3 different classes</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>burst size</one> in der Virologie? <one>Wurfgröße</one>. []
+- Infektion mit dem <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> führt oft zur <two>Progression zu HCC</two>. Was ist damit gemeint? <one>HCC</one>: <two>Hepatocellular carcinoma</two>
+- Nenne <one>drei Vertreter der Minus-Strang-RNA-Viren</one>. A: (1) <one>Orthomyxoviren</one>: <two>Influenza</two> (2) <one>Paramyxoviren</one>: Masern (3) Rhabdoviren:   Rabiesvirus
+- How do we call the <one>self-assembly of the TMV virus</one>? <one>Scaffold-assisted assembly</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Durchfallviren</one>? <one>Noroviren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus []
+- Welche Person prägte den Begriff <one>Virus</one>? <one>Beijerinck</one>. []
+- Name a virus that <one>can snatch caps from cellular mRNA</one>. A: The <one>Bunyavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyavirales
+- <one>What form</one> does <two>the Reoviruses capsid</two> have? They have an <one>icosahedral capsid</one>.
+- In Virology: what can we achieve with <one>Disoxaril</one>? We can <one>inhibit the uncoating of Poliovirus</one>.
+- How many microbes in the Earths ocean are detroyed each day by viruses (in percent)? About <one>20%</one>.
+- What disease is typically caused by a <one>rhinovirus</one>? The <one>common cold</one>. []
+- <one>Leatherjackets</one> können durch welche Viren besonders infiziert werden? Durch <one>Tipula-Viren</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/10490 []
+- <one>Influenza</one> belongs to which family? The <one>Orthomyxovirus family</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae []
+- Was sind <one>ambisense</one> Genome? Genome deren ORFs in beide Richtungen abgelesen werden können. Es gibt daher einen Mix von + und - Polarität innerhalb des Genoms.
+- Wie funktioniert die <one>reverse Transkriptase</one>? Dieses Enzym synthetisiert von einer einzelsträngigen RNA einen RNA-DNA-Hybridstrang mittels einer RNA-abhängigen DNA-Polymerase-Aktivität. Danach bauen sie den RNA Anteil ab über die RNase H Aktivität. Anschliessend erfolgt die Konvertierung der ssDNA zur dsDNA durch eine DNA-abhängige DNA-Polymerase.
+- Which Virus has the <one>largest genome</one>? The <one>Pandoravirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoravirus []
+- Give two different examples of <two>paramyxoviruses</two> that are <one>human pathogens</one>. A: (1) <one>mumps</one> (2) <one>measles viruses</one>
+- The <one>spanish flu</one>, aka <three>the 1918-pandemic influenza strain</three>, had which H-N designate? <one>H1N1</one>. []
+- What is a <one>viremia</one>? These are <one>viruses in the blood</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viremia []
+- Name <one>a virus that is shaped like a bullet</one>. A: The <one>Rabies virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virus []
+- What is the general goal in <one>viral chemotherapy</one>? <one>Stopping the virus without killing the cell</one>.
+- Der <one>Verlauf einer HIV Infektion</one> im Patienten lässt sich in <three>n Phasen</three> einteilen? <one>3</one>. []
+- Can a virus <one>induce apoptosis</one>? Yes, some viruses can. []
+- In general - a virus modifies the intracellular environment of its host ... why? So as to <one>enhance the efficiency of its replication process</one>.
+- Mnemonic für die Genuse der <one>Picornaviren</one>? <royalblue>RACHE</royalblue> - <two>R</two><one>hino</one>, <two>A</two><one>phtho</one>, <two>C</two><one>ardio</one>, <two>H</two><one>epato</one>, <two>E</two><one>ntero</one>.
+- Name <one>a virus that can attack (and damage) the central nervous system</one>. A: The <one>herpes simplex virus</one>.
+- When the <one>reverse transcriptase</one> converts the viral RNA (of a retrovirus infecting eukaryotic cells) into a proviral DNA, what is <three>lost</three>? The <one>Poly-A tail</one>.
+- The <one>Hepatitis A virus</one> belongs to which family? The <one>Picornavirus family</one>.
