studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Immunologie tag
+#
+# Bacca tag. Immuno tag. Imm tag. Immtag. Immun tag. Krankheiten tag. 
+# Krankheit tag. Disease tag.
+#
+# Antibodies werden seit Mai 2016 NICHT mehr hier gesammelt.
+#
+# Allergene kommen in die Datei "allergie".
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- In immunology: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>LFA-1</one>? <one>Low-affinity integrin</one>.
+- In Immunology the adhesion molecule <one>CD44</one> <two>is a receptor for what exactly</two>? For the glycosaminoglycan <one>hyaluronan</one>.
+- In the <one>human blood</one>: may we find <two>more B cells</two> or <two>more T cells</two>? <one>More B cells</one>; <two>twice the amount than T cells</two>. []
+- In Immunology: the <one>plasma cells</one> <two>derive from ... </two>? <one>B-cells</one>.
+- <one>Which person</one> integrated the <two>variolation procedure</two>, at around the year 1720, from Turkey to England? <one>Mary Montague</one>.
+- Der <one>prozentuale Anteil von Langerhans-Zellen an allen epidermalen Zellen</one> <two>beträgt etwa n%</two>? Etwa <one>3%</one>.
+- Werden <one>TLRs</one> <two>intrazellulär exprimiert</two>? <one>Manche ja</one>; <two>in endosomalen Kompartimenten</two>. Beispiele hierfür: <three>TLR 3, 7, 8 und 9</three>.
+- Vor allem welche Zellen exprimieren <one>TLR9</one>? Die <one>pDCs</one> (<two>plasmacytoid dendritic cells</two>).
+- Wie wird <one>klonale Kontraktion</one> auf englisch genannt? <one>Clonal downsizing</one>.
+- Name <one>four specific examples</one> for <two>phagocytes</two>. A: (1) <one>Macrophages</one> (2) Monocytes (3) <one>Neutrophils</one> (4) <one>Dendritic cells</one>
+- Was bedeutet <one>IgY</one> in der Immunologie, das <two>Y</two>? <one>Y</one> ... <one>yolk</one> (<two>Eidotter</two>) []
+- <one>Which cells</one> actively suppress responses against self-antigens? The <one>regulatory T cells</one>.
+- What happens if we knock out the gene for the <one>Fas-death receptor</one> <two>in mice</two>? This prevents the normal death of some lymphocytes - they will thus accumulate, which may lead to an autoimmune disease.
+- Nenne einen <one>Proteinkomplex</one>, der mit dem Steroidrezeptor im Kern interagieren kann. A: <one>NF Kappa Beta</one>.
+- <one>Gewicht der Milz</one> <two>beim Menschen</two>? <one>200 Gramm</one> (also <two>0.2 kg</two>).
+- Wenn wir in der <one>Fluoreszenzmikroskopie</one> <two>alle Leukocyten markieren wollen</two>, könnten wir einen Antikörper gegen welches CD-Molekül verwenden? <one>Anti-CD45</one>.
+- What is the <one>dual function</one> of dendritic cells? (1) "antigen presentation" (2) <one>phagocytosis</one>
+- Well <one>over 50% of leukocytes circulating in the bloodstream</one> is made up of ... ? <one>Neutrophils</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil []
+- <one>1885</one> entwickelte <two>Pasteur</two> was? Einen <one>Impfstoff</one> <two>gegen die Tollwut</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur#Pasteurs_erster_humanmedizinischer_Impfstoff:_eine_Therapie_f%C3%BCr_Tollwut []
+- Define <one>fomites</one>. A: These are <one>inanimate objects</one> such as toys or surgical instruments that can also <two>transmit disease</two>.
+- <one>CD8</one> <two>interagiert mit MHC ... </two>? <one>MHC I</one>. []
+- To make an <one>immunotoxin</one>, <two>the binding component of the toxin is replaced with ... </two>? A <one>monoclonal antibody</one>. []
+- <one>MHC I</one> and <one>MHC II</one> <two>are members of which family</two>? They belong to the <one>immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface proteins</one>.
+- We can find at the least <one>three different domains</one> in the <two>IL-17R family</two> (<three>Interleukin-17 receptor family</three>), namely a "transmembrane domain", a cytoplasmic "SERIF domain" and an extracellular ... domain? An <one>extracellular fibronectin III-like domain</one>.
+- <one>In which year</one> was the term <two>cytokine</two> proposed? In the year <one>1974</one>, when Stanley Cohen published an article describing the production of <two>MIF</two> in virus-infected allantoic membrane and kidney cells. This thus showed that the production of these compounds was not limited to immune cells.
+- <one>Cell-associated PRRs</one> are typically also ... associated. A: <one>Plasma membrane-associated</one>.
+- Was heißt <one>Peripoloese</one>, Wort für Wort? (1) <one>peri</one>:    <two>herum</two> (2) <one>polemai</one>: <two>wandern</two>
+- Das <one>Komplementsystem</one> <two>kennt wieviele Lektinwege</two>? <one>2</one>. []
+- How does the human body usually <one>combat toxins</one>, such as the diphtheria toxin? Via <one>antibodies</one> <two>that are selective against these toxins</two>.
+- <one>PAMPs</one> <two>activate which immune response</two>? <one>PAMPs</one> activate the <two>innate immune response</two>. []
+- <one>Welche zwei Wege</one> sind möglich, ausgehend von einer <two>bone marrow stem cell</two>? (1) <one>myeloid  precursor</one> (2) <one>lymphoid precursor</one>
+- Warum ist <one>Rauchen</one> gefährlich für <two>Hefe-Konsumenten</two>? <one>Cytochrom P450</one> wandelt Benzo-Alpha-pyren in cancerogene Epoxide um.
+- <one>Welche Funktion</one> haben <two>regulatorische T-Zellen</two>? Sie <one>unterdrücken die Aktivierung des Immunsystems</one> und verhindern dadurch die Entstehung von Autoimmunkrankheiten.
+- <one>Wieviele unabhängige Genfamilien</one> kodieren für ein Immunglobulinmolekül? <one>3</one>.
+- A <one>naïve T cell</one> is a T cell that has not yet encountered ... ? <one>its corresponding antigen</one>.
+- Man kann die <one>Mustererkennungsstrukturen</one> nach ihrer Lokalisation in <two>welche drei Gruppen</two> einteilen? (1) <one>lösliche Rezeptoren</one> (2) <one>zellmembrangebundene Rezeptoren</one> (3) <one>intrazelluläre Rezeptoren</one>
+- In Immunology: what means a <one>double negative</one> cell? <one>All T cells</one> come from progenitor cells from the bone marrow. They start as CD4- CD8- TCR-cells, which is also called the DN stage. DN for <two>double-negative</two>.
+- <one>Surfactant A</one> und <one>B</one> <two>wirken antimikrobiell</two>. <three>Wo vor allem, im Menschen, finden wir sie</three>? In der <one>Lunge</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> besitzen immer den Oberflächenmarker <two>CD3</two>? <one>CD3</one> ist ein <two>Marker für T-Zellen</two>.
+- <one>How can</one> <two>a cell</two> regulate immune function, that is, within its own boundaries? Via <one>ubiquitination</one>.
+- The <one>immunological synapse</one> is <two>the interface between which two cells</two>? (1) An <one>antigen-presenting cell</one> (2) a <one>lymphocyte</one>, such as an effector T cell or Natural Killer cell
+- <one>Alle Immunzellen entstehen</one> letzten Endes aus ... ? Der <one>pluripotenten, hämatopoetischen Stammzelle</one>.
+- Was geschieht in der <one>roten Pulpa der Milz</one>? <one>Gealterte Erythrozyten</one> werden hier <two>aus dem Blut entfernt</two>.
+- <one>Dendritic cells</one> <two>originate from ... </two>? <one>Myeloid</one> progenitors within the bone marrow.
+- Does <one>serum</one> <two>coagulate</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- <one>Which proteins</one> form the <two>active MAC</two> (<three>membrane attack complex</three>)? <one>C5b-C6-C7-C8-C9</one>.
+- Eine <one>natürliche Killerzelle</one> <two>hat welche Zielstrukturen</two>? (1) <one>virusinfizierte Zellen</one> (2) <one>Krebszellen</one>
+- Does the <one>lectin pathway</one> of the complement system depend on antibody for its activation? <one>No</one>. []
+- The <one>B-cell receptor</one> <two>is similar to its corresponding antibody</two>, <three>except for the carboxy terminus</three>. What difference can we see here? The <one>B-cell receptor</one> has a hydrophobic sequence at its carboxy terminus, for membrane-anchoring. The antibody is more hydrophilic in this part, to allow secretion from the cell.
+- Give a <one>physiological example of passive immunity</one>. A: The <one>transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus</one>. []
+- Was und warum geschieht mit der <one>Milz</one> <two>im Zuge einer Sepsis</two>? Die <one>Milz schwillt an</one> da die Lymphocyten aktiviert werden und somit in ihrer Anzahl zunehmen.
+- Was ist <one>Properdin</one> und <two>wieso ist das von Relevanz für die Immunbiologie</two>? <one>Properdin</one> ist <two>ein Plasmaprotein mit Affinität für C3bBb-Konvertase auf Bakterienzellen</two>.
+- The consequences of <one>IgE-mediated mast cell activation</one> depends on which two aspects? (1) the <one>dose of antigen</one> (2) the <one>route of entry</one>
+- What do we mean with the term <one>opsonin</one>? This is any molecule that can <one>enhance phagocytosis</one> by <two>marking an antigen for an immune response</two>.
+- <one>What happens</one> when <two>the AIRE gene</two> is defect? An <one>organ-specific autoimmune disease</one> is the result.
+- T-Helferzelle und T-cytotoxische Zelle <one>erkennen</one> jeweils verschiedene MHC Moleküle. <two>How can we memorize this</two>? (1) <one>MHC I</one>  <two>one helper</two> (2) <one>MHC II</one> <two>to eliminate invaders</two>
+- <one>LPS</one> <two>is specifically recognised by which TLR</two>? <one>TLR4</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994611/ []
+- The <one>alternative pathway of the complement system</one> <two>involves which four serum proteins</two>? (1) C3 (2) factor B (3) factor D (4) properdin
+- <one>Which immune cells</one> produce <two>Monokines</two>? Only the <one>monocytes</one>. []
+- Der <one>Hauptbestandteil der Epidermis</one> sind ... ? <one>Keratinocyten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinozyt []
+- Können <one>T-Zellen</one> <two>Antikörper bilden</two>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- What is <one>the primary job of CTLs</one> (<two>cytotoxic T-lymphocytes</two>)? The primary job of CTLs is to kill cells that produce foreign antigens, such as cells infected by viruses or intracellular bacteria.
+- When it comes to <one>killing ingested microorganisms</one>: <two>neutrophils</two> versus <two>macrophages</two>. <three>Which one is more effective here</three>? The <one>neutrophils</one>. []
+- Can <one>steroids</one> act as <two>hapten</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Are <one>B-lymphocytes</one> <two>the only cells capable of producing antibodies</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Name <one>the two mature myeloid cells</one>. A: (1) <one>monocytes</one> (2) <one>granulocytes</one>
+- Beim Menschen findet sich das <one>IFN-Alpha</one> (<two>Interferon Alpha</two>) <three>Gen</three> <four>auf welchem Chromosom</four>? Auf <one>Chromosom 9</one>. []
+- Name the <one>three T-cell functions</one>. A: (1) <one>killing</one> (2) <one>activation</one> (3) <one>regulation</one>
+- <one>Which two cells</one> can have a <two>C3b receptor</two> ("C3bR") on their surface? (1) <one>macrophages</one> (2) <one>natural killer cells</one> (NK cells)
+- <one>Complement components</one> <two>constitute n%</two>, by weight, of the serum globulin fraction. A: <one>5%</one>.
+- The <one>ranks of lymphocytes</one> are rapidly swollen via a process called ... ? <one>clonal expansion</one>.
+- Was zeigen <one>Menschen ohne Milz</one> + Beispiel? A: Ein erhöhtes Risiko für Infektionen durch Bakterien mit Kapsel (Beispiel: <two>Pneumokokken</two>).
+- In Immunology: what dual role does the complement protein <one>C3b</one> have? (1) <one>opsonization</one> (2) lysis of a cell through the membrane attack complex
+- Name <one>the three general roles</one> of the <two>complement system</two>. A: (1) <one>opsonization</one> (2) <one>membrane attack complex</one> (3) <one>enhance inflammation</one>
+- <one>How many Toll-like receptors</one> <two>are known in mankind</two>? <one>13</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor#Extended_family
+- Nenne eine <one>immunologische Blotting-Nachweismethode</one>. A: <one>Western Blotting</one>. []
+- Die <one>Komplementkaskade</one> <two>führt letztlich zu einer ...</two>? <one>Akuten Entzündungsreaktion</one>.
+- The <one>activation of natural killer cells</one> <two>by antibodies</two> initiates a <three>cytotoxic mechanism</three> known as ...? <one>ADCC</one>: <two>antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</two>
+- <one>Surfactant protein A</one> <two>has a role in the innate immune system</two>. Which role is that? It is used to <one>opsonize bacterial cells</one> in the alveoli, thus marking them for phagocytosis by "alveolar macrophages".
+- Are <one>the receptors on NK cells</one> <two>distinct from</two> <three>the receptors of T‐ and B‐cells</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- What do we mean with the term <one>immune tolerance</one>? <one>Immune tolerance</one> is <two>the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and foreign</two>.
+- <one>Macrophages</one> <two>can bind to microbes</two>. How is that possible? <one>Macrophages</one> contain <two>phagocytic receptors</two> that can bind these microbes.
+- Name <one>a metal</one> <two>that can cause</two> a <three>type I hypersensitivity reaction</three>. A: <one>Nickel</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel []
+- Welche <one>Immunantwort</one> sehen wir jeweils bei <two>B-Zellen</two> und bei "T-Zellen"? (1) <one>B-Zellen</one>: <two>Antikörper-vermittelte Immunantwort</two>. (2) T-Zellen: <one>Zell-vermittelte       Immunantwort</one>.
+- <one>Which immune cells</one> <two>are</two> by <two>far the strongest activators of naive T cells</two>? <one>Mature dendritic cells</one>.
+- The <one>MBL pathway</one> also has <two>MASP-1</two> and <two>MASP-2</two> <three>which can bind to MBL</three>. <four>What does the abbrevation MASP stand for</four>? <one>MASP</one> stands for <two>MBL-associated serine proteases</two>.
+- As part of the <one>ADCC-response</one> in a human body: <two>which effector cell</two> <three>is the most likely one to participate in this defence</three>? The <one>NK cells</one> (aka <two>natural killer cells</two>). []
+- The <one>HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles</one> <two>are related to which antibodies</two>? To <one>autoantibodies</one>, <two>in positive rheumatoid arthritis patients</two>.
+- In general: <one>when</one> does the <two>pentameric IgM antibody</two> assume its so-called staple configuration? When it is bound to antigen on a target surface.
+- Ultrafiltrat des Blutplasmas. Welcher Zweck steht dahinter? Ernährung der umliegenden Gewebszellen.
+- What is meant with the term <one>immunological tolerance</one>? This is <one>the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen</one>.
+- Name a significant difference between the <one>lectin pathway</one> and the <two>classical complement pathway</two>. A: In the lectin pathway <one>no antibody</one> bound to any target is used.
+- <one>Bacterial</one> <two>fMet-Leu-Phe peptides</two> activate ... which protein in a Neutrophil and what happens afterwards? <one>Rac2</one>. This then leads to the bacteria being taken up into a <two>phagosome</two>.
+- The <one>B-cell</one> <two>displays digested antigens to</two> <three>which other cell</three>? To <one>antigen-specific TH2 cells</one>.
+- The <one>first experimental demonstration of humoral immunity</one> was provided by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato in ... which year? <one>1890</one>.
+- In immunology: what does <one>HLA</one> stand for? <one>Human leukocyte antigen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen []
+- <one>Aktiviert</one> <two>das Komplementsystem</two> T-Zellen? <one>Nein</one>.
+- The <one>adaptive immune system</one> <two>is very specific and efficient</two>. Nonetheless the innate immune system is extremely important for vertebrates. <three>Name the four principal components of innate immunity</three>. A: (1) barriers (such as physical or chemical barriers) (2) phagocytic cells, dendritic cells and natural killer cells (3) blood proteins, such as the complement system or mediators of inflammation (4) <one>cytokines</one>
+- Gehören die <one>Tonsillen</one> zu dem <two>MALT-Gewebe</two>? <one>Ja</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsille []
+- Which two epitope-types exist? (1) <one>Conformational determinants</one> (2) <one>Linear determinants</one>
+- <one>MHC class I</one> binds to ... and <one>MHC class II</one> binds to ...? (1) <two>MHC  I</two> binds to <one>CD8⁺ cells</one>. (2) <two>MHC II</two> binds to <one>CD4⁺ cells</one>.
+- Name a <one>cell type</one> <two>that can kill virus-infected cells</two>. A: The <one>NK cells</one> (<two>Natural kill cells</two>). []
+- <one>Medizinischer Vorteil</one> von <two>Cyclosporin</two> - und wieso ist dies relevant? <one>Cyclosporin kann geschluckt werden</one> (Cyclosporin hilft bei Transplantationen).
+- The <one>cytokine receptors</one> <two>can be grouped into how many major families</two>, in humans? <one>Six</one>.
+- <one>Lectin</one> can, for example, <two>bind to ... </two>? To <one>mannose</one>.
+- Die <one>Aflatoxine</one> <two>können welche Krankheit verursachen</two>? <one>Leberkrebs</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxine
+- <one>IgA</one> <two>kommt in welchen Formen vor</two>? (1) monomer (2) <one>dimer</one> (3) <one>trimer</one>
+- Kann <one>das menschliche Immunsystem</one> <two>Erythrozyten erkennen</two>? <one>Ja</one>, natürlich - <two>siehe das Problem der Blutgruppen und Bluttransfusionen</two>.
+- <one>Cytokines</one> are <two>„... agents“</two>. A: <one>immunomodulating agents</one>.
+- The typical <one>ADCC</one> <two>involves activation of NK cells by antibodies</two>. A NK cell in turn expresses Fc receptors, in particular ... which CD-variant? <one>CD16</one>.
+- The <one>average human</one> requires the production of almost n leukocytes per day? About 4 × 10¹¹ leukocytes per day;this is 400 billion leukocytes per day.
+- <one>Cytosolic DNA sensors</one> <two>typically sense ... </two>? <one>Intracellular bacteria and viruses</one>.
