studium 0.18.7

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  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +3310 -0
  3. data/bin/all_passed_exams +14 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d150 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  16. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  17. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  20. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  21. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  22. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  23. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  24. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  26. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +10 -0
  27. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  28. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +15 -0
  29. data/bin/names_of_all_solved_exams +7 -0
  30. data/bin/not_completed_exams +7 -0
  31. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  32. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  33. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  34. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  35. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  36. data/bin/passed_this_exam_on +10 -0
  37. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  38. data/bin/question_answer +7 -0
  39. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  40. data/bin/registered_for_this_exam +15 -0
  41. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  42. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  43. data/bin/return_n_questions_solved_in_total +7 -0
  44. data/bin/rti_conflict +7 -0
  45. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  46. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  47. data/bin/show_passed_exams_having_this_grade +7 -0
  48. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  49. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  50. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  51. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  52. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  53. data/bin/studium_actions +7 -0
  54. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  55. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  56. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  57. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  58. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +85 -0
  59. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  60. data/doc/README.gen +3263 -0
  61. data/doc/SQL_database_specification/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  62. data/doc/deprecated_components/deprecated_components.md +46 -0
  63. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  64. data/doc/elegant_colours/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  65. data/doc/statistics/yearly_statistics.md +8 -0
  66. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_graphical_parts_of_the_studium_gem_including_www_related_aspects.md +92 -0
  67. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_studium_gem.md +55 -0
  68. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/actions/actions.rb +134 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +3554 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/base/commandline_arguments_module/commandline_arguments_module.rb +115 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/base/html_colours_module.rb +632 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/base/runmode_module/runmode_module.rb +103 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +15 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +118 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +100 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +194 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_important_exams.rb +138 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +166 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/correct_all_dates_in_the_file_lecture_information.rb +115 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/date_sanitizer.rb +350 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +124 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_lecture_information.rb +434 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +1711 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +1848 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2063 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +273 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_boku_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +384 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +238 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/curricula_from_this_website/curricula_from_this_website.rb +141 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +213 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +141 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/README.md +9 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/handle_curricula.rb +99 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/misc.rb +798 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +323 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +74 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +73 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +164 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum.rb +116 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +554 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/curricula/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +47 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +197 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +719 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +245 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +50 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +116 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +109 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +100 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +937 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +234 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +251 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +547 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_immunology +225 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +49 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +117 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +273 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +154 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +67 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +73 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +30 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +104 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +76 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +1012 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +469 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +134 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +378 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +357 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +239 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +790 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +112 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeo_viruses +7 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeology +5 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +90 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +266 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1008 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1011 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +128 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +451 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +80 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +58 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +523 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +156 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +152 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +137 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +90 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomedical_studies +16 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/birds +5 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +384 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +488 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +229 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +1011 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_vesicles +11 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +210 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemokines_and_cytokines +45 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_quorum_sensing_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +116 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +84 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +520 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +309 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics +15 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +51 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +45 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +598 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +126 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +186 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +80 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +332 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +226 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/electron_microscopy +7 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +356 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +132 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +42 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +55 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +657 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +395 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +188 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/erste_hilfe +414 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +143 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +372 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +10 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +92 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +65 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +692 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +221 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +119 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +209 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +290 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +961 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +9 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +624 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +56 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +95 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +72 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +45 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +118 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +131 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +152 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +8 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +224 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +270 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +1011 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +117 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +52 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +66 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +624 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +29 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +10 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel_und_getr/303/244nke +224 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/light_microscopy +19 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux_and_unix +36 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +145 -0
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+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Molecular Biology of Plants
3
+ #
4
+ # Alles über die Molekularbiologie in Pflanzen, insbesondere von der
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+ # BOKU. Stressphysiologie-Antwort bei Pflanzen. molplant tag, molplants tag.
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+ # plantmol tag. Auch Plant Pathogens. Molplant. Mol_plant.
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+ # molplantstag. molplanttag. molpltag.
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+ #
9
+ # Auch "Plant Chromosome Structure and Evolution" und Phytohormone.
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+ #
11
+ # Plant development biology will be covered in another file.
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+ # =========================================================================== #
13
+
14
+ - Which disaccharaide is the principal osmolyte selected to protect the resurrection plant against desiccation? The disaccharide <one>trehalose</one>.
15
+ - Manche fleischfressende Pflanzen sondern Isoshinanolon ab. Diese Verbindung beeinträchtigt die Aktivität welches Enzyms? <one>Acetylcholinesterase</one>.
16
+ - <one>Abscisic Acid</one> has which functional effect on "shoot growth" of a plant, in general? <one>Abscisic Acid</one> inhibits <two>shoot growth</two> of a plant.
17
+ - Wenn <one>cGMP</one> in eine Blattzelle der aurea-Tomatenmutante injiziert wird: führt dies zu einer Ergrünungsantwort? <one>Nein</one>. Die Injektion von cGMP in die Blattzellen induziert lediglich eine partielle Ergrünungsantwort; es wird auch Ca2+ benötigt.
18
+ - Bei der <one>Ergrünungsreaktion</one> eines Keimlings werden welche zwei Typen sekundärer Botenstoffe verwendet? (1) Calcium-Ionen (Ca²⁺) (2) zyklisches GMP (<one>cGMP</one>)
19
+ - <one>Apoptosis</one> <two>occurs in plants as well</two>. The most noteworthy example of this is ... ? The mechanisms that cause <one>leaves of deciduous trees</one> to separate and drop in the autumn.
20
+ - Wie wirkt <one>Gibberellin</one> molekularbiologisch? <one>Gibberellin</one> <two>entfernt den Repressor von dem Transkriptionskomplex</two>.
21
+ - <one>Conjugation</one> of <two>which protein</two> to various substrates is essential for plant responses to changing environmental conditions, such as drought or cold? Of <one>the small protein SUMO</one>.
22
+ - <one>Gemeinsamkeit</one> von Trn1 und trnA? Sie flankieren das <one>16S rRNA Gen</one>.
23
+ - Die Form einer Pflanzenzelle wird von den <one>Mikrotubuli</one> bestimmt. <two>Wieso</two>? Bei der Bildung der Zellwand werden die Zellulosefibrillen stets parallel zu den Mikrotubuli angelegt; dies bestimmt somit die spätere Form der Zelle.
24
+ - Aus einem <one>Etioplasten</one> mag ein ... plast werden. A: <one>Chloroplast</one>.
25
+ - Ein <one>Chlorophyll-Molekül</one> <two>besitzt wieviele Stickstoffatome</two>? <one>4</one>. []
26
+ - Nenne ein Phytohormon das mit dem Buchstaben S beginnt. A: <one>Strigolacton</one>.
27
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> <two>consists of two identical chains</two>, A and B. Each chain has two domains. Which ones? (1) <one>PAS domain</one> (2) <one>GAF domain</one>
28
+ - Können <one>Phytohormone</one> verschiedene Wirkungen haben? Ja - je nach Ort der Wirkung, der Konzentration des Phytohormons sowie des Entwicklungsstadiums der Pflanze.
29
+ - In plant cells: <one>where</one> can we find the <two>individual Golgi stacks</two>? Adjacent to the ER exit sites.
30
+ - <one>Phototropin</one> is a <two>light-activated autophosphorylating serine</two>/<two>threonine kinase</two> that binds what exactly, for this to function as <three>blue light-absorbing chromophores</three>? <one>Two flavin mononucleotide</one> (FMN) molecules.
31
+ - Name four ways how <one>bacteria</one> can invade a plant cell. A: (1) through the stoma (2) through a wound (3) through a <one>hydathode</one> (4) through a <one>nectarthode</one>
32
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Beispiele</one> für Phytohormone die die Sprossstreckung bei Pflanzen fördern können. A: (1) Auxin (2) Brassinosteroide
33
+ - Can we find <one>linker histones</one> <two>in plants</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941478/ []
34
+ - Do <one>plants</one> possess <two>TLRs</two> (<three>Toll-like receptors</three>)? <one>Yes</one>. []
35
+ - The <one>chloroplast genome of higher plants</one> <two>contains about n genes</two>? About <one>120 genes</one>. []
36
+ - Gibt es <one>Pflanzen, die ohne Photosynthese überleben können</one>? <one>Ja</one> - zum Beispiel die Alge <two>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</two>.