+- In virology: what is meant with the expression <one>prolate shape</one>? This is essentially the shape found in bacteriophages such as T2, where these phages have an icosahedral head and a long tail filament.
+- The <one>HIV-1 pol gene</one> encodes ... ? A <one>reverse transcriptase</one>.
+- Bei der <one>chemischen Desinfektion, gegen Viren</one>: unterscheide <two>viruzid</two> und <two>begrenzt viruzid</two>. A: Letzteres meint nur behüllte Viren.
+- Give an example for a virus whose virions contain ribosomes. A: The <one>arenavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenavirus#Structure []
+- What are the primary cell targets for the <one>influenza virus</one> in humans? The epithelial cells in the upper and lower respiratory tract.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>segmented ssRNA Virus</one> A: <one>Influenza</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza []
+- All viruses are parasites of ... <one>which machinery</one>? Of the <one>host protein synthesis machinery</one>.
+- Nenne ein Virus mit <one>ikosaedrischer Symmetrie</one>. A: Das <one>Poliovirus</one>. URL: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/4/44/Pv_structure.jpg/250px-Pv_structure.jpg
+- Der <one>HI-Virus</one> hat das gp160 Protein. In welche 2 Teile wird es gespalten? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one> []
+- Do <one>viruses</one> contain PAMPs? No. []
+- Do <one>Coronaviruses</one> contain a <three>positive-sense</three> or a <three>negative-sense RNA genome</there>? <two>Coronaviruses</two> contain a <one>positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome</one>. []
+- In der Virologie: was genau heisst <one>IRES</one>? <one>Internal ribosome entry site</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRES_%28Biologie%29 []
+- <one>Retroviral-virions</one> have a complex between their 2 RNAs. How is that complex called? The <one>kissing-loop complex</one>. []
+- Warum waren <one>well-characterized cell cultures</one> so wichtig in der Virologie? Sie erlaubten die Identifizierung von Viren wie Adenovirus, die keine Tierwirte hatten.
+- Nenne einen <three>wichtigen Unterschied</three> zwischen <one>Viren</one> und <one>Plasmiden</one>. A: Viren besitzen eine <one>extrazelluläre Form</one>, Plasmide hingegen nicht. []
+- The <one>poliovirus</one> uses <three>n different VP-proteins</three>? About <one>4</one>. []
+- A <one>common cause of Gastroenteritis</one> may be caused by which virus? <one>Rotaviruses</one>.
+- Why may the presence of <one>grazers</one> <three>stimulate viral proliferation</three>? There is an increased availability of nutrients and other growth substrates available when bacteria die.
+- The <one>seasonal flu</one> kills how many people per year globally, taken together? About <two>650.000 per year</two> (primarily due to <one>respiratory causes</one>). []
+- Welche morphologische Form weisen die <one>Baculoviren</one> auf? <one>Baculoviren</one> sind <two>stäbchenförmig</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculoviren []
+- Welche Viren produzieren <one>occlusion bodies</one>? Die <one>Baculoviren</one>. []
+- Give two examples for <one>Flaviviridae</one>. A: (1) <one>West Nile Virus</one> (2) <one>Hepatitis C Virus</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviviridae
+- Name one <one>structural parameter</one> that may limit the evolution of a virus. A: The <one>viral capsid</one> almost always limits the size of nucleic acid that can be packaged.
+- <one>Ribonucleaseaktivität</one> bei den Retroviren finden wir wo? In der <one>reversen Transkriptase</one>, bei der <two>RNase H</two>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>umhüllten RNA Virus</one>. A: <one>HIV-1</one>.
+- How many <one>Influenza B Virus subtypes</one> have been described? <one>None</one> - <two>there are no subtypes</two>.
+- Name <one>an eukaryotic virus that does NOT polyadenylate its mRNA</one>. A: The <one>reoviruses</one>.
+- Name <one>two picoRNA-viral virulence factors</one>. A: (1) <one>FMDV Lb pro</one> (2) <one>HRV2 2A pro</one>
+- Nenne den <one>bekanntesten Vertreter der Lentiviren</one>. A: <one>HIV</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentivirus []
+- <one>A virus can kill its host cell</one>. How is this called scientifically? <one>Cytolytic killing</one>.