+- Bei einem <one>T-cell antigen receptor</one>: <two>welches Ende</two> <three>ist mit der Membran verankert</three>? Das <one>carboxyterminale Ende</one>.
+- <one>Wie</one> wurden <two>regulatorische T-Zellen</two> früher genannt? <one>Suppressor-T-Zellen</one>.
+- Give an example <one>where</one> and <one>when</one> <two>passive immunity</two> is physiologically important. A: It is <one>important in the transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was <two>smallpox</two> eradicated? In the year <one>1980</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication
+- In der Immunologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>NLR</one>? <one>Nod-like Rezeptor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOD-like_receptor []
+- <one>Why</one> may <two>activation of lymphocytes</two> trigger such a wide response, which may also damage the host? This may often be necessary in order to combat pathogens that, in turn themselves, amplify and proliferate. A small number of lymphocytes has to proliferate in order to deal with amplifying pathogens (such as against pathogenic bacteria or viruses).
+- <one>What exactly</one> is a <two>sepsis</two>? This is <one>a whole-body inflammation</one> <two>caused by an infection</two>.
+- In humans: the <one>confirmed HLA I alleles</one> are ... ? <one>A B C E F G</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde die <two>CD Nomenklatur</two> etabliert? Im Jahre <one>1982</one>.
+- Name a <one>chaperone</one> that is <two>very important in immunology</two>. A: The <one>BiP</one> (<two>binding protein</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_immunoglobulin_protein []
+- <one>T-Helferzellen</one> <two>besitzen welchen CD-Marker</two>? <one>CD4-Marker</one>. []
+- A few <one>Toll-like receptors</one> <two>can bind</two> <three>MyD88</three>. <four>Which domain can do so</four>? A: The <one>cytoplasmic domain</one>.
+- Name <one>the two major functions of sleep</one>. A: (1) remove aging and damaged blood cells (2) initiate adaptive immune responses
+- Wenn wir <one>Papain</one> einsetzen, <two>um einen Antikörper zu schneiden</two>, <three>entsteht was</three>? 2 monovalente Fab-Fragmente und 1 Fc-Fragment.
+- Give a specific example for <two>parenteral transmission</two>. A: For example, a virus transmitted via the "blood system".
+- <one>Hybridomzellen</one> <two>erhält man woraus</two>? Aus der Fusion von <one>B-Lymphozyten der Maus</one> mit <one>Myelomzellen</one>.
+- <one>Plasmazellen</one> <two>produzieren Antikörper</two>. Etwa wie lange, im Durchschnitt? Etwa <one>2-3 Wochen</one>, danach erfolgt die Apoptose.
+- Besitzen die <one>Interferon-Gene</one> <two>Introns</two>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- <one>Which cells</one> form the bridge between innate and adaptive immune response? The <one>dendritic cells</one>.
+- In immunology, <one>why</one>/when may we wish to employ the <one>Jerne-Nordin plaque test</one>? So as to <one>make complement action visible</one>.
+- Do <one>Th1 cells</one> and <one>Th2 cells</one> express the same cytokines? No - they <one>express different cytokines</one>.
+- <one>PAMPs</one> sind hoffentlich bekannt - aber was sind <two>DAMPs</two>, als Abkürzung betrachtet? <one>Damage associated molecular patterns</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25744676/ []
+- Nenne <one>zwei</one> <two>invariable Cofaktorproteine des TCR</two>. A: (1) <one>CD3</one> (2) <one>Epsilon-Kette</one>
+- Give an example for <one>Alarmins</one> in the human body. A: The <one>defensins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensin []
+- Die <one>Mukosa</one> <two>besteht aus welchen zwei Schichten</two>? Aus der <one>oberen Epithelschicht</one> und der <one>darunter liegenden Eigenschicht</one>.
+- Wieso hat man <one>Mäuse ohne Thymusdrüse</one> (thymus glands) entwickelt? Diese <one>Mäuse</one> <two>akzeptieren Organe von Menschen</two>.
+- How do we call <one>the time period</one> in which expanded lymphocyte clones die? <one>Contraction phase</one>.
+- Bei der immunologischen Signaltransduktion: <one>IRAK4</one>, <one>IRAK1</one>, und <one>IRAK2</one> kooperieren mit welch anderem Protein das mit dem Buchstaben <two>T</two> beginnt? <one>TRAF3</one>.
+- The <one>complement protein</one> <two>C1r</two> and <two>C1s</two>, as monomers, each contain two important domains. How are these two domains called? (1) <one>catalytic domain</one> (2) <one>interaction domain</one>
+- Nenne <one>eine Krankheit</one>, bei dem sich der Thymus nicht entwickeln kann. A: Das <one>DiGeorge Syndrom</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome
+- Genetically viewed: <one>where</one> precisely can we find the <two>Recombination Signal Sequences</two>? Next to the regional gene segments - <one>V, D and J</one>.
+- Das <one>C9-Fragment</one> <two>des Komplementsystems</two> bildet einen Kanal von ... <three>n Angstrom</three> Durchmesser? Etwa <one>100 Angstrom</one>.
+- <one>Innate Immunity</one> <two>is largely a function of ... </two>? <one>Phagocytes</one>.
+- Welche drei Klassen von Granulozyten existieren? BEN. (1) basophil (2) eosinophil (3) <one>neutrophil</one>
+- <one>Welche drei Wege</one> gibt es, <two>das Komplementsystem zu aktivieren</two>? (1) <one>klassischer Aktivierungsweg</one> (2) <one>alternativer Aktivierungsweg</one> (3) <one>Lektin Aktivierungsweg</one>
+- In Immunology: there is the so-called <one>CLIP</one>. <two>What does this abbreviation stand for</two>? <one>Class II-associated invariant chain peptide</one>. It belongs to the MHC II molecule.
+- <one>Wie lange</one> benötigt die <two>Herstellung eines polyklonalen Antikörpers</two>? <one>4-6 Wochen</one>.
+- Where exactly can the <one>surrogate light chain</one> be found? In the <one>pre-BCR cell</one>. We can find a heterodimer composed of an immunoglobulin heavy chain molecule (IgH) covalently associated with an immunoglobulin light chain-like molecule - called the "surrogate light chain" (SL) at this point.
+- Name <one>a cell group</one> <two>that can activate T lymphocytes</two>. A: <one>APCs</one>: <two>antigen-presenting cells</two>.
+- Der <one>TLR5-Rezeptor</one> <two>bindet woran</two>? <one>Flagellin</one>.
+- The <one>epitopes</one> <two>recognized by T-cell receptors</two> are often ... ? <one>buried</one>.
+- Der Marker <one>D15S11</one> wird <two>bei der Diagnose wovon</two> verwendet? Beim <one>Prader-Willi Syndrom</one>.
+- Name <one>an important structural feature</one> of "MHC class I". A: It contains a <one>peptide-binding cleft</one>.
+- <one>Immune responses</one> <two>may be harmful</two>. <three>Give three general examples for this</three>. A: (1) <one>allergies</one> (2) <one>transplant rejection</one> (3) <one>autoimmunity</one>
+- <one>Cell-mediated immunity</one> occurs through which cells? The <one>T-lymphocytes</one>.
+- Name <one>two products</one> <two>by Tc-cells</two> that are produced after antigen presentation. A: (1) <one>granzymes</one> (2) <one>perforin</one>
+- <one>IL6</one> <two>can trigger the production of ... </two>? <one>Acute phase proteins</one> <two>from the liver</two>.
+- Einen <one>Follikel</one> <two>mit einem Keimzentrum</two> bezeichnet man als? <one>Sekundärfollikel</one>.
+- A <one>master regulator of T cell development</one> is ... which transcription factor? <one>BCL11b</one>.
+- Which <one>complement pathway</one> <two>is part of the innate immune system</two>? The <one>alternative pathway</one>, <two>as it is antibody-independent</two>.
+- <one>Antigen elimination</one> <two>often requires the participation of cells that are called ... </two>? <one>Effector cells</one>.
+- <one>Welche Fähigkeit</one> verlieren T-Zellen wenn sie die Rezeptoren verlieren? Die Fähigkeit über die HEV in den Lymphknoten zu gelangen.
+- Der Transkriptionsfaktor "Komplex NF-Kappa B" bewirkt die Synthese von ...? <one>Interleukinen</one>.
+- <one>NK cells</one> <two>have a receptor for IgG</two> and can use it for the <three>antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity</three>. <four>Which CD-receptor is that</four>? This is <one>CD16</one>.
+- <one>How long</one> is <two>a good epitope</two>? About <one>18 - 22 Aminoacids</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> does the human body need <two>chemokines</two>? So that <one>more effector cells can be brought to the site of an infection</one>.
+- <one>Modern immunology</one> <two>started with ... </two>? <one>Edward Jenner</one>'s <two>vaccination against</two> <three>smallpox</three>.
+- Das <one>erste Impfgesetz in Deutschland</one> <two>wurde im welchen Jahr beschlossen</two>? <one>1874</one>; siehe auch https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Impfgesetz
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> sind <two>extrem wichtig</two> <three>um T-Lymphocyten oder B-Lymphozyten zu entfernen</three>, die ansonsten den eigenen Körper angreifen würden? Die <one>regulatorischen T-Lymphocyten</one>.
+- The <one>Mx Proteins</one> <two>are important in immunology</two>. Give another awesome name for them. A: <one>Antiviral Gatekeepers</one> - the Mx proteins <two>restrain the uninvited</two>.
+- Define <one>polyvalent vaccine</one>. A: A vaccine that immunizes against at the least <one>two different diseases</one>.
+- Define <one>lymphocyte repertoire</one>. A: The lymphocyte repertoire is the total number of antigenic specificities in an individual.
+- What is <one>the major difference</one> between the primary and secondary response? The secondary response is <one>stronger</one> - <two>thus, there will be more antibody in the serum</two>.
+- The <one>TCR</one> (<two>T-cell receptor</two>) consists of <three>n subunits</three>? <one>2</one> - it is a <two>heterodimer</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_receptor
+- Eine Zelle ist <one>CD3⁺ CD4⁺</one> ... <two>welche Zelle ist dies</two>? Dies ist eine <one>T-Helferzelle</one>.
+- For <one>TLRs</one>: <two>which signal-transduction component</two> towards other elements of the cell is most important? The <one>MyD88 adaptor</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>C5a</one>? <one>Anaphylatoxin</one>.
+- Aus den <one>myeloiden Vorläuferzellen</one> <two>entstehen welche vier Zelltypen</two>? (1) <one>Bluttplättchen</one> (2) <one>Granulozyten</one> (3) <one>Makrophagen</one> (4) <one>Erythrocyten</one>
+- <one>Tc cells</one> <two>release which three cytotoxins</two>? (1) <one>perforin</one> (2) <one>granzymes</one> (3) <one>granulysin</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulysin
+- Nenne <one>zwei humorale Abwehrfaktoren des Menschen</one>, <two>ausgenommen der Antikörper</two>. A: (1) <one>Lysozym</one> (2) <one>Interferone</one>
+- Do <one>neutrophils</one> <two>kill cells</two> <three>to which they bind</three>? <one>Yes</one>, <two>if it is a microbe</two>, for example.
+- <one>Who or what</one> precisely encodes for the Diphtheria-Toxin? The lysogenic bacteriophage <one>Beta</one>; specifically its <two>tox-genes</two>.
+- The <one>complement reaction sequence</one> <two>begins with ... </two>? An <one>enzyme cascade</one>.
+- Most proteins are <one>immunogenic</one> when injected from a different species. <two>Name two exceptions</two>. A: (1) <one>collagen</one> (2) <one>cytochrome C</one>
+- The <one>lymphoid lineage</one> gives rise to which three cell types? (1) <one>T cell</one> (2) <one>B cell</one> (3) <one>NK cell</one>
+- Was ist ein <one>Idiotyp</one>? Ein <one>Idiotyp</one> ist <two>die Antigenbindungsstelle eines Antikörpers</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiotyp_(Immunologie)
+- <one>CxC chemokines</one> <two>can recruit ...</two>? (1) <one>monocytes</one> (2) <one>lymphocytes</one>
+- <one>Wann</one> ist eine <two>Kreuzreaktion</two> erwünscht? Zum Beispiel bei einer Impfung mit Kuhpockenviren gegen die <one>echten Pocken</one>. (Variola)
+- The <one>TLR4-MD-2 complex</one> ist formed by <two>Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4</two> and the <two>myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)</two>. It thus is a <three>heterodimer</three>. <four>What can it recognize</four>? It <two>can recognize a pattern</two> in <one>structurally diverse LPS molecules</one>.
+- Do <one>natural killer cells</one> <two>kill via apoptosis</two>? <one>No</one> - <two>they kill by binding to their target cell</two> and then <three>releasing cytotoxic factors</three> that cause the death of the target cell.
+- <one>Toll-like Rezeptoren</one> <two>sind bei der angeborenen Immunantwort wichtig</two>. <three>Säugetiere besitzen mindestens n verschiedene Toll-like Rezeptoren</three>? <one>Elf</one> (<one>11</one>).
+- Name <one>4 categories</one> of <two>disease-causing microorganisms</two>. A: (1) <one>fungi</one> (2) <one>viruses</one> (3) <one>bacteria</one> (4) <one>parasites</one>
+- Normalerweise ist <one>die Konzentration von IgE im Serum sehr gering</one>. <two>Bei welcher Personengruppe ist die Konzentration von IgE im Serum hingegen oft sehr stark erhöht</two>? Bei <one>Allergikern</one>.
+- Most people are <one>heterozygous for the MHC</one>. <two>What does this mean, practically</two>? That they will <one>express both MHC variants</one> at the same time.
+- <one>Which protein</one> <two>initiates the assembly of the membrane-attack complex</two>/<two>system</two>? <one>C5b</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_5
+- <one>NK-Zellen</one> gehören zu welcher Untergruppe? NK-Zellen gehören zu den <two>Lymphozyten</two>.
+- <one>DAMPs</one> (<two>Damage-associated molecular patterns</two>) <three>can initiate what</three>? They can initiate and perpetuate a <one>noninfectious inflammatory response</one>.
+- Which are <one>the most abundant, circulating white blood cells</one>? The <one>neutrophils</one>.
+- Which <one>immune cell</one> is particularly <one>active</one> (and important) during the <two>ADCC</two> reaction? The <one>natural killer cell</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515552/#S3title
+- In der Immunologie: was heißt <one>RANTES</one>? <one>Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted</one>.
+- In der <one>Peripherie</one> <two>unterscheidet man zwischen welchen DCs</two>? A: <one>pre DCs</one> versus <one>conventional DCs</one>.
+- Welchen <one>Verlust</one> erleiden <two>Lymphocyten</two> typischerweise? Ihren <one>Homing-Rezeptor</one>.
+- What is <one>the main effector function</one> <two>of B cells</two>? The <one>secretion of antibodies</one>.
+- Welche <one>Surfactant-Proteine</one> <two>wirken in der Lunge</two>? <one>A</one> + <one>D</one>. Diese Proteine <two>opsonieren Bakterien</two>.
+- <one>Wie beeinflusst</one> ein <two>Vitamin-A-Mangel</two> <three>das Immunsystem</three>? Die <one>Schleimhautbarriere ist geschwächt</one>, dadurch dringen Keime einfacher in den Körper.
+- Is <one>apoptosis</one> <two>important in the immune system</two>? <one>Yes</one>. Activated T-cells whose infectous agent was removed, are no longer needed -> <two>Apoptosis</two>.
+- The <one>Bence Jones protein</one> <two>was first described in which year</two>? In <one>1847</one>.
+- <one>Ficolins</one> <two>can bind ... </two>? <one>Carbohydrates</one>.
+- <one>How many nucleotides</one> can be found in the <two>Recombination Signal Sequences</two>? <one>Seven</one> (<one>7</one>).
+- The <one>danger-hypothesis</one> by Matzinger stated that which constitutes the <two>danger</two> signal? <one>Cellular stress</one> or tissue destruction causes the release of cellular contents, which in turn triggers the <two>danger</two> signal.
+- We wish to <one>replace the IL-nomenclature</one>. <two>How and why</two>? The IL-nomenclature is confusing - we should <one>develop a nomenclature based on cytokine structure</one>.
+- <one>RIG-like receptors</one> <two>can recognize ... </two>? <one>dsRNA</one>.
+- <one>MHC restriction</one> <two>is important for which immune cells</two>? The <one>T cells</one>.
+- Name a big <one>difference</one> between <two>NK cells</two> and T or B-cells. A: <one>NK cells</one> <two>lack antigen specificity</two>.
+- When the <one>RANKL gene</one> is disrupted, there may be a lack of which cells? <one>Osteoclasts</one>.
+- Der <one>Lektin-Weg</one>, <two>im Komplementsystem</two>, erkennt ... ? <one>Mannose-Strukturen</one>.
+- <one>L-Selektin</one> <two>bindet an ...</two>? <one>Vaskuläre Adressine</one>: Mucine vom Typ Lewis.
+- When a leukocyte migrates, and interacts with other cells during adhesion (during the <one>rolling adhesion step</one>), before it enters through cells during <two>diapedesis</two>, which step comes between these two steps? The <one>tight binding</one> step.
+- <one>Myasthenia gravis</one> <two>is an autoimmune disease</two>. What happens there? The affected individual makes antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor on their skeletal muscle cells.
+- What was the first <one>PRR</one> (<two>pattern recognition receptor</two>) that was identified? This was the <one>Toll-receptor</one> in <two>Drosophila</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor#Superfamily
+- In immunology, the normal bacterial flora of the body (aka the <one>commensal bacteria</one>) suppresses the growth of many potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi at superficial sites, by competition for essential nutrients or by production of inhibitory substances. <two>How is this phenomenon called</two>? <one>Microbial antagonism</one>.
+- The <one>neutrophil</one> <two>has what kind of nucleus</two>? A <one>multilobed</one> <two>nucleus</two>.
+- Die für die genomischen Umlagerungsreaktionen notwendige <one>Rekombinasen</one> - im Zuge des adaptiven Immunystems - stammen ab von ... ? <one>Prokaryotischen Transposons</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> <two>in der PALS Region</two> findet man B-Lymphocyten? Am Rand, wo sie einen Milz-Follikel bilden.
+- <one>Elie Metchnikoff</one> demonstrated that cells may respond to foreign invaders, by studying a translucent starfish larva. In which year did this occur? In <one>1883</one>.