37
+ - Bewirkt <one>Licht</one> eine Konformationsänderung bei den Phytochromen? Ja.
38
+ - Nenne die <one>fünf Hauptklassen von Phytohormonen</one>. A: (1) Abscisinsäure (2) Auxine (3) Cytokinine (4) Ethylen (5) <one>Gibberelline</one>
39
+ - <one>Carvon</one> <two>kann in Pflanzen gefunden werden</two>. D-Carvon gibt dem Kümmel seinen charakteristischen Geschmack, wohingegen L-Carvon der ... seinen charakteristischen Geschmack gibt. A: Der <one>Minze</one>.
40
+ - Does the movement of <one>abscisic acid</one> (<two>ABA</two>) in plants not exhibit polarity, like auxins? <one>No</one>. ABA is capable of moving both up and down the stem.
41
+ - Haben Pflanzen eine <one>angeborene Immunabwehr</one>? <one>Ja</one>. []
42
+ - Bei der De-Etiolierung in Pflanzen ist ... als Rezeptor beteiligt. A: <one>Phytochrom</one>.
43
+ - Was besitzt <one>Chlorophyll</one> im Zentrum? Ein <one>Magnesiumatom</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophylle#Struktur_und_Eigenschaften []
44
+ - <one>2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure</one> ähnelt welchem <two>Phytohormon</two>? <one>Auxin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigs%C3%A4ure []
45
+ - Regelt die große Zellsaftvakuole osmotischen Druck in einer Pflanzenzelle? Ja. Der Turgordruckt wird geregelt.
46
+ - <one>Which light-colours</one> do <two>phytochromes</two> and <two>cryptochromes</two> make use of? (1) <one>cryptochromes</one>: <two>blue light</two> (2) <one>phytochromes</one>: <two>red light</two>
47
+ - Eine Pflanze mag versuchen, ihre Zellwand mittels <one>Callose</one> zu verstärken. Was ist <one>Callose</one>? <one>Callose</one> ist das <two>Beta-1,3 Polymer der Glucose</two>.
48
+ - <one>Chlorophyll</one> <two>is very good at absorbing light of which colour</two>? (1) blue light (2) <one>red light</one>
49
+ - Name <one>two genes</one> that are induced during ripening of fruits. A: (1) the enzyme "cellulase" (2) the enzyme <one>polygalacturonase</one>
50
+ - In plants: <one>cells in the meristem</one> are indeterminate and serve as a stem-cell population. Which genes maintain the meristem in an indeterminate state? The <one>KNOX1 genes</one>.
51
+ - Kommt <one>Monopteros</one> <two>in Tieren</two> vor? <one>Nein</one>. URL: https://dev.biologists.org/content/118/2/575
52
+ - Ist das Genom von <one>Triticum aestivum</one> oder das Genom von "Oryza sativa" grösser? Das Genom von "Triticum aestivum" ist größer.
53
+ - <one>Chloroplast avoidance movement</one> reduces ... in plants. A: <one>photodamage</one>.
54
+ - What is <one>cytoplasmic male sterility</one>? Cytoplasmic male sterility is the total or partial male sterility in plants as the result of specific nuclear and mitochondrial interactions. The affected plants can not produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes.
55
+ - <one>Degradation of cytokinins</one>, in plants, occurs largely due to which enzyme? The <one>cytokinin oxidase</one>.
56
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Auswirkungen von Wassermangel in Pflanzenzellen</one>, also auf <two>zellulärer Ebene</two>. A: (1) eine <one>Verminderung der Membranintegrität</one> (2) Veränderung in der Raumstruktur der Proteine
57
+ - In the biosynthesis via the <one>shikimate pathway</one>, <two>what is very important for a plant cell</two>? The <one>plastids</one>.
58
+ - The <one>production of ABA</one> <two>is accentuated by stresses such as</two> ... (give two examples). A: (1) <one>water loss</one> (2) <one>freezing temperatures</one>
59
+ - Aus dem <one>Proplastiden</one> können sieben andere Plastiden werden. Welche? (1) <one>Leukoplast</one> (2) Elaioplast (3) Amyloplast (4) Chromoplast (5) Gerontoplast (6) Etioplast (7) Mature chloroplast
60
+ - In general: <one>how</one> do <two>organic osmolytes</two> <three>accumulate mechanistically in plants</three>? The rate at which they are synthesized, is increased.
61
+ - Welche <one>enzymatische Akvititäten</one> <two>vereint RUBISCO</two>? (1) <one>Carboxylase-Aktivität</one> (2) <one>Oxygenase-Aktivität</one>
62
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Beispiele</one> für <two>bittere Pflanzenalkaloide</two>. A: (1) <one>Brucin</one> (2) <one>Strychnin</one>
63
+ - <one>Wer erzeugt</one>, ausgehend von "Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphat", mehr direkte Produkte - die "Oxygenase" oder die "Carboxylase"? Die <one>Oxygenase</one>; sie erzeugt "3-Phosphoglycerat" and "2-Phosphoglycolat".
64
+ - Wo genau erfolgt die <one>Transkription der T-DNA</one>? Im <one>Nucleus der Pflanzenzelle</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6493/
65
+ - <one>RUBISCO</one> has how many <two>subunits</two>? Is it a symmetrical molecule? <one>RUBISCO</one> contains <two>16 subunits</two>. 8 identische grosse und 8 identische kleine Subunits. RUBISCO ist ein symmetrisches Molekül.
66
+ - Genomgröße von <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one>? <one>135 MB</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana#Use_as_a_model_organism
67
+ - Nenne <one>drei Substanzen</one>, die von einer Pflanze der Außenwelt ausgesetzt sind. A: (1) Cutin (2) Suberin (3) <one>Wachs</one>
68
+ - Name <one>a phytohormone</one> that is partially synthesized in the chloroplasts. A: <one>Abscisic Acid</one> (<two>ABA</two>). As a consequence, biosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves.
69
+ - <one>Flavonoids</one> <two>can be synthesized by plants</two>. <three>Which amino acid is the precursor there</three>? The amino acid <one>phenylalanine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine
70
+ - Bei <one>Kren</one> wird <two>Sinigrin in der Vakuole gespeichert</two>. Wenn die Vakuole zerstört wird kommt Sinigrin mit dem Enzym ... in Kontakt und scharf riechendes Isothiocyanat wird freigesetzt. A: Das Enzym ist <one>Myrosinase</one>.
71
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> <two>besitzt (mindestens) wieviele CDKs</two>? <one>12</one>.
72
+ - <one>Wie wirken Cytokinine</one>, zumindest in Pflanzen? Sie <one>stimulieren die Zellteilung</one>.
73
+ - Give <one>an example</one>, in plants, for a relatively young "allopolyploid species". A: <one>Rapeseed</one>, aka <two>Brassica napus</two>.
74
+ - The <one>absorbance maximum for phytochrome</one> is at n nm? About 650-670 nm.
75
+ - Can we find <one>intermediate filaments</one> <two>in plant cells</two>? <one>No</one>.
76
+ - In the <one>ABC gene flowering model</one>, we may also have <two>D genes</two>. What is the function of the D genes? Function D specifies the identity of the ovule.
77
+ - Does <one>Rubisco</one> need chaperone proteins? Yes, up to seven of them, to help it fold into its proper shape. In fact this was one problem in the lab, to get Rubisco to fold properly.
78
+ - Where exactly does the Calvin cycle take place? The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast, inside of plant cells.
79
+ - Can <one>Photosystem II</one> <two>absorb light</two>? <one>Yes</one>, of course.
80
+ - Which scheme can be found during photosynthesis on the molecular level? The <one>Z scheme</one>.
81
+ - Den gleichen Aufbau wie die <one>Chlorophylle</one> haben die ... ? <one>Phäophytine</one> - jedoch besitzen sie "kein Zentralatom" und sind deshalb ungeladen.
