studium 0.13.1

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Files changed (871) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +2785 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  38. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  39. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  40. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  41. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  42. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  43. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  44. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  45. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  46. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  47. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  48. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
  49. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  50. data/doc/README.gen +2742 -0
  51. data/doc/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  52. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  53. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  54. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  55. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +112 -0
  56. data/doc/todo/TODO_FOR_THE_GRAPHICAL_PARTS_OF_THE_STUDIUM_GEM_INCLUDING_WWW_RELATED_ASPECTS.md +35 -0
  57. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  58. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +2710 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +543 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +11 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +110 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +90 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +189 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +163 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +115 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +549 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +46 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +932 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +903 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +14 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2142 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +217 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +25 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +210 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +324 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +163 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +11 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +264 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +163 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +64 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +38 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +196 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +614 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +191 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +108 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +86 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +781 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +214 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +27 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +504 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +43 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +85 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +218 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +114 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +63 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +71 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +52 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +75 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +946 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +438 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +132 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +290 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +311 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +116 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +764 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +60 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +81 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +240 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1002 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1001 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +126 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +382 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +78 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +22 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +503 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +153 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +137 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +106 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +89 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +373 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +442 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +155 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +995 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +87 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +80 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +492 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics +5 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +280 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +28 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +42 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +551 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytokines +5 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +106 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +35 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +56 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +314 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +211 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +354 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +89 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +41 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +547 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +345 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +179 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +138 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +328 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +71 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +511 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +211 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +79 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +176 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +244 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +901 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +8 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +621 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +47 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +93 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +59 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +25 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +109 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +100 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +134 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +191 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +241 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +982 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +97 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +22 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +57 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +502 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +12 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +5 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +208 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +94 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/macroeconomics +40 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mathematics +254 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizin_und_biomedizinische_technik +250 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizinische_chemie_und_pharmazie +398 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/messtechnik_und_regeltechnik +104 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/metabolismus +406 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microbial_ecology +35 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microcontrollers +11 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_lebensgemeinschaften +33 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mikrobielle_physiologie +172 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mitochondria +32 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mixed +278 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molecular_biology_of_plants +242 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molekulare_medizin +131 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nanotechnologie +453 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nature_conservation_and_biodiversity +166 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/naturstoffe +9 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/netzwerke +32 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/neurobiology +267 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nucleotide_sequencing +32 -0
  298. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nutztierethologie +11 -0
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@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Evolution tag (Evo tag).
3
+ #
4
+ # This file also includes molecular evolution and some parts related to
5
+ # taxonomy
6
+ # =========================================================================== #
7
+
8
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für einen <one>plesiomorphen Merkmalszustand</one>? <one>Ursprünglicher Merkmalszustand</one>. URL: https://www.bionity.com/de/lexikon/Plesiomorphie.html []
9
+ - Wirkt <one>Selektion</one> auf den Genotyp? Nein, nur auf den <one>Phänotyp</one>. []
10
+ - Have <one>extinct species</one> been removed from the gene pool? Yes, by definition.
11
+ - Name one drawback of <three>Ernst Mayr's</three> original <one>biological species concept</one> from <two>1942</two>. A: It <one>can not be applied to bacteria</one> and other asexually reproducing organisms, as it states that a species is a group of organisms whose members are capable of interbreeding with one another but are reproductively isolated from the members of other species.
12
+ - The molecular clock theory in evolution can also be mockingly called ... how? The <one>sloppy clock</one>.
13
+ - Welcher <one>Dinosaurier</one> war der größte? Der <one>Argentinosaurus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus
14
+ - Postuliert <one>die natürliche Selektionstheorie</one> (nach Darwin) einen <two>ungleichen Fortpflanzungserfolg</two>? Ja. []
15
+ - Das Stanley Miller <one>Ursuppenexperiment</one> fand wann statt? <one>1953</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-Experiment []
16
+ - What did the theory of the <one>fixity of species</one> claim? That animal and plant groups <one>have remained unchanged in form</one> since the moment of their appearance on Earth.
17
+ - The universal tree of life is based ... ? On <one>rRNA gene sequences</one>.
18
+ - <one>Prachtkleider</one> dienen der ... ? <one>Fitnessindikation</one>.
19
+ - Welche zwei Typen an Sexualdimorphismen können durch die sexuelle Selektion entstehen? (1) Männliche Prachtkleider (2) <one>Männliche Kampfstrukturen</one>
20
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>anthropogene Selektion</one>? <one>Künstliche Selektion</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektion_(Evolution) []
21
+ - What is <one>the deepest branch of life</one>, aka <two>oldest branch</two>? The <one>thermophiles</one>.
22
+ - The ability to change phenotypes through selective breeding indicates that ... ? That <one>traits have a genetic basis</one>.
23
+ - Ist es einfach in der <one>Paläobiologie</one> die Richtung der Evolution abzulesen? Nein. Manchmal ist es schwierig zu entscheiden in welche Richtung gefundene Veränderungsreihen in der Stammesgeschichte gelesen werden müssen. []
24
+ - Parasitic plants lost ... ? <one>chloroplasts</one>.
25
+ - Will <one>gene conversion</one> compromise <two>phylogenetic analysis</two>? Yes. []
26
+ - Will <one>gene conversion</one> display an <two>incorrect evolutionary age</two>? Yes. []
27
+ - A <one>graphical representation of a phylogeny</one> is called ... ? A <one>phylogenetic tree</one>.
28
+ - Do all <one>eukaryotic organisms</one> have a <two>gene for cytochrome c</two>? Yes.
29
+ - In der <one>Evolution der Lebewesen</one>: wie nennen wir, auf Englisch, die Abstammungstheorie? <one>Descent with modification</one>.
30
+ - Is the amount of <one>GC content in a genome</one> important for evolution? Yes. Lateral gene transfer may be handicapped by a very different composition of GC content between two different genomes, which might make it hard to transcribe these sequences when they relocated in a new organism.
31
+ - Give one example of <one>a gene that arose through gene duplications</one>. A: The diversity of the <one>odor receptors</one>.
32
+ - Kann die <one>natürliche Selektion</one> zu <two>neuen Anpassungen</two> führen? Ja.
33
+ - In general: is <one>the substitution rate of neutral nonsynonymous substitutions</one> lower than that of <one>synonymous neutral substitutions</one>? Yes.
34
+ - Nenne eine wichtige Neuentwicklung bei den <one>Sauropsiden</one>. A: Das <one>amniotische Ei</one>.
35
+ - Was ist der <one>Cro-Magnon-Mensch</one>? Der <one>anatomisch moderne Mensch</one> (Homo sapiens) der letzten Kaltzeit.
36
+ - Haben <one>lebende Fossilien</one> auf etwas vergessen? Ja: <one>sie haben vergessen auszusterben</one>.
37
+ - The <one>smallest animal genome</one>, with <two>75 Mb</two> in size, can be found in ...? The <one>Oikopleura dioica</one>, a <two>Tunicata</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikopleura
38
+ - The <one>sickle cell anemia</one> is a so-called balanced polymorphism. What is meant with this term here? That <one>the heterozygote has an advantage over either homozygote</one>.
39
+ - Give an example for the concept of overdominance in genetics, that has also influenced evolution of mankind. A: The genetic resistance found through <one>sickle cell anemia</one>.
40
+ - Welcher <one>Baum</one> (<peru>Pflanze</peru>) ist ein <two>missing link</two> (Lateinischen Namen angeben)? <one>Ginkgo biloba</one>.
41
+ - Welche Person entwickelte zuert die <one>Evolutionstheorie</one>? <one>Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</one>, <peru>1809</peru>.
42
+ - Ist die <one>ökologische Nische</one> ein Ort? Nein - sie ist <one>ein Beziehungsgefüge</one>. Sie kann nicht besitzt, sondern nur <two>gebildet werden</two>.
43
+ - Die <one>durchschnittliche Schnabeldicke</one> des Mittleren Grundfinks verändert sich mit ... ? Mit den <one>Bedingungen der Umwelt</one> (zum Beispiel <royalblue>trockene Jahre</royalblue> bevorzugen Vögel mit <royalblue>dickeren Schnäbeln</royalblue>).
44
+ - <one>Polytomy</one> is a part of phylogenetics and depicting relations therein. Name an impressive example of polytomy that may appear in such a drawing. A: A <one>star tree</one>.
45
+ - Give two examples how the gene number can be increased during molecular evolution. A: (1) due to the formation of <one>polyploids</one> (2) due to <one>gene duplication</one>
46
+ - Name <one>a large-scale process for the expansion (and thus evolution) of gene number in genomes</one>. A: The formation of <one>polyploids</one> - thus, <one>polyploidy</one>.
47
+ - Is polyploidy in plants more common than in animals, in the context of molecular evolution? Yes.
48
+ - Why is the evolution of new gene families important? The evolution of enw gene familes may lead to entirely novel functions that open up new ways of living.
49
+ - Does <one>an individual organism</one> evolve? No - what evolves is <one>the gene pool common to a group of organisms</one>.
50
+ - A. W. für <one>Katastrophentheorie</one>? <one>Kataklysmentheorie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataklysmentheorie
51
+ - A premise of <one>taxonomy</one> is that it <one>should represent</one> ... ? <one>Phylogeny</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy
52
+ - Wann entstanden <one>die ersten Walarten</one>? Vor etwa <one>60 Millionen Jahren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wale#Systematik
53
+ - <one>Wolbachia</one> maximize their spread, also by making use of <two>male killing</two>. What does this mean? Male killing means that <one>infected males die during larval development</one>, which thus <two>increase the rate of born, infected, females</two>.