+- Was findet <one>innerhalb</one> der <two>Hassal-Körperchen</two> statt? <one>Abbau apoptotischer Zellen</one>.
+- The <one>complement fragments</one> <two>interact with one another to form functional complexes</two>. These complexes may be denoted with a horizontal bar on top, e. g. for C4b2a. What does this horizontal bar indicate? That this complex has an <one>enzymatic activity</one>.
+- <one>Which CD</one> can be found <two>regulatory T cells</two>? <one>CD25</one>.
+- Was ist <one>Zöliakie</one> und wieso mag dies in der Immunologie von Relevanz sein? <one>Zöliakie</one> ist <two>eine chronische Erkrankung</two>, die durch den Genuss <three>glutenhältiger Speisen</three> ausgelöst wird.
+- Nenne zwei <one>Integrine</one> aus der Familie der <two>Immunglobulin-Super-Genfamilie</two>. A: (1) <one>ICAM-1</one> (2) <one>VCAM-1</one>
+- <one>Neutrophils</one> <two>can trap microorganisms</two>? <one>Yes</one>: <two>Neutrophils can expel their chromatin to produce</two> <three>NETs</three>. They can do so by using the enzyme PAD4, which modifies histones in a way that promotes unraveling of chromatin.
+- The <one>Autoimmune regulator</one> has been <two>shown to interact with which other protein</two>? It can interact with the <one>CREB binding protein</one>.
+- Name the <one>three routes</one> to complement activation. A: (1) <one>classical pathway</one> (2) <one>alternative pathway</one> (3) <one>lectin      pathway</one>
+- The <one>tonsils</one> and <one>adenoids</one> <two>form a ring of lymphoid tissues around the entrance of the gut and airway</two>. How is this ring also called? This is the <one>Waldeyer's ring</one>.
+- Wie könnten wir <one>Liposome</one> vor dem Immunsystem schützen? Durch <one>coating mit PEG</one> (<two>Polyethylenglykol</two>).
+- <one>Elie Metchnikoff</one> discovered <two>phagocytosis by neutrophils</two>. <three>How did he call them back then</three>? <one>Microphages</one>.
+- Nenne <one>eine wichtige Fähigkeit der Milz</one>. A: <one>Abbau von</one> <two>überalterten</two> <one>Erythrocyten</one>.
+- During <one>Extravasation</one>, aka the <two>crossing of endothelial cell wall</two>, phagocytes can squeeze through the basal membrane with the aid of <three>enzymatic degradation</three>, via the <four>MMP-9 enzyme</four>. What is that abbreviation? This is the <one>Matrix Metalloproteinase-9</one> enzyme. This enzyme can cut through the ECM matrix.
+- In humans, name a good <one>(bio)marker</one> for <two>memory B cells</two>. A: <one>CD27</one>.
+- What is <one>the major difference</one> between <two>Alarmins</two> and <two>PAMPs</two>? <one>Alaramins</one> are <two>endogenous molecules</two>.
+- In general: what is meant with the term <one>Immunotherapy</one>? This is when a disease is being fought by the body's own immune system.
+- Das <one>C-reaktive Protein</one> <two>ist wichtig bei der Erkennung bestimmter Membranstruktur von Bakterien</two>. <three>Es bindet an ... </three>? <one>Phosphatidylcholinstrukturen</one>.
+- Give <one>a specific example</one> of a danger through <two>immune senescence</two>. A: Older adults are predisposed to a higher risk of latent virus reactivation.
+- Beim Menschen: <one>ab wann</one> <two>bildet sich der Thymus zurück</two>? Bereits <one>mit Einsetzen der Pubertät</one>.
+- In Immunology: <one>which effect</one> does <two>Interleukin-2</two> have in the human body? <one>Interleukin-2</one> <two>triggers the division of immune cells</two>.
+- <one>Was passiert</one> beim <two>Lupus erythematodes</two>? <one>Antikörper</one> <two>gegen</two> die <three>eigenen Histone</three> werden gebildet.
+- Die <one>Immuntoleranz</one> umfasst immunologische Prozesse in Wirbeltieren zur Vermeidung von ... ? Zur <one>Vermeidung einer Immunreaktion</one>.
+- Die <one>von Köhler und Milstein</one> <two>entwickelte Methode</two> nutzt welche Technik? Die <one>Hybridom-Technik</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridom-Technik
+- If a <one>zone of equivalence</one> is reached in vivo, what can we also observe? That <one>large immune complexes will form in the circulation</one>.
+- <one>Warum</one> ist es für <two>Kinder mit PKU</two> wichtiger wenig Phenylalanin zu sich zu nehmen als für Erwachsene (2 Gründe)? Da das Gehirn sich noch entwickelt und da die Blut-Hirn Schranke bei Erwachsenen stärker ausgeprägt ist.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Vertreter der MALTs</one>. A: (1) <one>Tonsillen</one> (2) <one>Peyer'sche Plaques</one>
+- Kurz formuliert: was sind <one>Hybridomzellen</one>? <one>Fusionszellen</one> aus <one>B-Lymphozyten</one> und <two>Myelomzellen</two>.
+- <one>CD14</one> <two>bindet an ...</two>? <one>LPS</one>.
+- Are <one>Neutrophils</one> <two>able to phagocytose</two>? <one>Yes</one> - in fact <two>they are extremely efficient when it comes to phagocytosis</two>.
+- Die <one>Langerhans Zellen</one> gehören zu den ... ? <one>Dendritischen Zellen</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> is the <two>pIgR (Poly-Ig) Fc receptor</two> important? It will facilitate facilitates the transcytosis of the soluble polymeric isoforms of immunoglobulin A.
+- <one>Which cells</one> display <two>MHC II</two>? <one>APCs</one>: <two>macrophages</two>, <two>dendritic cells</two>, <two>B cells</two>
+- <one>Complement proteins</one> target which bacteria group in particular? Gram-negative ones such as E. coli
+- What is typically meant with the expression <one>immune complex</one>? This is a complex consisting of <one>antibodies</one> and (<two>bound</two>) <three>antigens</three>.
+- <one>MHC-Class I</one> kann <two>Peptidfragmente viraler Proteine</two> <three>in der Zelle binden</three>. <four>Wo genau innerhalb einer Zelle</four>? Im <one>ER</one>.
+- The <one>shared epitope</one>, which can be <two>found in rheumatoid arthritis patients</two>, can activate the production of nitric oxide and ... ? <one>Reactive oxygen species</one> (<cornflowerblue>ROS</cornflowerblue>).
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>LTNPs</one> (<two>long-term non-progressors</two>)? Dies sind Menschen die, zum Beispiel <two>mit dem HI-Virus (HIV) infiziert sind</two> aber <one>nicht an AIDS erkranken</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_nonprogressor
+- In Immunology: <one>ISG15</one> <two>is what gene</two>, as abbreviation? The <one>Interferon stimulated gene 15</one>.
+- Aufgabe der <one>TH2-Zellen</one>? TH2-Zellen <two>stimulieren</two> B-Lymphozyten.
+- <one>Wie</one> werden die <two>Komplementproteine</two> aktiviert? Sequenziell - durch <one>proteolytische Spaltung</one>.
+- Are <one>superantigens</one> <two>connected to</two> <three>MHC class I</three> or <three>MHC class II</three>? <one>Superantigens</one> are connected to <two>MHC class II</two>.
+- If we <one>knock out adaptive immunity</one> but retain innate immunity, what may the most surprising factor be, aside from a slight increase in pathogen load? There will be a <one>substantial increase in the length of infection</one>.
+- <one>Which TNF</one> <two>amplifies the immune response</two> that is also secreted by monocytes? <one>TNF-Alpha</one>.
+- <one>Fc-gamma-RIII</one> <two>has which CD-number</two>? <one>CD16</one>.
+- <one>Welche drei Zelltypen</one> entstehen aus einer <two>lymphoiden Vorläuferzelle</two>? (1) <one>B-Lymphocyten</one> (2) <one>T-Lymphocyten</one> (3) <one>NK Zellen</one>
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> setzen <two>Akute-Phase-Proteine</two> frei? <one>Hepatocyten</one>.
+- <one>Warum</one> sind die <two>eosinophilen Granulozyten</two> so wichtig? Sie haben eine sehr wichtige Effektorfunktion gegen große, nicht phagozytierbare extrazelluläre Ziele wie Würmer und andere Parasiten.
+- What does <one>VSG</one> in the <two>African trypanosomes</two>, stand for? <one>Variant-specific glycoprotein</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei verschiedene Formen der Gewinnung von Antikörpern</one>, <two>in Kurzform</two>. A: (1) <one>monoklonal</one> (2) <one>polyklonal</one> (3) <one>rekombinant</one>
+- Give another term for <one>vaccination</one>. A: <one>Artificial active immunity</one>.
+- Owing to <one>genetic recombination</one>, <two>the adaptive immune system can generate a lot of different antibodies</two>. What is the drawback of this procedure? It is prone to producing receptors that recognize self-molecules.
+- Name <one>a chemokine</one> that will activate neutrophils. A: <one>IL-8</one>.
+- <one>Was genau</one> ist die <two>Diapedese</two>? Das Einwandern von Lymphocyten in entzündetes Gewebe, über das Gefässendothel.
+- Nenne <one>drei Beispiele</one> für <two>Epitope tags</two>. A: (1) <one>HA</one> (2) <one>FLAG</one> (3) <one>myc</one>
+- Nenne <one>zwei primäre lymphatische Organe</one> und <two>zwei sekundäre Lymphatische Organe</two>. A: (1) <one>Primäre</one>: Knochenmark und Thymus (2) <one>Sekundäre</one>: <two>Lymphknoten und Milz</two>
+- <one>TLR5</one> erkennt ... ? <one>Flagellin</one>.
+- <one>Dendritic cells</one> have a characteristic morphology, with multiple long cellular processes - the so called <two>dendrites</two>. What is the function of these <two>dendrites</two>? These <one>dendrites</one> allow the dendritic cells to maximize contact with their surroundings.
+- Die <one>Immuntoleranz</one> wird <two>in welche zwei Bereiche unterteilt</two>? (1) die <one>zentrale Toleranz</one> (2) die <one>periphere Toleranz</one>
+- A <one>lymphocyte</one> <two>can turn into a lymphoblast</two>, by which <three>primary stimulus</three>? By <one>encountering an antigen</one>.
+- <one>Anderes Wort</one> für Tumorsuppressorgen? <one>Anti-onkogen</one>.
+- Name <one>the four major components of the Myddosome</one>. A: (1) IRAK1 (2) IRAK2 (3) <one>IRAK4</one> (4) <one>MyD88</one>
+- Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Typen</one> von <two>dendritischen Zellen</two> (DC) in der <three>Peripherie</three>. A: (1) Konventionelle DCs (2) <one>Vorläufer-DCs</one>
+- <one>Somatic hypermutation</one> <two>occurs where</two> within the human body? In <one>B cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation
+- In immunology: in general, <one>what kind of mice strains</one> seem very desirable in research? <one>Inbred mice strains</one>.
+- In Immunology: what is meant with <one>Bence-Jones protein</one>? These are <one>the antibodies light chains</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein
+- Nenne <one>eine Strategie</one> wie <two>Pilze</two> gegen ROS des Immunsystems vorgehen können. A: Pilze können ROS enzymatisch inaktivieren, über die <one>Superoxidismutase</one>.
+- <one>Welche Entdeckung</one> machte <two>Ilja Metschnikow</two>, die ihm den Nobelpreis sicherte? Das <one>Bakterien</one> <two>durch Leukocyten aufgefressen (= phagozytiert) werden</two>.
+- Die <one>zentrale Toleranz</one> beschreibt die Negativselektion von B- und T-Zellen im Knochenmark bzw. im Thymus, durch welche zwei verschiedene Mechanismen? (1) "induzierte Apoptose" (2) <one>Anergie</one>
+- Die <one>Effektorzellen der Transplantatabstoßung</one> sind ... ? Die <one>T-Helferzellen</one>.
+- Name <one>two natural processes</one> <two>involving angiogenesis</two>. A: (1) <one>lactation</one> (2) <one>wound healing</one>
+- Name the <one>four</one> <two>classical inflammation steps</two>. A: Mnemo: <one>red cat tackles donkey</one> (1) <two>rubor</two> (2) <two>calor</two> (3) <two>tumor</two> (4) <two>dolor</two>
+- <one>Effector T cell functions</one> <two>fall into which three broad classes</two>? (1) <one>killing</one> (2) <one>activation</one> (3) <one>regulation</one>
+- <one>Neutrophils</one> <two>can be stained</two>, <three>via the H+E stain</three>. What colour will they then show? <one>Neutrophils</one> stain pink.
+- In der Immunologie: was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Phasenvariation</one> gemeint? Variationen im Bereich der Oberflächenexpression.
+- Anderer Begriff für ein <one>Vakzin</one>? <one>Immunogen</one>.
+- The <one>second marrow pool of neutrophils</one> is the storage pool consisting of cells that are undergoing ... ? <one>Nuclear maturation</one>.
+- What are "immunogens"? Immunogens are substances that can <two>induce an immune response</two>.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>Simultanimpfung</one>? Dies ist <one>die gleichzeitige</one>, also "simultane", Anwendung einer aktiven als auch passiven Immunisierung gegen einen Erreger.
+- <one>What is</one> <two>the normal function of the immune system</two>? <one>Host defense</one>.
+- <one>Welche Substanz</one> <two>aktiviert Makrophagen</two> zur <three>Neopterin-Ausschüttung</three>? <one>Interferon-Gamma</one> (<two>Interferon-γ</two>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-%CE%B3
+- Um eine <one>Immunantwort</one> wieder <two>abzuschalten</two>, <three>was ist hierbei am wichtigsten</three>? Die <one>Elimination des Antigens</one>.
+- A <one>group of serovars</one> <two>with common antigens</two> is called ... ? A <one>serogroup</one>.
+- <one>NF-KappaB</one> ist ein <two>Dimer</two>, <three>bestehend aus den beiden Untereinheiten p... und p..</three> A: (1) <one>p50</one> (2) <one>p65</one>
+- The <one>eosinophil</one> <two>can kill parasites</two> - but only under which condition? When said parasite is already <one>coated with antibodies</one>.
+- Was bewirkt <one>Cyclosporin A</one> <two>im menschlichen Körper</two>? Cyclosporin A blockiert die <one>Interleukin-2 Produktion</one>.
+- <one>CD4 T-cells</one> recognize antigen presented by <two>MHC class .. molecules</two>. A: <one>class II molecules</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein für das Immunsystem</one> <two>sehr wichtige Beispiel</two> für <three>körpereigene Antigene auf der Oberfläche menschlicher Körperzellen</three>. A: Die <one>Genprodukte</one> des MHCs (<two>major histocompatibility complex</two>).
+- From a structural point of view: what is <one>the main difference</one> between the V and C domain of an antibody? The V domain is larger, by having an extra loop forming the antigen-binding site of the immunoglobulin molecule.
+- <one>How</one> do <two>Tc cells</two> kill? By releasing <one>Perforin</one> and <one>Granzymes</one>.
+- <one>Complement action</one> <two>can be made visible</two> <three>through which test</three>? Through the <one>Jerne-Nordin plaque test</one>.
+- <one>T-cells</one> can be subdivided into <two>three broad subsets</two>. Which ones are these? (1) T helper cells (<two>Th</two>) (2) cytotoxic T cells (<two>Tc</two>) (3) regulatory T cells (<one>Treg</one>)
+- <one>Welche Granulozyten</one> speichern <two>Peroxidase</two>? Die <one>eosinophilen Granulozyten</one>.
+- Bei der <one>invasive pneumococcal disease</one> sah man mitunter, das ältere Patienten mildere Symptome haben. Wieso das? Eventuell wird das Immunsystem trainiert.
+- Was heißt <one>doppelt negative Thymocyten</one>? CD4 negativ sowie <one>CD8 negativ</one>.
+- Name <one>four different</one> <two>anti-microbial functions</two> <three>of neutrophils</three>. A: (1) phagocytosis (2) pus formation (3) neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (4) production of anti-microbial molecules, such as anti-microbial peptides or reactive oxygen species
+- The <one>C1 molecule</one> <two>of the complement cascade</two> is stabilized by which metal? <one>Ca²⁺ ions</one>.
+- Give another name to a <one>primary immune response</one>. A: <one>Initial infection</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Chemokinrezeptor</one> <two>auf B-Lymphocyten</two>. A: <one>CXCR5</one>.
+- In general: <one>what do</one> <two>toll-like receptors</two> <three>recognize</three>? They recognize <one>pathogen-associated molecular patterns</one> (<two>PAMPs</two>).
+- <one>MHC genes in humans</one> <two>are located on which chromosome</two>? They can be found on <one>chromosome 6</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Protein</one> mit einer <two>NACHT Domäne</two>. A: <one>Naip</one>.
+- Name the three members of the <one>secondary lymphoid organs</one>. A: (1) <one>spleen</one> (2) <one>lymph nodes</one> (3) <one>MALT</one>
+- <one>Wie entsteht</one> die löslische Form von CD95L? Durch die <one>Aktivität einer Metalloprotease</one>.
+- <one>T helper cells</one> use which <two>CD designation</two>? <one>CD4⁺</one> (Mnemonic: <two>4-for-to-help</two>).
+- Name <one>a protein</one> that can promote the deadenylation of the <two>tumor necrosis factor Alpha</two>. A: <one>Tristetraprolin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFP36
+- <one>Autoimmune diseases</one> <two>are very often treated with ... </two>? <one>steroids</one>.
+- <one>Jeder (adulte) Mensch</one> <two>besitzt</two> <three>n verschiedene B-Zellen</three>? <one>1 Million</one> (also <one>10⁶</one>).
+- <one>Where</one> is the <two>AIRE Transcription factor</two> <three>expressed</three>? In the <one>medulla of the thymus</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> are <two>cytotoxic T cells</two> important? They can kill <one>cancer cells</one>.
+- <one>Virus-infizierte Zellen</one> <two>produzieren viele Virusproteine</two>. <three>Einige davon werden in den Proteasomen abgebaut</three>. Es entstehen so Peptide, die wie lang sind (von-bis)? Etwa <one>8-10 Aminosäuren</one> lang.
+- What are <one>neutrophil extracellular traps</one>? These are <one>networks</one> of <two>extracellular fibers</two>, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens.
+- <one>All but which cells</one> <two>deriving from the lymphoid and myeloid lineage</two> are called <three>white blood cells</three>? The <one>erythrocyte</one>.