82
+ - Chlorophyll a und b unterscheiden sich lediglich dadurch, dass das Chlorophyll a am 2. Pyrrolring eine Methylgruppe und das Chlorophyll b an derselben Stelle ... hat. A: eine <one>Aldehydgruppe</one>.
83
+ - Im <one>Zentrum von Chlorophyll</one> <two>können wir welches Atom finden</two>? Ein <one>Magnesium-Atom</one>.
84
+ - Die Seitenkette der <one>Chlorophylle</one> ist ... ? Der <one>Phytol-Schwanz</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll
85
+ - Der <one>photosynthetische Proteinkomplex</one> <two>IsiA</two> wird bei den Cyanobakterien nur wann ausgebildet? Bei <one>Eisenmangel</one>.
86
+ - Name <one>two different strategies</one> for stress survival in plants. A: (1) <one>Stress tolerance</one> (2) <one>stress avoidance</one>
87
+ - Manche Pflanzen sondern einen <one>Duftstoff</one> ab <two>wenn sie von Schädlingen (Insekten) attackiert werden</two>. Welchen Grund könnte dies haben? Sie locken damit die natürlichen Feinde dieser Insekten an.
88
+ - Anderer Begriff für <one>pflanzliche Jugendhormone</one>? <one>Cytokinine</one>.
89
+ - Die <one>Gibberelline der Pflanzen</one> gehören zu welcher sehr häufigen Klasse, chemisch gesehen? Sie gehören zu den <one>Diterpenen</one>.
90
+ - Das <one>Arabidopsis Genom</one> enthält <two>n Gene, die mit der Zellwandsynthese in Zusammenhang stehen</two>? Über <one>1000 Gene</one>.
91
+ - Nenne ein <one>Abwehrmolekül der Pflanzen</one>, das Pathogene direkt angreifen kann. A: <one>Phytoalexine</one>.
92
+ - Plants that are subjected to <one>salt stress</one>, <two>protect themselves against this how</two>? By accumulating <one>organic osmolytes</one>, in particular proline, ectoine and myo-inositol. These accumulate in the cytoplasm of the plant cell.
93
+ - <one>Chlorophyll</one> <two>absorbiert welches Licht welcher Wellenlänge</two>? (1) <one>blau</one>: bei <two>480nm</two> (2) <one>rot</one>: bei <two>700nm</two>
94
+ - Welche <one>Aminosäure</one> schützt vor <two>Austrocknung</two>, in Pflanzen? <one>Prolin</one>.
95
+ - <one>Wie</one> wurde das Phytohormon <two>Auxin</two> entdeckt? Durch Untersuchungen zum <one>Phototropismus</one>.
96
+ - Ein <one>Chloroplast</one> entsteht woraus und wie? Durch eine <one>lichtinduzierte Entwicklung</one> aus einem Proplastiden.
97
+ - <one>What effect</one> should there be if a <two>virulence gene</two> is lost? There should be a <one>slower development of disease syptoms</one>, which can be measured via AUDPC, the <two>area under the disease progression curve</two>.
98
+ - <one>What effect</one> should be the case if <two>a pathogenicity gene</two> is lost? This should lead to the <one>complete loss of pathogenicity</one>.
99
+ - Name <one>a plant</one> that has the <two>T-urf13 gene</two>. A: <one>Maize</one>.
100
+ - Die <one>SAR-Antwort</one> (<two>Systemic Acquired Resistance</two>) der Pflanze wird durch welche Substanz ausgelöst? <one>Salicylsäure</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_acquired_resistance
101
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana's genome</one> (<two>Brassicaceae</two>) has <three>2n</three> ... ? It has <one>10 chromosomes</one> in 2n (<two>2n = 10</two>).
102
+ - Functionally, we can <one>differ between which two variants of phytochromes</one>? (1) <one>light-labile</one> (2) <one>light-stable</one>
103
+ - Telomer-Struktur bei <one>Arabidopsis</one>? <one>TTTAGGG</one> - also <two>7 Nukleotide in Summe</two>.
104
+ - <one>Welches Phytohormon</one> setzen <two>dehydrierte Mesophylzellen</two> frei? <one>Abscisinsäure</one>.
105
+ - <one>Fungal plant pathogens</one> produce <two>HSTs</two>. <three>What does this abbreviation stand for</three>? <one>Host-selective toxins</one>.
106
+ - Wie sehen <one>Monopteros-Mutanten</one> <two>in Arabidopsis</two> aus? Ihnen fehlt der <one>Unterteil</one> des Embryos.
107
+ - Was ist der Unterschied/Grund zwischen Pflanzen mit grossem und kleinem Genom? Der <one>Unterschied</one> ist vor allem im <two>Gehalt an mobilen genetischen Elementen</two> (<three>Transposons</three>) begründet.
108
+ - Most <one>SUMO-modified proteins</one> <two>contain a tetrapeptide consensus motif</two>. Name the single aminoacid that is invariant and always the same, within that motif. A: <one>Lysin</one>.
109
+ - Many plant nuclear genomes contain <one>accessory chromosomes</one>. Give another word for these. A: <one>B chromosomes</one>.
110
+ - What was <one>the first cytokinin that was discovered</one>? <two>Kinetin</two>.
111
+ - <one>Auxin</one> steuert die Expression von anderen Genen in Pflanzen. Im molekularen Kontext interagiert Auxin mit AUX/IAA. AUX/IAA wiederum interagiert mit welch anderem Protein? <one>TPL</one>, aka <two>Topless</two>.
112
+ - Do <one>plants</one> contain <two>centrioles</two>? In general <one>no</one>, but there are a few exceptions.
113
+ - <one>Chlorophylle</one> <two>absorbieren Licht im welchen Wellenbereich</two>? (1) <one>rote Wellenlänge</one> (2) <one>blaue Wellenlängen</one>
114
+ - Does <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> have a <two>symbiosis with N₂-fixing bacteria</two>? <one>No</one>.
115
+ - Welche Form hat der <one>Cellulosesynthase-Komplex</one>? Er ist <one>ringförmig</one>.
116
+ - Most <one>SUMO-modified proteins</one>, at the least in plants, <two>contain a consensus motif</two>. How many aminoacids? This motif is a <one>tetrapeptide</one>; thus it contains four aminoacids.
117
+ - Der <one>Phragmoplast</one> besteht aus ... ? <one>Mikrotubuli</one>.
118
+ - Sensitivity to the <one>Alternaria alternata</one> toxin <two>in citrus</two> occurs because of ...? Altered mitochondrial RNA processing.
119
+ - Warum ist das <one>Sporopollenin</one> in der Außenwand der Pollenkörner so besonders? <one>Sporopollenin</one> ist der chemisch am widerstandsfähigste Naturstoff überhaupt.
120
+ - Are <one>MADS box genes</one> present in all land plants? <one>Yes</one>.
121
+ - Durch die <one>Kartoffelfäule</one> starben wieviele Iren vor 1900? Etwa <one>500.000</one>.
122
+ - <one>Most angiosperms</one> <two>make use of which telomere repeat sequence</two>? <one>TTTAGGG</one>.
123
+ - The accumulation of which plant hormone promotes leaf initiation? <one>Auxin</one>.
124
+ - The <one>filamentous fungus</one> "Cochliobolus carbonum", a pathogen, is exceptionally virulent against which plant? <one>Maize</one>.
125
+ - Pflanzen besitzen <one>Avr-Gene</one>. <two>Warum dieser Name</two>? <one>Avirulenzgene</one>.
126
+ - Das <one>Weizen-Genom</one> <two>ist wie groß</two>? <one>16.5 gigabase pairs</one>.
127
+ - <one>Plants</one> <two>possess a unique class of CDKs</two>, designated ...? <one>B-type CDKs</one>.
128
+ - If we take the relatively small <one>Arabidopsis genome</one>, <two>how much percent of the DNA is composed of various repetitive elements</two>? About <one>20%</one>.
129
+ - <one>Aquaporine in Pflanzen</one>: sind diese beeinflussbar? <one>Ja</one> - Phosphorylierung der Aquaporine kann die Geschwindigkeit der Wasserbewegung beeinflussen.