54
+ - Wozu führt die <one>Anagenese</one>? Zur <one>Artneubildung</one>.
55
+ - <one>How fast</one> does the SSU rRNA evolve? It <one>evolves very slowly</one> - which explains why it is such a good "phylogenetic marker".
56
+ - Nenne eine Theorie die <one>Thomas Malthus</one> vertreten hat. A: Ein grosser Teil des menschlichen Leids (z. Bsp Krieg) sei die unausweisliche Folge des raschen Wachstums der Bevölkerung, rascher als die Ressourcen.
57
+ - Main problem of a <one>molecular clock</one>? <one>DNA sequences could change at different rates</one>.
58
+ - The <one>most pervasive influence of natural selection on DNA</one> is ... ? To conserve gene function and sequence.
59
+ - Do members of a <one>polyphyletic group</one> share <two>an immediate common ancestor</two>? Yes.
60
+ - Give an example for where <one>humans</one> have used <two>artificial selection</two> in somewhat early history. A: Humans produced numerous different <one>dog breeds</one>.
61
+ - We can draw <one>a phylogenetic tree</one>, based on ... what kind of <two>matrix</two>? Based on <one>a distance matrix</one>.
62
+ - <one>Günter Wächtershäuser</one> hatte eine Theorie in der Evolution vorgeschlagen. Was besagte diese Theorie? Das Metallsulfid-Oberflächen wie etwa Pyrit (FeS) eine wichtige katalytisch wirksame Oberfläche lieferte - dies mag bei der Entstehung von Leben wichtig gewesen sein.
63
+ - Does <one>evolution repeat itself</one>? Yes.
64
+ - Can <one>genetic variation</one> <two>be maintained by natural selection</two>? Yes, at the least some: an example is <one>overdominance</one> maintaining heterozygous individuals.
65
+ - How do we call the selection that is found in the <one>sickle-cell mutation</one>? <one>Balancing selection</one>.
66
+ - Warum ist <one>mtDNA</one> als <two>evolutionärer Marker</two> so geeignet? <one>mtDNA</one> <two>rekombiniert nicht</two>.
67
+ - Name one of the long standing goals of evuolutionary biolgy following Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. A: To <one>understand the genetic basis of adaptation</one>.
68
+ - Name a general reason as to why natural selection may work on coat colour specifically, in animals. A: The appropriate <one>coat colour</one> in particular, such as for <two>mice</two>, has the advantage of being less visible to predators.
69
+ - Give another expression for <one>evolutionary history of a group of organisms</one>? <one>Phylogeny</one>.
70
+ - Bei der <one>Uran-Blei-Datierung</one>: welche Verbindung setzt man bei dieser Analyse ein? Das <one>Zirkon</one>, <royalblue>ZrSiO4</royalblue>.
71
+ - When we refer to <one>hybrid alleles</one>, what do we mean, essentially? This refers to alleles that can or have recombined.
72
+ - In an <one>additive tree</one>, what do the lengths of the branches measure? They measure <one>divergence</one>.
73
+ - Was besagt <one>Lamarck's Theorie</one> des <two>Gebrauch und Nicht-Gebrauch</two>? Intensiv genutzte Tel des Körpers werden größer und stärker.
74
+ - Was spricht <one>gegen RNA</one> als ursprüngliche Erbsubstanz? Die <one>geringe Stabilität von RNA Molekülen</one>.
75
+ - Gib ein Beispiel für <one>Agamospezies</one>. A: Autogame Sippen (=Selbstbestäuber).
76
+ - Was ist die <one>sympatrische Artbildung</one> und wer hat den Begriff geprägt? Dies bezeichnet <one>das Entstehen neuer Arten im Gebiet der Ursprungsart</one>. Der Begriff wurde durch <royalblue>Ernst Mayr</royalblue> geprägt. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatrische_Artbildung
77
+ - Wo genau lebten die <one>Denisova-Menschen</one>? Im <one>südlichen Sibirien</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan
78
+ - Gib ein ganz konkretes Beispiel für <one>grossflächige, anthropogene Selektion in der Natur</one>. A: Der Kabeljau in der Barents See. Die Fischereiflotte selektiert gegen grosse Kabeljau-Fische.
79
+ - <one>Charles Darwin</one> studied finches. These finches illustrated which process in (natural) evolution? <one>Adaptation</one>, which means that a species becomes modified to suit the environments in which they live.
80
+ - Ein <one>Dendrogramm</one> besteht aus welchen zwei Komponenten? (1) <one>Knoten</one> (<royalblue>nodes</royalblue>) (2) <one>Ästen</one> (<royalblue>branches</royalblue>)
81
+ - Evolutionär betrachtet: was bringt <one>exon shuffling</one>? Wir erzeugen so <one>neue Exons</one>.
82
+ - Was ist <one>molekulare Evolution</one>? Evolution ist die Veränderung des Eigenschaftsgefüge der Organismen (phänotypische Änderung) in der Zeit, verursacht durch Selektion.
83
+ - Gibt es eine bessere Bezeichnung für <one>missing links</one>? Ja, und zwar <one>connecting links</one>.
84
+ - Was wurde aus den <one>Synapsiden</one>? Die <one>Säugetiere</one>.
85
+ - The <one>largest group of Bacteria</one> are ... ? The <one>Proteobacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria
86
+ - Nenne ein prominentes Beispiel für <one>adaptive Evolution</one> beim Menschen. A: Die <one>Pigmentierung von Menschen</one>.
87
+ - Whether a mutation is <one>advantageous</one> or <one>disadvantageous</one>, or neither, depends very much on ... ? <one>Environmental conditions</one>.
88
+ - What is meant with the term <one>phylotypic stage</one>? This is a phase during development where species within a phylum are particularly similar to each other.
89
+ - In <one>molecular evolution</one> we can see the neutral theory. Why the name <one>neutral</one> here? This refers to the fact that most amino acid substitutions in proteins would be <one>neutral</one> or <one>nearly neutral</one>. They would nto change the function of the protein at hand whatsoever.
90
+ - In <one>molecular evolution</one>, what is <two>WGD</two>? <one>WGD</one> refers to <one>Whole-genome duplication</one>.
91
+ - Wie gross wurde der <one>Homo rudolfensis</one>? Etwa <one>1.5 Meter</one> (<two>150cm</two>).
92
+ - Name <one>the three main principles</one> of the theory of evolution by natural selection. A: (1) <one>Principle of variation</one> (2) <one>Principle of heredity</one> (3) <one>Principle of selection</one>
93
+ - <one>Evolutionary forces</one> can change variation within a population in which two different ways? (1) it can <one>increase variation</one> (2) it can <one>decrease variation</one>
94
+ - Anderer Begriff für <one>eine spezifische Anpassung</one>? <one>Adaptation</one>.
95
+ - <one>Wann</one> gab es eine plötzliche Zunahme in der Vielfalt vieler Tierstämme? Im Zuge der <one>kambrischen Explosion</one>.
96
+ - Name <one>a gene that evolves fairly slowly</one>, from an evolutionary point of view. A: The gene for the <one>16S rRNA</one>. This allows the historical record preserved in its gene sequences to be kept relatively intact.
97
+ - <one>Charles Darwin</one> is very renowned in <two>evolutionary biology</two> due to his famous <three>theory of natural selection</three>. Was he the first to have proposed the concept that organisms evolve/change? No. For example, Jean-Baptise Lamarck suggested that <one>the environment</one> could act to change organisms directly.
98
+ - Gab es <one>marine Dinosaurier</one>? Nein. (Die <royalblue>Plesiosaurier</royalblue> sind eine separate Gruppe).
99
+ - Jablonka & Lamb's interpretative mutations model mentions <one>induced local mutations</one>. What does this mean? The more a gene is transcribed, the higher its mutation rate.
100
+ - The <one>neutral theory of molecular evolution</one> was proposed by Motoo Kimura in which year? It was proposed in the year <one>1968</one>.
101
+ - Was sind die <one>Cetacea</one>? <one>Ursprüngliche Walarten</one>.
102
+ - Unterscheide zwischen den beiden Begriffen <one>prägamen Isolationsmechanismus</one> und <one>postgamen Isolationsmechanismus</one>. A: Dies ist in der Evolution eine genetische Trennung (Isolation) die vor dem sexuellen Kontakt wirksam sein können (prägamer Mechanismus) oder nach sexuellem Kontakt (postgamer Mechanismus).
103
+ - A. W. für <one>Artaufspaltung</one>? <one>Diversifikation</one>.
104
+ - <one>Charles Darwin</one> stated that there are three <two>critical ingredients to evolutionary change</two>, which are... ? (1) <one>Variation</one> (2) <one>Selection</one> (3) <one>Time</one>
105
+ - <one>Plant breeders</one> are an example for <two>artifical selection</two>. They typically select for ... ? The <one>highest-yielding plants</one>.
106
+ - Is <one>Overdominance</one> a balancing selection? Yes.
107
+ - Das Protein <one>Ovomucin</one> (<three>Ovomucoid</three>) gilt als ein Beispiel für <two>domain duplication</two>. Was kann dieses Protein normalerweise? Es <one>kann Trypsin inhibieren</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovomucin
108
+ - Why are there no phylogenetic analysis for parasitic plants based on chloroplasts? Because <one>they have lost chloroplast sequences</one>.