+- Where do most <one>animal viruses</one> replicate intracellular? In the <one>nucleus</one>. []
+- Wo (strukturell) findet man <one>IRES</one>? In der <one>5'-UTR</one>. []
+- Erkennen <one>Antikörper</one> den HIV-Virus (also dessen Virion)? Ja. []
+- Was genau ist die <one>Wurfgröße</one> in der Virologie? Die durchschnittliche Anzahl der pro infizierten Zelle freigesetzten Phagen.
+- The <one>human cytomegalovirus</one> produces a protein called <three>VL18</three>. This protein is homologous to ... ? <one>HLA class I molecules</one>.
+- Has the <one>measles virus</one> been eradicated from planet earth? No - for example, they were noticed in Graz and also other parts of Austria in the year 2018 and 2019. []
+- Das <one>Adenovirus-Capsid</one> besteht aus <orange>n Hexonen</orange>? <one>240</one>.
+- Wo mögen wir die <one>Geschichte von Virusattacken</one> finden? In <one>Introns</one>. []
+- <one>Poxviruses</one> are large DNA viruses that replicate in the cytosol. They express numerous proteins to subvert the host immunity. Vaccinia virus A46 is especially important and can target different cytosolic adaptor proteins, such as MyD88, TRIF or TRAM. It can also suppresses the activation of NF-kappa-B. Which domain can we find in these cytosolic adaptors? A <one>TIR domain</one>.
+- Bei einem <one>Mausembryo</one>: wann wird der Retrovirus-Vektor eingesetzt? Im <one>8 Zell-Stadium</one>. []
+- What is an <one>oncovirus</one>? An oncovirus is <one>a virus that can cause cancer</one>. []
+- <one>Interferon-alpha</one> could be used to treat which viral infection? <one>Hepatitis B infection</one>, for example.
+- Was sind <one>virulente Viren</one>? Dies sind <one>Viren, die eine Zelle nur lysieren können</one>.
+- <one>DNA Viren</one> bevorzugen normalerweise welche Phase des Zellzyklus ihrer Wirtszelle? Die <one>S-Phase</one>. []
+- <one>Subacute sclerosis panencephalitis</one> can arise through which viral infection? Through a <one>measles infection</one>.
+- Can the <one>Herpes simplex virus</one> evade the immune system? Yes, by interference with MHC class I presentation of antigen.
+- <one>Lysis</one> (<one>of viruses</one>) in general is facilitated by which two type of proteins? (1) <one>endolysins</one> (2) <one>holins</one> []
+- Wie viele Nukleotide hat das <one>Poliovirus</one>? A: <one>7500</one> bp.
+- Kodieren <one>Viroide</one> für ein Protein? Nein. []
+- Give one example for an <one>enveloped DNA virus</one>. A: <one>HSV-1</one>.
+- The <one>Sin Nombre</one> virus actually refers to ... ? The <one>hantavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus []
+- Nenne zwei Vertreter der <one>Togaviruses</one>. A: (1) <one>sindbis virus</one> (2) <one>rubella virus</one>
+- <one>Retroviruses</one> are adept at ... ? <one>Acquiring random pieces of a cell's genome</one>.
+- Das <one>gp160</one> von HIV wird gespalten in gp120 und gp41, <three>durch welche Protease</three>? <one>Furin</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774724
+- The <one>HIV-1 Tat-Protein</one> binds to ..? <one>TAR-Elements</one> at the viral 5'-mRNA region. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-activation_response_element_(TAR)
+- Aside from HIV, name <one>a human retrovirus</one>. A: The <one>Hepatitis B Virion</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Flavivirus</one>. A: The <one>yellow fever virus</one>. []
+- Give an example of a virus showing <one>multiple infections</one>. A: <one>Varicella zoster virus</one>.
+- <one>Wie attenuierte Pasteur</one> seine <two>Viren</two>? Er <one>entfernte Rückenmark des Hasen</one> und liess dieses <two>altern</two>.
+- Das <one>Sendai Virus</one> besitzt was für ein Genom? <one>ssRNA</one>.