130
+ - Kann ein <one>physikalischer Reiz</one> die Induktion eines Phytohormons bewirken? <one>Ja</one> - als Beispiel siehe die <two>Ethylenbildung</two>.
131
+ - Wie nennen wir, auf englisch, die Transformation einer Arabidopsis-Pflanze mit Agrobacterium tumefaciens, im Labor? <one>Floral dip</one>.
132
+ - Biotic and abiotic stresses can <one>reduce avarage plant productivity</one> by ... , depending on the crop? <one>60-80%</one>.
133
+ - Was ist das <one>Zentralatom der Chlorophylle</one>? <one>Magnesium</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophylle
134
+ - Bei Pflanzen: was meinen wir mit den <one>corticalen Mikrotubuli</one>? Dies sind Mikrotubuli, die unter dem Plasmalemma liegen.
135
+ - Is the <one>genome sequence</one> for <two>rice</two> available? <one>Yes</one>, since as of the year <two>2006</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4803718/
136
+ - <one>Nachtschattengewächse</one> enthalten Gifte wie die Solanine. Solanine wiederum gehören zu welcher Substanzklasse? Zu den <one>Alkaloiden</one>.
137
+ - <one>Chlorophyll a</one> <two>appears in which colour</two>, typically, <two>to us humans</two>? In <one>green</one>.
138
+ - Der <one>Enzymtyp</one> von RUBISCO ist ... ? <one>RUBISOC</one> ist eine <two>Lyase</two>.
139
+ - Is <one>PS I</one> or <one>PS II</one> more susceptible to <two>photodamage</two>? <one>PS II</one>.
140
+ - Name <one>two factors</one> that can be responsible for "osmotic stress" in plants. A: (1) drought (2) <one>salinity</one>
141
+ - Aufgabe von <one>phosphoryliertem VirG</one> von <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>? Dieser <one>transkriptionaler Aktivator</one> aktiviert die Transkription des vir Operons (virA, virG etc..). Des weiteren initialisiert er die Translation an einem UUG codon.
142
+ - Give an example for the dark side of agrochemistry. A: <one>Artificial auxins</one> can be used as <two>herbicides</two> (in german: <three>„Entlaubungsmittel“</three>).
143
+ - The ratio of Auxin to ... determines the <i>in-vitro</i> organogenesis. A: <one>Cytokinin</one>.
144
+ - Bei Maiskörner gibt es verschiedene Färbemuster, die als <one>Marmorierung</one> bekannt sind. Diese Marmorierung entsteht durch ... ? Durch die <one>Bildung von Anthocyan</one>.
145
+ - About how many percent of the nuclear genes in Arabidopsis seem to come from cyanobacteria (+/- 5% is ok)? About <one>≈18%</one>.
146
+ - In plant genetics: the abbreviation <one>ERFs</one> stands for ... ? <one>Ethylene response factors</one>.
147
+ - Does <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> have <two>arbuscular mycorrhiza</two>? No.
148
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>DH plants</one>? This refers to <one>double haploid plants</one>.
149
+ - <one>Heat stress</one> in <two>Triticum aestivum</two> can result in ...? <one>leaf senescence</one>.
150
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> absorbieren vor allem welches Licht? Hauptsächlich <one>Hellrotlicht</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome
151
+ - Can <one>phytochromes</one> move into the nucleus? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome
152
+ - How many enzymes are, in general, required in plants for the synthesis of <one>anthocyanin</one>? <one>4</one>.
153
+ - <one>Auxin</one> ähnelt in seiner molekularen Wirkung welch anderem <two>Phytohormon</two>? <one>Gibberellin</one>.
154
+ - Auxin entsteht aus welcher Aminosäure? <one>Tryptophan</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxine
155
+ - In Weizenblättern findet man bis zu n DNA-Moleküle pro Chloroplast? Bis zu 1000 DNA-Moleküle pro Chloroplast.
156
+ - Welches Phytohormon verzögert den Blattfall? <one>Auxin</one>.
157
+ - Findet man <one>Hox-Gene</one> in Pflanzen? Nein.
158
+ - Welches Enzym ist bei Pflanzen wichtig für die <one>Zellwandsynthese</one>? Die <one>Cellulose-Synthase</one>.
159
+ - <one>Prolamellarkörper</one> finden wir, zum Beispiel, in ...? <one>Etioplasten</one>.
160
+ - Wie wirken <one>Brassinosteroide</one> auf die Pflanze? Sie <one>fördern die Sprossstreckung</one>.
161
+ - Nenne eine <one>pflanzliche miRNA</one>. A: "miR172" in Arabidopsis.
162
+ - Welche zwei Phytohormone steuern das <one>Wachstum von Pflanzenzellen</one>? (1) <one>Auxin</one> (2) <one>Cytokinin</one>
163
+ - Was bestimmt letzten Endes die <one>Grenzen der pflanzlichen Entwicklung</one> (ausgenommen Energie oder Wasser)? Das <one>pflanzliche Genom</one>.
164
+ - Was war früher der beste <one>Zusatz für eine pflanzliche Zellkultur</one>? <one>Kokosmilch</one>.
165
+ - Name a resistance gene in <one>maize</one>. A: <one>HM1</one>.
166
+ - Plants subject to <one>salt stress</one> accumulate ...? <one>Organic osmolytes</one>.
167
+ - In Pflanzen: wofür steht die Abkürzung für das Enzym <one>DFR</one>? <one>Dihydroflavinol-Reduktase</one>.
168
+ - Plants lives are very stressful. Name <one>two stress hormones</one> in plants. A: (1) ethylene (2) ABA
169
+ - Welcher <one>pflanzliche Plastid</one> ist degeneriert? Der <one>Gerontoplast</one>.
170
+ - Falls <one>Pathogene</one> in das Xylem eindringen kann sich eine Pflanze wie wehren? Indem diese Leitgefäße durch Thyllen verschlossen werden.
171
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> hat n Chromosomen? <one>5</one>.
172
+ - High concentrations of <one>auxin</one> stimulate the production of which other phytohormone? Auxin stimulates the production of <one>ethylene</one>, at high concentrations.
173
+ - <one>Abscisic Acid</one> (ABA) is what chemical type? ABA is a "sesquiterpenoid" (15-carbon).
174
+ - What is the final product of the <one>shikimate pathway</one>? <one>Chorismic acid</one>.
175
+ - In <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> gibt es etwas das <two>CONSTANS</two> genannt wird. Was ist dies? <two>CONSTANTS</two> ist ein <one>Transkriptionsfaktor</one>.
176
+ - Welches Gen kodiert für den <one>Acetosyringon-Rezeptor</one>? <one>VirA</one>.
177
+ - <one>Carotine</one> haben eine gelbe oder orange Farbe. Molekular betrachtet, wovon hängt diese Färbung ab? Von der Anzahl an konjugierten Doppelbindungen.
178
+ - How can we detect <one>SUMOylation</one>? Via <one>Immunoblotting</one>, through <two>anti-SUMO antibodies</two>.
179
+ - Chromosomensatz der Kartoffel? Die Kartoffel ist <one>tetraploid</one>.
180
+ - Welches <one>pflanzliche Hormon</one> bewirkt das Schließen der Stomata? Die <one>Abscisinsäure</one> (<two>ABA</two>).
181
+ - <one>C4-Pflanzen</one>: warum dieser Name? Das erste Zwischenprodukt der Photosynthese bei C4-Pflanzen ist "Oxalacetat", welcher aus vier Kohlenstoff-Atomen besteht.
182
+ - <one>Which phytohormone</one> is important for <two>abiotic stress signalling</two>? Abscisic acid (ABA). It will accumulate.
183
+ - Warum ist <one>Arabidopsis</one> ein gutes Modellsystem? Weil Arabidopsis ein kleines Genom hat; und weil Arabidopsis schnell wächst.
184
+ - <one>Welches Phytohormon</one> ist für die Apikaldominanz verantwortlich? <one>Auxin</one>.
185
+ - What are the <one>GUN mutants</one>? <one>GUN</one> stands for <two>genome uncoupled</two>.
186
+ - <one>Stress</one> can <two>reduce the average plant productivity</two> by ...? <one>60-80%</one>.