+- <one>Anderer Begriff</one> für eine <two>wiederholte Immunisierung</two>? <one>Boostern</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für ein <two>Opsonin</two>, das <three>KEIN</three> Antikörper ist. A: Das <one>Komplement-Fragment</one>.
+- Name <one>the two most important</one> <two>cytokine-types</two> in immunology. A: (1) <one>Interleukins</one> (2) <one>Interferons</one>
+- What is <one>the role</one> of <two>the peripheral lymphoid organs</two>? These organs function to concetrate microbial antigens. This is an important step ina the adaptive immune response.
+- <one>Welche Immunzellen</one> besitzen einen Ig-Epsilon Rezeptor? <one>Mastzellen</one>.
+- In immunology: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>CTLs</one>? These are the <one>cytotoxic T-lymphocytes</one>.
+- <one>Cytokines</one> <two>are</two> typically <two>fairly small proteins</two>, in the range of about n to n kDa? About <one>~5-20 kDa</one>.
+- <one>Antimikrobielle Peptide</one> sind vor allem <two>reich an welcher Aminosäure</two>? <one>Arginin</one>.
+- Wo mag ein <one>genome immune system</one> gefunden werden? Zum Beispiel in <one>siRNAs</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the term <two>Type II secretion system</two> coined? The term <one>Type III secretion system</one> <two>was coined in the year</two> <three>1993</three>.
+- Name <one>an enzyme</one> whose transcription is triggered by a <two>STAT protein</two>. A: The enzyme <one>oligoadenylate synthetase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%27-5%27-oligoadenylate_synthase
+- <one>Aufgabe</one> der dendritischen Zellen? A: <one>Dendritische Zellen</one> nehmen Antigene in der Peripherie auf und wandern dann in Lymphknoten, um diese Antigene den naiven T-Zellen zu präsentieren.
+- <one>Complement</one> is <two>a group of around n different plasma proteins</two>? About <one>30</one>.
+- <one>How long is the spacer area</one> that can be found adjacent to the <two>Recombination Signal Sequences</two>? Either <one>12</one> or 23 (unconserved) nucleotides, followed by a conserved nonamer (9 base pairs).
+- <one>Who or what</one> <two>initiates</two> the <three>lectin pathway</three> of the complement-activation pathways? The protein called <one>MBL</one>.
+- Name a <one>functional difference</one> between <two>mature</two> and <three>immature dendritic cells</three>. A: <one>Immature dendritic cells</one> can not stimulate naive T-cells.
+- <one>Pentraxins</one> <two>can bind which ligand</two>? <one>Calcium</one>.
+- Findet in den <one>sekundären lymphatischem Gewebe</one> <two>Lymphopoese</two> statt? <one>Nein</one>.
+- In immunology: what is meant with a <one>CMI response</one>? This refers to a <one>cell-mediated immune response</one>.
+- Name <one>a cell type</one> in immunobiology that is <two>activated by MAMPs</two>. A: The <one>dendritic cell</one>.
+- <one>Welcher Komplementfaktor</one> <two>überwiegt in seiner Konzentration gegenüber den anderen Faktoren</two>? <one>C3</one>.
+- Können <one>Einzeller</one> Schadstoffe aufnehmen? Ja - über <two>Phagozytose</two>.
+- The <one>complement protein C1</one> consists of <two>C1q</two>, <two>C1r</two> and <two>C1s</two>. <three>Which one of these three is by far the longest and thus most important molecule</three>? <one>C1q</one> is by far the longest of these three molecules.
+- <one>Jules Bordet</one> <two>discovered the complement system</two>, in (approximately) which year? In <one>1899</one>.
+- Was heißt <one>immunitas</one>? <one>Freiheit von Infektionen</one>.
+- In Immunology: does <one>CLIP</one> belong to the "immunoglobulin superfamily"? <one>No</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>GALT</one>? <one>Gut associated lymphoid tissue</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue
+- Do <one>B-cells</one> <two>rather recognize</two> <three>hydrophobic</three> or <three>hydrophilic</three> amino acids? Rather <one>hydrophilic aminoacids</one> (on the protein surface).
+- <one>Wieviel % der Europäer</one> sind, in etwa, <two>Rh-positiv</two> (tragen somit Antigen D)? Etwa <one>85%</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_country
+- The so-called <one>Myddosome</one> is important for which part of Immunobiology? The <one>Myddosome</one> is important for <two>innate immune signaling</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21269878
+- Wie gehen die <one>vier Kochschen Postulate</one>? (1) Der mutmaßliche Krankheitserreger muss immer mit der Krankheit assoziiert sein und darf in gesunden Tieren nicht nachgewiesen werden. (2) Der mutmaßliche Erreger muss in Reinkultur gezüchtet werden. (3) Eine Reinkultur des mutmaßlichen Erregers sollte im gesunden Tier die Krankheit auslösen. (4) Der Organismus muss reisoliert werden und identisch mit dem ursprünglichen Erreger sein.
+- <one>What happens</one> in <two>antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity</two> (<three>ADCC</three>)? This is a process by which <one>NK cells</one> are targeted to <two>IgG-coated cells</two>, resulting in lysis of the antibody coated cells.
+- Which are <one>the two most important subtypes of T lymphocytes</one>? (1) <one>helper T cells</one> (2) <one>cytotoxic T lymphocytes</one>
+- <one>Woraus</one> bestehen allgemein (natürliche) <two>Immunkomplexe</two>? Aus <one>Antigen</one> und <one>Antikörper</one>.
+- How many <one>feet</one> do MHC class I and II have? <one>MHC class I</one> has one foot (transmembrane anchor), <one>MHC class II</one> has two feet.
+- Nenne <one>die beiden Hauptäste des hämatopoetischen Stammbaums</one>. A: (1) <one>lymphoid</one> (2) <one>myeloid</one>
+- Warum wird <one>Blutplasma</one> <two>mehrere Monate gekühlt</two>? Um <one>Viren zu zerstören</one> oder <one>beschädigen</one> (eventuell auch Bakterien), <two>damit man so Infektionskrankheiten minimieren kann</two>.
+- Can <one>mast cells</one> <two>enter tissues</two>? <one>Yes</one> - they do that and then complete their maturation there.
+- <one>Bakterien</one> <two>stimulieren Makrophagen</two> <three>IL-6 zu bilden</three>. Dieses wiederum löst was in Hepatocyten aus? Die <one>Synthese von Akute-Phase Proteinen</one>.
+- <one>Which person</one> coined the term <two>complement</two>? <one>Paul Ehrlich</one>.
+- Name <one>three components</one> of the "Myddosome" within the cell. A: (1) <one>MyD88</one> (2) <one>IRAK1</one> (3) <one>IRAK4</one>
+- Können <one>Makrophagen</one> <two>Lysozym</two> aktiv sezernieren? <one>Ja</one>.
+- <one>Lebensdauer</one> der <two>neutrophilen Granulozyten</two>? Nur <one>ein bis zwei Tage</one>.
+- <one>Welches Verfahren</one> führte <two>Emil von Behring</two> ein? Das Verfahren der <one>passiven Immunisierung</one>.
+- Name <one>three important</one> <two>extrinsic factors</two> for (applied) immunogens. A: (1) dose (2) route of administration (3) foreign nature of the immunogen to the host
+- <one>Wer</one> sind die potentesten Stimulatoren von T-Zellen? <one>Dendritische Zellen</one>.
+- <one>Wie</one> wirkt ein <two>immunologisches Fusionsprotein</two> (<three>Immunotoxin</three>)? Zuerst bindet ein Teil an das Ziel; dann tötet der andere Teil die Zelle ab.
+- Nenne <one>vier immunologisch privilegierte Orte</one>. A: (1) vordere Augenkammer (2) Glaskörper (3) Kornea (4) <one>Gehirn</one>
+- <one>Lady Montagu</one> führte <two>wann</two> die Variolation ein? <one>1721</one>.
+- <one>Welchen Zweck</one> haben <two>Alpha-Defensine</two>? <one>Alpha-Defensine</one> dienen dem <two>Schutz der Schleimhaut im Darm</two>.
+- Which <one>Th helper cell group</one> is <two>very important against intracellular bacteria</two>: Th1 or Th2? <one>Th1 helper cells</one> are very important against <two>intracellular bacteria</two>.
+- Name <one>the three groups of plasma proteins</one>. A: A,F,G. (1) albumins (2) fibrinogen (3) <one>globulins</one>
+- <one>Which cells</one> of the immune system are a prominent host cell for many pathogenic bacteria? Macrophages.
+- Why can it be claimed that the <one>membrane-bound Immunoglobulin</one> <two>of B cells</two> is NOT involved with <three>intracellular signal molecules</three>? Because <one>the cytoplasmic tail is too short</one>.
+- Give an example of an <one>unwanted immune response</one>. A: <one>Autoimmune diseases</one>.
+- Das <one>Komplementsystem</one> besteht aus <two>wieviel verschiedene Serumproteinen</two>? <one>25</one>.
+- The <one>basic difference</one> between innate and adaptive immunity is ... ? The way <one>how</one> they recognize the target molecules.
+- Nenne eine wichtige <one>immunologische Bedeutung</one> von <two>Erythrocyten</two>. A: Über den <one>C3b-Komplementrezeptor</one> beseitigen sie Immunkomplexe.
+- Can <one>Leukocytes</one> <two>migrate</two> through the endothelium? <one>Yes</one>, as part of the <two>inflammatory response</two>.
+- Wie werden die <one>Dendritischen Zellen</one> in den <two>Schleimhäuten</two> genannt? <one>Wächterzellen</one>.
+- In der <one>Epidermis</one> gibt es <two>welche zwei immunologisch wichtige Zellen</two>? (1) <one>Langerhans-Zellen</one> (2) <one>intraepidermale T-Lymphozyten</one>
+- Name <one>a chemoattractant</one> secreted by <two>inflamed tissue</two>. A: <one>Chemokines</one>.
+- Können <one>dendritische Zellen</one> zu professionellen APC-Zellen werden? <one>Ja</one>.
+- The short peptide fragment called <one>CLIP</one> binds to MHC I or MHC II? <one>CLIP</one> binds to <two>MHC II</two>.
+- <one>Who</one> first proposed <two>the cellular theory of immunity</two>? <one>Elie Metchnikoff</one>.
+- <one>Wer</one> gibt wie <two>Neopterin</two> frei? <one>Makrophagen</one>, wenn sie mit <two>Interferon-Gamma</two> (IFN-Gamma) stimuliert werden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterin
+- What is the <one>antibody repertoire</one>? This is the <one>total number of antibody specificities</one> available to an individual; 10 ** 11 in humans.
+- Name a chemical factor that <one>mast cells</one> can produce, starting with the letter <two>L</two>. A: <one>Leukotrienes</one>.
+- Why is <one>cell-mediated immunity</one> so important? Cell-mediated immunity can eliminate microbes residing in phagocytes. Infected cells can thus be eliminated, and together with them the organisms also gets rid of reservoirs of infection.
+- <one>Woher</one> stammen <two>Anaphylatoxine</two>? Aus <one>Komplementfaktoren</one> - <two>C3a</two>, <two>C4a</two>, <two>C5a</two>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Alzheimer disease</two> <three>erstmals beschrieben</three>? <one>1907</one>.
+- <one>Good immunogens</one> should have a molecular mass of ... ? More than <one>100.000 Dalton</one>.
+- Name a <one>hallmark of an infectious agent</one>. A: An infectious agent is one that can multiply.
+- What is <one>one of the best studied examples</one> for the existence of genetic factors in regards to influencing host defence against infectious disease? <one>Malaria</one>.
+- During <one>Opsonization</one>, <two>phagocytosis</two> <three>is enhanced by which complement protein</three>? <one>C3b</one>.
+- Name one of the biggest clinical problems in <one>treating fungal diseases</one>. A: The rapid and reliable diagnosis is still a major clinical problem.
+- <one>Langerhans-Zellen</one> findet man zwischen welchen Schichten der Epidermis? <one>Stratum basale</one> und <one>Stratum spinosum</one>.
+- When a <one>TCR</one> engages with antigenic peptide and MHC (peptide/MHC), the <two>T lymphocyte is activated through ... </two>? <one>signal transduction</one>.
+- Do <one>self-antigens</one> <two>exist</two>? <one>Yes</one> - they can give rise to <two>autoimmune diseases</two>.
+- <one>Wo</one> in der Zelle finden wir die <two>JAKs</two>? Im <one>Cytoplasma</one>.
+- <one>Womit</one> beginnt die <one>Phagocytose</one>? Pseudopodien <one>umschließen</one> die Mikroorganismen.
+- <one>Each individual B cell</one> <two>has how many B cell receptors</two>? About <one>10⁵</one> (== <two>100000</two>).
+- Can <one>cytotoxic T cells</one> <two>induce target cells to undergo apoptosis</two>? <one>Yes</one> of course.
+- <one>Which three different categories</one> exist for <two>Exotoxins</two>? (1) <one>cytolytic toxins</one> (2) <one>AB toxins</one> (3) <one>Superantigen Toxins</one>
+- <one>Affinity maturation</one> in "antigen-stimulated B cells" will lead to new ... structures. A: New <one>V domain structures</one>.
+- Name <one>three cells</one> that arise from the "common lymphoid progenitor". A: (1) <one>B  cell</one> (2) <one>T  cell</one> (3) <one>NK cell</one>
+- Was bewirken <one>Akute Phase Proteine</one>? Diese Proteine bewirken eine <one>bessere Phagozytose von Krankheitserregern</one>.
+- <one>Which three types of proteins</one> on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell are involved in activating a T cell? (1) the T-cell receptor (2) a peptide-loaded MHC molecule (3) a costimulatory proteins
+- In Immunology: what means <one>TSA</one>? <one>Tissue-specific self-antigens</one>.
+- In immunology we have the word <one>RAGE</one>, which is <two>an</two> extremely clumsy <two>abbreviation</two> (sort of) <two>for ... </two>? <one>Multiligand receptor binding advanced glycation end products</one>.
+- <one>How</one> can different classes of lymphoyctes be distinguished from one another? By the expression of <one>surface proteins</one> called <two>CD molecules</two>.
+- Direkte Vorläufer der <one>platelets</one> sind die ... ? <one>Megakaryocytes</one>.
+- The <one>FcRn</one> <two>structurally resembles ... </two>? <one>MHC class I molecules</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_Fc_receptor
+- In der Immunologie gibt es ein 24-kDa Enzym namens <one>AID</one>, <two>Activation-induced deaminase</two>. Was macht dieses Enzym? Es <one>induziert Mutationen in der DNA</one> indem es die Amino-Gruppe von einer Cytosine-Base entfernt, und sie so in Uracil konvertiert. Mit anderen Worten, DNA deamination of dC -> dU.
+- <one>Neutrophils</one> make up n% of the granulocyte population? Almost <one>97% of the granulocyte population</one>.
+- What is a <one>syngeneic host</one>? A host with an <one>identical genetic background</one>.
+- In immunology: what is meant with the somewhat akward term <one>sterilizing immunity</one>? This refers to the function of the immune system to mount a response that eliminates an infectious agent from the body.
+- Nenne die vier Kochschen Postulate. A: (1) The Microbe is found in all cases of the disease but absent from healthy individuals, (2) Microbe is isolated and grows in pure culture, (3) Introduction of microbe into healthy host leads to the same disease, (4) the same strain can be obtained from these.
+- Was heißt <one>AIRE Transcription factor</one>? <one>Autoimmune regulator</one>.
+- <one>Rheumatoid arthritis</one> patients may have the <one>shared epitope</one>, which is <two>a risk factor for severe disease</two>. This HLA-DRB1-encoded amino acid sequence motif consists of how many amino acids? <one>Five</one> (5).
+- Name a <one>receptor</one> that <two>can induce the synthesis of IFN-Alpha and IFN-Beta</two>. A: <one>Toll-like receptor TLR-3</one>.
+- What is the <one>size range of human chemokines</one>, in <two>n kDa</two>? <one>8-12 kD</one>.
+- What is <one>the prototypical class of PAMPs</one>? <one>LPS</one> aka <two>Bacterial lipopolysaccharides</two>. These endotoxins are found on the cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria. <three>LPS will specifically be recognised by TLR4</three>.
+- Zählen die <one>NK-Zellen</one> zu den <two>Phagozyten</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Definiere den Begriff <one>Osteomalazie</one>. A: Verminderung der mineralischen Knochenbestandteile.
+- Name <one>three practical points</one> that <two>the ideal vaccine</two> should have. A: (1) it should <one>provide life-long immunity in all immunocompetent vaccinees</one> (2) it should be "elicited with a single dose" (3) it should be <one>without side effects</one>
+- Nenne eine <one>wichtige Aufgabe von Langerhans-Zellen</one>. A: Langerhans-Zellen <one>nehmen Mikroorganismen</one> (vor allem Antigene), die in die <one>Haut</one> eingedrungen sind, <one>auf</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>side chain theory</two> established? In the year <one>1897</one>.
+- What happens if the Drosophila <one>Toll-protein</one> is mutated? This Drosophila will be <one>more susceptible to fungal infections</one>.
+- Name <one>the four general phases of an immune response</one>. A: (1) recognition (2) expansion (3) effector functions (4) contraction and memory
+- Nenne <one>drei Familien</one> die zu den <two>PRRs</two> zählen. A: (1) C-Typ Lektinfamilie (2) NOD-Rezeptor ähnliche Familie (3) Toll-Rezeptor ähnlichen Familie.
+- <one>NKT cells</one> release ... factors? <one>immune response initiating factors</one>.
+- Ist die <one>Milz</one> <two>an das Lymphgefäßsystem angeschlossen</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Name an advantage of the <one>alternative pathway</one> compared to the <two>classical pathway</two>. A: It is activated without the requirement of antigen-antibody complexes for initiation.
+- Patients with <one>Bruton agammaglobulinemia</one> <two>have which problem</two>? They <one>lack all mature B lymphocytes</one>. URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050956-overview
+- Nenne die zwei wichtigsten Rezeptoren des angeborenen Immunsystems. A: (1) TLRs: Toll-like Receptors (2) NODs: <two>NOD-like Receptors</two>
+- Der <one>Abbau in einem Phagosom</one> geschieht primär durch ... ? <one>Hydrolasen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolasen
+- Why may <one>alarmins</one> be considered <two>dangerous</two>? Because an excess release of alarmins, such as by severe injury, may result in <one>a potentially lethal cytokine storm</one>.