109
+ - Can we resolve the tree in <one>hard polytomy</one> with additional data? No.
110
+ - Was waren die entscheidenden Veränderungen im Laufe der letzten Millionen Jahre, die uns Menschen kennzeichnen? (1) der <one>aufrechte Gang</one> (2) Gehirnvergrösserung (3) Sprachentwicklung (4) Werkzeugentwicklung
111
+ - In a <one>phylogenetic tree</one>: different branch lengths typically reflect ... ? The <one>evolutionary time</one>.
112
+ - In <one>phylogenetics</one>: what do we mean with a <one>dichotomy</one>? This is a (rooted) tree with sets of <one>bifurcating branches</one>.
113
+ - Warum benötigen wir <one>Gaps</one> bei einem <two>Sequenzvergleich</two>? Damit wir <one>das optimale Alignment homologer Nukleotidpositionen</one> finden können.
114
+ - In general, on a molecular level: an <one>imprecise excision</one> may lead to ...? <one>Deletion of genes</one>.
115
+ - Was ist der Unterschied zwischen einem <one>Geweih</one> und einem <one>Gehörn</one>? (1) Geweihe sind Knochenbildungen, die auch abgewerfen können. (2) <one>Gehörne</one> sind eine Bildung der Haut, die zeitlebens wachsen und niemals abgeworfen werden.
116
+ - Give an example for a <one>polyphyletic group</one>. A: <one>Carnivorous plants</one>.
117
+ - Allgemein finden wir <one>endemische Arten</one> häufig ... wo? Auf <one>Inseln</one>.
118
+ - What was <one>Darwin's first key insight</one>? That <one>species might</one>/<one>could change</one>.
119
+ - Was ist <one>Neopilina</one>? Eine <one>Muschel</one>.
120
+ - Are <one>orthologs</one> related by <two>linear descent</two>? Yes.
121
+ - Nenne ein einfaches Beispiel, das gegen die Theorie "<one>erworbene Eigenschaften sind vererbbar</one>" spricht. A: Die <one>Bonsaibäumchen</one>. Samen dieses Baumes wachsen zu ganz normalen Bäumen heran.
122
+ - <one>Darwin</one> schlussfolgerte etwas aus seiner eigenen Theorie, und zwar in bezug auf die Tatsache das nicht alle Nachkommen überleben können, da ... ? Da die Tragekapazität eines Lebensraumes begrenzt ist.
123
+ - Name an advantage of <one>gene duplication events</one>. A: <royalblue>Gene duplication events</royalblue> <one>provide backups</one>.
124
+ - Was ist <one>Cryogenium</one>? <one>Snowball Earth</one>. Die Vereisung der Erde im <two>Neoproterozoikum</two> (also <three>vor etwa 630-850 Millionen Jahren</three>).
125
+ - Name a famous slogan said by <one>Theodosius Dobzhansky</one>. A: "<one>Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.</one>"
126
+ - Was bewirkt die <one>adaptive Radiation</one>? Das <one>die Artenvielfalt ansteigt</one>.
127
+ - In evolution: what may happen when <one>an exon</one> is <two>inserted</two> into <one>an intron</one>? A <one>frameshift</one> may occur.
128
+ - Die <one>Zweigspitzen</one> des Stammbaums den Darwin ursprünglich gezeichnet hat, stellen was dar? Die Artenvielfalt der Organismen, die heute leben (rezent sind).
129
+ - Wie können wir <one>biologisch</one> die Dauer der Evolution abschätzen? Durch die <one>Anzahl von Mutationen zwischen Genen</one>. Dies dient als ein Mass für die evolutionäre Distanz.
130
+ - Bei einem <one>phylogenetischen Stammbaum</one>, ähnlich dem der von Darwin verwendet wurde: was stellen die Gabelungen dar? Diese repräsentieren jeweils einen <one>gemeinsamen Vorfahren</one>.
131
+ - The key to <one>species differences</one> under the biological species concept is ... ? <one>Reproductive isolation</one>.
132
+ - What is meant with the term <one>gametic isolation</one>? This refers to a case where mating between individuals of different species may take place, but <two>their gametes fail to form zygotes</two>.
133
+ - <one>Wann</one> begann Darwin seine Reise an Bord der HMS Beagle (Angabe des Jahres reicht)? Im Dezember <one>1831</one>.
134
+ - According to the <one>Ohno model</one>, a view pioneered by Susumu Ohno, gene duplication creates ... ? <one>Redundancy</one>.
135
+ - Was bedeutet <one>Evolution</one>? <one>Veränderung in der Zeit</one>.
136
+ - What is meant with the term <one>behavioural isolation</one>? This is the case <one>when differences in behaviour</one> <two>prevent interbreeding between two species</two>. It can be found in some frogs where male frogs attract only those females that are responding to those calls. If they do not respond then these male frogs can not breed a new generation.
137
+ - Nenne zwei Beispiele für <one>Brückentiere</one>. A: (1) Der <one>Quastenflosser</one> (2) Der <one>Archaeopteryx</one>
138
+ - <one>Cladogenesis</one> occurs through ... ? <one>Speciation</one>.
139
+ - Was ist der <one>Limulus</one>? Ein <one>Pfeilschwanzkrebs</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeilschwanzkrebse
140
+ - Nenne die <one>drei Kingdoms bei den Archaea</one>. A: Merkslogan <royalblue>Creuko</royalblue> (1) Kingdom <one>Crenarchaeota</one> (2) Kingdom Euryarchaeota (3) Kingdom <one>Korarchaeota</one>
141
+ - Was war <one>das erste fast vielzellige Gebilde in der Evolution</one>? <royalblue>Volvox</royalblue> (<one>die erste Leiche in der Evolution</one>).
142
+ - The <one>nucleobase ribosylation problem</one> is circumvented by the assembly proceeding through ... which interesting molecule? <one>2-aminooxazole</one>.
143
+ - Was ist <one>molekulare Evolution</one>? Das ist die Veränderung des Eigenschaftsgefüge der Organismen in der Zeit, verursacht durch Selektion.
144
+ - What is <one>microevolution</one>? This is evolutionary change within "populations of a species".
145
+ - How can we define the term <one>species</one> in an evolutionary context? A species is an evolutionarily independent group of organisms.
146
+ - Name the <one>three ways</one> to <two>generate homoplasy</two>. A: (1) <one>parallel evolution</one> (2) <one>convergent evolution</one> (3) <one>secondary loss</one>, aka a reversion to an ancestral condition
147
+ - Give another name for the term <one>phylogeny</one>. A: <one>Evolutionary history</one>.
148
+ - Welche Person entwickelte die alte <one>Kataklysmentheorie</one> (Katastrophentheorie)? <one>Georges Cuvier</one>.
149
+ - What is meant with the term <one>hybrid sterility</one>? This refers to the fact that hybrid embryos complete development, but are stilere - so their genes can not be passed between two parental species. An example for this are <one>the mules</one>, offspring between <two>donkeys</two> and <two>horses</two>.
150
+ - Nenne ein anderes Wort für <one>Homologues</one>. A: <royalblue>ERE</royalblue> (<one>Evolutionary Related Equivalents</one>).
151
+ - How does the <one>phylogenetic species concept</one> define a species? A species is the smallest recognizable group that has a unique evolutionary history.
152
+ - In evolutionary genetics: <one>genetic evidence</one> in general comes from which two main sources? (1) The genomes of living individuals that must have been passed down from ancestors. (2) Ancient DNA from well-preserved organic remains, which may or may not be represented now in living descendants.
153
+ - The <one>sickle-cell allele</one> is maintained in which populations? In <one>populations exposed to malaria</one>.
154
+ - What is meant with the term <one>Balancing selection</one>? This is <one>selection that maintains variation</one>.
155
+ - <one>Selection that maintains variation</one> is called ... ? <one>Balancing selection</one>.
156
+ - <one>Overdominance</one> is one type of balancing selection. How does the <two>heterozygote</two> relate to the <two>homzygotes</two> here? The heterozygote will have a higher fitness than either homozygote.
157
+ - Name a curious reason as to <one>the causative agent of selective pressure on (some) bighorn sheep</one>. A: <one>Trophy hunting</one> by men.
158
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Koprolith</one> gemeint? <royalblue>Koprolith</royalblue> bezeichnet <one>versteinerten Kot von Fischen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koprolith
159
+ - What is the <one>double-psi barrel</one> and why is it important in evolution? <royalblue>RNA-Polymerases</royalblue> evolved from this ancient double-psi barrel. This may be important to explain RNA molecules of today.
160
+ - Was ist eine <one>Apomorphie</one>? Ein <one>abgeleitetes Merkmal</one>. Es handelt sich hier um ein Merkmal, das im Vergleich zum Vorfahren der jeweils betrachteten Stammlinie neu erworben wurde, also <royalblue>eine innovative Neuentwicklung darstellt</royalblue>.
161
+ - In welchem Zeitalter traten die ersten <one>echten Säugetiere</one> erstmals auf? In der <one>Jura</one>.
162
+ - How can we define an <one>ultrametric tree</one>? In an <one>ultrametric tree</one>, the number of mutations is assumed to be proportional to the temporal distance of a node to the ancestor.
163
+ - What are <one>teleosts</one>? A: Teleosts are ray-finned fish.
164
+ - What key insight did <one>Alexander Oparin</one> have? Life evolved before there was any oxygen in the air.