187
+ - Where in a plant are <one>cytokinin concentrations</one> the highest? They are the highest in <one>meristematic regions</one>.
188
+ - Name four <one>environmental stress factors</one> that affect plant growth and may pose a threat to "sustainable agriculture". A: (1) drought (2) elevated temperature (3) salinity (4) rising CO2
189
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one>, in Pflanzen, existieren in zwei Varianten. Welchen? (1) "Hellrot-absorbierende Form" (Pr) (2) <one>Dunkelrot-absorbierende Form</one> (<two>Pfr</two>)
190
+ - Woraus besteht ein <one>Phragmoplast</one>? Er besteht aus <one>Mikrofilamenten</one> und <one>Mikrotubuli</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmoplast
191
+ - The <one>Arabidopsis mitochondria genome</one> has which length? 368 kb.
192
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Monopteros</one>? <one>ARF5</one> - <two>auxin response factor 5</two> (At1g19850)
193
+ - Nenne ein Enzym das <one>PPT</one> (<two>Phosphinothricin</two>) modifiziert. A: Die <one>PPT-Acetyltransferase</one>.
194
+ - In <one>plant genetics</one>, what can acetosyringone induce? It can induce the <one>vir-genes</one> of the Ti-plasmid.
195
+ - Wieso besitzen <one>Chloroplasten</one> ein sehr kleines Genom? Weil die meisten Funktionen durch <one>Kerngene</one> (Gene im Zellkern der Zelle) bereitgestellt werden.
196
+ - <one>Cytokinins</one> are compounds with a structure resembling ...? <one>Adenine</one>.
197
+ - <one>S-nitrosylation</one> is what exactly? This is the <one>reversible coupling of an NO moiety</one> to a critical cysteine residue.
198
+ - How do we denote <one>gene overexpression</one> via symbol? <one>o</one>/<one>e</one>.
199
+ - <one>Hybrid plant pathotypes</one> can be created how? By <one>protoplast fusion</one>.
200
+ - Name a <one>tetraploid plant</one>, that is quite important in central europe. A: <one>Potato</one>.
201
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> absorbieren bei welchen zwei Wellenlängen? (1) <one>660 nm</one> (2) <one>730 nm</one>
202
+ - How does <one>H2O2</one> get into the plant cell? Via the <one>apoplast</one>.
203
+ - <one>When</one> was the first cytokinin (<three>kinetin</three>) isolated and discovered? In <one>1955</one>, by Miller et al.
204
+ - What happens when a "mature chloroplast" ages? A <one>gerontoplast</one> arises.
205
+ - <one>Violaxanthin</one> is a carotenoid that is important for biosynthesis of "abscisic acid". How many carbons does it have? It has <one>40 (forty) carbon atoms</one>.
206
+ - Why is a <one>phragmoplast</one> required? The phragmoplast is required for the subsequent formation of a new cell wall, which will separate the two daughter cells.
207
+ - Das Pathogen <one>Erwinia amylovora</one> greift zum Beispiel welche Pflanzen an? Äpfel und <one>Birnen</one>.
208
+ - In plant genetics: what does the <one>tfa</one> gene stand for? <one>Things falling apart</one>.
209
+ - Wie können in Pflanzenzellen <one>Organellen</one> entlang der Mikrotubuli des Zellskelettes bewegt werden? Dank <one>Motorproteine</one>.
210
+ - Was ist <one>cpSRP</one>? Der <one>chloroplast signal recognition particle</one>.
211
+ - Das <one>tmr Gen</one> im Ti-Plasmid kodiert für? Die <one>Isopentenyltransferase</one>.
212
+ - A. W. für <one>plant steroids</one>? <one>Brassinosteroids. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinosteroid
213
+ - Nenne einen <one>roten Farbstoff</one> der Pflanzen. A: <one>Phycoerythrin</one>.
214
+ - Das Enzym <one>RUBISCO</one> hat n Untereinheiten und n aktive Zentren? <one>16 UE</one>, 8 katalytische Zentren.
215
+ - Was ist das erste Entstehungsprodukt von <one>RUBISCO</one>? <one>3-Phosphoglycerat</one>.
216
+ - What is the general role of the <one>flavonoids</one> in plants? <two>Flavonoids</two> act as <one>UV protectants</one>.
217
+ - What is the general effect of <one>auxin</one> in regards to <three>flower parts</three> of a plant? Auxin stimulates the growth of flower parts.
218
+ - In plant biology: why were the <one>cytokinins</one> named that way? Because due to <one>their ability to promote cytokinesis</one> (= <two>cell division</two>).
219
+ - <one>Plant cells</one> usually contain <two>how many different RNA-Polymerases</two>? <one>5</one>.
220
+ - For plants, <one>water deficit</one> is lethal below ...? Below the <one>permanent wilting point</one>.
221
+ - <one>ACC synthases</one> are important for the synthesis of which plant hormone? <one>Ethylene</one>.
222
+ - Was sind <one>Phycobilisomen</one>? Dies sind große Proteinkomplexe, die Cyanobakterien, Rotalgen und Cyanellen bei der <one>Photosynthese nutzen</one>.
223
+ - Warum mag <one>zu viel Wasser</one> ein Problem für Pflanzen sein? Wasser kann die Sauerstoffdiffusion in die Wurzeln hinein stark einschränken.
224
+ - Which <one>plant hormone</one> is associated with <two>the triple response</two>? <one>Ethylene</one>.
225
+ - Are the <one>gibberellins</one> <two>more acidic</two> or <two>basidic compounds</two>? The <one>gibberellins</one> are more <two>acidic compounds</two>.
226
+ - Plants need <one>Glucose</one> for ...? Synthesis of the <one>plant cell wall</one>.
227
+ - Do we find <one>RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases</one> in plant cells such as <two>Arabidopsis</two>? Yes.
228
+ - <one>Phototropin</one> has a chomophore. What colour of the light does this absorb? It absorbs <one>blue light</one>.
229
+ - What do we mean with "DH plants"? These are <one>double haploid</one> plants.
230
+ - In Planzenzellen: worauf beruht die <one>Plasmaströmung</one>? Auf der Wechselwirkung des Cytoskelett-Proteins "Aktin" mit dem Motorprotein <two>Myosin</two>.
231
+ - In plants: how is the <one>flowering time</one> determined in general? Flowering time is determined by <one>quantifying the number of rosette leaves</one>.
232
+ - Give an example, in <lightgreen>plants</lightgreen>, for <one>inverted vacuoles</one>. A: Salt bladders.
233
+ - Besitzen Pflanzen eine <one>Na-K-Pumpe</one>? <one>Nein</one>.
234
+ - <one>Gibberellins</one> are synthesized via which pathway? Gibberellins are synthesized via the <one>mevalonic acid pathway</one>.
235
+ - Give an example of <one>plant hormones</one> that are <two>diterpenes</two>. A: The <one>Gibberellins</one> are diterpenes.
236
+ - Give two examples for <one>redox-modifications</one> in plants. A: (1) S-nitrosylation (2) <one>S-glutathionylation</one>
237
+ - <one>Chloroplast movement</one> ist ein Schutzmechanismus vor Schäden bei starken Lichtintensitäten, abhängig von Photorezeptoren. Wovon hängt dieser Schutzmechanismus zellulär ab? Von <one>Actin</one>.
238
+ - <one>Pectin</one> consists of <two>how many different polymers</two>? Of <one>3</one>.
239
+ - Which <one>plant gene</one> is essential for cold- and salt tolerance? The <one>MKK2 gene</one>.
240
+ - Beim <one>Herzstadium</one> eines pflanzlichen Embryos: was sind die beiden Auswölbungen des Herzen? Dies sind <one>die späteren Cotyledonen</one>.
241
+ - In 1864, the <one>triple response</one> was first observed, caused by ethylene. What are the 3 parts of the triple response? (1) stunting of growth (2) twisting of plants (3) abnormal thickening of stems
242
+ - Nenne ein <one>Alkaloid</one>, das als <two>Hustenmittel</two> Verwendung findet. A: <one>Codein</one>.
243
+ - Das Phytohormon <one>Zeatin</one> hat wieviele C-Atome? 5.