+- Nenne zwei Beispiele für Viren mit <one>segmented genomes</one>. A: (1) der <one>Influenza Virus</one> (2) der <one>Brome Mosaic Virus</one> []
+- Name two disadvantages if we wish to detect <one>negatively stained virions</one>. A: (1) high cost of equipment (2) limited sensitivity
+- <one>HIV gp160</one> wird gespalten in ...? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one> []
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> ist für <three>SV40</three> sehr wichtig <two>um die DNA Replikation zu starten</two>? Das <one>Large-T Antigen</one>. []
+- If a drug would block the <one>Influenza NA</one> component, what would we expect to see happen? The <one>newly formed viruses could not escape from the host cells</one>. Thus, <two>viral spread to other cells is inhibited</two>.
+- Wann wurden die <one>IRES</one> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1988</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ribosome_entry_site []
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>m.o.i</one>? <one>Multiplicity of infection</one>. []
+- Das <one>HIV-Virus</one> bindet nur an Zellen die welches Oberflächenprotein besitzen? <one>CD4</one>. []
+- The <one>HIV Vpr protein</one> can induce cell cycle arrest, in which stage? In <one>G2</one>.
+- <one>Which phage</one> relies on a thymine-less DNA containing uracil rather than thymine? The <one>bacteriophage PBS 1</one>/<one>2</one>.
+- Was ist die <one>Eklipsephase</one>? Der Zeitraum vom Beginn der Infektion bis zum Ende der Synthesephase.
+- Are the <one>coronaviruses</one> <three>enveloped</three>? Yes. []
+- Das Medikament <one>Relenza</one> wirkt gegen welchen Virus? <one>Relenza</one> wirkt gegen den <two>Influenza-Virus</two>. []
+- The <one>human rhinovirus</one> has the Capsid Proteins VP4/VP3/VP2/VP1. What is the successor of these? <one>P1</one>.
+- Historically, <one>viruses were classified according to</one> ... ? According to people observing their effects, e. g. by <one>studing human diseases caused by viruses</one>.
+- Wie sieht das <one>5' Ende von Picornaviren</one> aus? Keine Cap, aber das <one>Vpg protein</one>. []
+- Which virus has <one>two protein coats</one>? The <one>Rotavirus</one>.
+- <three>dsRNA-Viruses</three> can be recognized in the cytoplasma through <one>RNA helicases</one>. Give one example for such a RNA helicase that can achieve that. A: <one>RIG-I</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil von <one>Ganciclovir</one> gegenüber <one>Acyclovir</one>. A: Ganciclovir kann in zelluläre DNA eingebaut werden, Aciclovir hingegen nicht.
+- Name two ways how <one>Influenza A</one> can change its antigenic properties. A: (1) <one>antigenic drift</one> (2) <one>antigenic shift</one> []
+- Aside from the giant viruses like the Mimi-virus, name a non-giant virus that can be seen with a light microscope. A: The <one>Poxvirus</one>. []
+- Gibt es <one>lysogene Viren in Hefen</one>? Nein. []
+- <one>Autographa california</one> ist ein natürliches Pathogen einer ... ? Einer <one>Motte</one>, die sich von Luzerne ernährt.
+- What <one>orientation</one> does the <three>Retrovirus genome</three> have? It is in the <one>plus (+) orientation</one>. []
+- Do <one>Archaea</one> have viruses? Yes. []
+- <one>Retroviren</one> haben eine RNA und eine DNA-Form. Vor allem die Enden sind hier unterschiedlich. Wie genau? (1) RNA-Form: hat U5 und U3, sowie jeweils R (2) <one>DNA-Form</one>: hat zusätzlich U5 bei U3 und U3 bei U5; nennt man hier dann LTR
+- Wann wurde das <one>Poliovirus</one> <three>erstmals de-novo synthetisiert</three>? Im Jahre <one>2002</one>. []
+- What are the <one>two most important criteria used for classification of viruses</one>? (1) <one>phage morphology</one> (2) <one>nucleic acid properties</one>
+- Give an example for a <one>complex retrovirus</one>. A: The <one>human immunodeficiency virus</one>. []
+- In an <one>early HIV infection</one>, what symptoms may we see, if we see any at all? We may see <one>fever-like symptoms</one>.