+- Are <one>testis</one> <two>an immunologically privileged tissue</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>there is a tight barrier between blood vessels and the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubule, which isolates the later stages of sperm development</two>.
+- <one>T-Lymphocyten</one> <two>wandern in welchen Bereich des Lymphknoten</two>, und warum genau? In den <one>Paracortex</one> aufgrund eines Chemokins, das dort gebildet wird.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Stoffe</one>, die <two>beim Menschen</two> als Adjuvanzien eingesetzt werden können. A: (1) Aluminiumhydroxid (2) bestimmte Toxoide wie das "Tetanustoxoid"
+- Die <one>erworbene Immunität</one> kann <two>unterteilt werden in ... </two>? (1) <one>humorale Immunität</one> (2) <one>zellvermittelte Immunität</one>
+- <one>Immunologic unresponsiveness</one> is <two>also called ... </two>? <one>Tolerance</one>.
+- Can <one>B-cells</one> <two>detect epitopes</two>? <one>Yes</one> - their membrane-bound antibody molecules can <one>recognize soluble antigens</one>.
+- Nenne <one>vier immunologisch privilegierte Regionen</one>. A: (1) <one>Auge</one> (2) <one>Gehirn</one> (3) <one>Hoden</one> (4) <one>Uterus</one>
+- Nenne <one>vier Beispiele</one> für <two>APC Zellen</two>. A: (1) <one>Thymische Epithelialzellen</one> (2) <one>B-Zellen</one> (3) <one>Dendritische Zellen</one> (4) <one>Makrophagen</one>
+- A <one>parasite</one> is rather large and can infect people. Name three type of cells that can act against a large parasite in the human body. A: (1) mast cells (2) <one>eosinophils</one> (3) <one>basophils</one>
+- Nenne <one>zwei Charakteristika</one> von M-Zellen. A: Sie besitzen KEINE Mikrovilli, können aber aktiv pinozytieren.
+- <one>Which proteins</one> cause <two>hemolysis</two>? The <one>hemolysins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin
+- <one>Who</one> causes <two>listeriosis</two>? The gram-positive intracellular bacterium <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>.
+- An <one>adult human</one> <two>produces how much mucos per day</two>? A liter per day.
+- Which two types of antigens can we, generally, distinguish in immunology? (1) foreign antigens (2) self-antigens
+- Nenne <one>zwei</one> auf <two>Cocain</two> basierende Lokalanästhetika. A: <one>ProLido</one> (1) <two>Procain</two> (2) <two>Lidocain</two>
+- The primary job of the immune system is ... ? To remove antigens.
+- <one>Which cells</one> of the human body synthesize the complement proteins? The <one>liver hepatocytes</one>.
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>autoimmune diseases</two>. A: (1) <one>Multiple sclerosis</one> (2) <one>Rheumatoid arthritis</one>
+- Nenne ein <one>Interleukin</one>, <two>das eine natürliche Killerzelle aktivieren kann</two>. A: <one>Interleukin 12</one>.
+- <one>Rac2</one> <two>induces the assembly of a functional ...</two> in the phagolysosome membrane, leading to the generation of O2 -. A: <one>NADPH oxidase</one>.
+- Do <one>NK cells</one> contain specific receptors? <one>Yes</one> - the NK receptors.
+- <one>Welche allgemeine Strategie</one> mag das Immunsystem gegen Parasiten einsetzen? Eine <one>duale Strategie</one>.
+- Beim <one>septischen Schock</one> sehen wir <two>eher</two> einen hohen oder niedrigen Blutdruck? Eher einen <one>niedrigen Blutdruck</one>. URL: https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Septischer_Schock
+- Alternative Bezeichnung für den <one>MHC</one> beim Menschen? <one>HLA</one> (<two>human leukocyte antigen</two>).
+- When we compare <one>CD4</one> and <one>CD8</one>, <two>which one has more subunits</two>? <one>CD4</one>: it has <two>4 D domains</two>.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> haben sowohl <two>MHC-1</two> als auch <two>MHC-2</two>? <one>APC Zellen</one>.
+- Name a large <one>difference</one> between the <two>T-cell receptor</two> and the <two>B-cell receptor</two>. A: The T-cell receptor can not bind an antigen directly; instead, it relies on MHC presentation of peptide fragments.
+- Give a better name for <one>B-cells</one>. A: The <one>B-lymphocytes</one>.
+- Wie lange sollte ein <one>Epitop</one> sein um erkannt zu werden? (von-bis). A: <one>10-15 Aminosäuren</one>.
+- Systematik bei der <one>CD-Nummerierung</one>? Sie entstanden <one>in der Reihenfolge ihrer Entdeckung</one>.
+- <one>Which three cell types</one> <two>belong to the granulocytes</two>? (1) the <one>neutrophils</one> (2) the <one>eosinophils</one> (3) the <one>basophils</one>
+- Was würde wohl passieren wenn man die <one>HEV</one> <two>eines Lymphknoten</two> blockieren würde? Der Eintritt von T und B Lymphozyten würde verhindert werden.
+- Why can we say that <one>malaria</one> <two>could be prevented quite easily</two>? Because we could simply <one>use a mosquito net</one>.
+- The <one>immune system</one> does more than just provide protection against infections. Explain this statement. A: The <one>immune system</one> may also <two>prevent the growth of some tumors</two>.
+- <one>Where</one> are <two>memory B cells</two> formed? Within <one>germinal centers</one>.
+- <one>α-Defensine</one> können <two>wo</two> im menschlichen Körper gefunden werden? Im <one>Darm</one>.
+- The <one>Type IV delayed hypersensitivity</one> <two>is an immune response directed at gluten</two>. <three>How do we call this</three>? This is the <one>celiac disease</one>.
+- In mammals: the <one>Toll-like receptor</one> <two>can activate which pathway</two>? The <one>NF-Kappa B pathway</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB#Signaling
+- Unterschied zwischen <one>Diapedese</one> und <one>Emeriploesis</one>? Bei der <one>Diapedese</one> wandern die Lymphocyten ZWISCHEN den Endothelzellen hindurch und nicht durch sie hindurch.
+- The <one>receptors for chemokines</one> belong to which family? To the <one>GPCR superfamily</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>selective immunodeficiency</one>? This is when only one type of immunoglobuins, such as <one>IgA</one>, is lacking.
+- In the <one>complement pathway</one>, <two>the lectin pathway specifically</two>, there are Mannose-binding lectins and ... that may recognize carbohydrates on pathogen surface? <one>Ficolins</one>.
+- Name <one>three examples</one> for <one>inflammatory inducers</one>. A: (1) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (2) ATP (3) <one>urate crystals</one>
+- Name <one>an adhesion molecule</one> that is typically <two>involved in leukocyte interaction</two>. A: <one>Selectin</one>.
+- <one>Welcher Rezeptor</one> ist <two>bei der Opsonierung wichtig</two>? Der <one>Fc-Rezeptor</one>.
+- In immunology: what is meant with the term <one>homeostasis</one>? This term means that all normal immune responses wane with time after antigen simulation, thus returning the immune system to its resting (basal) state again.
+- Welcher <one>Mechanismus</one> <two>schaltet selbstreaktive B- und T-Zellen aus</two>? Der Mechanismus der <one>zentralen Toleranz</one>.
+- The <one>Freud Adjuvant</one> <two>contains what</two>? <one>Dead mycobacteria</one>.
+- Was ist mit <one>Involution</one> in der Immunbiologie gemeint? <one>Involution</one> bezeichnet die <two>Rückbildung des Thymus</two>.
+- <one>What happens</one> when the <two>spleen</two> is removed from an individual? This individual will be <one>highly susceptible to infections with encapsulated bacteria</one>.
+- In immunology: the <one>BiP protein</one> <two>is very important</two>. What does BiP stand for, as an abbreviation? <one>Binding immunoglobulin protein</one>.
+- The <one>Rag recombinase proteins</one> <two>involved in V(D)J recombination</two> for the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, are derived from ... ? <one>Transposons</one>.
+- <one>Steroidrezeptoren</one> <two>liegen im Cytoplasma</two> als Komplexe mit welchem Protein <two>vor</two>? Mit dem Hitzeschockprotein <one>Hsp90</one>.
+- Was ist das gefährlichste bei einer <one>Sepsis</one>? Das <one>Organversagen</one>.
+- <one>Which protein</one> occurs in all three pathways of complement? The <one>C3 Convertase</one>.
+- Give another expression for <one>self-tolerance</one> against self antigens. A: <one>Autoimmune diseases</one>.
+- Name <one>the three different subgroups of helper T cells</one>. A: (1) T-helper  1 (Th1) cells (2) T-helper  2 (Th2) cells (3) T-helper 17 (Th17) cells
+- <one>Which enzyme</one> recognizes the <two>Recombination Signal Sequences</two>? The <one>VDJ recombinase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V(D)J_recombination
+- What will happen in/to B cells when <one>BLIMP-1</one> is active? They will become <one>plasma cells</one>.
+- In immunology: <one>SOCS</one> are ... ? <one>Suppressor of cytokine signaling</one>.
+- What do we mean with the <one>serum</one>? This is when plasma (or blood) is allowed to clot; the fluid phase we do call <one>serum</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> are <two>the molecular mediators of inflammation</two>? (1) <one>cytokines</one> (2) <one>chemokines</one>
+- Why the name <one>chemokine</one>? <one>Chemotactic cytokine</one>.
+- Which cell bristles with receptors capable of r­ecognizing diverse PAMPs? The <one>m­acrophages</one>. 
+- Was ist <one>Oxazolone</one> und wo wird es eingesetzt? Oxazolone ist <one>ein chemisches Allergen</one>, das in immunologischen Experimenten verwendet wird, vor allem bei Experimenten bezüglich "delayed type hypersensitivity".
+- Give another name for <one>epitopes</one>. A: <one>Determinants</one>.
+- <one>Affinity maturation</one> results in an increase in the average ... ? <one>Average binding affinty of antibodies for an antigen as a humoral immune response evolves</one>.
+- Name the two different types of <one>adaptive immunity</one>. A: (1) humoral immunity (2) cell-mediated immunity
+- Why may <one>passive immunity</one> still be employed today? Becase <one>it is a useful method for conferring resistance rapidly</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Immuntoleranz</one>? <one>Immunologische Nichtreaktivität</one>.
+- Wie wird die <one>"Schleimhautimmunität"</one> <two>auf englisch</two> genannt? <one>Mucosal immunity</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_immunology
+- Was meinen wir mit dem <one>immunologischem Gedächtnis</one>? Wenn die zweite Antwort auf das gleiche Pathogen viel effektiver ist als die erste Antwort.
+- The adaptive immune system originated in jawed vertebrates about 360 million of years ago. What is meant with the term jawed vertebrates? For instance: <one>sharks</one>.
+- In immunology: <one>ILCs</one> are ... ? <one>Innate lymphoid cells</one>.
+- Welches <one>Spaltprodukt von C3</one> wirkt als <lightseagreen>Opsin</lightseagreen>? <one>C3b</one>.
+- In der Immunologie gibt es das <one>LRBA-Gen</one>. <two>Was kann passieren wenn dieses Gen ausfällt</two>? Es kann zu schweren Störungen in der B-Zell-Entwicklung und der T-Zell-Funktion kommen.
+- Zu den <one>PRRs</one> (<two>pattern recognition receptors</two>) gehören auch Lektine, und zwar vom Typ ... ? <one>C-Typ Lektine</one>.
+- <one>Mastzellen</one> besitzen in ihrem Inneren <two>Granula</two>, die welche zwei Substanzen enthalten? (1) <one>Histamin</one> (2) <one>Heparin</one>
+- In the lab, a <one>hapten</one> may be conjugated to ... ? A <one>carrier</one>.
+- <one>Molecules</one> that are <two>involved in the decoration of infectious agents to prepare them for removal</two> <three>are called ... </three>? <one>Opsonins</one>.
+- Name a <one>master regulator</one> of neuroinflammation. A: <one>Interleukin-1</one>.
+- What is the basic problems of vaccines against <one>bioweapons</one>? They <one>must be administered _before_ exposure to bioweapons</one>.
+- <one>MBL</one> (mannose-binding lectin) is a member of which family? <one>MBL</one> belongs to the <two>collectin family</two>.
+- The <one>main components of adaptive immunity</one> are ... ? <one>Cells</one> called lymphocytes and their secreted products.
+- Zählen <one>Lektine</one> zu den <two>Mustererkennungsrezeptoren</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
+- What does <one>specific immunity</one> mean? That the immune system is able to distinguish between different, even closely related microbes and molecules. 
+- Nenne eine <one>Proteingruppe</one>, <two>die bei der Abschaltung der Cytokinproduktion eine wichtige Rolle spielt</two>. A: <one>SOCS-Proteine</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11553846
+- Nenne <one>einen Unterschied</one> zwischen den <two>dendritischen Zellen</two> und den <two>Makrophagen</two>. A: Dendritische Zellen können sehr leicht aus dem Gewebe auswandern.
+- Das <one>Maximalgewicht des Thymus</one> beträgt in etwa ... n g. A: <one>40 g</one>.
+- Was ist <one>das Hauptziel</one> der <two>zellulären Immunantwort</two>? Die <one>infizierten Zellen</one> <two>werden zerstört</two> - beziehungsweise sollen zerstört werden.
+- <one>Why</one> have <two>Type III secretion systems</two> evolved? They are used by bacterial pathogens to <one>secrete toxins</one> and other products.
+- <one>Complement action</one> <two>can be made visible through ... which test</two>? The <one>Jerne-Nordin plaque test</one>.
+- <one>Plasma cells</one> were identified as <two>antibody producers</two>, by Astrid Fagraeus, in the year ... ? <one>1948</one>.
+- Die sogenannten <one>Treg-Zellen</one> tragen was für <two>CD Marker</two> an der Oberfläche? (1) <one>CD4+</one> (2) <one>CD25+</one>
+- <one>MHC-Klasse-II</one> können Peptide initial nur wo genau innerhalb der Zelle binden? Im <one>Phagolysosom</one>.
+- Was ist die <one>Lymphopoese</one>? Dies ist die <one>Enstehung und Reifung von Lymphozyten in der Hämatopoese</one> (Blutbildung).
+- In der Diagnostik: was heißt <one>PPV</one> und was gibt er an? <one>Positive Predictive value positives</one>. Gibt die Wahrscheinlichkeit an, mit dem ein Testergebnis einen infizierten Patienten angibt.
+- The <one>vacuum cleaners of the immune system</one> are ... ? The <one>macrophages</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage
+- What would be a better, alternative name for the <one>lectin pathway</one> of the complement system? <one>MBLectin pathway</one> (<two>Mannose-binding</two>).
+- Was ist ein <one>Epitop</one>? Ein Bereich eines Antigens, das vom Immunsystem, insbesondere von Antikörpern, als fremd erkannt wird. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitope
+- <one>TLRs</one> können wir <two>in welche zwei Gruppen einteilen</two>? (1) TLRs, die ihre Liganden in Endosomen oder Lysosomen erkennen (2) TLRs, die ihre Liganden auf der Zelloberfläche erkennen
+- The <one>structure of the B-cell receptor</one> is very similar to its corresponding antibody, except for ... ? A small portion of the carboxy terminus of the heavy-chain C region.
+- Verbraucht die <one>Phagozytose</one> <two>ATP</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
+- <one>Wie lange</one> dauert es bis die <two>adaptive immune response</two> erfolgt? <one>Mehr als 96 Stunden</one> (~ <two>+4 Tage</two>).
+- Three roles of <one>inflammation</one> <two>in combating infection</two>? (1) <one>deliver additional effectors to sites of infection</one> (2) <one>induce local blood clotting</one> (3) <one>promote the repair of injured tissue</one>
+- In immunology, at the <one>antigen receptors on cells</one>: <two>which aminoacid</two> is very prevalent? <one>Leucine</one>.
+- Der <one>Vorläufer</one> eines <two>Thrombozyten</two> ist ... ? Ein <one>Megakaryocyt</one>.
+- <one>Wie</one> werden <two>Granulocyten</two> noch genannt? <one>Polymorphkernige Leukocyten</one>.
+- <one>Superantigens</one> <two>can bind to which molecule</two>? <one>Superantigens</one> can bind to the <two>MHC class II molecule</two>.
+- <one>How</one> do we call the ability of the immune system to self-regulate? <one>Immune regulation</one>.
+- Nenne <one>vier markante Eigenschaften</one> der T-Gedächtniszellen. A: (1) Schnellere Aktivierung (2) Keine Kostimulation erforderlich (3) Wanderung in das Gewebe (4) Lange Überlebensdauer
+- <one>Somatic hypermutation</one> in immunology <two>is allowed only in which cells</two>? Only in <one>B-Cells</one> - <two>and strictly forbidden in T-cells</two>.
+- Wie nennt man den Prozess, der bei der Lymphozytenreifung nur die Entwicklung derjenigen Lymphozyten zulässt, die fremde Antigene erkennen? <one>Klonale Selektion</one>.
+- In der Immunologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>BALT</one>? <one>Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchus-associated_lymphoid_tissue
+- Welcher <one>Rezeptor</one> erkennt <two>C3b</two>? Der Komplementrezeptor <one>CR1</one>.
+- Nenne einen Vorteil der <one>aktiven Immunisierung</one>. A: Es werden <one>Gedächtniszellen</one> produziert.
+- Wie wirken <one>Corticosteroide</one> auf das Immunsystem? <one>Corticosteroide</one> sind <two>entzündungshemmende Medikamente</two>.
+- Welchen qualitativen <one>trade-off</one> gibt es bei der <two>angeborenen Immunantwort</two>? Die Erkennung ist sehr schnell; jedoch nicht sehr anspruchsvoll/spezifisch.
+- <one>The movement of an immune cell</one> (or other cells) <two>through the basal membrane</two> <one>is called ... </one>? <one>Diapedesis</one>.
+- In der Immunologie: was heißt <one>DTH-response</one>? <one>Delayed-type hypersensitivity</one>.
+- <one>Langerhans</one> färbte die Langerhans-Zellen mit welcher Technik ein? <one>Goldchlorid-Technik</one>.
+- The earliest cell in the B lymphocyte linage that can produce Ig polypeptides is called ... ? The <one>pre-B cell</one>. URL: http://www2.nau.edu/~fpm/immunology/Exams/Bcelldevelopment-401.html#generation
+- Nenne <one>zwei Bestandteile</one> eines <two>Phagolysosom</two>. A: (1) Phagosom (2) Granula der Phagozyten
+- Nenne <one>zwei wichtige Familien</one> <two>antimikrobieller Peptide</two> in Säugetieren. A: (1) <one>Cathelicidin</one> (2) <one>Defensin</one>
+- For a human being: <one>the simplest way to avoid infection is to ... </one>? To <one>prevent the microorganisms from gaining access to the body</one>.