244
+ - Name two plants that show <one>cytoplasmic male sterility</one>. A: (1) <one>sorghum</one> (2) <one>maize</one>
245
+ - What is <one>the main driving force</one> of <two>intercellular auxin transport</two>? The <one>pH level</one>.
246
+ - In pathogenicity, including plant pathogenecity: what does <one>AUDPC</one> stand for? The <one>area under the disease progression curve</one>.
247
+ - <one>Brachypodium distachyon</one> ist verwandt mit ...? <one>Weizen</one> und <one>Gräsern</one>.
248
+ - What is <one>the family</one> of the <two>Arabidopsis thaliana</two>? The <one>Brassicaceae</one>.
249
+ - Durch die Thylakoidmembran wird das Innere des Chloroplasten in welche zwei Kompartimente geteilt? (1) das "Thylakoidlumen" (2) das "Stroma"
250
+ - The plant can synthesize Ethylene from which aminoacid? "Methionine".
251
+ - Which plant hormone is involved in "fruit ripening"? "Ethylene".
252
+ - Pflanzen können durch Pathogene angegriffen werden. Nenne ein Zellwandprotein, das auf der Innenseite der Zellwand abgelagert wird. A: "Extensin".
253
+ - Nenne eine Pflanzengruppe die "pokilohydre" ist. A: Die "Pteridophyta".
254
+ - What may be the role of RNA polymerase IV and V in plant cells? They create an inhibitory chromatin structure by small interfering RNAs.
255
+ - Nenne eine Region am Gibberellinrezeptor. A: Die F-Box.
256
+ - Wieviele Untereinheiten besitzt ein Phytochrom? 2.
257
+ - CAM Pflanzen fixieren CO2 in der Nacht, an Phosphoenolpyruvat (PEP). Welches Enzym führt diese Fixierung durch? Eine cytosolische "PEP-Carboxylase".
258
+ - Anthocyanins are synthesized from which amino acid? Phenylalanine.
259
+ - Nenne 6 Phytohormone. A: (1) Auxine (2) Cytokinine (3) Gibberelline (4) Abscisinsäure (5) Ethylen (6) Brassinosteroide
260
+ - Was bewirkt eine höhere Auxinkonzentration, beim Spross, einseitig? Das die beschattete, andere Seite rasch wächst, so das sich die Spitze eines Sprosses zum Licht hin krümmt.
261
+ - When does the phragmoplast form? During "late cytokinesis".
262
+ - Name a typical and very important, "quantitative trait" for plant breeders. A: Yield.
263
+ - Where in plants does fatty acid biosynthesis take place? Within plastids.
264
+ - Cutin besteht aus ... ? Hydroxyfettsäuren.
265
+ - In plant-pathogen setups, what does the abbreviation "VIGS" refer to? This is "Virus induced gene silencing".
266
+ - The "maize HM1 gene" provides protetion against ... ? The lethal "leaf blight and ear mold disease".
267
+ - Does <one>the stroma</one> <two>inside of a chloroplast</two> have a low concentration of H⁺? <one>Yes</one>. []
268
+ - Das wichtigste, charakteristisches Enzym der <one>Leguminosen</one> ist ... ? Die <one>Nitrogenase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenase []
269
+ - Finden wir <one>DNA-Methylierung</one> <two>in Pflanzen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
270
+ - <one>Welches Gas</one> wirkt als <two>Ethylenantagonist</two>? <one>CO₂</one>. []
271
+ - Most plants contain more <one>chlorophyll a</one> or <two>chlorophyll b</two>? Most plants contain <one>more chlorophyll a</one>. []
272
+ - <one>Welches Phytohormon</one> ist für das <two>Streckungswachstum</two> <three>bei Pflanzen</three> hauptverantwortlich? <one>Gibberellin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberellins%C3%A4ure []
273
+ - <one>Glyphosat</one> <two>hemmt was</two>? Die <one>EPSP-Synthase</one>. []
274
+ - Ist <one>pflanzliche Stärke</one> <two>optisch aktiv</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
275
+ - <one>RUBISCO</one> kann <two>wieviele CO₂ Moleküle in der Sekunde fixieren</two>? <one>3</one>. []
276
+ - <one>Zink</one> (<one>Zn</one>) <two>ist wichtig für welches Phytohormon</two>? <one>Auxin</one> (<two>Auxin-Synthese</two>). []
277
+ - Es gibt das Phytohormon <one>Auxin</one>. Das Wort stammt vom lateinischen <two>augere</two>. Was heißt <two>augere</two>? <one>Wachsen</one>. []
278
+ - <one>Welches Phytohormon</one> hilft beim Schließen der Spaltöffnungen? Die <one>Abscisinsäure</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscisins%C3%A4ure []
279
+ - <one>Arabidopsis</one> has <two>how many phytochrome genes</two>? Arabidopsis has <one>five</one> (<one>5</one>) <two>phytochrome genes</two>: PHY (A - E) e. g. PHY-A, PHY-B etc. []
280
+ - <one>Fördert oder hemmt</one> die <two>Abscisinsäure</two> <three>das Wachstum bei Pflanzen</three>? Die <one>Abscisinsäure</one> <two>hemmt das Wachstum</two> von Pflanzen. []
281
+ - Wie heisst die "mature Arabidopsis Plant"? Sporophyte.
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
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+ # === Molekulare Medizin
3
+ #
4
+ # Prüfungsfragen und Übungsfragen zu "genetischen Krankheiten" sollten in
5
+ # der Datei "genetische_krankheiten" gespeichert werden.
6
+ #
7
+ # Molekulare Medizin. Molmed tag. Molmed2 tag. Molmed1 tag.
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+ # =========================================================================== #
9
+
10
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Nucleinsäuren als therapeutisch wirksame Stoffe</one>? <one>Gentherapie</one>.
11
+ - <one>What role</one> do <two>type B lamins</two> have? These lamins are situated between the "inner nuclear membrane" and "peripheral heterochromatin". This suggests that they "provide a docking site for chromatin".
12
+ - <one>Wieviele Aminosäuren</one> haben die <two>Opsine</two>? <one>364</one>.
13
+ - Was ist <one>Alopecia</one>? <one>Haarausfall</one>.
14
+ - What is <one>the basic concept of gene therapy</one>? Introduce a replacement for a defective gene.
15
+ - Do <one>Ceramides</one> have an influence on tumors? <one>Yes</one>; Ceramides have <two>tumor suppressor functions</two>.
16
+ - Die <one>hormonelle Regulation des ENaC Kanals</one> <two>erfolgt durch ... </two>? <one>Aldosteron</one>.
17
+ - <one>Welche Krankheit</one> ist mit dem "RUNX1-Gen" assoziiert? Die <one>akute, lymphatische Leukämie</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUNX1
18
+ - Ein Patient mit <one>Pearson Syndrom</one>, die Mitochondrien betreffend, könnte im Alter welches Syndrom entwickeln? Das <one>Kearns-Sayre Syndrom</one>.
19
+ - <one>Warum</one> ist der ENaC Rezeptor so wichtig? Er ist für den <one>Geschmacksinn</one> wichtig, vor allem den Salzgeschmack.
20
+ - Um eine <one>Laktatazidose</one> feststellen zu können muss man den Laktatwert herausfinden. Wie machen wir das? Mittels des Enzyms <one>Lactat-Dehydrogenase</one>.
21
+ - Was ist die <one>Suicide Gene Therapy</one>? Man versucht über den Virus als Vektor ein Enzym in die Tumorzellen einzuschleusen, das Substanzen in cytotoxische Substanzen umwandeln kann (Bsp: Hermes-Simplex Thymidin-Kinase).
22
+ - <one>Sphingosin</one> has how many C-atoms, usually? <one>18</one>.
23
+ - <one>Papovavirus</one> can cause what disease in mammals? <one>Neoplasms</one>.
24
+ - <one>Wieviele Untereinheiten</one> hat <two>ENaC</two> (<three>epithelial sodium channel</three>)? <one>Vier</one> - <two>Alpha</two>, Beta, Gamma, Delta. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel
25
+ - <one>Welche Blutgruppe</one> gilt generell als <two>Universalspender</two>? <one>Blutgruppe 0</one> (aka Blutgruppe Null).