+- Nenne einen gewichtigen <one>Vorteil eines Lebendimpfstoffes</one>. A: Lebendimpfstoffe aktivieren sowohl das humorale als auch das zelluläre Immunsystem.
+- Welche <one>drei virale Hauptreplikationsorte</one> gibt es <three>im menschlichen Körper</three>? (1) <one>Mucosale Oberflächen</one> des respiratorischen Trakts und des GI Trakts. (2) Infektion in mucosalen Oberflächen gefolgt von systemischer Ausbreitung über Blut, Lymphe und/oder Neuronen, um dann in die Organe zu gelangen (3) Direkte Infektion der Blutbahn über Nadel oder Bisse mit folgender Ausbreitung in die Organe
+- In welchem Tier finden wir <one>Isaviren</one>? Bei <one>Lachsen</one>. (Merkschema: <two>Lachse in der Isar</two>). []
+- What is the <one>Virosphere</one>? <one>The world of all viruses on the planet</one>.
+- Wieso ist es schwierig Therapien gegen Viren zu etablieren, verglichen mit Bakterien? Weil Viren den <one>zellulären Stoffwechsel</one> verwenden müssen.
+- Nenne <one>3 Vertreter der Flaviviridae</one>. A: Mnemo: Flavi... f ... fever, two fever. (1) <one>Yellow Fever Virus</one> (2) <one>Dengue-Fever</one> (3) <one>FSME</one> (<two>tick-borne encephalitis</two>)
+- Die <one>Adenoviridae</one> umfassen wieviele Subgenera? <one>6</one> - und zwar A bis F.
+- The <one>Picornavirus Virion</one> contains how many mature proteins (from, to)? <one>11-14</one>.
+- <one>Welcher Virus</one> verursacht den normalen <three>Schnupfen</three>? <one>Rhinovirus</one>. []
+- What does the term <one>fitness landscape</one> in Virology mean? Each sequence of a RNA Virus (or for any other combination of sequences) has a <one>specific reproduction rate</one>, which is another term for <two>fitness</two>.
+- Nenne einen viralen Erreger, der ein <one>Virusakanthom</one> hervorrufen mag. A: <one>HPV</one> (<two>Humane Papillomviren</two>).
+- Was heisst <one>SV40</one> und zu <three>welcher Familie</three> gehört dieser Virus? <one>Simian Virus 40</one>, member of the <two>polyomavirus family</two>. []
+- Which <one>virus family</one> has <three>gapped DNA</three>? The <one>Hepadnaviridae</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>pleomorphe ssRNA-Virus Familie</one>. A: Das <one>Paramyxovirus</one>.
+- What is an <one>emergent virus</one>? An emergent virus is a virus that has adapted and emerged as a new disease, with attributes facilitating pathogenicity in a field not normally associated with that virus.
+- Was heisst <one>contagium vivum fluidum</one>? <one>Löslicher lebender Keim</one>.
+- <three>Durchmesser</three> eines typischen <one>Pox Virion</one>? <one>200nm</one>. []
+- What do we mean with <one>v-fos</one>? <one>Viral fos gene</one>.
+- Which general <one>taxonomic groups</one> are missing for viruses? (1) <one>class</one> (2) <one>phylum</one>
+- Warum treten Mutationen meist häufiger bei <one>RNA Viren</one> auf? RNA Viren besitzen <one>keine Proofreading-Funktion</one>. []
+- Does <one>antigen shift</one> more often occur for <two>neuraminidase</two> or for <two>hemagglutinin</two>, <three>in Influenza</three>? It occurs more often in <one>hemagglutinin</one> (<two>HA</two>). []
+- What is <one>the definitive characteristic of transducing retroviruses</one>? The presence of <one>cellular oncogenes</one>.
+- Nenne die zwei <one>Unterfamilien der Retroviridae</one>. A: (1) <one>Spumavirinae</one> (2) <one>Orthoretrovirinae</one>
+- Do <one>circular viral</one> genomes exist? Yes. []
+- The <one>Influenza avian virus</one> bind to what exactly? To sialic acids attached to galactose in an Alpha-2,3 linkage. This is different to human cells, and thus thought to be the basis for the very inefficient transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans.