+- Name <one>three important</one> <two>properties of immunogenicity</two>. A: (1) molecular size (2) sufficient molecular complexity (3) appropriate physical form
+- Name <one>two specific examples</one> for <two>anaphylatoxins</two>. A: (1) C3a (2) <one>C5a</one>
+- <one>Rapamycin</one> <two>kann</two>, in Säugetieren, <two>das Immunsystem unterdrücken</two>. Molekular betrachtet geschieht dies wie? Rapamycin inhibiert die G1→S-Phase Transition in den T-Lymphocyten. Dadurch kann Rapamycin als Immunosuppressivum nach Organtransplantationen verwendet werden.
+- Name the <one>two</one> <two>cellular innate immune response</two> to microbes. A: (1) <one>inflammation</one> (2) <one>antiviral defense</one>
+- Wie können wir, praktischer Natur, <one>CD-Antigene</one> erkennen? Mit Hilfe <one>monoklonaler Antikörper</one>.
+- Andere W. für "Antigen-Antikörper-Komplex"? <one>Immunkomplex</one>.
+- <one>Which immune cells</one> show <two>the phenomena of MHC restriction</two>? <one>T cells</one>.
+- In der Immunologie: was heißt <one>NSP4</one>? <one>Neutrophilen-Serinprotease 4</one>.
+- In Immunology: what does the abbreviation <one>ISGs</one> stand for? <one>Interferon-stimulated genes</one> (<two>ISGs</two>).
+- <one>Blutplättchen</one> gehen aus welchem Zelltyp hervor? Aus <one>Megakaryocyten</one>.
+- Beim Menschen sind etwa n verschiedene Blutgruppensysteme bekannt? Zumindest <one>20</one>.
+- Warum sind <one>überstimulierte Fibroblasten</one> ein Problem für den Menschen? Da sie nun ständig weiße Blutkörperchen aktivieren können, die Entzündungsprozesse initiieren.
+- Name <one>a CD-membrane receptor</one> used by <two>NK cells</two>. A: <one>CD16</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23487023
+- <one>Phagocytose im Zuge der Immunantwort</one> reicht <two>bis zu einer Partikelgröße von etwa ... n nm</two>? <one>50 nm</one>.
+- Give <one>an example</one> for a <two>multi-functionality strategy</two> in the human body. A: The <one>DNA recombination</one> that occurs during <two>VDJ recombination</two>.
+- Nenne einen wichtigen <one>Chemokinrezeptor</one> von T-Zellen. A: <one>CCR 7</one>.
+- Die Moleküle, die notwendig sind damit Lymphozyten ihren Bestimmungsort im Körper erreichen, sind ... ? Die <one>Selektine</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectine
+- In immunlogy, the protein called <one>tapasin</one> is quite important. <one>Tapasin</one> can also be called ... ? <one>TAP-associated glycoprotein</one>.
+- Was geschieht in den <one>Hassal-Körperchen</one>? A: <one>Abbau apoptotischer Zellen</one>.
+- Which component of the complement system is a particularly effective opsonin? The <one>C3b component</one>. It will enhance towards a more effective phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils.
+- Aside from its importance in fly development, name another reason as to why Drosophila requires the <one>Toll receptor</one>. A: It helps produce antimicrobial peptides, which help against <one>fungal infections</one>.
+- <one>Who or what</one> synthesizes the components of the complement proteins? The <one>liver hepatocytes</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>granulocytes</one>. A: <one>Polymorphonuclear leukocytes</one>. (Actually this term may be more applicable to neutrophiles only.)
+- Among the <one>circulating white blood cells</one>: what is the <two>most abundant population</two> of cells there? The <one>Neutrophils</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil
+- Name a <one>peripheral lymphoid organ</one> that begins with the letter <two>p</two>. A: The <one>Peyer's patches</one>.
+- Was ist eine <one>Zoonose</one>? Das ist eine von Tier zu Mensch und von Mensch zu Tier übertragbare <one>Infektionskrankheit</one>.
+- <one>Which cells</one> express <two>class II MHC molecules</two>? <one>Antigen-presenting cells</one> (<two>APC</two>).
+- <one>Interferon-alpha</one>, an "interferon type I", is a protein that "interferes with viral replication". It was identifier in which year? <one>1957</one>.
+- Which cells have <one>MHC II</one>? Only <one>antigen-presenting cells</one> (such as dendritic cells).
+- Können <one>B-Zellen</one> <two>durch naive T-Zellen</two> aktiviert werden? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Wofür steht das <one>M</one> in <two>M-Zellen</two>? <one>Membran-Zellen</one>.
+- <one>Which gene</one> <two>directs regulatory T cell development</two>? <one>FOXP3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP3
+- <one>Why</one> would a eukaryotic cell require <two>Cytosolic DNA Sensors</two>? These sensors can detect dsDNA in the cytosol. Normally mammalian DNA is not present in the cytosol, so such a sensor makes sense.
+- Are <one>PRRs</one> (<two>pattern recognition receptors</two>) <three>clonally expressed</three>? <one>No</one>.
+- Does <one>both</one> the innate and the adaptive immunity have <two>a humoral component</two>? <one>Yes</one> - for instance, the <two>complement system</two> for the innate immunity and the <three>antibodies</three> for the adaptive immunity.
+- <one>Cyclosporin A</one> <two>inhibiert</two> die Synthese welcher Substanz? <one>Interleukin-1</one>.
+- The host to microorganisms (such as a human being) can adopt which three different general strategies to deal with the threat posed by microbes? (1) <one>avoidance</one> (2) <one>resistance</one> (3) <one>tolerance</one>
+- Das <one>Jenner-Experiment</one> fand wann statt? <one>1796</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner#Vakzination
+- In general: <one>which substances</one> are the <two>most potent immunogens</two>? <one>Proteins</one>.
+- Which person discovered the <one>Basophils</one> in 1879? <one>Paul Ehrlich</one>.
+- <one>Wie</one> treten naive B und T-Lymphozyten in den <two>Lymphknoten</two> ein? A: Über die <one>HEV</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234668/
+- The <one>memory response</one> <two>in humans</two> has a half-life of about ... ? <two>8-15 years</two>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Hapten</one>? <one>Inkomplettes Antigen</one>.
+- Ist die <one>T-Zelle</one> fähig als <two>Gedächtniszelle</two> zu agieren? <one>Ja</one>.
+- Aufgabe von <one>CD71</one>? <one>CD71</one> ist der <two>Transferrin-Rezeptor</two>.
+- The <one>Cyclophilins</one> are a family of proteins. <two>They can bind to which molecule</two>? They can bind to <one>cyclosporine</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Schlüsselmolekül der adaptiven Immunität</one>. A: <one>MHC-Moleküle</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>immunologische Naturkatastrophe</one>. A: <one>Verheerende Epidemien</one>.
+- Both the <one>T-cell receptor</one> and an <two>antibody</two> can recognize (and bind to) epitopes. But the T-cell receptor has which additional advantage here? The T-cell receptor can also recognize epitopes that are (normally) buried within the antigen; antigens are first broken down into peptide fragments, before these epitopes are displayed on a MHC molecule to the T-cell receptor.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Immunologischer Schutz</one>? <one>Feiung</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>DNA vaccines</one>. A: <one>Genetic vaccines</one>.
+- Hauptbestandteil der Epidermis (Zellen)? <one>Keratinozyten</one>.
+- Nenne <one>einen Zelltyp im Immunsystem, der Apoptose induzieren kann</one>. A: <one>NK-Zellen</one> (<two>Natürliche Killerzellen</two>).
+- Was können manche <one>pflanzliche Lektine</one>? Sie können <one>rote Blutkörperchen verklumpen</one>.
+- <one>Welche T-Helferzelle Subklasse</one> aktiviert Epithelzellen und lockt neutrophile Granulocyten an? <one>TH17</one>.
+- Which <one>cellular compartment</one> has <two>the license to kill</two>? The <one>Phagosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagosome
+- Give another name for <one>Immune senescence</one>. A: The <one>aging of the immune system</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> mögen wir ein <two>Epitop</two> finden? Als <one>Teil eines Antigens</one>.
+- <one>IgA</one> können wir <two>in welchen drei Formen vorfinden</two>? (1) als <one>Monomer</one> (2) als <one>Dimer mit J-Kette</one> (3) als <one>sekretorische IgA</one>
+- In Immunology we could see the <one>stranger hypothesis</one> and the "danger hypothesis". Who were the people who established these two hypotheses? (1) "stranger hypothesis": Janeway (2) <one>danger   hypothesis</one>: <two>Matzinger</two>
+- <one>Since when</one> are <two>Neutrophil extracellular traps</two> known? Since the year <one>2004</one>.
+- Wovon hängt das Endergebnis einer Wirts-Parasitenbeziehung in normalerweise gesunden Menschen primär ab? Von der <one>Pathogenität eines Parasiten</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>Neomycin</two> entdeckt? <one>1948</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> liegt eine Infektion vor? Wenn mkikrobielle Keime in den Körper eindringen und sich dort vermehren.
+- Das <one>Beta-Interferon Gen</one> ist normalerweise ausgeschalten. Wann wird es eingeschalten? Bei einer <one>viralen Infektion</one>.
+- What means <one>ligare</one>? <one>Binding</one>.
+- Was sind <one>bispezifische Antikörper</one>? Antikörper bei denen jede Bindungsstelle ein unterschiedliches Antigen bindet.
+- Was findet man bei Menschen mit dem <one>DiGeorges Syndrom</one> kaum? <one>T-Lymphocyten</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> mögen wir <two>CD34</two> finden? <one>CD34</one> ist ein Adhäsionsprotein das man <two>auf manchen Stammzellen</two> finden kann.
+- <one>Pathogens</one> are not the only causative agents of tissue and cells damage: name another causative agent here. A: <one>Trauma</one>.
+- Give a mnemonic for the three complement-pathways. A: <one>C,A,L</one> - classical, alternative, <two>lectin-pathway</two>.
+- Was detektiert <one>TLR3</one>? <one>dsRNA</one> - also <two>Viren</two>.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>cell-autonomous immunity</one>? This is the process of using Interferons (IFNs) to induce the expression of hundreds of genes as part of an elaborate antimicrobial programme designed to combat infection in nucleated cells.
+- <one>Immunological memory</one> underpins the concept of ... ? <one>vaccination</one>.
+- <one>Which TLR</one> <two>recognizes dsRNA</two>? <one>TLR3</one>.
+- <one>Welche Färbung</one> kann für die Granulozyten verwendet werden? Die <one>Giemsa-Färbung</one>.
+- Was bewirkt ein <one>Zinküberschuss</one> bezogen auf das Immunsystem? Es führt zur <one>Immunsuppression</one>.
+- Aus den <one>lymphoiden Arm</one> des hämatopoetischen Stammbaums gehen <two>welche drei Zelltypen hervor</two>? (1) <one>B-Zellen</one> (2) <one>T-Zellen</one> (3) <one>NK-Zellen</one>
+- <one>Bei welchem Phänomen</one> tritt der sogenannte <two>Zytokinsturm</two> ein? Bei der <one>Sepsis</one>.
+- What is the role of the <one>Cathelicidins</one>? <one>Cathelicidins</one> serve a critical role in <two>mammalian innate immune defense</two> against "invasive bacterial infection".
+- Why is the name <one>Tumor necrosis factor</one> a misnomer? Because it does not cause necrosis; it causes <one>apoptosis</one>,so it should rather be called <two>Tumor apoptosis factor</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha
+- <one>Why</one> has <two>Ferdinand Julius Cohn</two> become famous? He <one>classified bacteria</one> into four groups, based on shape - spherical, short rods, spirals, and threads.
+- Does <one>innate immunity</one> <two>have the feature of memory</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- Englische Bezeichnung für "Wächterzellen". A: <one>Sentinel cells</one>.
+- The <one>Janus-family kinases</one> directly phosphorylate ...? <one>STAT Proteins</one>.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> im menschlichen Körper produzieren <two>α-Defensine</two>? Die <one>Paneth-Körnerzellen</one>.
+- In Immunology: is <one>memory</one> a good term to use? It should rather be called <one>immune memory</one>, or even better <one>immunological memory</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological_memory
+- <one>Where</one> can we find the <two>VSG-genes</two> of Trypanosoma? These genes are located <one>near the telomeres</one>.
+- Was bedeutet <one>perivasculare Lokalisierung</one>? Wenn sich Zellen bevorzugt <one>in der Nähe von Blutgefässen</one> aufhalten.
+- Name the <one>two types of adaptive immunity</one>. A: (1) <one>humoral immunity</one> (2) <one>cell-mediated immunity</one>
+- The main first three human defences against pathogens are ... ? (1) <one>Skin and mucosal surfaces</one> (2) <one>Innate immune system</one> (3) <one>Adaptive immune system</one>
+- Give another name for the <one>TH1-cells</one>. A: <one>Inflammatory T cells</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für einen <two>zellulären Aktivator der Immunglobulin-Gene</two>. A: <one>Nuclear Factor Kappa-Beta</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB
+- Können <one>Neutrophile</one> Granatsplitter auflösen? Ja.
+- <one>CD4 TH2 cells</one> can switch the antibody isotype from .. to <two>IgE</two>. A: <one>IgM</one>.
+- Give a mnemonic to remember <one>CD4⁺ cells</one> versus <one>CD8⁺ cells</one>. A: <one>Help suppress a reaction.</one> <two>T helper cells</two> are <three>CD4+</three> and the "T-Suppressor cells" are <one>CD8+</one>.
+- Nenne eine <one>systemische Entzündungsreaktion</one>. A: <one>Fieber</one>.
+- <one>Welche Person</one> prägte den Begriff <two>Komplement</two>? <one>Paul Ehrlich</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich
+- The <one>precursors of macrophages</one> are ... ? <one>Monocytes</one>.
+- What is the major role of the <one>T-cell receptor</one>? The T-cell receptor is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
+- Pro Tag muss der menschliche Körper wieviel Gramm an <one>neutrophilen Granulozyten</one> synthetisieren? Etwa <one>100 Gramm</one>.
+- <one>Chemokine receptors</one>, such as <two>CD4</two> or "CCR5", often belong to which protein family? They often belong to the <one>seven transmembrane helix family</one>.
+- <two>Welche Person</two> hat die <one>passive Immunisierung</one> eingeführt? <one>Emil von Behring</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_von_Behring
+- What is the <one>Kostmann syndrome</one>? The <one>complete absence of neutrophils</one>.
+- Definiere den Begriff <one>Kreuzreaktion</one>. A: Dies ist die Reaktion eines Antikörpers mit einer Substanz die nicht Anlass für seine Bildung war.
+- <two>Which cell</two> in the human body is especially productive when it comes to the production of <one>interleukins</one>? The <one>T-helper cells</one>.
+- There are <one>three different Interferon genes</one> in the human genome. Which ones are induced "upeon exposure" to a virus/viral RNA? (1) "<u>IFN-Alpha</u>" (2) <one>IFN-Beta</one>
+- Warum sind die <one>Tonsillen</one> wichtig in der Immunologie? Die Tonsillen sind durch ihre <one>Lage</one> wichtig bei der Abwehr von Keimen, die über Mund und Nasenraum eindringen.
+- Name a cell type in the human body able to produce <one>β-defensins</one>. A: The <one>differentiated keratinocytes</one>.
+- <one>TLR signaling triggers</one> ... ? Inflammation.
+- Do <one>TLRs</one> form dimers? Yes, upon ligand‐binding. 
+- TLRs (Toll‐like receptors) have which two domains, in general? (1) an <one>extracellular recognition domain</one> (2) an <one>intracellular signaling domain</one>
+- Nenne die <one>drei Komponenten des C1-Komplementproteins</one>. A: (1) <one>C1q</one> (2) <one>C1r</one> (3) <one>C1s</one>
+- Was ist die <one>Avidität</one>? <one>Avidus</one> heisst <two>gierig</two>, und die Avidität eines Antikörpers ist die Stärke einer multivalenten Bindung zwischen Antigen und Antikörper.
+- Anteil der Leukocyten <one>in %</one> im Blut? Nur <one>0.1%</one> der Zellen im Blut sind <two>Leukocyten</two>.
+- Why the name <one>MHC restriction</one>? Because T cells are restricted to recognize only those antigens that are <one>associated with cell-surface MHC molecules</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>FoxP3</one> in der Immunologie? <one>Forkhead box protein 3</one>.
+- In humans, <one>TAP</one> is the <two>antigen peptide transporter</two>. It will transport antigens from the cytoplasm to ... ? To the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>.
+- Name the <one>two subpopulations of neutrophils</one>. A: (1) <one>neutrophil-killers</one> (2) <one>neutrophil-cagers</one>
+- Das Protein <one>RIG-1</one> ist ein cytoplasmatischer ... ? <one>RNA-Detektor</one>.
+- Das <one>Tetrodotoxin</one> der <two>Fugu-Fische</two> wirkt wie? Es bindet an Sodium (Natrium) channels in Nervenzellen.
+- Was ist eine <one>Granulozytose</one>? Dies ist <one>eine Vermehrung der Granulozyten im peripheren Blut</one>.
+- An active <one>MAC</one> (<one>membrane attack complex</one>) is composed of the subunits C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9 molecules. Which one of these molecules is present at the highest copy? <one>C9</one>.
+- <one>T lymphocytes</one> originate from ... ? The <one>bone marrow</one>.
+- What means <one>Hypersensitivity</one>? <two>Hypersensitivity</two> is <one>an immune response</one> that results in host damage.
+- Welche <one>zwei Formen der Immunisierung</one> können unterschieden werden? (1) <one>Aktive Immunisierung</one> (2) <one>Passive Immunisierung</one>
+- Anderer Begriff für eine <one>Ansammlung von B-Zellen</one>? <one>Follikel</one>.
+- How many different subgroups exist among the helper T cells? Three.
+- The <one>MAC</one> (<one>membrane attack complex</one>) protrudes about n nm from the surface of a pathogen? About <one>15 nm</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>scFv</one>? A: <one>single chain Fragment variable</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScFv-Fragment
+- <one>Blutproben im Labor</one> versetzt man warum genau mit <two>Citrat</two>? Um die Gerinnung zu hemmen.