26
+ - Im <one>NER-Repair Pathway</one>, der für die Krankheit <two>Xeroderma Pigmentosum</two> hauptverantwortlich ist, gibt es vier Enzyme die nacheinander wirken. Nenne diese. A: (1) Nuclease (2) DNA helicase (3) DNA polymerase (4) DNA ligase
27
+ - How many people died due to malaria in 2010? About <one>660.000</one>, plus minus 200.000.
28
+ - Why does <one>Targeted Therapy</one> work in Cancerbiology? Tumor cells often depend on a dominant oncogenic pathway, also called "oncogenic addiction". This means that the cellular signaling is reorganized by a dominant oncogene.
29
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Kennzeichen</one> des "metabolischen Syndroms". A: (1) "vermehrtes abdominales Fettgewebe" (2) <one>Bluthochdruck</one>
30
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>Aquired Drug Resistance (ADR)</one>? This means that an initial drug response works, but is lost during the therapy, such as in leukemias.
31
+ - Der <one>ENaC Rezeptor</one> ist gekoppelt mit ... ? <one>NCC</one> ("Na + Cl - cotransporter"). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4392439/
32
+ - <one>Mit welcher funktionellen Gruppe</one> kann man <two>fatty acids</two> an carnitine binden? Über dessen <one>OH-Gruppe</one>.
33
+ - What are <one>Lamininopathies</one>? These are <one>diseases linked to lamin mutations</one>.
34
+ - Sind <one>Addukte</one> an der DNA reversibel? <one>Nein</one> - sie sind <two>praktisch irreversibel</two>.
35
+ - <one>Farnesylation</one> happens according to which sequence information? Farnesylation happens due to a <two>CaaX motif</two> sequence motif. These 4 amino aids are at the carboxyl terminus of a protein.
36
+ - What means the disease <one>SCN</one> and what is it? <one>SCN</one> means <two>Severe Congenital Neutropenia</two>. This is a condition that causes affected individuals to "be prone to recurrent infections". People with this condition have a shortage of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in inflammation and in fighting infection.
37
+ - In <one>1864</one>, Oscar Liebrich argued that <two>brain tissue was composed of a single giant molecule</two>. What name did he give it? <one>Protagon</one>.
38
+ - Was ist <one>TReg</one>? Eine <one>regulatorische T-Zelle</one>.
39
+ - <one>Welche Blutgruppe</one> <two>schützt am besten</two> <three>vor Malaria</three>? <one>Blutgruppe Null</one>.
40
+ - Was ist eine <one>Laktatazidose</one>? Ein Übersschuss an Laktat im Blut.
41
+ - <one>Welches Strukturmotif</one> finden wir in einem "Amyloid" primär? Es sind im Amyloid überwiegend Beta-Faltblatt-Strukturen als Sekundärstruktur zu finden.
42
+ - Wie nennen wir Krankheiten die durch das Mitochondrium verursacht werden? <one>Mitochondriopathien</one>.
43
+ - Wie <one>unterscheidet</one> sich eine <two>Genom-Mutation</two> von einer <two>Chromosomen-Mutation</two>? Bei einer Genom-Mutation verändert sich die Chromosomenzahl pro Genom, wie z. Bsp bei einer "Aneuploidie". Bei einer "Chromosomen-Mutation" hingegen verändert sich nur ein einzelnes Chromosom.
44
+ - How can we treat HbS/HbS? With <one>hydroxyurea</one>, which encourages the synthesis of HbF.
45
+ - Nenne eine Droge gegen <one>Malaria</one>. A: <one>Artemisinin</one>.
46
+ - How does <one>Progeria</one> develop from a molecular point of view? <one>Progeria</one> develops due to the activation of a cryptic splice site.
47
+ - Both <one>HbS</one> and <one>HbC</one> <two>can confer protection against sickle cell anemia</two>. Difference? <one>HbC</one> only protects as a homozygote, <one>HbS</one> on the other hand can protect as a heterozygote (HbS/HbA).
48
+ - <one>Farnesyl-groups</one> are attached to which amino acid? <one>Cysteine</one>.
49
+ - Nenne <one>eine rein mitochondrial vererbte Krankheit</one> <two>im Menschen</two>. A: <one>LHON</one> → <two>Lebers hereditary optic Neuropathy</two>.
50
+ - Was für einen Schnitt machen <one>gene-editing nucleases</one>? Einen <one>Doppelstrangbruch</one>.
51
+ - The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is dangerous because Malaria may spread as a consequence. Name a <one>molecular marker of artemisinin resistance</one>. A: The <one>propeller domain gene of K13</one>.
52
+ - Name <one>a famous person</one> that suffered from <two>colour blindness</two>. A: <one>John Dalton</one>.
53
+ - Was genau ist <one>Puromycin</one>? Puromycin ist ein starker "Inhibitor der Protein-Biosynthese".
54
+ - Name <one>a very important post-translational processing of lamins</one>. A: <one>Farnesylation</one>.
55
+ - Name two <one>laminopathies</one> associated with <two>premature aging</two>. A: (1) Hutchison-Gilford Progeria (2) Atypical Werner-Syndrome
56
+ - <one>Laminopathies</one> in general result in which defect? <one>Muscle Diseases</one>.
57
+ - <one>Welche Blutgruppe</one> gilt generell als <two>Universalempfänger</two>? <one>Blutgruppe AB</one>.
58
+ - In the <one>CAR-celltherapy</one>: what does <two>CAR</two> stand for? <one>Chimeric antigen receptor</one>.
59
+ - <one>HbS</one>/<one>HbS patients</one> are treated with ... ? <one>Hydroxy urea</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide#Medical_uses
60
+ - Name a <one>transcription factor</one> for <two>osteoblast differentiation</two>. A: <one>Osterix</one>.
61
+ - Give an example for a <one>RNP hyper-assembly disease</one>. A: "ALS": <two>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</two>.
62
+ - In molecular medicine, what are the <one>LAPs</one>? <one>Lamin-associated Proteins</one>.
63
+ - In molecular medicine: what do we mean with <one>LADs</one>? <one>Lamina associated domains</one>.
64
+ - The proteins ERK1/2 and Raf1 can be found in which pathway? They are part of the <one>MAP-Kinase cascade</one>.
65
+ - Nenne eine Krankheit beziehungsweise einen Krankheitstyp der durch "aberrantes splicing" verursacht werden mag. A: <one>Autismus</one>.
66
+ - <one>n% of sexually active adults in the U.S.A.</one> have <two>genital warts</two>. A: <one>1%</one>.
67
+ - Was ist <one>SIRT3</one>? <one>SIRT3</one> ist eine wichtige <two>mitochondriale Proteindeacetylase</two>.
68
+ - <one>80% der Bluter</one> fehlt welches Protein? <one>Faktor VIII</one> (<one>Faktor 8</one>).
69
+ - In der molekularen Zellbiologie, auch wichtig für die Therapie, gibt es <one>EAAT2</one>. Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? <one>Excitatory amino acid transporter 2</one>.
70
+ - What means the word <one>mitogenic</one>? An <one>agent that induces mitosis</one>.
71
+ - When <one>RNA decay</one> outcompetes RNP assembly, how do we call such diseases? <one>RNP hypo-assembly disease</one>.
72
+ - Wieso verwendet die <one>molekulare Medizin</one> verschiedene Topoisomerase-Inhibitoren, wie zum Beispiel <two>Topotecan</two>? Dies wird als <one>Mittel gegen Krebs</one> erprobt.
73
+ - Die <one>Sporozoiten</one> von <two>Plasmodium falciparum</two> wandern wohin, im menschlichen Körper? In die <one>Leber</one> des Menschen; dort entwickeln sie sich zu <two>Merozoiten</two>.
74
+ - Eine <one>menschliche Leberzelle</one> hat wieviele Mitochondrien? Etwa <one>2000</one>.
75
+ - <one>Octanoat</one> hat <two>wieviele C-Atome</two>? <one>Octanoat</one> ist eine <two>C8 Fettsäure</two>.
76
+ - Who or what is the <one>causative agent of malaria</one>? <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum
77
+ - In <one>recombineering</one>: what do we use as substrate? Linear DNA substrates containing the desired change, and short homologies to the target DNA.
78
+ - Eine bestrahlte Maus kann man heilen durch ... ? Die Übertragung von Knochenmarkszellen.
79
+ - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects about n% of the world's population? ABout 1%.
80
+ - Amyloidosen behindern ... ? Die "Mikrozirkulation".
81
+ - Name a substance that can increase the activity of the ENaC-receptor. A: AVP ("Vasopressin)".
82
+ - Name a substance that can be used to block the actions of NCC ("Na+Cl-cotransporters"). A: "Thiazide".
83
+ - Besitzen die Nieren "ENaC Rezeptoren"? Ja; zur teilweisen Rückgewinnung von Natrium.
84
+ - Nenne eine loss-of-function mutation des ENaC Rezeptors. A: PHA1 ("Pseudohypoaldosteronism").
85
+ - Nenne eine gain-of-function Mutation des "ENaC Rezeptors". A: Das "Liddle's syndrome" (Hypertension, also hoher Blutdruck).
86
+ - Nenne eine Substanz, die den ENaC Rezeptor blockieren kann. A: "Amilorid". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilorid
87
+ - Wo finden wir typischerweise den ENaC Rezeptor? Im Epithelgewebe; vor allem Lunge, aber auch bei den Nieren.
88
+ - Welches Enzym stellt Laktat her? Die "Lactat-Dehydrogenase".
89
+ - Hofbauer: Nenne eine "angeborene neurometabolische Erkrankung", die die Mitochondrien betrifft, also den Metabolismus. A: Einen "Pyruvat-Dehydrogenase-Mangel".
90
+ - Hofbauer: welche zwei Formen der Mitochondriopathien können unterschieden werden? (1) vererbte Mitochondriopathien (2) durch Umwelteinflüsse erworbene Mitochondriopathien
91
+ - What is the ultimate aim of molecular medicine? To understand human physiologies at the molecular level - and to apply this knowledge in curing disease.
92
+ - Foisner: Give another term for "Laminopathies". A: "Nuclear Envelopathies".
93
+ - Der Transkriptionsfaktor CREB wird durch welches medizinisch-relevante Protein beeinflusst? Durch "Hintingtin".
94
+ - Woran genau bindet der Transkriptionsfaktor MeCP2? An "methylierte CpG Inseln".
95
+ - Cholesterin wird wo produziert? In der "Leber".
96
+ - Nenne einen spezifische Farbstoff für "lebende Mitochondrien". A: "Rhodamine 123".
97
+ - Martinez: The assembly of specific RNPs is generally in kinetic competition with ... ? "RNA degradation".
98
+ - Was ist eine "farnesyl group"? Dies ist ein "Isoprenoid" das 15 C Atome hat.
99
+ - Wann wurden Mitochondrien erstmals intakt isoliert? Im Jahr "1948".
100
+ - Bei der Cancerogenese durch DNA-Tumorviren sind proto-Onkogene oder Tumor-Suppressorgenen wichtiger? Bei der Cancerogenese durch DNA-Tumorviren spielt primär die "Inaktivierung von Tumor-Suppressorgenen" und erst in zweiter Linie die Aktivierung von Onkogenen eine Rolle.
101
+ - Weltweit hatten wir 2006 wieviele Millionen Menschen die mit Malaria infiziert waren? "247 Millionen Menschen".
102
+ - Wie kann man Polymorphismen im Genom molekularbiologisch detektieren? Mittels "PCR" oder "Southern Blotting".
103
+ - In HbS, "Valin-6" mutations generate a ... patch? "Hydrophobic patch".
104
+ - Each red blood cell ("RBC") contains how many Hb molecules? About "280 million Hb molecules".
105
+ - Wie nennen wir die C16 Fettsäure? "Palmitate".
106
+ - Lamin A kann mit einem Protein verbunden sein das einen sehr coolen Namen trägt. Wie heisst dieses Protein? "SUN".
107
+ - The Pingelap island was famous for which disease? "Achromatopsia".
108
+ - In Deutschland waren im Jahr 2015 wieviele Menschen von Parkinson betroffen? Etwa ~300.000.
109
+ - Two proteins can be targeted in Alzheimer Disease. Name them. A: (1) The "Tau-Protein" (2) The "Amyloid-beta peptide"
110
+ - Which "nuclear lamin proteins" exist? A, B, and C.
111
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff "Gynäkotropie"? Dies bedeutet, das von einer Erkrankung oder Fehlbildung, bevorzugt das weibliche Geschlecht betroffen ist.
112
+ - Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria is caused by which modification on the protein? A 50 amino acid deletion.
113
+ - What does Haemoglobin do? (1) Oxygen (2) Carbon dioxide
114
+ - Nenne ein Motif das wir carboxyterminal bei Laminen finden. A: Das CaaX motif.
115
+ - Welche 2 Typen an "gene-editing nucleases" existieren? (1) Zink-finger nucleases (2) TALENs
116
+ - Nenne ein Produkt der "Carnitin Acetyltransferase". A: CoA, ausgehend von Acetyl-CoA.
117
+ - Warum ist Carnitine für den Menschen wichtig? Carnitine transportiert langkettige, acylierte Fettsäuren in das Mitochondrium.
118
+ - Carnitine entsteht biosynthetisch aus welchen 2 Aminosäuren? (1) Lysin (2) Methionin
119
+ - Wofür steht "MELAS" im MELAS Syndrom? (a) Mitochondriale (b) Enzephalomyopathie (c) Laktatazidose (d) Schlaganfall-ähnliche Episoden
120
+ - Beim MELAS-Syndrom, was ist die Ursache für die "Laktatazidose"? Eine allgemeine Gewebshypoxie.
121
+ - How can we identify cardiomyocytes morphologically? By using Alpha-actinin staining.
122
+ - What is the aim of "Exome sequencing"? The aim is to selectively sequence the coding regions of the genome.
123
+ - Why did "exome sequencing" become popular? It was cheaper than whole genome sequencing, but still fairly effective.
124
+ - Was passiert allgemein bei einer "spezifischen Immuntherapie" SIT? Bei der SIT werden dem Körper über einen definierten Zeitraum regelmäßig Allergene zugeführt. Ziel: Normalisierung einer bestehenden Überempfindlichkeit.
125
+ - Was ist die "Allergen spezifische Immuntherapie"? Der Patient enthält das Allergen, gegen das er sensibilisiert werden soll, entweder in Form von Spritzen unter die Haut appliziert, oder in Form von Tabletten oder Tropfen die unter die Zunge appliziert werden, ein. Ziel ist es, das Immunsystem an das Allergen zu "gewöhnen". Im Anschluß daran sollte ein paar Jahre später eine "Erinnerungsdosis" verabreicht werden.
126
+ - Nenne 3 nukleophile in der Zelle. A: (1) R-SH (2) R-OH (3) R-NH2
127
+ - Nenne 1 Syndrom das mit einem p53 Defekt assoziiert ist. A: Das Li-Fraumeni Syndrom.
128
+ - Nenne 3 Nebenwirkungen einen Cytostatikatherapie beim Menschen. A: (1) Haarausfall (2) Blutbildschädigungen (3) starkes Erbrechen
129
+ - How does the Botulinum toxin work? It blocks the release of acetylcholine.
130
+ - Warum der Name "pap smear"? Dieser Text auf Krebszellen der Cervix heisst auch "Papanicolaou test". Er wurde von einem griechischen Doktor namens "Georgios Papanikolaou" entwickelt.
131
+ - Wie lange leben normal die Erythrocyten? 4 Monate.
132
+ - Name the 6 Barriers to Malignant Transformation according to Weinberg. A: (1) Evading Aptoptosis (2) self-sufficiency in growth signals (3) insensitivity to anti-growth signals (4) tissue invasion and metastasis (5) limitless replicative potential (6) sustained angiogenesis
133
+ - Was sind "onkolytische Viren"? Dies sind Viren die Tumorzellen infizieren und lysieren können.