165
+ - Wie wird eine Gruppe bezeichnet, die eine Stammart enthält, aber nicht alle Nachkommen? <one>Paraphyletisch</one>.
166
+ - Welche Person isolierte im Jahre 1983 <one>RNAse P</one>? <one>Sidney Altman</one>.
167
+ - What means the term <one>Exaptation</one>? This is <one>the shift in function of a trait during evolution</one>.
168
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Mikroevolution</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet <one>die Veränderung der genetischen Zusammensetzung einer Population von einer Generation zur nächsten</one>.
169
+ - Wie entstehen <one>analoge Merkmale</one>? Durch <one>konvergente Evolution</one>.
170
+ - Wer war der bedeutendste Evolutionsbiologe der vordarwinistischen Ära? <one>Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck
171
+ - The evolutionary events that are part of <one>macroevolution</one>, can lead to ... ? To the <one>emergence of new species</one>.
172
+ - Bei <one>Maximum Parsimony</one>: welchen Baum suchen wir hier? Den <one>kürzesten Baum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_%28phylogenetics%29
173
+ - What does the <oen>neutral-mutation hypothesis</one> by <two>Motoo Kimura</two> suggest? It suggests that most variations in DNA and protein sequences are functionally equivalent, thus adaptively neutral - individuals with different molecular variants have equal fitness.
174
+ - <one>Coacervates</one> are derived from ... ? <one>Colloids</one>.
175
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel eines Lebewesens mit <one>balanciertem Polymorphismus</one>. A: Der <one>Zweipunkt-Marienkäfer</one>.
176
+ - Name the <one>four evolutionary forces</one> that bring about change in the allelic frequencies of a population. A: (1) <one>Mutation</one> (2) <one>Migration</one> (3) <one>Genetic drift</one> (4) <one>Selection</one>
177
+ - Why are, in <one>overdominance</one>, both alleles maintained in a population? Because the heterozygous individuals have the highest fitness while possessing botha lleles. Thus, neither allele becomes fixed in a population.
178
+ - Was ist <one>Apomixis</one> und bei wem tritt sie auf? A: Apomixis ist eine Form der Fortpflanzung, bei der keine Meiose und keine Verschmelzung von Gameten vorkommen. Es ist also eine "ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung" die vor allem <one>bei polyploiden Formen</one> auftritt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis
179
+ - Nenne ein Projekt der NASA, bei dem Projektmanagementkenntnisse notwendig waren. A: Das <one>Apollo Project</one>.
180
+ - Give an example for <one>overdominance in mankind</one>. A: The <one>variation in the beta-globin gene</one>, resulting in <one>sickle-cell anemia</one>.
181
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>phylogenetische Analyse</one>. A: Die <one>Stammbaumanalyse</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammbaumanalyse
182
+ - A. W. für <one>die drei Ur-Königreiche</one>? Die <one>Dreifaltigkeit des Lebens</one>.
183
+ - Wieso wendet man das <one>Hardy-Weinberg Gesetz</one> an? Um zu prüfen ob in einer Population (messbare) Evolution stattfindet oder nicht.
184
+ - Welche Theorie führte <one>John Maynard Smith</one> in die Evolutionslehre ein? <royalblue>ESS</royalblue>: <one>Evolutionäre stabile Strategie</one>.
185
+ - Are the <one>Archaea</one> more closely related to the <two>Bacteria</two> or more closely related to the <two>Eukaryotes</two>? Archaea are more closely related to the Eukaryotes.
186
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>Großgruppe</one>, die ausgestorben ist. A: Die <one>Trilobiten</one>.
187
+ - To study genetic variation, early evolutionary geneticists were forced to rely on ... ? <one>Phenotypic traits that had a simple genetic basis</one>.
188
+ - What is meant with the term <one>Co-Evolution</one>? <royalblue>Coevolution</royalblue> occurs when two or more species <one>reciprocally affect each other's evolution</one>.
189
+ - Wenn <one>mehr als zwei Äste von einem Knoten in einem Dendrogramm ausgehen</one>, dann sprechen wir von ...? <one>Polytomie</one>.
190
+ - Anderer Begriff für einen <one>Stammbaum</one>? <one>Dendrogramm</one>.
191
+ - Ist die <one>Substitutionsrate</one> abhängig von der Funktion des Gens? <royalblue>Ja</royalblue>: <one>je wichtiger ein Gen</one> für den Organismus ist, <one>desto geringer ist die Substitutionsrate</one>.
192
+ - What is meant with the term <one>anagenesis</one>? This refers to <one>the evolution taking place in a single lineage</one>.
193
+ - What is meant with the term <one>cladogenesis</one>? This refers to <one>the splitting of one lineage into two</one>.
194
+ - A. W. für <one>Genealogie</one>? <one>Ahnenforschung</one>.
195
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>ein evolutionär sehr gut konserviertes Protein</one>. A: <one>Cytochrom c</one>.
196
+ - Wann entwickelten sich <one>invasive Plazenten</one> im gemeinsamen Vorfahren von Orangutans, Gorillas, Schimpansen und Mensch? Vor ca. <one>15 Mio. Jahren</one>.
197
+ - <one>Wann entstand der moderne Mensch</one>, der von uns anatomisch kaum zu unterscheiden ist? Vor <one>200.000 Jahren</one>.
198
+ - Wie heissen die <one>Ornithischia</one> mit ihrer deutschen Bezeichnung? <one>Vogelbeckensaurier</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelbeckensaurier
199
+ - Nenne <one>ein homologes Merkmal</one> das <two>von allen Lebewesen geteilt wird</two>. A: Der <one>genetische Code</one>.
200
+ - Who are <one>the closest relatives of vertebrates</one>? The <one>Tunicates</one> (<royalblue>Ascidians</royalblue>).
201
+ - Wieso benötigen wir <one>Gaps</one> bei einem Sequenzvergleich zwischen Genomsequenzen aus der freien Natur verschiedener Art? Gaps erlauben uns ein optimales Alignment zu erreichen, indem wir auch Lücken berücksichtigen um ein möglichst optimales Ergebnis erzielen zu können.
202
+ - Anderer Begriff für einen <one>phylogenetischen Baum</one>? <one>Kladogramm</one>.
203
+ - <one>Wie lang</one> wurden die <two>Stosszähne von Mammuts</two>? <one>5 Meter</one>.
204
+ - Womit korreliert die <one>Färbung von Guppymännchen</one>? Mit dem <one>Feinddruck</one>.
205
+ - Give a specific example for <one>coevolution</one>. A: The <one>evolutionary interactions between flowering plants and insects</one>.
206
+ - The <one>Kringle structure</one> can be found in which gene? <one>Plasminogen</one>.
207
+ - Name an organism that plays a role in <one>cryptic speciation</one>. A: Endosymbiotic bacteria like <royalblue>Wolbachia</royalblue>. They <one>can manipulate host reproduction</one>.
208
+ - <one>Wale</one> sind eine Teilgruppe der ... ? <one>Paarhufer</one>.
209
+ - What does the <one>McDonald-Kreitman test</one> show? It shows <one>if a gene is under positive selection</one>.
210
+ - Was sind <one>Homologien</one>? Dies sind grundsätzliche Übereinstimmungen von Körperstrukturen, die auf einem <one>gemeinsamen evolutiven Ursprung</one> beruhen.
211
+ - Nenne 3 Methoden das Alter von Fossilien zu bestimmen. A: (1) "Radiometrische Altersbestimmung" (2) "Stratigraphische Altersbestimmung" (3) <one>Altersbestimmung durch Leitfossilien</one>
212
+ - Der Kontinent <one>Pangea</one> entstand aus welchem Superkontinent? Aus <one>Rodinia</one>. URL: http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/images/Rodinia.gif
213
+ - Which <one>two classes of pseudogenes</one> can we distinguish in molecular evolution? (1) Intron-containing (2) Intron-less
214
+ - <one>Phylogenies</one> can be depicted as ... ? <one>Trees</one>.
215
+ - What is <one>Ribotyping</one>? A technique for <one>bacterial identification based on rRNA</one>.
216
+ - Was sagte <one>Aristoteles</one> über die Arten? Aristoteles meinte das die Arten <one>unveränderlich</one> sind.
217
+ - Wie hiess der <one>Urozean</one> auf der Erde? <one>Panthalassa</one>.
218
+ - Definiere <one>Teleologie</one>. A: Die Auffassung von der Zielgerichtetheit und der Zweckbestimmtheit von Ereignissen.
219
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>phyletische Evolution</one>? <one>Anagenese</one>.
220
+ - Give two evidence for the <one>RNA World</one>. A: (1) the <one>discovery of ribozymes</one> (2) rRNAs can self-splice, without the need for a protein
221
+ - Die Sequenz des <one>eyeless-Gens</one> ähnelt welch anderem Gen? <one>Pax6</one> (im <royalblue>Maus-Genom</royalblue>).
222
+ - Was sind <one>Rassen</one>? <one>Teilpopulationen</one> ein und derselben Art.
223
+ - <one>Disruptive selection</one> can <two>drive evolutionary branching</two>. Give an example for this. A: An example for disruptive selection would be the rise of birds with large and small beaks, well adapted to crack seeds of certain size, whereas the birds with intermediately sized beaks have a disadvantage, as they can not find perfectly matching seeds.
224
+ - Woraus bestehen eigentlich die <one>Stromatoliten</one>? Aus <one>fossilisierten Cyanobakterien</one>.