+- Wieso brauchen die Lymphozyten die <one>Selektine</one>? Damit sie <one>ihren Bestimmungsort finden können</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>parenteral</one>? <one>Am Darm vorbei</one>; also <two>unter Umgehung des Darmes</two>. Dies sind Wege, bei denen Stoffe oder Krankheitserreger unter Umgehung des Darmtraktes in den Körper gelangen. Die <one>Spritze</one> ist ein Beispiel hierzu.
+- What is the <one>effector function of B-cells</one>? The <one>secretion of antibodies</one>.
+- Was sind <one>Opsonine</one>? Das sind Plasmabestandteile, die durch Anlagerung an körperfremde Substanzen deren Elimination durch Phagozytose begünstigen.
+- What is the main function of the MHCs? The main function of MHC molecules is <one>to bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Beispiel</one> für eine <two>dendritische Zelle</two> der Haut. A: Die <one>Langerhanszellen</one>.
+- What are <one>GF-mice</one>? <one>Germ-free mice</one>.
+- In Immunology: what means the <one>RSS</one> Sequence? <one>Recombination signal sequences</one>.
+- <one>Which cell</one> carries the <two>Fc receptor Fc-epsilon-RI</two>? An <one>eosinophil</one>.
+- <one>MBL</one> belongs to which group of proteins? To the <one>acute phase proteins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannan-binding_lectin
+- Welches <one>Interleukin</one> agiert als Wachstumsfaktor für <two>Tc-Zellen</two>? <one>Interleukin-2</one>.
+- Typically <one>inflammation</one> at the site of infection is initiated by which cell in the human body? By <one>macrophages</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage
+- What is meant with the term <one>xenoimmunity</one>? These are <one>disease-causing immune responses to the commensal microbiota</one>.
+- In der Immunologie: wie heisst der <one>MHC</one> beim Menschen? <one>HLA</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Cytokin das zellschädigend ist</one>. A: <one>TNF-Alpha</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha
+- What is a better word for an <one>antigen</one>? An <one>immunogen</one>.
+- Nenne eine <one>Immunzelle</one>, die MHC-II erkennen kann. A: <one>TH-Zellen</one>.
+- <one>Wer</one> ist <two>der Erreger von Malaria</two> und verursacht diese? <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one>.
+- Nenne eine Funktion der <one>Akute-Phase-Proteine</one>. A: Dienen der <one>Opsonierung der Krankheitserreger</one>.
+- <two>Which specific cells</two> in the human body <one>do not express MHC class I receptors</one> on their surface? <one>Red blood cells</one>.
+- Künstlicher Antikörper-Ersatz durch ...? Durch <one>Aptamere</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir <one>MHC-Rezeptoren</one> noch, im Menschen? A: <one>HLA</one>: <two>Humane Leukocytenantigene</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen
+- <one>Chemokines</one> are ... ? A group of small proteins that function as chemoattractants for lymphocytes and phagocytes.
+- The <one>adhesion of Leukocytes to endothelia</one> requires ...? Integrin activation.
+- How is a <one>sepsis</one> caused? It is caused by an immune response, triggered by an infection.
+- How can we meaningfully translate the phrase <one>Functio laesa</one>? <one>Loss of function</one>.
+- Gibt es ein Beispiel für eine <one>Abweichung von den Kochschen Postulaten</one>? Die <one>Tuberculosi bacteria</one>. Nur in 10% der Fälle verursachen sie Symptome.
+- What is an <one>Antigen</one>? Any material/molecule that <one>induces an immune response</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> are the complement proteins synthesized? <one>In the liver</one>.
+- <one>Wie lange hält der Schutz</one> durch eine <two>passive Immunisierung</two> an, in etwa? In etwa <one>3 Monate</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Vertreter der Lektine</one>, die auch <two>in der Immunologie relevant sind</two>. A: <one>Selektine</one>.
+- Why is <one>prednisone</one> used in immunology? Because prednisone <one>suppresses an immune reaction against a transplanted organ</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisone
+- Was sind <one>Immuntoxine</one>? <one>Antikörper-Toxin Komplexe</one>.
+- What does <one>the concept of immunodominance</one> specify? A particular epitope (on a pathogen) may be dominant and ultimately triggers the immune response. The other epitopes that may exist, are not as effective (also called “subdominant”) and do not lead to an effective response.
+- Another term for an "Epitope"? An epitope is an <one>Antigenic determinant</one>.
+- Other term for <one>septic shock</one>? <one>Severe systemic inflammation</one>.
+- Name the 3 signature properties of <one>adaptive immunity</one>. A: (1) <one>diversity</one> (2) <one>specificity</one> (3) <one>memory</one>
+- <one>Histamin</one> ist bei Entzündungsreaktionen wichtig. <two>Welche Zellen</two> bilden <one>Histamin</one>? Die <one>Mastzellen</one>.
+- <one>Which dendritic cell type</one> is the major one that acts as sentinel against viral infections? The <one>plasmacytoid dendritic cells</one>.
+- Was sind <one>Abzymes</one>? <two>Abzymes</two> sind <one>katalytisch wirksame Antikörper</one>.
+- <one>Wieviele TLRs</one> sind <two>beim Menschen</two> bekannt? <one>10</one>.
+- In general, <one>when</one> may a <two>secondary immune response</two> occur? Upon a <one>re-infection</one>.
+- <one>CD4</one> interagiert mit <two>welchem MHC</two>? <one>MHC II</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>secondary lymphoid organ</one>. A: The <one>lymph node</one>.
+- What is meant with the <one>clonal selection hypothesis</one>? Lymphocytes specific for a large number of antigens exist before exposure to the antigen. When an antigen enters, it selects the specific cells and activates them.
+- Wo finden wir meistens <one>Toll-like Rezeptoren</one>? In oder an <one>Endosomen</one>.
+- In the immune system, the complement proteins "C3b" and "iC3b" act as opsonins by virtue of the fact that they specifically bind to receptors on which two cells? (1) <one>neutrophils</one> (2) <one>macrophages</one>
+- Which <one>organelle</one> is <two>highly amplified in plasma cells</two>? The <one>rough ER</one>.
+- Name <one>a regulatory protein</one> that can cause a B cell to become a plasma cell. A: <one>BLIMP-1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell#Immature_plasma_cells
+- In <two>Immunology</two>: what means <one>cSMAC</one> and <one>pSMAC</one>? (1) central supramolecular activation cluster. (2) peripheral supramolecular activation cluster.
+- Werden <one>Lymphknoten</one> durchblutet? Ja.
+- In immunology: the function of <one>MBL</one> is similar to which other protein in the complement pathway? <one>C1q</one>.
+- Name the two main categories of <one>white blood cells</one>. A: (1) <one>lymphoid</one> (2) <one>myeloid</one>
+- Was sind <one>immunologisch privilegierte</one> Regionen? Dies sind <one>durch anatomische Verhältnisse bedingte Regionen</one>, in denen durch fehlende Lymphdrainage Fremdantigene persistieren können. Es kommt hier also nicht zu einer vollentwickelten Abwehr.
+- Der <one>direkte Vorläufer der Neutrophile</one> ist ... ? Der <one>Myeloblast</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir die <one>dendritischen Zellen in der Haut</one>? <one>Langerhans-Zellen</one>.
+- Is <one>an attenuated viral vaccine</one> better than <two>a dead viral vaccine</two>? <one>Yes</one>, the immune response will be stronger.
+- <two>Welche Therapie</two> mögen wir verwenden, um die <one>rheumatoide Arthiritis</one> zu bekämpfen? Die <one>Anti-TNF-alpha-Therapie</one>.
+- What is the primary function of a <one>regulatory T lymphocyte</one>? It is <one>to suppress other T cells</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>tolerance</one>. A: <one>Immunologic unresponsiveness</one>.
+- Historically, <one>one of the first serological tests</one> to be developed was ... ? The <one>precipitation test</one>.
+- What means <one>perinatal</one>? This refers to the period immediately before and after birth.
+- Which model can explain <one>autoimmunity</one>? The <one>Danger Model</one>.
+- <one>T-Zellen</one> mit AlphaBeta-TCR Rezeptor entwickeln sich zu ... ? CD4 und CD8 Zellen.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Flt3</one>? <one>FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3</one>.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>immunologische Synapse</one> gemeint? Dies ist eine physische Kontaktstelle zwischen Immunzellen und anderen Zellen.
+- Wann wurde die <one>Variolierung</one> in Europa eingeführt? Ca. <one>1720</one>.
+- In der Immunologie: was ist mit dem Begriff <one>anergisiert</one> gemeint? <one>Reaktionsunfähig gemacht</one>.
+- Name <one>a direct predecessor of memory B cells</one>. A: <one>Germinal center B cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_center
+- Give an example for <one>a complex essential virulence factor</one> used by many <three>gram-negative bacteria</three>. A: <one>Type III secretion systems</one> (<two>T3SSs</two>)
+- When the <one>BcR</one> is created, does first <three>V-DJ rearranging</three> or <three>D-J rearranging</three> happen? <one>D-J rearranging</one> comes first.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>massive, horizontale Übertragung von Rhinoviren</one>? <one>Niesen</one>.
+- Ursache der <one>Tay-Sachs Disease</one>? Ausfall von <one>Beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase</one>.
+- The most common <one>Fc receptor</one> on the surface of an NK cell is called ... ? <one>CD16</one>.
+- Name two <one>transcription factors</one> that can induce the production of <two>IFN-Alpha</two> and <two>IFN-Beta</two>. A: (1) <one>IRF3</one> (2) <one>IRF7</one>
+- Name an extremely primitive way how <one>a tumor</one> could protect itself against <two>immunotoxins</two>. A: By its <one>sheer size</one>.
+- Nenne einen wichtigen Slogan von <one>Polly Matzinger</one>. A: <one>To detect and protect against danger</one>.
+- What is meant with the expression <one>iTreg</one> in Immunology? This refers to <one>inducible regulatory T cells</one>.
+- <one>NOD-like Rezeptoren</one> (NLRs) führen intrazellulär zu einer Ausbildung ... ? Des <one>Inflammasoms</one>.
+- <one>Infektionen</one> lösen eine ... aus. A: <one>Entzündungsreaktion</one>.
+- Name a <one>non-specific immunotherapy</one>. A: Boost the immune system in a general way.
+- Why may it be useful, in immunology, that <one>adhesion</one> to cells is not strong? When adhesion is weak then this may allow, for instance, leukocytes to roll along the vascular endothelial surface.
+- Definiere den Begriff <one>Xenotyp</one>. A: Ein homologes Gen aus einer anderen Spezies, welche für das selbe Protein kodiert.
+- There is <one>ADCC</one> (<two>Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</two>). Is there also a non-antibody dependent cytotoxicity variant? Yes, <royalblue>CDC</royalblue>, aka <one>complement-dependent cytotoxicity</one>.
+- How could we define the term <one>adjuvants</one>? These are <one>substances that can enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen</one>.
+- Warum die Bezeichnung <one>M cells</one>? <one>M</one> steht hier für <one>microfold cells</one>.
+- <one>NETosis</one> stands for ... ? <one>NET activation and release</one>.
+- What means <one>WBC count</one> im Immunology? <one>White blood cell count</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir <one>die Immunzellen der Insekten</one>? <one>Hämocyten</one>.
+- What is the <one>opposite</one> of <two>immunopathogenic</two>? <one>Immunoprotective</one>.
+- The <one>classical pathway in the complement cascade</one> starts with ... ? <one>C1q</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Antihistaminikum</one>. A: <one>Pyribenzamin</one>.
+- The <one>most abundant white blood cells in mammals</one> are ... ? The <one>Neutrophils</one>.
+- How do we call <one>membrane-bound Immunoglobulins</one>? This is the BCR, the <one>B-cell receptor</one>.
+- Give another term for <one>lowest concentration</one> in immunology. A: <one>Highest dilution</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit dem <one>Bence-Jones Protein</one>? Dies bezieht sich auf <one>zwei leichte Ig-Ketten</one>, die miteinander verbunden sind.
+- Who produces <one>Monokines</one>? <one>Mononuclear phagocytes</one>.
+- <one>Superantigene</one> sind Toxine, die eine Bindung zwischen welchen Zellen vermitteln? Zwischen Zellen mit einem "T-Zell Rezeptor"; und der "MHC class 2" einer <one>APC</one> ("Antigen presenting Cell").
+- What kind of protein is <one>IRAK4</one>? It is a <one>protein kinase</one>.
+- What usually occurs before <one>antigen presentation</one>? <one>Antigen processing</one>.
+- Barriere auf Chitinbasis im Darm der Insekten? Die <one>peritrophische Matrix</one>.
+- Zellulärer Hauptbestandteil des <one>Eiters</one>? <one>Neutrophile Granulocyten</one>.
+- Hauptaufgabe der <one>Akute-Phase-Proteine</one>? Dienen der <one>Opsonierung der Krankheitserreger</one>.
+- <one>Naive T-Zellen</one> können in den Lymphknoten wandern, dank welcher Moleküle an der Oberfläche? <one>L-Selektine</one>.
+- A. W. für ein <one>Epitope</one>? <one>Antigene Determinanten</one>.
+- Der <one>Ductus thoracius</one> mündet in ...? Die <one>vena subclavia sinistra</one>.
+- Humans encode for <one>RANKL</one>, a membrane protein. What does <one>RANKL</one> stand for? <one>Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand</one>.
+- The ligand to <one>P-selectin</one> is typically ... ? <one>sialyl-Lewis</one>.
+- <one>MHC-Klasse-I-Moleküle</one> bestehen aus einer Alpha-Kette durch die Plasmamembran, sowie ... welcher Kette, die diese Struktur stützt? Beta2-Mikroglobulin.
+- Nenne eine wichtige Aufgabe der <one>T-Helfer-Lymphozyten</one>. A: <one>Lymphokin-Sekretion</one>.
+- Was passiert wenn eine T-Helferzelle viel <one>Interleukin-2</one> produziert? Die Zelle proliferiert - dadurch produziert sie auch viele IL-2 Rezeptoren, mit dem Effekt das noch mehr Th-Zellen gebildet werden.
+- Was sind <one>Toxoide</one>? <one>Extrakte von Toxinen</one>.
+- NF-Kappa-Beta ist ein Transkriptionsfaktor. Im Zellkern aktiviert dieser Transkriptionsfaktor vor allem ... welche Gene? Gene die eine Rolle bei der Entzündungsreaktion spielen; also <one>proinflammatorische Gene</one>.
+- Name one critical factor for establishing <one>host specificity</one> of pathogens. A: Attachment to particular cell-surface molecules.
+- Typen von Granulocyten? (1) Eosinophil (2) basophil (3) Neutrophil. (Merkschema: "B-E-N")
+- Eine <one>dendritische Zelle</one> kontaktiert pro Stunde etwa wieviele T-Lymphozyten im Lymphknoten? Etwa <one>500</one>.
+- Was ist die <one>Hämatopoese</one>? Dies ist die <one>Bildung der Blutzellen</one>.
+- Provide another word for <one>swelling</one>. A: <one>Edema</one>.
+- Give another name for the term <one>adjuvant</one>. A: <one>Immune system stimulating material</one>.
+- What is the major task of the <one>MHC protein</one>? To present a foreign peptide to a T cell carrying an appropriate TCR receptor - thereby activating that T cell.
+- Cells infected with <one>viruses</one> that reside in the cytosol are eliminated by ... ? By <one>cytotoxic cells</one>.
+- Wie lange dauert es, in Tagen, bis <one>das angeborene Immunsystem</one> einen Erreger effektiv bekämpft? Etwa <one>5 Tage</one>.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>soziale Immunität</one> gemeint? Wenn zum Beispiel <one>Bienen</one> Wabenzellen und Artgenossen putzen.
+- Why is <one>self-tolerance</one> important? Because it is vital in order to prevent harmful reactions against one's own cells.
+- Nenne eine <one>Schwachstelle</one> des HIV-Antikörpertests. A: Es gibt eine <one>diagnostische Lücke</one>.
+- Hat die <one>angeborene Immunität</one> ein "Gedächtnis"? Nein.
+- <one>CD28</one> ist ein Marker für welche Zellen? <one>T-Lymphocyten</one>.
+- Lebensdauer der <one>basophilen Granulozyten</one> im Blut? ca. <one>2 Wochen</one>.
+- Das Komplementprotein <one>C1q</one>, Teil von C1, besteht aus wievielen Polypeptidketten? <one>18</one>.
+- <one>Fieber</one> führt zu einer Erhöhung der Körpertemperatur, über Pyrogene. Wer im menschlichen Körper reguliert die Temperatur? Der <one>Hypothalamus</one>.
+- Warum benötigt der menschliche Körper <one>NK-Zellen</one>? Diese töten <one>intrazelluläre Erreger</one>, wie zum Beispiel Viren.
+- First <one>enzymes</one> to be activated in the lectin pathway? MASP-1 and MASP-2; mannose-binding lectin associated serine proteases.
+- Das Genprodukt bei der <one>Gaucher-Krankheit</one> ist ... ? <one>Glucorebrosidase</one>.
+- In immunology: what does the abbreviation <one>MALT</one> stand for? <one>Mucose-associated lymphoid tissue</one>.
+- How many <one>antigen-binding receptors</one> can we find on the surface of a typical, average T cell? About <one>30.000</one>.
+- What are <one>chemokines</one>? Chemokines are secreted proteins that atract cells bearing chemokine receptors, such as neutrophils or monocytes, out of the bloodstream and into an infected tissue.
+- Give another term for the two words <one>adaptive immunity</one>. A: <one>Specific immunity</one>.
+- How did old literature call <one>PAMPs</one>, sort of? As the <one>endotoxin receptor</one>.
+- Define an <one>opportunistic pathogen</one>. A: This is <one>a pathogen that causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance</one>.
+- Nenne eine Immunzelle, die <one>keine Antigene präsentieren kann</one>. A: Die <one>T-Zellen</one>.
+- TLRs signal via the MYD88 protein. What does <one>MYD</one> stand for here? <one>Myeloid differentiation</one>.
+- In der Immunologie: was bedeutet der Begriff <one>semiallogen</one>? Das heisst <one>zu 50% ein Fremdkörper</one>.
+- Nenne <one>eine gereinigte Trägersubstanz für Antigene</one>. A: <one>Sepharose</one>.
+- What is <one>the most distinctive feature of T cells</one>? The ability to recognize antigens as a small peptide fragment bound to a MHC molecule. That way T cells can detect the presence of an intracellular pathogen.