+- What is the goal of <one>virus maturation</one>? It <one>prepares the virus for infection of the next cell</one>.
+- Gegen welchen Virus kann <one>Cidofovir</one> eingesetzt werden? Gegen den <one>Cytomegalovirus</one>.
+- <one>Rituximab</one> interagiert wie mit seiner Zielzelle? Über <one>CD20</one>.
+- The <one>HPV genome</one> is surrounded by ... ? An <one>icosahedral capsid</one> (<two>T = 7</two>).
+- Name <one>two constraints</one> why viruses ought try to keep their genome small. A: (1) Must fit into the capsid (2) larger genome requires more time to replicate
+- The <one>kissing disease</one> is caused by which virus? By a <one>herpes virus</one> called <two>EBV</two> (<two>Epstein-Barr Virus</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
+- Give one example for a <one>ssRNA virus genome of positive sense</one>. A: The <one>Poliovirus</one>.
+- Bei der <one>Negativ-Färbung</one> färbt man was ein? Den <one>Hintergrund</one>. Das Virus selbst hingegen lässt man relativ unberührt. []
+- <one>HIV</one> zielt auf welche Zellen ab? Auf <one>TH Zellen</one> die einen <two>CD4⁺ Rezeptor</two> besitzen.
+- Name <one>a major difference</one> between retroviruses and other viruses with RNA as their genetic material. A: The retroviruses also have a <one>DNA intermediate</one> step in their replication cycle.
+- What means <one>lysosomotropic</one>? A <one>drug</one> that is able to penetrate the lysosomes of cells.
+- Nenne zwei Viren beziehungsweise virale Krankheiten die durch <one>Gelsen</one> übertragen werden. A: (1) Das <one>Gelbfieber Virus</one> (von den Affen auf den Menschen) (2) Das <one>Dengue Virus</one> (von Menschen auf den Menschen)
+- Beim <one>MERS Coronavirus</one>: was heisst <three>MERS</three>? <one>Middle East respiratory syndrome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus []
+- Wie nennen wir allgemein die <one>Untereinheiten der (viralen) Capside</one>? <one>Capsomere</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsomere []
+- Die <one>Bornaviren</one> gehören zu welchem Typ von Viren? A: <one>RNA-Viren</one>. []
+- Anderer Begriff für das <one>Pockenvirus</one>? <one>Variola-Virus</one>. []
+- Was sind <one>Enzymbiotics</one>? Dies sind zum Beispiel <one>phage endolysins</one>.
+- Können <one>Röteln</one> gefährlich sein? Ja, für <one>Schwangere</one>. Es kann zu <two>Embryopathien</two> kommen. []
+- Nenne einen Virus der auch <one>Ribosomen</one> <three>besitzt</three>. A: Das <one>Arenavirus</one>. []
+- Why does <one>SV40</one> require the large T-antigen? Because SV40 DNA replication is initiated by binding of large T-antigen to the origin region of the genome, hence the large T-antigen is required.
+- People in <one>rural areas</one> may, in general, be more vulnerable to which types of infection? <one>Zoonotic infections</one>.
+- Give one specific example of a <one>DNA virus</one> of eukaryotes that replicates in the cytoplasm. A: The <one>Iridovirus</one>.
+- Was sind <one>hitchhiking mutations</one>? Dies sind Mutationen, die den Virus keinen direkten Vorteil verschaffen, aber auch nicht nachteilig sind. So mögen langfristig neue Viren entstehen.
+- Anderer Begriff für die <one>virale Proteinhülle</one>? <one>Capsid</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid []
+- Bei den <one>Picornaviren</one>: was heisst <three>VPGL</three>? <one>Viral Protein Genome linked</one> []
+- The name <one>Papovavirus</one> derives from ...? <one>Pa</one> for Papillomavirus, <one>Po</one> for Polyomavirus, <one>Va</one> for Vacuolating Agent (SV40)
+- <one>Which cancer</one> can be caused - or made worse - by <three>HPV</three>? <one>HPV</one> is <two>the primary etiological agent in cervical cancer</two>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für virale, <one>morphologische Einheiten</one>? <one>Capsomere</one>. []
+- The <one>herpesvirus genome max length</one> is ... ? <one>230kb</one>.
+- Was sind die <one>SRS-Viren</one>? <one>Small-round-structured virus</one>.
+- Beim <one>Poliovirus</one>: wie lange ist dessen <three>VPg Protein</three>? <one>22 Aminosäuren</one>. []
+- Was heisst <one>Mimivirus</one>? A: <one>Microbe Mimicking Virus</one>. []
+- What is <one>cap snatching</one> in Virology? This is <one>a transcription initiation process</one>. A sequence between 10 and 20 nt in size is cleaved away from the 5-prime end of host mRNAs, by an endonuclease activity - i.e Influenza RdRp.
+- In Virology: what is the <one>minimum infective dose</one>? The minimum amount of virus required for infection of a host.
+- Is the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> more infectious than the <three>HIV</three> virus? Yes it is. []
+- Welches <one>keyword</one> ist mit dem <three>SV40 T-Antigen</three> assoziiert? <one>Alternative Splicing</one>.
+- <one>Adenovirus</one> bind to which primary receptor, via their fibers? <one>CAR</one>: <two>Coxackie and Adenovirus Receptor</two>.
+- <one>Rhinoviren</one> verwenden den ICAM-1 Rezeptor. Wie nennen wir diesen Rezeptor im CD System? <one>CD54</one>.
+- Was sind <one>pleomorphe Virionen</one>? <one>Viruspartikel</one> die in Größe und Form stark unterschiedlich sind. []
+- Wofür steht das <one>T</one> in <three>T7</three>? <one>Type</one>. []
+- Can viruses degrade the <one>MHC I</one>? Yes. []
+- Das <one>Tabakmosaikvirus</one> (<two>TMV</two>) hat ein Genom aus ...? <one>ssRNA</one> (<royalblue>einzelsträngiger RNA</royalblue>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus []
+- Do we find <one>reverse transcriptase</one> <three>only in Retroviruses</three>? No - for example the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> also employs <two>reverse transcriptase</two>.
+- What means <one>structural plasticity</one> in Virology? This refers to virions that can tolerate many amino acid substitutions in their structural proteins - and <one>still remain infectious</one>.
+- The (major) <one>surface protein of HIV</one> is? <one>gp120</one>. []
+- <one>Togaviruses</one> typically contain <three>two ORFs</three>. What do these two ORFs encode in general? One encodes structural proteins, the other one encodes non-structural proteins.
+- Is <one>Ebola</one> <three>transmitted through semen</three>? Yes - even for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness. []
+- Give an example each for a <one>transmissible spongiform encephalopathy</one> (TSE), in sheep and in humans. A: (1) <one>scrapie</one>: in sheep (2) <one>Kuru</one>:    in humans
+- Name a major difference between the <one>retroviruses</one> and <three>other +ssRNA viruses</three>. A: The retrovirsues use a special protein called <one>reverse transcriptase</one>.
+- The <one>Ebolavirus</one> belongs to ... which family? It belongs to the <one>Filoviridae</one>. []
+- Do people affected by the <one>Ebola disease</one> show a symptom of a sore throat? Yes. []
+- What are <one>ca Influenza</one>? These are <one>cold-adapted</one> <two>influenza viruses</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10578119 []
+- Nenne <one>ein Enzym</one>, das an der <two>Virusfreisetzung</two> beteiligt ist. A: Die <one>Neuraminidase</one>. []
+- Woher kommt der Name für die "Hantaviren"? Vom Fluss "Hantaan" in Südorea. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantaan_River_virus
+- Viruses can change their host-range, in order to enter a different species. Give an example for this. A: SIV virus moving into the human species, aka HIV-1.
+- Why do RNA viruses oftenly employ segmented genomes? Because this works to compensate for high error-rates. An error in a single-component genome would incapacitate the entire genome.
+- Nenne 3 Gründe wieso sich Viren eignen Evolutionsprozesse zu untersuchen. A: (1) kurze Generationszeit (2) grosse Zahl an Nachkommen (3) einfache Struktur