225
+ - Which <one>domains of life</one> do possess <two>Histones</two>? A: (1) <one>Archaea</one> (2) <one>Eukarya</one>
226
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine gegenwärtig stattfindende natürliche Selektion, die das Leben der Menschen stark beeinflusst. A: Die Entwicklung von <one>medikamentenresistenten Krankheitserregern</one>.
227
+ - Name one big problem of the <one>RNA world</one>-theory? RNA is more reactive than DNA, thus it is also <one>less stable</one>.
228
+ - Was ist <one>Speziation</one>? <one>Artbildung</one>.
229
+ - When did <one>the great oxidation event</one> occur? <one>2.4 billion years ago</one>.
230
+ - Was bezeichnet der Begriff <one>Mikroevolution</one>? Mikroevolution bezeichnet die Veränderung der Allelfrequenz in einer Population im Laufe der Zeit.
231
+ - <one>Hypermutations</one> may be beneficial to a species. How so? Hypermutations will enable some cells to rapidly adapt to changing conditions in order to <one>avoid the entire population from becoming extinct</one>.
232
+ - Was ist <one>Biogeografie</one>? Die Wissenschaft, die <one>geographische Verbreitungsmuster von Arten</one> untersucht.
233
+ - Für den Nachweis das es <one>Evolution in der RNA-Welt</one> gibt hatte Spiegelmann einen Versuch mit dem <two>Coliphagen Q-Beta</two> durchgeführt, in-vitro, einem RNA-Phage. In welchem Jahr hat er dies getan? <one>1965</one>.
234
+ - Since when do we have the earliest (indirect) evidence of <one>stone tools</one> in mankind? At around <one>3.4 million years ago</one>. Cut marks from stone tools were found at Dikika, Ethiopia.
235
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>De-Extinction</one>? Zum Beispiel <one>das Mammut wieder zum Leben erwecken</one>.
236
+ - Nenne den <one>Begründer der Paläontologie</one>. A: <one>Georges Cuvier</one>.
237
+ - Haben es <one>bunte Fischmännche</one> einfacher? Kaum - zwar wirken sie stärker auf die Weibchen, sind jedoch auch <one>anfälliger gegenüber Prädatoren</one>.
238
+ - <one>Domain duplications</one> can do what on the molecular level? Domain duplication can produce long molecules with repetitive domains, e.g. Immunoglobulins or Cadherins.
239
+ - Do <one>polyphyletic groups</one> include a common ancestor? No.
240
+ - <one>Simultaneous divergence</one> can be seen in <two>soft polytomy</two> or in <two>hard polytomy</two>? In <one>hard polytomy</one>.
241
+ - Allgemein formuliert: wie können wir <one>ein Alter zu einem Fossil</one> zuweisen? Mittels <royalblue>radiometrischer Datierung</royalblue> (<one>radiometric dating</one>).
242
+ - Was heisst <one>Parsimony</one> und was bedeutet dieses Prinzip in der Evolutionsforschung? Habe ich konkurrende Möglichkeiten so entscheide ich mich für die Option, bei der ich weniger Annahmen machen muss. Dies ist das Prinzip der <one>sparsamsten Erklärung</one>.
243
+ - What are <one>adaptive mutations</one>? These are <one>mutations that improve the fitness of an organism</one>.
244
+ - The <one>ultrametric tree</one> is plotted against ... ? <one>Time scale</one>.
245
+ - What means the term <one>inclusive fitness</one>? Ones genetic contribution to future generations should be measured in terms of the survival and reproductive success of kin, other than just ones immediate offspring.
246
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>EvoDev</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet die <one>evolutionäre Entwicklungsbiologie</one>.
247
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>phyletische Evolution</one>? <one>Anagenese</one>.
248
+ - <one>Chloroplasts</one> descended from ... ? <one>Cyanobacteria</one>.
249
+ - Was bezeichnen wir mit dem Begriff <one>opportunistischer Evolution</one>? Bereits existierende Prozesse werden umgewidmet, statt der Entwicklung eines völlig neuen Prozesses.
250
+ - Was ist <one>neutrale Evolution</one>? Eine funktionell unwirksame Umwandlung in der Aminosäuresequenz.
251
+ - Die <one>Seelilien</one> gehören zu den ... ? <one>Echinodermata</one>.
252
+ - In Biology: what is <one>divergent evolution</one>? This is classical, <one>branch-like evolution</one>, where there is one common ancestor, and different new subtypes/species.
253
+ - What is <one>Abiogenesis</one>? The emergence of biological life from inorganic matter.
254
+ - Wie können wir nachweisen das eine <one>Evolution der Organismen</one> stattgefunden hat? Mittels <one>Fossil-Funde</one>.
255
+ - Welche <one>Tiergruppe</one> kann als die ersten Fische bezeichnet werden? Die <one>Agnatha</one>.
256
+ - Unterschied zwischen direkter und indirekter Nachweis bei der Evolutionsforschung? (1) Direkter Nachweise sind zum Beispiel Fossilien oder Selektionsexperimente im Labor. (2) Indirekte Nachweise sind Homologien- und Analogienforschung anhand rezenter und fossiler Organismen.
257
+ - We can say that <one>Molecular Evolution</one> combines four fields - <two>Biology</two>, <two>Computer Science</two>, <two>Mathematics</two> and ... ? <one>Evolutionary Biology</one>.
258
+ - Wer war der <one>führende Geologe</one> zu Darwin's Zeiten? <one>Charles Lyell</one>.
259
+ - A. W. für <one>earth's original atmosphere</one>? The <one>primary atmosphere</one>.
260
+ - Welche für die Evolution wichtige Idee pionierte <one>Lamarck</one>? <one>Arten können sich verändern</one>.
261
+ - Was ist <one>Syntopie</one>? Lagebeziehung eines Organs zu benachbarten Organen.
262
+ - Give another name for an <one>ultrametric tree</one>. A: A <one>dendrogram</one>.
263
+ - Nenne die vier <one>direkten Nachweise</one> in der Evolutionsforschung. A: (1) <one>Fossilfunde</one> (2) Selektionsexperimente im Labor (3) Kurzzeitbeobachtungen in Populationen (4) Langzeitbeobachtungen in Populationen
264
+ - A. W. für <one>common ancestor</one>? <one>Founding organism</one>.
265
+ - Was sind <one>Strata</one>? Übereinanderliegende Gesteinsschichten.
266
+ - Was sind die <one>Pterosaurier</one>? Dies sind die <one>Flugsaurier</one>.
267
+ - The number of rRNA and tRNA genes correlates with ...? It <one>correlates with genome size</one>.
268
+ - Was war <one>das erste bekannte Landwirbeltier</one>? Der <one>Ichthyostega</one>.
269
+ - Wann lebte <one>Archaeopteryx</one>? Der Archaeopteryx lebte im Jura.
270
+ - Give another term for <one>line of descent</one>. A: <one>Lineage</one>.
271
+ - Was ist eine <one>Homoiologie</one>? Ein Spezialfall, bei dem sich die Wissenschaftler nicht sicher sind, und deshalb auch keine eindeutige Analogie möglich ist.
272
+ - In general: what is <one>the root of a phylogenetic tree</one>? The <one>most recent common ancestor of all the sequences</one>.
273
+ - Was ist der Unterschied zwischen <one>Umgebung</one> und <one>Umwelt</one>? (1) Umgebung ist ein neutraler Begriff (gesamter Lebensraum einer Art). (2) Umwelt ist der Anteil einer Art, der die für sie lebensnotwendigen Faktoren enthält.
274
+ - Was ist die <one>Evolutionsökologie</one>? Eine Mischung aus Evolution und Ökologie.
275
+ - Nenne zwei <one>Möglichkeiten wie Arten</one> entstehen können. A: (1) <one>allopatrisch</one> (2) <one>sympatrisch</one>
276
+ - Nenne zwei Vertreter der <one>Carnosauria</one>. A: (1) <one>Tyrannosaurus</one> (2) Albertosaurus URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertosaurus
277
+ - Was heisst <one>Microraptor</one>? <one>Kleiner Räuber</one>.
278
+ - In der Phylogenie: welcher Punkt hat keine <one>outgroup</one>? Der Baum aller Organismen, sprich - <one>der Ursprung des tree of life</one>.
279
+ - Was ist eine <one>Cladogenese</one>? Wenn eine Spezies sich in <one>zwei verschiedene Tochterspezies</one> umwandelt.
280
+ - What does the <one>Muller's ratchet</one> postulate? Small, asexual populations decline in fitness over time if the mutation rate is high. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller's_ratchet
281
+ - Nenne <one>drei Methoden</one> mit denen wir das Alter von Fossilien bestimmen können. A: (1) Radiometric dating (2) Stratigraphy (3) Molecular clocks
282
+ - Exon insertions into introns often leads to...? It can lead to <one>frameshifts</one>.
283
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>innerartliche Selektion</one>. A: Die <one>sexuelle Selektion</one>.
284
+ - The number of rRNA genes correlates with ...? It <one>correlates with genome size</one>.
285
+ - Was verstehen wir unter einer <one>homologen Sequenz</one>? Dies ist eine Sequenz, die aus einer <one>gemeinsamen Stammsequenz</one> entstanden ist, wie zum Beispiel das Cytochrom-b-Gen verschiedener Tierarten.
286
+ - Wer war der Begründer der modernen Geologie? <one>Charles Lyell</one>.
287
+ - Wieso brauchen Männchen <one>männliche Kampfstrukturen</one>? Diese dienen dazu andere Männchen zu besiegen und dadurch Zugang zu den Weibchen zu erlangen, um sich fortpflanzen zu können.
288
+ - What are the <one>Fusulinida</one>? An extinct order within the <one>Foraminifera</one>.
289
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für den Begriff <one>apopmorphes Merkmal</one>? <one>Abgeleitetes Merkmal</one>.
290
+ - In der <one>molekularen Evolution</one>: was heisst <two>DDC Modell</two>? Duplication, Degeneration, Complementation.
291
+ - In bioinformatics: a <one>phylogram</one> contains informative ... ? <one>Branch lengths</one>.
292
+ - Was sind die nächsten Verwandte der Wale? Die <one>Flusspferde</one>.
293
+ - Was besagt die <one>Theorie des Gradualismus</one>? Die Arten verändern sich allmählich, in kleinen Schritten.
294
+ - Welches Experiment erweiterte das <one>Millerexperiment</one>? Das <one>Yanagawa-Experiment</one>.
295
+ - In der Evolutionsbiologie: in einem Dendrogramm, was sind die "OTUs"? <one>Operational taxonomic units</one>.
296
+ - In der Evolution: was ist <one>LCA</one>? <one>Last common ancestor</one>.
297
+ - What do we mean with <one>The Great Oxygenation Event</one>? This is the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen (O2) in the atmosphere of the earth. It happened around 2.3 billion years ago.
298
+ - Wieviel % aller Arten die jemals gelebt haben, sind heute ausgestorben? <one>99%</one>.
299
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>adaptiver Radiation</one>? Dies ist die Entstehung vieler Arten aus einer einzigen, phylogenetischen Linie.
300
+ - Was ist das <one>Sphenodon</one>? Eine <one>Brückenechse</one>.
301
+ - Was besagt der <one>Punktualismus</one>? Wichtige Ereignisse in der Evolution gingen mit sehr kurzen Phasen ausgeprägter Artbildung einher.
302
+ - A. W. für <one>whole genome duplication</one>? <one>Polyploidy</one>.
303
+ - Wann (in n Jahren) gab es <one>die ersten Dinosaurier</one>? Vor 245 Millionen Jahren.
304
+ - <one>Water on earth</one> came from ...? (1) <one>Comets</one> and (2) <one>volcanic outgasing</one>
305
+ - Name 4 ways how <one>gene duplication</one> can occur. A: (1) Unequal crossing-over (2) Unequal sister chromatid exchange (3) DNA amplification (4) Replication slippage
306
+ - What is the opposite of <one>convergent evolution</one>? <one>Divergent evolution</one>.
307
+ - Was sind die <one>Prosimia</one>, was sind die "Anthropoidea", und was hat das mit den Lemuren zu tun? Die Prosimia sind die "Halbaffen", die Anthropoidea sind die menschenähnlichen Affen. Die Lemuren gehören zu den Prosimia.
308
+ - Was sind <one>Brückentiere</one>? Zwischenformen in der Evolution, die stammesgeschichtliche Verwandtschaft zweier Tiergruppen zeigen.
309
+ - Welche drei <one>Homologie-Kriterien</one> gibt es? (1) Kriterium der <one>Lage</one> (2) Kriterium der <one>spezifischen Qualität</one> (3) Kriterium der Kontinuität (mittels Übergangsreihen)
310
+ - Was heisst <one>LUCA</one>? A: <one>Last Universal Common Ancestor</one>.
311
+ - Was ist <one>Koprolit</one>? <one>Versteinerter Kot</one> (meistens von <royalblue>Fischen</royalblue>).
312
+ - Wie heisst <one>Ursuppe</one> auf englisch? <one>Primordial soup</one>.
313
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse</one> in der Biologie? <one>Phylogenie</one>.
314
+ - <one>Sloth phylogeny</one> revealed that they are quite closely related to ... which other animal group? The <one>anteaters</one>.
315
+ - Give an example for <one>homoplasy</one> at the molecular level. A: Proteases, such as the serine proteases, have a catalytic site with a similar environment, which has <one>evolved independently</one>.
316
+ - Bei Evolution ist <one>welcher Faktor</one> extrem wichtig? Der Faktor <one>Zeit</one>.
317
+ - Give 4 reasons why SSU rRNA genes are excellent candidates for <one>phylogenetic analysis</one>. A: (1) universally distributed (2) functionally constant (3) sufficiently conserved (4) of adequate length to provide a deep view of evolutionary relationships
318
+ - What do we mean with the term "Evo-Devo"? Evolutionary developmental biology.
319
+ - Gib ein Beispiel für "convergent evolution". A: Adlerschwingen und Bienenflügel.
320
+ - Was besagt der "Gradualismus"? Änderung durch kleinste Schritte.
321
+ - What did Georges Cuvier theory state? Many species that had once existed were now extinct.
322
+ - When did the "great oxidation event" occur? About 2.4 billion years ago.
323
+ - Nenne 4 Ansätze wie wir das Evolutionsgeschehen dokumentieren können. A: (1) Fossilbelege (2) direkte Beobachtungen des Evolutionsgeschehens (3) Homologien (4) biogegraphische Hinweise
324
+ - Wann wurde die "molecular clock" postuliert? 1962, von Zuckerkandl und Pauling.
325
+ - Definiere "sexuelle Selektion". A: Sexuelle Selektion fördert jegliches Verhalten und das Herausbilden von Strukturen, die für ein Individuum die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, einen Geschlechtspartner für die Kopulation zu finden.
326
+ - Who is the "most basal chordate"? Amphioxus.
327
+ - Letzter lebender Verwandter der Dinosaurier? Die Brückenechse in Neuseeland.
328
+ - Was ist die "biologische Fitness"? Der unterschiedliche Fortpflanzungserfolg.
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Excel
3
+ #
4
+ # This is for excel-related stuff, the software.
5
+ # =========================================================================== #
6
+
7
+ - Wie nennen wir ein Stabdiagramm in excel, auf Englisch? <one>Bar chart</one>.
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # Fluorescence in-situ hybridization
3
+ # =========================================================================== #
4
+
5
+ - Was heisst <one>M-FISH</one>? <one>Multicolor Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung</one>.
6
+ - Nenne einen Nachteil von "FISH" in der mikrobiellen Ökologie. A: Das Detektionslimit liegt bei nur etwa 10 ** 3 Zellen pro ml.
7
+ - What means "FISH" Technique? Fluorescence in situ hybridization.
8
+ - Nenne ein Problem von "FISH" in der mikrobiellen Ökologie. A: Die Hintergrundfluoreszenz vieler Proben erschwert den Nachweis.
9
+ - What does the abbreviation "MAR-FISH" stand for? This is the combination of "microautoradiography" and "fluorescence in situ hybridization".
10
+ - Was heisst "GISH"? genomic in-situ hybridization
11
+ - What does "Q-FISH" stand for? Quantitative FISH.
12
+ - Why is "Fiber FISH" useful in Cytogenetics? Because it allows us to assess the length of DNA probes; Fibre-FISH can distinguish two probes separated by 1 kb on a DNA fibre.
13
+ - In FISH we need a "target-specific probe". How long are these oligonucleotides typically? About 20 oligonucleotide pairs.
14
+ - In FISH, when we design a probe, we have two competing constraints to consider. Which ones? (a) The probe must be large enough to hybridize specifically with its target. (b) The probe must not be so large as to impede the hybridization process.
15
+ - In FISH, when may we wish to use probes that hybridize along an entire chromosome? This can be used to count how often a certain chromosome appears.
16
+ - Was heisst "M-FISH"? Multicolor Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization.
17
+ - What means "CARD-FISH"? Catalyzed reporter deposition.
18
+ - How long does FISH take in order to complete? About 3 days.
19
+ - What is the advantage of using Flow-FISH? We can quantify the copy number of specific repetitive elements in genomic DNA. It is a combination of flow cytometry and cytogenetic fluorescent in situ hybridization staining protocols.
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Fluorescence Microscopy
3
+ # =========================================================================== #
4
+
5
+ - <one>Jablonski diagrams</one> may show the <tomato>vibrational state</tomato>, and what more (on the right side of the diagram)? The <one>electronic energy levels</one>.
6
+ - Die <one>Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie</one> kann auch benutzt werden aus Sicht der Biochemie, wenn Proteine untersucht werden. Nenne ein Anwendungsbeispiel hierzu. A: Man kann mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie bestimmen, ob zwei Proteine in einer Zelle co-lokalisieren.
7
+ - The <one>Stokes shift</one> is quite important in fluorescence microscopy. Sir Stokes found this in which year? <one>1852</one>.
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Food Microbiology and Food Biotechnology
3
+ #
4
+ # The questions stored here may be shuffled into different files after
5
+ # the exam.
6
+ #
7
+ # For now this file also contains information about toxigenic algae
8
+ # and associated illnesses.
9
+ # =========================================================================== #
10
+
11
+ - Welche <one>drei grundlegenden Stadien beim Brauen</one> können unterschieden werden? (1) Würze herstellen (2) Gärung durchführen (3) in Flaschen füllen und altern lassen
12
+ - For the production of <one>Tempeh</one>: <two>which filamentous fungus</two> is typically employed? <one>Rhizopus spp. molds</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizopus []
13
+ - Why is <one>Nisin</one> used in food biotechnology? Because Nisin can act as a food biopreservative, due to its antimicrobial properties.
14
+ - <one>Animal feed</one> (corn, wheat, barley) <two>lacks which four aminoacids typically</two>? (1) <one>Lys</one> (<two>K</two>) (2) <one>Met</one> (<two>M</two>) (3) <one>Thr</one> (<two>T</two>) (4) <one>Trp</one> (<two>W</two>)
15
+ - <one>The active enzyme in rennet</one> is called ... ? <one>Chymosin</one> (or rennin). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymosin []
16
+ - Warum können wir <one>Pflanzenmaterial</one> zur <two>Alkohol-Herstellung</two> verwenden? <one>Alkohol</one> entsteht <two>aus Zucker</two> - er hat ja OH-Gruppen. []
17
+ - Warum wird <one>Essigsäure</one> in der Nahrungsmittelindustrie verwendet? Essigsäure wird zwecks <one>Essigherstellung</one> verwendet.
18
+ - The <one>two main starter cultures</one> in the <two>production of yogurt</two> are ... ? (1) <one>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</one> (2) <one>Streptococcus thermophilus</one>
19
+ - <one>Ethanol for beverages</one> is typically formed by ... ? By <one>yeasts</one>, mainly <two>Saccharomyces spp</two>. In a few instances also by bacteria, such as Zymomonas mobilis in African palm wines of pulque. []
20
+ - <one>Nisin</one> is a bacteriocin produced by ... which gram-group? <one>Nisin</one> is produced by <two>gram-positive bacteria</two>. []
21
+ - What is <one>rennet</one>? <one>Rennet</one> is <two>a collective name given for commercial preparations containing several enzymes</two>, including acidic proteases extracted from animal tissue (from the stomach).
22
+ - The <one>ethanol concentration can be increased by ... </one>? <one>distillation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation
23
+ - <one>Casein</one> <two>forms micelles</two>; the individual sub-micelles have what diameter? A diameter between 10 to 15 nm. []
24
+ - Was sind <one>trockene Weine</one>? Weine in denen <one>praktisch der gesamte Zucker vergoren wurde</one>. []
25
+ - <one>Sauermilcherzeugnisse</one> gewinnt man unter Verwendung von (allgemein) ...? <one>Milchsäurebakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milchs%C3%A4urebakterien []
26
+ - The <one>largest non-food application for starches</one> is ... ? <one>Papermaking</one>. []
27
+ - <one>Sake</one> hat <two>n%</two> <three>Alkoholgehalt</three> (von, bis)? <one>16-18%</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake []
28
+ - Name a <one>hepatotoxin</one> <two>produced by toxigenic algae</two>. A: The <one>yessotoxin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin []
29
+ - <one>Saccharomyces ellipsoideus</one> wird zur Herstellung von ... genutzt. A: <one>Wein</one>. []
30
+ - <one>Ethanol concentration</one> <two>is limited by sugar concentration and ... </two>? By the <one>ethanol tolerance of yeast</one>. []
31
+ - <one>Alkoholgehalt</one> von <two>Reiswein</two>? <one>20%</one>. []
32
+ - How are <one>toxins from algae</one> called? <one>Phycotoxins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycotoxin []
33
+ - <one>L-cystein</one> <two>can be extracted from hair and from ... </two>? <one>Feathers</one>. []
34
+ - <one>Which three core sciences</one> may form the very basis of <two>food biotechnology</two>? (1) <one>Microbiology</one> (2) <one>(Bio)chemistry</one> (3) <one>(Reaction) engineering</one> []
35
+ - Name a <one>low-caloric sweetener</one> used in food biotechnology. A: <one>Aspartame</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame []
36
+ - Say that we have <one>casein micelles</one> and then apply the enzyme <two>rennet</two> to these micelles. What will happen? These micelles will slowly form a so-called <two>rennet coagulum</two>.
37
+ - <one>LAB</one> refers to which bacteria? To the <one>Lactic Acid Bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria []
38
+ - <one>Tempeh</one> is made from ... ? <one>fermented soybeans</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh []
39
+ - <one>Aspartam</one> wurde in welchem Jahr entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1965</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartam#Entdeckung_und_Zulassung []
40
+ - <one>Lactococcus lactis</one> produce cheese such as the <two>C</two> ... ? The <one>Camembert</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camembert []
41
+ - <one>Chymosin</one> is <two>an enzyme used in the dairy industry</two>. It belongs to which enzyme group? <one>Chymosin</one> belongs to the <two>aspartic, acidic proteases</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymosin
42
+ - Is <one>chymosin</one> a stronger protease than pepsin? <one>No</one> - <two>pepsin is a much stronger protease</two>. []
43
+ - <one>Chymosin</one> <two>has how many amino acids</two>, approximately? About <one>323 amino acids</one>.
44
+ - Die <one>Untergärung von Bier</one> erfolgt typischerweise <two>bei wieviel Grad Celsius</two>? <one>0-2° Celsius</one>. []
45
+ - <one>Warum</one> kann die <two>Alkoholdestillation</two> funktionieren? <one>Ethanol</one> verdampt bei <two>78° Celsius</two>, <one>Wasser</one> hingegen erst bei <two>100° Celsius</two>.
46
+ - The <one>fifth taste</one> is ... ? <one>Umami</one>. []
47
+ - Beim <one>Brauen von Bier</one>: <two>woher stammt typischerweise das Malz</two>? Aus der <one>Gerste</one>, nach der Keimung der Gerste. []
48
+ - <one>Erythritol</one> is what kind of molecule? <one>Erythritol</one> is a <two>sugar alcohol</two>. []
49
+ - In Food Biotechnology: <one>which aminoacid</one> is the one that is produced the most, in tons, per year? <one>L-Glutamate</one>. []
50
+ - <one>Amino acids</one> in food biotechnology are typically used as ... ? <one>Flavor enhancers</one>. []
51
+ - Name an advantage that the polymer <one>Gellan</one> has, as it is used for foods. A: One advantage is that <one>Gellan is stable at fairly high temperature</one>.
52
+ - Is <one>chymosin</one> <two>kept in an inactive form</two>? Normally <one>yes</one>; <two>via an autocatalytic process it is activated</two>.
53
+ - Das <one>Orleans-Verfahren</one> ist eine Methode zur ... ? <one>Essigherstellung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essig#Orl%C3%A9ans-Verfahren_(Oberfl%C3%A4chenverfahren) []
54
+ - For the production of <one>L-serine</one> in food biotechnology: what is the immediate predecessor of <one>L-serine</one>? <one>Phosphoserine</one>.
55
+ - Aus <one>Alkohol</one> stellt man wie <two>Essigsäure</two> her? Unter <one>Verwendung eines Oxidationsmittels</one>.
56
+ - For aminoacid production: <one>why</one> do we wish we avoid <two>chemical procedures</two> here? Because they may lead up to <one>racemic mixtures</one>, in particular <two>methionine</two>.
57
+ - <one>Welcher Alkohol</one> führte zur <two>Gründung Israels</two>? <one>Butanol</one>. []
58
+ - <one>Unterschied in der Reifung</one> zwischem rotem und weissem Wein? <crimson>Roter Wein</crimson> muss gereift werden, weisser Wein nicht.
59
+ - <two>Unterschied</two> zwischen <one>Rotwein</one> und <one>Rosewein</one>? Rotwein gärt mit Trester (Schalen, Kerne, Stiele), <two>Rosewein ohne Schalen</two>.
60
+ - Give an example for <one>a nutritionally enhanced food</one>. A: <one>Golden Rice</one>. It may offer <two>beta-carotene</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_rice []
61
+ - Anderer Begriff für das <one>Butteraroma</one>? <one>Diacetyl</one>. []
62
+ - <one>Erythritol</one> contains how many C atoms? <one>Four</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythritol []
63
+ - <one>Erythritol</one> became a commercial success in the 1990s in which country? In <one>Japan</one>. []
64
+ - Wie lange (in Tagen, von-bis) reift <one>Camembert</one>? <one>9-11 Tage</one>. []
65
+ - What is the difference between <one>dark beer</one> and <one>light beer</one>? <one>Dark beer</one> <one>contains more alcohol</one>. []
66
+ - <one>Waxy corn starch</one> is considered useful because it has a high content of <two>amylopectin</two>. But why is <two>amylopectin</two> useful? It is <one>relatively easy to gelatinise</one>.
67
+ - Woraus wird <one>Malz</one> hergestellt? Aus <one>Getreide</one>, genauer gesagt aus <two>Gerste</two>. []
68
+ - Im Jahr <one>2012</one> konnte eine <two>produktive Milchkuh</two> mindestens <three>wieviel Liter Milch pro Jahr</three> liefert? Mindestens <one>8.000 Liter</one>. []
69
+ - Welches <one>Volk</one> entdeckte das <two>Flaschenbier</two>? Die alten <one>Ägypter</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_des_Bieres#%C3%84gypten []
70
+ - <two>Welche Milch</two> wird bei <one>Roquefort</one> verwendet? <one>Schafsmilch</one>. []
71
+ - <one>Toxigenic algae</one> may <two>bioaccumulate toxins</two> in ... which other species? <one>Large fish</one>.
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Forensik (forensik tag)
3
+ # =========================================================================== #
4
+
5
+ - Die <one>Totenstarre</one> an einer menschlichen Leiche tritt <two>zuerst</two> wo auf, anatomisch betrachtet? Im <one>Kieferbereich</one>. []
6
+ - Die Schlüssel zur Erkennung spurenarmer Tötungsdelikte sind Fehler, die dem Täter unterlaufen. Wie nennen wir dies noch? <one>Situationsfehler</one>.
7
+ - Nenne zwei <one>späte Leichenerscheinungen</one>. A: (1) <one>Verwesung</one> (2) <one>Mumifikation</one>
8
+ - Welche <one>Berufsgruppe</one> ist mitunter häufig als <two>Salzleiche</two> zu finden? <one>Verunglückte Bergleute</one>.
9
+ - Die Liegezeitschätzung einer Leiche erfolgt häufig nach welcher Regel? Nach der <one>Casper'schen Regel</one>.
10
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine konservierende Leichenveränderung. A: <one>Fettwachsbildung</one>.
11
+ - Fördert eine zentrale Lage im Massengrab die Skelettierung? Nein, im Gegenteil - sie verzögert die Skelettierung.
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Forstwirtschaft
3
+ #
4
+ # Also vor allem Wissen über Bäume.
5
+ # =========================================================================== #
6
+
7
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>forstliche Bringungsanlage</one> im Sinne des Bundesgesetzes. A: <one>Forststraßen</one>. []
8
+ - Was meinen wir mit der <one>Walderschließung</one>? Dies ist die Summe aller Einrichtungen und Maßnahmen zusammen, die dazu dienen, (a) den <one>Zugang</one> zu den einzelnen Waldflächen (b) die <one>Zuführung</one> von Betriebsmitteln und (c) den <one>Abtransport</one> der erzeugten Forstprodukte, zu erleichtern.
9
+ - <one>Transportsysteme in der Forstwirtschaft</one> bestehen aus welchen <two>zwei Komponenten</two>? (1) Ortsfesten Erschließungsanlagen, die permanent im Gelände angelegt sind (2) Transportmittel, die mobil im Gelände eingesetzt sind.
10
+ - <one>Wer</one> definierte den Begriff <two>Forstwissenschaft</two>? <one>Johann Heinrich Cotta</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Cotta []
11
+ - Ein <one>Forstgebiet</one> mag natürliche Resourcen bieten, aber für deren Abbau ist in der forstwirtschaftlichen Praxis was wichtig? Die <one>Zugänglichkeit</one> zu diesen Ressourcen.
12
+ - Anteil des <one>Schutzwaldes</one> in Österreich, in Prozent? <one>19% der Waldfläche</one>. []
13
+ - In der Forstwirtschaft, bei der Beurteilung von Produktionssystemen: nenne <one>3 Einteilungen</one> hierzu wie man diese Produktionssysteme nach unterschiedlichen Gesichtspunkten einteilen kann. A: (1) Die Wirtschaftlichkeit (2) Die Umweltverträglichkeit (3) Die Sozialverträglichkeit
14
+ - Nenne <one>drei Naturgefahren in alpinen Regionen</one>. A: (1) <one>Hochwasser</one> (2) <one>Muren</one> (3) <one>Lawinen</one> []
15
+ - <one>Wann</one> gab es das erste, österreichische Forstgesetz? <one>1852</one>. []
16
+ - Im Jahre 2010, bei Holz und Holzprodukten: wie hoch war der Überschuss für Österreich gegenüber Importen und Exporten? <one>3.42 Mrd. Euro</one>.
17
+ - Was ist das <one>Ziel eines forstlichen Produktionssystems</one>? <one>Holz</one> - und zwar <two>in einer bestimmten Menge</two>, in einer "bestimmten Qualität" sowie zu einem <three>bestimmten Zeitpunkt</three>.
18
+ - Nenne eine <one>Pflicht</one> in der Forstwirtschaft. A: Die <one>Wiederbewaldungspflicht</one>. URL: https://noe.lko.at/verpflichtung-zur-rechtzeitigen-wiederbewaldung+2400+3383687 []
19
+ - In Österreich nimmt der Holzvorrat zu. Welche <one>zwei Gründe</one> sind hierfür ausschlaggebend? (1) die Waldfläche nimmt zu (2) der Wald wird geringer genutzt
20
+ - Nenne <one>die beiden verbreitesten Bäume (Baumarten) in Österreich</one>, <two>zu etwa 60% und 10% jeweils</two>. A: (1) <one>Fichte</one> (2) <one>Buche</one> []
21
+ - Beim <one>integralen Risikomanagement in der Forstwirtschaft</one>: nenne 3 Punkte hierzu. A: (1) <one>Risikoanalyse</one> (2) <one>Risikobewertung</one> (3) <one>Risikomanagement</one>
22
+ - Anteil, <one>in %</one>, des öffentlichen Waldes in Österreich? <one>18%</one>. []
23
+ - Was ist ein <one>Forst</one>? Dies ist <one>ein Altersklassenbestand an Bäumen</one> aus einer Monokultur.
24
+ - Nenne <one>vier Waldfunktionen</one>. A: (1) Nutzwirkung (2) Schutzwirkung (3) Wohlfahrtswirkung (4) Erholungswirkung
25
+ - Beim <one>Fällen eines Baums</one>: in welche Richtung zeigt das Fallkerb? In die <one>Fällrichtung</one>. []
26
+ - Eine <one>Bringungsanlage</one> im Sinne des Forstgesetzes ist, abgesehen von einer Forststraße, was noch? Eine <one>forstliche Materialseilbahn</one>.
27
+ - <one>Wie hoch</one> wird die Fichte in etwa? <one>55 Meter hoch</one>. []
28
+ - Wie vermehrt sich allgemein der <one>Niederwald</one>? Der Niederwald zeigt eine <one>vegetative Vermehrung</one>. []
29
+ - Bei der Rückung des Holzes: wer oder was hat mit <one>53,1% Anteil</one> den hierbei höchsten Wert? <one>Schlepper</one>, inklusive Traktoren. []
30
+ - Historisch betrachtet gilt: <one>keine Forstwissenschaft ohne ... </one>? <one>Holzmangel</one>. []
31
+ - In Hektar: <one>wieviel Waldfläche hat Österreich</one>? Etwa <one>vier Millionen Hektar Wald</one>.
32
+ - Was ist mit der Aussage <one>der Borkenkäfer, wie der Buchdrucker, ist ein Sekundärschädling</one> gemeint? Das er den Wald zum Beispiel nach einem Sturmereignis schädigt.
33
+ - Was ist die dominante Laubbaumart in Mitteleuropa? Die <one>Rotbuche</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotbuche []
34
+ - Wie hat man früher, vor den Maschinen, Bäume gemeinschaftlich gefällt? Mit Hilfe der <one>Zugsäge</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ge []
35
+ - Sollten Bäume eher im Sommer oder im Winter gefällt werden? Im Winter, da hier die Baumqualität meistens besser ist. []
36
+ - Wald und Holz machen etwa <one>n% des österreichischen Bruttoinlandsprodukts</one> (BIP) aus? Etwa <one>4%</one>. []
37
+ - Zunahme der Waldfläche in Österreich, in ha / Jahr? 7.500 ha/Jahr. []
38
+ - Unter den Laubbäumen haben wir in Österreich am meisten Buchen, mit wieviel % Anteil? Etwa 10%. []
39
+ - Abgesehen von der erhöhten Produktivität, nenne einen Vorteil der <one>vollmechanisierten Holzernte</one> gegenüber der "motormanuellen Holzernte". A: Es gibt <two>weniger Arbeitsunfälle</two> bei der vollmechanisierten Holzernte. []
40
+ - Wieviel Prozent der Holzproduktion in Österreich gehen in den Export? Etwa <one>70</one>%. []
41
+ - In Österreich, in etwa im Jahre 2010: <one>wieviele Menschen</one> leben von <two>Wald und Holz</two>? Etwa <one>300.000</one>. []
42
+ - Nenne einen <one>natürlichen Feind</one> des Waldes. A: Der <one>Borkenkäfer</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkenk%C3%A4fer []
43
+ - Gibt es in Österreich mehr Nadelwald oder mehr Laubwald? Viel mehr Nadelwald; etwa 71.4%. []
44
+ - Wieviel Prozent des österreichischen Waldes ist in Privatbesitz? 82%. []
45
+ - Sind <one>Forststraßen</one> im Wald Teil des Waldes? Ja. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forststra%C3%9Fe []
46
+ - Beim <one>forstlichen Ingenieurwesen</one>: wie nennen wir den Vorgang, bei dem wir Holz aus einem Wald produktiv nutzbar machen? <one>Erschließungstechnik</one>. []
47
+ - In Österreich, wieviel Prozent seiner Fläche ist von Wald bedeckt? Etwas mehr als 47%, zumindest im Jahre 2011. []
48
+ - Wie nennen wir die <one>Erntemaschine des Waldes</one>? <one>Harvester</one>. []
49
+ - Nenne eine sehr einfache Methode zur <one>Bestimmung der Baumhöhe</one>. A: Das <one>Försterdreieck</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsterdreieck []
50
+ - Haben wir in Österreich mehr Laubholz oder mehr Nadelholz? Mehr Nadelholz: 66.95%. []
51
+ - In der Forstwirtschaft: was ist das <one>Normalwaldmodell</one>? Dies ist ein Konzept zur <one>Sicherung der nachhaltigen Holzproduktion</one>.
52
+ - Wächst in Österreich mehr Holz nach als geerntet wird? Ja. []
53
+ - In der <one>Forstwirtschaft</one>: was sind <two>Wuchsgebiete</two>? Wuchsgebiete sind <one>Großlandschaften</one> (Naturräume) mit weitgehend einheitlichem Klimacharakter und einheitlichen, geomorphologischen Grundeinheiten.