+- Which <one>hormone</one> can act as <lightseagreen>an anti-inflammatory agent</lightseagreen>? <one>Cortisol</one>.
+- <one>Which component</one> of the complement pathway <two>initiates formation of the membrane-attack complex</two>? <one>C5b</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>anaphylatoxin</one>? This refers to a <one>mediator of inflammation</one>.
+- We can see a notation such as <one>C3a</one> and <one>C3b</one> in the complement system. What does the a and b mean here, respectively? This typically means that the component a is the smaller one; thus, in the example given here, C3a is the smaller fragment, and C3b is the larger fragment. This is true for all complement proteins except for C2a, which is larger than C2b.
+- <one>Complement components</one> are designed by numerals typically, such as C1-C9, but may also be a simple letter symbol. Give one such example for the latter. A: <one>factor D</one>.
+- Name two general, important functions of the complement system. A: (1) <one>lysis of bacteria</one>, in particular (2) <one>opsonization</one>, which in turn promotes phagocytosis of particulate antigens
+- In general, <one>the complement cascade</one> may be initiated by several proteins that circulare in the normal serum, collevtively called? The <one>acute phase proteins</one>.
+- Was akkumuliert beim <one>Tay-Sachs Disease</one>? Das <one>Ganglioside GM2</one>.
+- Why does the human body make use of an <one>inflammatory response</one>? To recruit new phagocytic cells and circulating effector molecules to the site of infection.
+- How many amino acids may we find in the <one>J gene segment</one>? Up to <one>13</one>.
+- Deutscher Name für die <one>Tuberkulose</one>? <one>Schwindsucht</one>.
+- <one>Macrophages</one> can synthesize certain chemokines, such as "CXC8". What is the effect of this chemokine - will it attract or reject other cells? It will specifically <one>attract neutrophils</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>surface antigen</one> das man bei <one>Schweinen</one> aber nicht bei <one>Menschen</one> findet. A: <one>Alpha-1,3-Galactosidase</one>.
+- Was ist die <one>Morbidität</one>? Das <one>Verhältnis</one> von kranken Individuen zur Risikopopulation im Bezugszeitraum.
+- What is the <one>rheumatoid factor</one>? The rheumatoid factor is <one>an autoantibody</one>.
+- In der Immunbiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>TTSS</one>? <one>Type-III-Secretion-System</one>.
+- In immunology: What is meant with an <one>effector response</one>? That is the response by the immune system that <one>neutralizes an invader</one>.
+- Wann wurde das <violet>Prader-Willi Syndrom</violet> erstmals beschrieben? 1956.
+- Which hypersensitivity type is cell-mediated? <one>Type IV</one> Hypersensitivity is cell-mediated.
+- Was sind die <violet>Hassal-Körperchen</violet>? Granuläre Bereiche innerhalb der Markregion des Thymus. Dort werden wahrscheinlich apoptotische Zellen abgebaut.
+- Formation of fibrin is "secondary hemostasis" or "primary hemostasis"? It is <one>secondary hemostasis</one>.
+- Give a specific example for a <one>hapten</one>. A: <one>Vitamin K1</one>.
+- All the cellular elements of blood, including the cells of the immune system, arise from ... in the ... ? Arise from "pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow".
+- The most common Fc receptor on the surface of a <one>natural killer cell</one> is called Fc-gamma-RIII. Give another name for it (CD-name). A: <one>CD16</one>. 
+- Why is <one>immunological memory</one> considered to be so important? Because that way people may be protected from a particular infection in a life-long manner.
+- Welche histologischen Bereiche finden wir in einem <one>Lymphknoten</one> üblicherweise? (1) Cortex (2) Paracortex (3) Medulla
+- Plasmazytoide DCs produzieren was? <one>Interferon</one> (nach "Antigenkontakt")
+- Was ist die normale Funktion des <one>IRAK4-Proteins</one>? NF-Kappa B zu aktivieren (ein Transkriptionsfaktor).
+- <one>NETs</one> are formed by which cells? By "Neutrophiles". (Mnemonic: beginnt mit dem Buchstaben "N")
+- Where in a cell are MHC class I molecules synthesized? In the "endoplasmic reticulum" (<one>ER</one>). 
+- Which cells are in a "granuloma"? "<u>Macrophages</u>".
+- What is "<u>the key physiological function of NF-kappa-B</u>"? The orchestration of the inflammatory responses to both infection and tissue damage.
+- What are "<u>Superantigens</u>"? Proteins capable of eliciting a very strong response because they activate more T-Cells than a normal response.
+- IRAK4 and IRAK1 are associated with MyD88, but which receptor is associated with the latter, connected to TRAM and TIRAP? The "TLR4-receptor".
+- Name an "activity" of the "JAK proteins". A: JAKs possess a "kinase activity".
+- How do Tc cells kill a bacterium? By "inducing apoptosis" in an infected eukaryotic cell.
+- Why the name "C-reactive protein"? It can bind "pneumococcal C polysaccharid".
+- Why may it be a bad idea to inject a too-low dose of an antigen? (1) Because no immune response may be induced (2) or, even worse, tolerance may be induced
+- Nenne die beiden "klassischen Entzündungszellen". A: (1) Makrophagen (2) neutrophile Granulocyten
+- Nenne zwei Funktionen der roten Pulpa des Milzparenchym! A: (1) Abbau überalterter Erythrozyten sowie (2) Blutspeicherung
+- Another word for "harmless antigen"? "Innocous antigen".
+- When were the "Henle-Koch postulates" first formulated? In "1840". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henle-Koch-Postulate
+- In der Immunologie sprechen wir vom dem berühmten "immunologischen Trio". Was bezeichnen wir damit? (1) die "dendritische Zelle", die Th und Tc aktiviert (2) die "Th Zelle", die die "Tc Zelle" unterstützt (3) die Tc Zelle, die hierbei "erstaktiviert" wird
+- "NKT cells" are a subpopulation of ...? "T cells".
+- Warum brauchen wir IgE? Gegen "helminthic parasites".
+- Name the 2 effector mechanisms of the "adaptive immune system". A: (1) "antibodies" (2) "effector T cells"
+- Name a "co-stimulatory molecule" needed by mature dendritic cells but missing in immature dendritic cells. A: The "B7 molecule".
+- Name the 3 subpopulations of T cells. A: (1) "T helper cells" (2) "T cytotoxic cells" (3) "T regulatory cells"
+- Diameter of monocytes (from, to)? 10-15 micrometers.
+- W. h. "morbidus"? Krank.
+- How is C3b normally stabilized? When it meets LPS.
+- Why is MHC I important? It can capture viral protein fragments and display these on the cell surface.
+- Is MHC I or MHC II more widespread? MHC I. Almost every nucleated cell of the body has it.
+- What is the job of the "AIRE Transcription factor"? It prevents the immune system from attacking the body itself.
+- "Tylosin" wird gegen welches Bakterium eingesetzt? Gegen Mycoplasma.
+- Does Serum contain clotting proteins? No.
+- Gib 5 allgemeine Beispiele für Erreger-Wirt-Wechselbeziehungen. A: (1) Kommensalismus (Erreger lebt vom Überschuß des Wirts) (2) Mutualismus: gegenseitiger Vorteil, keine Lebensnotwendigkeit (3) Symbiose: Leben in einem Abhängigkeitsverhältnis (4) Phoresie: Transportgelegenheit (5) Parasitismus
+- Why does it take several days to develop a protective adaptive response? Initially only a few lymphocytes are available to interact with each antigen.
+- <one>Who</one> established the <two>side chain theory</two>? <one>Paul Ehrlich</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich []
+- Are <one>basophils</one> <two>phagocytic</two>? <one>No</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophil []
+- <one>Histamine</one> is <two>a ...active amino acid</two>, important for mast cells. A: <one>Histamine</one> is <two>a vasoactive amino acid</two>. []
+- Der <one>direkte Vorläufer eines Erythrocyten</one> ist ... ? Ein <one>Erythroblast</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoese#Erythroblast []
+- In der Evolution des Immunystems: gab es <one>zuerst Komplement</one> <two>oder</two> <one>zuerst Antikörper</one>? <one>Zuerst</one> <two>entstand das Komplementsystem</two>; <three>danach entstanden die Antikörper</three>. []
+- In Immunology: what is typically meant with an <one>immune complex</one>? This refers to an <one>antigen-antibody complex</one> normally. []
+- Nenne <one>zwei primäre lymphatische Organe</one>. A: (1) <one>Knochenmark</one> (2) <one>Thymus</one> []
+- <one>Wieviel Prozent</one> der <two>Lymphocyten im Blut</two> <three>sind NK-Zellen</three>? <one>5-10%</one>. []
+- Das <one>weltweit erste Vakzin</one> <two>wurde wann entwickelt</two>? <one>1796</one>. []
+- During inoculation, <one>which Immunoglobulin</one> can we find when we inject an antigen for the <two>first time</two>, and then for the second time? Initially, <one>IgM</one> is produced. At the second injection (<two>booster</two>), the body creates <three>IgG</three>. []
+- <one>Which cells</one> <two>proliferate into effector cells</two>? The <one>lymphocytes</one>. []
+- Are <one>cytokines</one> stored? <two>No</two> - Cytokines are <one>usually not stored</one>. []
+- <one>Opsonization</one> typically leads to the activity of ... <two>which cell</two> in the human body? A <one>phagocyte</one>. []
+- <one>Which immune cell</one> is famous for its role in <two>promoting vasodilation</two>? <one>Mast cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell []
+- <one>Which cells</one> <two>kill other cells infected with virus</two>? The <one>cytotoxic T cells</one>. []
+- Can <one>mechanical forces</one> <two>induce inflammation</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Cytotoxische T-Zellen</one> <two>erkennen was genau auf der Zelloberfläche</two>? <one>Cytotoxische Z-Zellen</one> erkennen die <two>MHC-I Klasse</two>. []
+- <one>T-Lymphozyten</one> <two>durchlaufen im Thymus</two> <three>wieviele Selektionsschritte</three>? <one>Zwei</one>. []
+- Do <one>memory T cells</one> <two>react more rapidly to antigen challenges</two> <three>than do naive T cells</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- What typically happens to a <one>lymphocyte</one> <two>when they are deprived of stimuli occurring via antigen contact</two>? They will <one>die by apoptosis</one> (<two>excluding memory cells</two>). []
+- <one>Which component</one> of the <two>complement system</two> <three>enhances inflammation</three>? <one>C3a</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3a_(complement) []
+- <one>Wie lange</one> dauert es, <two>bis die adaptive Immunantwort anläuft</two>? Etwa <one>5 Tage</one>. []
+- Wie beeinflusst <one>Cortisol</one> <two>die Immunantwort</two>? <one>Cortisol</one> <two>hemmt</two> <three>die Immunantwort</three>. []
+- Lateinisch für die <one>Pocken</one>? <one>Variola</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocken []
+- Nenne <one>die Effektorzellen</one> der <two>erworbenen Immunität</two>. A: (1) <one>B-Zellen</one> (2) <one>T-Zellen</one> []
+- The <one>predominant cells in pus</one> <two>are ... </two>? The <one>neutrophils</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus []
+- The <one>components</one> found in an <two>Abzyme</two> are ... ? <one>Antibody</one> + <one>Enzyme</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abzyme []
+- <one>MadCAM1</one> <two>gehört zu welcher Familie</two>? <one>MadCAM1</one> ist ein <two>Adressin</two>. []
+- <one>Which signals</one> <two>(may) trigger</two> <three>the adaptive immune system</three>? <one>Danger signals</one>. []
+- <one>Wo</one> genau können wir <two>FR</two> (<one>Framework Regions</one>) finden? Im <one>variablen Anteil eines Antikörpers</one>. []
+- Um zu einer <one>Antikörper-produzierenden Plasmazelle</one> <two>zu differenzieren</two>, <three>müssen B-Zellen mit welcher Zelle interagieren</three>? Mit <one>TH-Zellen</one>. []
+- Are <one>MHC molecules</one> <two>glycoproteins</two>? <one>Yes</one> they are. []
+- Die <one>Bluttplättchen</one> <two>gehen aus welchen Zellen hervor</two>? <one>Megakaryocyten</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryocyte []
+- Are <one>neutrophils</one> <two>phagocytes</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Wissenschaftlicher Name für die <one>Kinderlähmung</one>? <one>Poliomyelitis</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis []
+- Is a <one>PAMP</one> <two>normally found in the human body</two>? <one>No</one>, a <two>PAMP</two> is <three>not</three> normally found in the body. []
+- Is <one>smallpox</one> <two>caused by a virus</two> or <two>by a bacterium</two>? By a <one>virus</one>. []
+- Der <one>Hauptproduzent von</one> <two>TNF-Alpha</two> im menschlichen Körper ist ... ? <one>Makrophagen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrophage []
+- The <one>secondary adaptive immune response</one> <two>is possible only because of which phenomenon</two>? <one>Memory</one>. []
+- How do we call molecules that <one>stimulate immune responses</one>? <one>Immunogens</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunogen []
+- Können <one>β-Defensine</one> die <two>Bakterienwände zerstören</two>? <one>Ja</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_defensin []
+- In der Immunologie: andere Bezeichnung, in Deutsch, für <one>Lobuli</one> in der Immunologie? <one>Thymuslappen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus []
+- <one>Lymphocytes</one> <two>that have not (yet) encountered a particular antigen</two> <three>are said to be ... </three>? <one>Naive</one>. []
+- <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für das <two>quantitative Maß der Pathogenität eines Pathogens</two>? Die <one>Virulenz</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulenz []
+- Name a so-called <one>vasoactive factor</one>. A: <one>Histamine</one>. []
+- The <one>daily production of which Ig</one> - in humans - is <two>the largest</two>? <one>IgA</one>. []
+- <one>Histamin</one> <two>ist bei Entzündungsreaktionen wichtig</two>. <three>Welche Zellen bilden Histamin</three>? Die <one>Mastzellen</one>. []
+- <one>Which immune cell</one> produces <two>Monokines</two>? Only the <one>monocytes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte []
+- Die <one>Aktivierung der Mastzellen</one> steht <two>im Zusammenhang mit welchen Antikörpern</two>? <one>IgE</one>. []
+- Besitzen <one>Vögel</one> <two>ein adaptives Immunsystem</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>How</one> are the <two>macrophages</two> in the liver called? <one>Kupffer cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupffer_cell []
+- Das <one>Cholera-Toxin</one> <two>ist was für ein Toxin-Typ</two>? <one>Enterotoxin</one>, ein <two>AB-Toxin</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_toxin []
+- Give another name for <one>non-self</one>. A: <one>Foreign</one>. []
+- Are <one>immature dendritic cells</one> considered to be <two>phagocytic cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>MHC molecules</one> are <two>what type of proteins</two>? <one>MHC molecules</one> are <two>glycoproteins</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex []
+- Are <one>chemokines</one> <two>more basic</two> or <two>more acidic</two>? <one>Chemokines</one> are <two>small, basic proteins</two>. []
+- Was ist <one>der dominierende Antikörperisotyp in Vögeln</one>? <one>Ig Ypsilon</one> (<two>IgY</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_Y []
+- <one>Which person</one> was <two>the founder of medical statistics</two>? <one>Florence Nightingale</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale []
+- Von den <one>Lymphocyten im Blut</one>: <two>n%</two> sind <three>natürliche Killerzellen</three>? <two>10%</two>. []
+- Can <one>Eosinophils</one> <two>phagocytize</two>? <one>Yes</one> they can. []
+- <one>Which person</one> <two>discovered</two> the <three>blood groups</three>? <one>Karl Landsteiner</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner []
+- <one>Cytotoxische T-Zellen</one> <two>besitzen welchen CD-Marker</two>? <one>CD8-Marker</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zytotoxische_T-Zelle []
+- <one>Inflammation</one> <two>can be classified into which two groups</two>? (1) <one>acute</one> (2) <one>chronic</one> []
+- <one>MHC class II molecules</one> are <two>homodimers</two> or <two>heterodimers</two>? MHC class II molecules are <one>heterodimers</one>. []
+- Do <one>all three complement-activating pathways</one> lead up to the build-up of the membrane attack complex (<two>MAC</two>)? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>... cells</one> <two>form the bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses</two>. A: <one>Dendritic cells</one>. []
+- Kann <one>das adaptive Immunsystem</one> <two>vom angeborenen Immunsystem</two> <three>unabhängig ablaufen</three>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- Produzieren wir <one>Menschen</one> <two>Antikörper gegen Haptene</two>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- Can <one>Langerhands cells</one> <two>leave the skin area</two>? <one>Yes</one> - they can <two>migrate to the lymphatic system</two> after they have taken up antigen. []
+- Does <one>MyD88</one> have a <two>TIR domain</two>? <one>Yes</one> it does. []
+- <one>T-reg cells</one> <two>originate from where</two>? From the <one>thymus</one>. []
+- Do <one>memory CD8 T cells</one> <two>exist</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Die <one>passive Immunisierung</one> bedeutet ... ? Das einem Menschen (oder einem Tier) <one>bereits fertige Antikörper verabreicht werden</one>. []
+- Are <one>PAMPs</one> <two>a subset of</two> <three>DAMPs</three> (<four>damage associated molecular patterns</four>)? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Who</one> coined the term <two>antibodies</two>? <one>Paul Ehrlich</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich []
+- Können <one>T-Zellen</one> <two>Antigene direkt erkennen</two>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- Die <one>Selektine</one> sind <two>Vertreter der ... </two>? <one>Lektine</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectine []
+- Can the <one>T-cell receptor</one> <two>interact with free antigen</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- What does the term <one>pyogenic</one> mean? <one>Pus-forming</one>. []
+- Können <one>Liposomen</one> <two>das Immunsystem aktivieren</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- Was meinen wir in der <one>Immunbiologie</one> mit einem <two>„inneren Angriff“</two>? Diese Bezeichnung meint primär <one>entartete Zellen</one>. []
+- Sind <one>Verletzungen</one> der <two>Milz</two> <three>heilbar</three>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- Are <one>heteropolymers</one> or <one>homopolymers</one> <two>more immunogenic</two>? <one>Heteropolymers</one> are usually <two>more immunogenic</two>. []
+- Do <one>Toll-like receptors</one> <two>play a role in innate immunity</two>? <one>Yes</one> - in particular during <two>innate immune recognition</two>. []
+- <one>Epithelial cells</one> <two>in the vertebrates</two> <three>secrete</three> which antimicrobial molecules? <one>Defensins</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensine []