studium 0.18.7

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  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +3310 -0
  3. data/bin/all_passed_exams +14 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d150 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  16. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  17. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  20. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  21. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  22. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  23. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  24. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  26. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +10 -0
  27. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  28. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +15 -0
  29. data/bin/names_of_all_solved_exams +7 -0
  30. data/bin/not_completed_exams +7 -0
  31. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  32. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  33. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  34. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  35. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  36. data/bin/passed_this_exam_on +10 -0
  37. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  38. data/bin/question_answer +7 -0
  39. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  40. data/bin/registered_for_this_exam +15 -0
  41. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  42. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  43. data/bin/return_n_questions_solved_in_total +7 -0
  44. data/bin/rti_conflict +7 -0
  45. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  46. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  47. data/bin/show_passed_exams_having_this_grade +7 -0
  48. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  49. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  50. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  51. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  52. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  53. data/bin/studium_actions +7 -0
  54. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  55. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  56. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  57. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  58. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +85 -0
  59. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  60. data/doc/README.gen +3263 -0
  61. data/doc/SQL_database_specification/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  62. data/doc/deprecated_components/deprecated_components.md +46 -0
  63. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  64. data/doc/elegant_colours/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  65. data/doc/statistics/yearly_statistics.md +8 -0
  66. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_graphical_parts_of_the_studium_gem_including_www_related_aspects.md +92 -0
  67. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_studium_gem.md +55 -0
  68. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/actions/actions.rb +134 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +3554 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/base/commandline_arguments_module/commandline_arguments_module.rb +115 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/base/html_colours_module.rb +632 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/base/runmode_module/runmode_module.rb +103 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +15 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +118 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +100 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +194 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_important_exams.rb +138 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +166 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/correct_all_dates_in_the_file_lecture_information.rb +115 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/date_sanitizer.rb +350 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +124 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_lecture_information.rb +434 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +1711 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +1848 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2063 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +273 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_boku_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +384 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +238 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/curricula_from_this_website/curricula_from_this_website.rb +141 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +213 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +141 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/README.md +9 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/handle_curricula.rb +99 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/misc.rb +798 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +323 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +74 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +73 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +164 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum.rb +116 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +554 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/curricula/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +47 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +197 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +719 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +245 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +50 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +116 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +109 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +100 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +937 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +234 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +251 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +547 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_immunology +225 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +49 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +117 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +273 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +154 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +67 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +73 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +30 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +104 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +76 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +1012 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +469 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +134 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +378 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +357 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +239 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +790 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +112 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeo_viruses +7 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeology +5 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +90 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +266 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1008 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1011 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +128 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +451 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +80 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +58 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +523 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +156 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +152 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +137 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +90 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomedical_studies +16 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/birds +5 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +384 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +488 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +229 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +1011 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_vesicles +11 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +210 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemokines_and_cytokines +45 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_quorum_sensing_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +116 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +84 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +520 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +309 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics +15 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +51 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +45 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +598 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +126 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +186 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +80 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +332 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +226 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/electron_microscopy +7 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +356 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +132 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +42 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +55 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +657 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +395 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +188 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/erste_hilfe +414 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +143 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +372 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +10 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +92 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +65 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +692 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +221 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +119 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +209 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +290 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +961 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +9 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +624 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +56 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +95 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +72 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +45 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +118 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +131 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +152 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +8 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +224 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +270 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +1011 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +117 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +52 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +66 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +624 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +29 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +10 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel_und_getr/303/244nke +224 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/light_microscopy +19 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux_and_unix +36 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +145 -0
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  813. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/README.md +10 -0
  814. data/lib/studium.rb +5 -0
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  816. data/test/testing_colourized_question_and_answer.rb +18 -0
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+ # =========================================================================== #
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+ # === AMG - Allgemeine molekulare Genetik.
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+ #
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+ # Genetik Tag. Gen tag. Gentag. AMG Tag. AMG1 Tag. Amgtag.
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+ # =========================================================================== #
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+
7
+ - Give another term for the expression <one>colony</one>, in genetics/cell biology. A: <one>Cell clones</one>. []
8
+ - <one>Menschen ohne Rhesusfaktor</one> - <two>weltweiter Anteil</two>? Etwa <one>15%</one> <two>der Gesamtbevölkerung</two>, zumindest in Europa und den USA. In Afrika ist der Anteil an Menschen ohne Rhesusfaktor viel geringer. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesusfaktor []
9
+ - What is <one>the signal that gives rise to</one> <two>RNA interference</two> (<three>RNAi</three>)? A <one>double stranded RNA</one> (<two>dsRNA</two>).
10
+ - <one>Janaiah</one> <two>made a striking discovery when he discovered something about tumor and normal cells</two>. <three>What technique did he use for this discovery</three>? Classical <one>Northern blotting</one>.
11
+ - <one>Überlappende Gene</one> haben nicht nur Vorteile sondern auch zumindestens einen <two>Nachteil</two>. <three>Welchen</three>? Eine einzige Mutation kann <one>mehr als ein Protein</one> treffen.
12
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurden die <two>Viroids</two> <three>entdeckt</three>? Im Jahre <one>1971</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid
13
+ - Nenne <one>die wichtigste Splicing-Regel</one>. A: Die <one>5'-GU-A-AG-3'</one> Regel. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splei%C3%9Fen_(Biologie) []
14
+ - Was weiß man sofort wenn man eine <one>Manx cat</one> sieht? Das diese Katze <one>heterozygot</one> sein muss, da der <two>homozygote Zustand</two> <three>zu einer toten Katze führen würde</three>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_(Katze) []
15
+ - Kann <one>CTCF</one> an <two>methylierte DNA</two> binden? <one>Nein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF []
16
+ - In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>TILLING</one> stand for? <one>Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TILLING_%28molecular_biology%29 []
17
+ - Name <one>two</one> <two>natural insertional mutagens</two>. A: (1) <one>viruses</one> (2) <one>transposons</one>
18
+ - <one>CAF-1</one> <two>mit Cargo</two> <three>bindet woran</three>? An den <one>PCNA</one> (ist wie Beta-Clamp bei Prokaryoten, nur eben bei eukaryoten Organismen). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen []
19
+ - In der Genetik: was ist ein <one>Haplotyp</one>? Ein <one>Haplotyp</one> bezeichnet eine Reihe von <two>Allelen</two>, <three>die gemeinsam vererbt werden</three>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotyp
20
+ - Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für ein <two>Chaperonin</two>. A: <one>Hsp60</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSP60 []
21
+ - <one>GroE</one> ist was für ein <two>Proteintyp</two>? <two>GroE</two> ist ein <one>Hitzeschock-Protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GroEL []
22
+ - Name <one>three different species</one> that can be given as an example for <two>Haplodiploidy</two>. A: All members of the insect order <two>Hymenoptera</two>, such as <one>bees</one>, <one>wasps</one> and <one>ants</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautfl%C3%BCgler []
23
+ - <one>Gene Ontology</one> (<two>GO</two>) can fall into <three>which area of genetics</three>? <one>Gene Ontology</one> could fall into <two>the area of functional genomics</two>. []
24
+ - <one>Von-bis</one> (<two>in kb</two>) des <three>Chloroplasten-Genoms</three>? <one>120 kb</one> bis <one>200 kb</one>. []
25
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>DNA methylation</one>? This is the <one>covalent attachment</one> of a <two>methyl group</two> to the <three>C5 position of cytosine residues</three> in <four>CpG dinucleotide sequences</four>.
26
+ - <one>When</one> was <two>synthetic lethality</two> <three>first described</three>? In <one>1922</one>. The person who first described the phenomenon of synthetic lethality was <two>Calvin Bridges</two>. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00072-x []
27
+ - Wie lange ist die <one>linker DNA</one> <two>in Eukaryoten</two> (von-bis)? Variabel, zwischen <one>20-60 bp</one>.
28
+ - <one>Purin- und Pyrimidin-Basen</one> sind wie an den <two>Zucker</two> gebunden? <one>N-glykosidisch</one>. []
29
+ - Aside from <one>sensing nutrients</one>/<one>energy</one>: what is <two>the major role</two> of <three>mTORC1</three>? To <one>activate translation of proteins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTORC1 []
30
+ - Was macht die <one>Separase</one>? A: Die <one>Separase</one> <two>baut Cohesin ab</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separase
31
+ - What are <one>beads on a string</one> structures? This is <two>a strand of DNA</two> with <one>attached nucleosomes</one>. []
32
+ - <one>Exitrons</one> combine features of ....... ? <one>Exons</one> and <one>Introns</one>. They are more Introns than Exons, though. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exitron
33
+ - Nenne die <one>Unterphasen der meiotischen Prophase I</one>, <two>in korrekter Reihenfolge</two> und <three>mit vollem Namen</three>. A: (1) <one>Leptotän</one> (2) <one>Zygotän</one> (3) <one>Pachytän</one> (4) <one>Diplotän</one> (5) <one>Diakinese</one> []
34
+ - How do <one>pseudogenes</one> <two>arise</two>? <one>Pseudogenes</one> typically arise from the <two>accumulation of multiple mutations within a gene</two>.
35
+ - <one>Welcher Teil</one> des <two>lac-Repressors</two> bindet an <three>Lactose</three>? Der <one>COOH-Terminus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_repressor []
36
+ - <one>Ethyl methanesulfonate</one>, abbreviated <two>EMS</two>, is a mutagenic compound. <three>What is its chemical formula</three>? <one>C₃H₈SO₃</one> (<cadetblue>C₃|H₈|S|O₃</cadetblue>). It thus has <one>four different atoms</one>.
37
+ - When the genetic code was decoded, there was a problem with one <one>RNA homopolymer</one>. <two>Which one</two>? <one>G</one>. <two>GGG</two> was not a functional template, most likely because <three>the molecule folded back on itself</three>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homopolymer
38
+ - Nenne <one>zwei</one> <two>safe havens</two> <three>für Retrotransposons-Insertion</three>. A: (1) <one>Andere Retrotransposons</one> (2) <one>Heterochromatin of Centromeres</one> (<two>lots of repetitive DNA</two>)
39
+ - Es gibt einen Transkriptionsfaktor der <one>CREB</one> genannt wird. Was heißt <one>CREB</one>? <one>CREB</one>: <two>cAMP response element-binding protein</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB
40
+ - Beschreibe die wichtigste Funktion von <one>CAF-1</one> mit einem oder zwei Wörtern. A: <one>Histon-Carrier</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_assembly_factor_1 []
41
+ - Provide another term for the expression <one>synonymous mutations</one>. A: <one>Silent mutations</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_mutation []
42
+ - According to <one>Mendel's law</one>, <two>should not the F1 generation be uniform</two>? Not always, when it is more complex, like <one>skin pigmentation</one>, then deviations can be seen.
43
+ - Give another name for the <one>cap-binding protein</one>. A: <one>eIF4E</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF4E []
44
+ - Why are <one>Protamines</one> <two>used in sperm</two>? Due to the <one>arginine-rich Protamines</one>, DNA can be <two>packed more tightly via protamines</two> than in normal histone-associated DNA.
45
+ - Warum sind die <one>P-Elemente</one> <two>unterschiedlich groß</two>? Da es oft zu <one>Deletionen</one> kam, vor allem <two>im mittleren Bereich</two> (welcher für die <three>Transposase</three> kodiert). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Element
46
+ - Nenne fünf <one>Anforderungen</one> an einen Träger genetischer Information, die von (ds)DNA erfüllt werden. A: (1) <one>DNA kann</one> die <one>Information speichern</one> (2) <one>DNA kann vermehrt werden</one> und somit auch an Nachkommen weitergeben werden (Replikation) (3) DNA kann Information zur Verfügung stellen, über mRNA (Expression) (4) (ds)DNA kann wiederhergestellt wird (Reparatur) (5) DNA kann variieren (Mutation / Rekombination)
47
+ - <one>Welche Promotoren</one> sind <two>downstream</two> zu finden? <one>Pol III Promotoren</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_III []
48
+ - <one>Which two types</one> of <two>missense mutations</two> can be <three>distinguished</three>? (1) <one>conservative mis-sense mutations</one> (2) <one>non-conservative mis-sense mutations</one> []
49
+ - Nenne die <one>drei verschiedenen Typen</one> von <two>small RNAs</two>. A: Merkslogan: <one>mi pi si</one>. (1) <two>miRNAs</two> (2) <two>piRNAs</two> und (3) <two>siRNA</two> []
50
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurden <two>Repressor-Proteine</two> <three>erstmals isoliert</three>? <one>1967</one>. []
51
+ - Welcher <one>Terminationsfaktor in Eukaryoten</one> <two>erkennt alle drei Stop Codons</two>? <one>eRF1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation_termination_factor_1
52
+ - Wieso wird die <one>pseudoautosomale Region</one> im <two>Y Chromosom</two> bei Säugern benötigt? Sie wird für die <one>meiotische Paarung</one> von <two>X-Chromosom</two> und <two>Y-Chromosom</two> benötigt.
53
+ - Can <one>overlapping genes</one> be found in the <two>genomes of mammals</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
54
+ - What is <one>the effect</one> of the binding of <two>TBP</two> to <three>TATA</three>? This will <one>induce a strong bend of the dsDNA</one>.
55
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde der genetische Code <two>entschlüsselt</two>? A: Im Jahre <one>1966</one>. URL: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/geneticcode.html#poly-u-experiment []
56
+ - <one>Who</one> first demonstrated that <two>mutations could be induced in crop plants</two>? <one>Lewis John Stadler</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Stadler []
57
+ - Wie kann man sich die <one>Histone</one> möglichst plastisch vorstellen und <two>aus welchen Monomeren bestehen sie jeweils</two>? Als <one>zwei Scheiben</one> (<two>Doppelscheiben</two>), die aus je 1x <three>H2A</three>, <three>H2B</three>, <three>H3</three> und <three>H4</three> bestehen.
58
+ - <one>How many nucleotides</one> (<two>from</two>, <two>to</two>) do <three>SSB-binding proteins</three> cover? <one>33-65 nucleotides</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-strand_DNA-binding_protein []
59
+ - In der Genetik: wir möchten den <one>Tm-Wert</one> erhöhen. <two>Was könnten wir tun</two>? Den <one>GC-Gehalt</one> der DNA erhöhen. []
60
+ - What is <one>the modus operandi</one> of the <two>Type I Topoisomerase</two>? The <two>Type I Toposiomerase</two> will <two>cut one strand</two> of a DNA double helix, then <one>relaxation</one> occurs, and then the cut strand is reannealed again.
61
+ - <one>Warum</one> kommen <two>Genome-wide association studies</two> zur Anwendung? Um <one>polygene Erbgänge</one> <two>zu erfassen und zu analysieren</two>.
62
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>nationale Genbank</one> (allgemein). A: Das <one>Vavilov-Institut</one> in <two>St. Petersburg</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Plant_Industry []
63
+ - In der Genetik: was bezeichnen wir mit dem Stichwort <one>Stringenz</one>? Dies sind <one>Reaktionsbedingungen</one>, die die Zusammenlagerung zweier einzelsträngiger Nukleinsäuremoleküle beeinflussen. Je stringenter (<two>zwingender</two>) die Bedingungen, desto perfekter müssen die DNA-Moleküle zueinander passen, damit sie sich zusammenlagern können (== "Komplementarität").
64
+ - <one>Who or what</one> defines the <two>type</two> of chromosome? <three>Give a few examples reinforcing the answer</three>. A: The <one>centromere</one>, e. g. <two>acrocentric</two>, <two>metacentric</two>, <two>submetacentric</two>.
65
+ - Nenne den <one>Induktor der Lactoseabbau-Enzyme</one>. A: <one>Allolactose</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allolactose []
66
+ - Nenne die vier <one>Nukleoside</one>, <two>die in DNA gefunden werden können</two>. A: (1) <one>Desoxyadenosin</one> (2) <one>Desoxyguanosin</one> (3) <one>Desoxycytidin</one> (4) <one>Desoxythymidin</one>
67
+ - Die Zelle braucht <one>positive Ladungen</one> um die <three>negativen DNA Ladungen</three> zu kompensieren. Vor allem was? <one>Na⁺</one>.
68
+ - Wie kann die <one>Telomerlänge</one> gemessen werden? Über <one>quantitative PCR</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction
69
+ - Provide <one>an example</one> for a gene in the human genome that is <two>an endogenous retroviral element</two>. A: <one>Syncytin-1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncytin-1 []
70
+ - <one>Imprinted genes</one> in <two>mammals</two> <three>show what interesting phenomenon in genomics</three>? They are mostly <one>clustered</one> - about <two>85%</two> of them are at least. []
71
+ - Das <one>menschliche Genom</one> hat <two>n Gene</two> durch <three>horizontalen Gentransfer</three> erhalten? Etwa <one>220</one>. []
72
+ - What is a <one>QTL</one>? A <one>quantitative trait locus</one> (<two>QTL</two>) is a section of DNA (the locus) which correlates with <three>variation in a specific phenotype</three> (the quantitative trait).
73
+ - Wie heißt der <one>grüne Knollenblätterpilz</one> und was produziert er, das wie als <two>Zellgift</two> wirkt? <one>Amanita phalloides</one>. <two>Alpha-Amanitin</two>, ein <three>Amatoxin</three>, welches die menschliche RNA-Polymerase II und III hemmen kann. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides#Toxicity
74
+ - What is <one>a suppressor mutation</one>? This is a genetic change that <one>supresses the effect of another mutation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressor_mutation []
75
+ - Give an abstract analogy of what <one>genetic mutations achieve</one>. A: <one>Mutations</one> occasionally produce a <two>new playing card</two>.
76
+ - Name a <one>record</one> that the <two>human Alu elements</two> have. A: The <one>Alu elements</one> are <one>the most abundant transposable elements</one> in the <three>human genome</three>.
77
+ - Give another term for <one>mutation breeding</one>. A: <one>Mutagenesis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis []
78
+ - What is meant with the abbreviation <one>pDNA</one>? This abbreviation refers to <one>plasmid DNA</one>. URL: https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/pDNA []
79
+ - Im Jahre <one>1961</one> wurde mit Hilfe von <two>Suppressors</two> demonstriert, das der genetische Code in Triplets abgelesen wird. <three>In welchem Gen</three> und <three>bei welchem Organismus</three>? Im <one>rII-Gen</one>, beim <two>T4-Phagen</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T4-Phage []
80
+ - In the <one>DNA nucleoside</one>: <two>which specific atoms are linked to the five-carbon sugar</two>? (1) <one>N1</one> of <two>Pyrimidines</two>. (2) <one>N9</one> of <two>Purines</two>. []
81
+ - Ursprung einer <one>auxotrophen Mutante</one>? <one>Prototrophe Eltern</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxotrophie []
82
+ - What are <one>Episomes</one>? <one>Episomes</one> are <two>plasmids that can replicate freely</two>; and they are also <three>able to integrate into the bacterial chromosome</three>.
83
+ - Name three <one>challenges</one> that are associated with <two>gene therapy</two>. A: (1) it is difficult to achieve <one>stable integration</one> (2) delivery to many cells (3) Avoid rejection by the immune system
84
+ - The human genome includes the <one>Alu element</one>. <two>Why the name Alu</two>? <one>Alu</one> (<one>Arthrobacter luteus</one>) <two>restriction endonuclease</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrobacter_luteus
85
+ - Wer entdeckte das <one>F' Plasmid</one> im Jahre <two>1959</two>? <one>Zwei Personen</one>: (1) <two>Francois Jacob</two> (2) <two>Edward Adelberg</two>
86
+ - Name the three general types of <one>chromosome mutations</one>. A: <one>Mnemonic</one>: <two>gain</two>, <two>loss</two>, <two>relocation</two> (1) <three>gain of chromosomal material</three> (2) <three>loss of chromosomal material</three> (3) <three>relocation of chromosomal material</three>
87
+ - Warum lieben Genetiker <one>haploide Systeme</one>? Da man in diesen Systemen sehr einfach <one>rezessive Mutationen</one> nachweisen kann.
88
+ - Give another expression for the term <one>quantitative traits</one>. A: <one>Complex traits</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_traitssro
89
+ - The <one>reduction in the yolk sac</one> came together with <two>the elimination of which gene</two>? The <one>vitellogenin gene</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellogenine
90
+ - Nenne eine Rolle von <one>lncRNAs</one> (<two>long noncoding RNAs</two>). A: Sie spielen eine Rolle bei der <one>Dosiskompensation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_non-coding_RNA
91
+ - <one>2-aminopurine</one> <two>can base pair with ... </two>? (1) <one>Cytosine</one> (<two>C</two>) (2) <one>Thymine</one> (<two>T</two>) URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC14540/
92
+ - <one>Thomas Hunt Morgan</one> <two>führte welche Notation ein</two>? Nenne hierzu zudem ein Beispiel. A: Ein Gen für ein bestimmtes Merkmal wird nach der <one>ersten entdeckten Mutante</one> benannt, zum Beispiel <two>w</two> für <two>white eyes</two>, <two>w+</two> für <two>red eyes</two>.
93
+ - Im <one>Transposon der Hefe</one>: was bedeutet der Name <three>Ac</three> genau und wieso wurde er gewählt? <one>Activator</one>, da er einen <two>Bruch</two> in einem <three>Ds-Locus</three> auslösen kann.
94
+ - Name <one>four factors</one> that can cause eukaryotic cells to <three>decrease their rate of protein synthesis</three>. A: (1) infection by <one>viruses</one> (2) <one>increase in temperature</one> (aka <two>heat</two>) (3) deprivation of nutrients (aka <royalblue>less energy</royalblue>) (4) deprivation of <one>growth factors</one>
95
+ - What is meant with the phrase <one>null mutation</one>? This is <one>a mutation</one> that <two>completely inactivates a gene</two>.
96
+ - <one>DNA Glycosylases</one> <two>cleave where</two>? At <two>Uracil</two> nucleotides, at their <one>glycosidic bond</one>.
97
+ - What is an <one>unnatural base pair</one>? This is <one>a designed subunit of DNA</one>, which <two>was created in a laboratory</two> and does not occur in nature.
98
+ - Wie wirkt <one>Methotrexat</one>? <one>Methotrexat</one> <two>hemmt das Enzym</two> <three>Dihydrofolat-Reduktase</three>, <four>einer Komponente des Syntheseweges für Nucleotide</four>, und <five>tötet deswegen Zellen die schnell wachsen</five>.
99
+ - <one>Wie</one> kann erklärt werden, das der <two>himalayan rabbit</two> eine dunkle Schnauze besitzt? Die <one>Enzyme</one>, die für diese Farbe/Pigmentierung relevant sind, sind nur <two>bei niedrigen Temperaturen</two> <three>katalytisch aktiv</three>.
100
+ - What exactly can the phenomenon called <one>photoreactivation</one> achieve in a given cell? Photoreactivation can directly <one>reverse the formation of pyrimidine dimers</one> that may have resulted from <three>ultraviolet irradiation</three> (<two>UV</two>).
101
+ - Nenne alle wichtigen Enzyme und KURZ ihre Tätigkeit bei der <one>Replikation bakterieller DNA</one> sowie maximal zwei wichtige weitere Proteine, zu, in Summe, <two>7 Punkten</two>. A: (1) <one>DNA Ligase</one> (2) <one>Primase</one> (3) <one>Helicasen</one> (4) <one>Gyrase</one>/<one>Topoisomerase</one> (5) <one>DNA Pol III</one> (6) <one>DNA Pol I</one> (7) <one>SSB</one>
102
+ - Is the <one>APOBEC1 gene</one> dangerous? <one>This gene can cause tumors</one>, in particular <two>a huge liver cancer</two> - at the least in mice. It is thus an <three>oncogene</three>.
103
+ - Name six <one>omics</one>. A: (1) <one>Genomics</one> (2) <one>Epigenomics</one> (3) <one>Transcriptomics</one> (4) <one>Proteomics</one> (5) <one>Metabolomics</one> (6) <one>Nutrigenomics</one>
104
+ - Give an example for a <one>partial dominant allele</one>. A: The <one>Snapdragon</one>. Flower colour can be <orangered>red</orangered> / <pink>pink</pink> / <white>white</white>, Genotype can be WW/Ww/ww, where W is partially dominant over w.
105
+ - What is the typical, ultimate goal in <one>gene knockout</one>? To <one>determine</one> <two>the function of the given gene</two>.
106
+ - Why the name <one>oriC</one>? The <one>C</one> stands for <two>chromosomal</two>, hence <three>chromosomal origin</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_replication#Bacterial_Genome_Origins
107
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>zentrale Dogma der Molekularbiologie</two> aufgestellt? <one>1957</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
108
+ - Nenne <one>zwei</one> <two>methylmodifizierte Basen</two>. A: (1) <one>5-Methylcytosin</one> (2) <one>6-Methylaminopurin</one>
109
+ - <one>Wann</one> exprimiert <two>der Mensch</two> das <three>β-Globingen</three>? Einige Tage nach der Geburt. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Globin
110
+ - <one>Welche Sequenzfolge</one> haben <two>Dna-A Boxen</two> in <three>E. coli</three>? <one>TTA|TCC|ACA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_bacterial_chromosome#Initiation
111
+ - Nenne die drei <one>Regeln von Mendel</one> in Kurzform (aber in beliebiger Reihenfolge). A: (1) <one>Uniformitätsregel</one> (2) <one>Spaltungsregel</one> (3) <one>Unabhängigkeitsregel</one>
112
+ - Name <one>two sets</one> of <two>regulatory proteins</two> <three>in higher eukaryotes</three>. A: (1) <one>enhancers</one> (2) <one>promoter-proximal elements</one>
113
+ - Name <one>a possible problem</one> when we apply <two>DNA profiling</two>, such as <three>during the investigation of a crime scene</three>. A: The possibility of <one>deliberate tampering</one>.
114
+ - <one>EMS</one> <two>can cause mutations</two> - <three>in particular which type of mutations</three>? Only <one>point mutations</one>. (Mnemonic: <two>EMS causes point mutations</two>) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_methanesulfonate
115
+ - Das <one>Mariner-like element</one> <two>gehört zu welcher Klasse</two>? <one>Class II Transposable Element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tc1/mariner
116
+ - Gibt es eine Korrelation zwischen Genen und <one>seltenen Codons</one> und ihrer <two>Wichtigkeit</two> für die Zelle? <one>Ja</one>. Gene <two>deren Proteine häufig benötigt werden</two> besitzen nur <three>wenige seltene Codons</three>.
117
+ - <one>Genetic night blindness</one> <two>may result from ...</two>? A: An <one>alteration</one>/<one>mutation</one> to the <two>rhodopsin gene</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=6010
118
+ - Does the <one>reticuloycte</one> contain <two>mRNA</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>early on it does</two> (even after losing its nucleus). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulocyte
119
+ - Was ist die wichtigste Idee hinter der <one>Penicillin-Selektionsmethode</one>? Das <one>Penicillin</one> <two>nur</two> <three>aktiv wachsende bakterielle Zellen tötet</three>.
120
+ - Was bedeutet der Begriff <one>Protanopie</one>? <one>Protanopie</one> bezeichnet die <two>Rotblindheit</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protanopie
121
+ - Was verstehen wir unter einer <one>Depurinierung</one>? Eine <one>Depurinierung</one> ist <two>der Verlust einer der stickstoffhaltigen Basen in der DNA-Doppelhelix</two>.
122
+ - <one>Drosophila</one> besitzt <two>n Hox-Gene</two> im Genom? <one>8</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hox_gene#In_Drosophila
123
+ - Give another expression for <one>DNA</one> and <one>RNA</one> in the <two>central dogma of Biology</two>. A: (1) <one>DNA</one> is the <two>storage medium</two> (2) <one>RNA</one> is the <two>transmission medium</two>
124
+ - <one>Francis Crick</one> said that the genetic code is <two>commaless</two>. <three>What did he mean by that</three>? That <one>there is no internal punctuation</one> that would occur along the reading frame.
125
+ - Nenne ein <one>chemisches Mutagen</one>, das eine <two>Desaminierung</two> <three>verursachen kann</three>. A: Die <two>salpetrige Säure</two> (<three>HNO₂</three>) kann eine <one>Desaminierung</one> verursachen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpetrige_S%C3%A4ure
126
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>plasmid incompatibility</one>? When <one>plasmids</one> <two>cannot coexist in the same cell</two> (that is - plasmids of the same <three>compatibility group</three>). URL: https://bitesizebio.com/23341/understanding-plasmid-incompatibility/
127
+ - In <one>recombineering</one>: we wish to avoid one bacterial host system. <two>Which one</two>? The <one>methyl-directed mismatch repair system</one>, which normally removes more than 99% of the incorporated changes.
128
+ - The <one>eukaryotic 7S DNA</one> <two>can base pair with ...</two>? With the <one>mtDNA L-strand</one>, thus <two>displacing the H-strand</two>.
129
+ - Name <one>two</one> <two>specific</two> <three>promoter-proximal</three> elements in higher eukaryotes. A: (1) <one>GC-rich box</one> (2) <one>CCAAT-Box</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAAT_box
130
+ - Die <one>B-Form der DNA</one> ist die <two>Normalform</two>. <three>Gibt es Varianten dieser B-Form</three>? <one>Poly-A</one> und <one>Poly-T</one> Sequenzen führen zu <two>leicht gebogener DNA</two>. Die <three>Helixwindung</three> beträgt hierbei 10 statt der normalen 10.5 bp.
131
+ - In der Genetik: was heißt <one>MITE</one> und was ist es? (1) Die Abkürzung MITE steht für <one>miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements</one>. (2) <one>MITE</one> ist ein <two>non-autonomous DNA-Transposon</two>. URL: https://mobilednajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1759-8753-3-13
132
+ - Name <one>three reasons</one> as to why the <two>Bt toxin</two> supposedly is a <three>good insecticide</three>. A: (1) It is specific to particular insects (2) it breaks down quickly in the environment (3) it is <one>not toxic to humans</one>
133
+ - In genetics: what is meant with the term <one>complementary DNA</one> (<two>cDNA</two>)? This is <one>DNA</one> synthesized from a <two>single stranded RNA</two>, such as a messenger RNA (<three>mRNA</three>) or a microRNA (<four>miRNA</four>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/cDNA
134
+ - In <one>classical genetics</one>: <two>how</two> can <three>intragenic deletions</three> be distinguished from <three>normal mutations</three>? (1) <two>Normal mutations</two> <one>can revert to wild type</one>. (2) <two>Intragenic deletions</two> <one>can not revert to wild type</one>.
135
+ - Is <one>transcriptomics</one> <two>possible without (knowing) the genome sequence</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptomics_technologies
136
+ - The <one>DNA Helicases</one> <two>work closely together with which other protein</two>, at the least in Bacteria? With <one>ssb</one>: <two>single-strand DNA-binding protein</two> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-strand_DNA-binding_protein
137
+ - Name <one>four modes of genetic innovation</one>. A: (1) <one>Gene Duplication</one> (2) <one>Intragenic Mutation</one> (3) <one>DNA-Segment Shuffling</one> (4) <one>Horizontal Transfer</one>
138
+ - In <one>R-Plasmids</one>, at their <two>RTF components</two>: <three>which structural entity limits them</three>? <one>IS1-elements</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid#Classifications_and_types.
139
+ - <one>Mobile genetic elements</one> <two>can facilitate ... </two>? <one>Evolutionary change</one>.
140
+ - Das <one>F-Plasmid</one> <two>integriert normalerweise wo hinein ins bakterielle Chromosom</two>? Zwischen ein <one>IS3-Element</one>.
141
+ - Zur <one>Herstellung konditioneller Knockouts</one> kann auch <two>... benutzt werden</two>. A: Das <one>cre</one>/<one>loxP-System</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre/loxP-System
142
+ - The <one>RecBCD protein</one> <two>typically binds to ... </two>? A <one>DNA double-stranded break</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecBCD
143
+ - <one>How</one> to perform <two>phage complementation</two>? We make use of a <one>mixed infection</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection#Primary_versus_opportunistic
144
+ - Warum kann <one>IPTG</one> als <two>verlässlicher Induktor für das lac-Operon</two> <three>verwendet werden</three>? (1) Zum Einen ist <two>IPTG</two> der <one>Allolactose</one> strukturell ähnlich. (2) Zum Anderen kann die Bindung mit einem <one>S-Atom</one> nicht durch das Enzym gespalten werden.
145
+ - <one>Type IV restriction enzymes</one> <two>target ...</two>? <one>Methylated DNA</one>.
146
+ - The human <one>MDR1 gene</one>: <two>MDR</two> <three>is an abbreviation for ...</three> and this gene codes for ... ? <two>MDR</two> stands for <peru>Multi-Drug Resistance</peru>. It is a <one>drug efflux pump</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance
147
+ - Bei der <one>Desaminierung</one> von Cytosine zu Uracil (<two>C → U</two>): <three>was genau geht hierbei effektiv verloren</three>? Ein <one>NH</one>-<two>Molekül</two>. Eine -NH₂ Gruppe wird entfernt, ein H wird jedoch an ein anderes N Atom angelagert.
148
+ - Name a <one>disadvantage</one> of the <two>translesion DNA polymerase</two>. A: Translesion DNA polymerases tend to make more errors because their <one>active sites are more open</one>.
149
+ - <one>Sodium Bisulfit</one> <two>konvertiert was genau</two>? <one>Nicht-methyliertes Cytosin</one>. Anders formuliert: <two>methyliertes Cytosin ist gegenüber Sodium Bisulfit geschützt</two>.
150
+ - We may sometimes see <one>let genes</one>. <two>What does this abbreviation stand for</two>? <one>let</one> usually stands for <two>lethal</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_allele
151
+ - <one>Geminin</one> <two>is active during which stage of the cell cycle</two>? During <one>G2</one>. (Mnemonic: <two>Geminin</two> ... <three>G</three> ... must be in one of the G steps)
152
+ - Wie lässt sich die <one>Enzymaktivität der Telomerase</one> bestimmen? Durch die <one>TRAP-Methode</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAP-Methode
153
+ - <one>Bakterienzellen</one> haben <two>RF3</two> (<three>Release Factor 3</three>). <four>Welche Aufgabe erfüllt dieser Faktor</four>? Dieser Faktor bewirkt die <one>Dissoziierung</one> der anderen beiden Release Factors RF1 und RF2 (<two>releaser</two>). Dies geschieht unter <three>GTP-Verbrauch</three>, nachdem ein Peptid synthetisiert wurde.
154
+ - In der Genetik: was wird mit dem Begriff <one>Penetranz</one> bezeichnet? Dies ist <one>die prozentuale Wahrscheinlichkeit</one>, mit der <two>ein bestimmter Genotyp</two> zur Ausbildung des dazugehörigen Phänotyps führt.
155
+ - Was sind <one>knock-in</one> Lebewesen und <two>welchen Vorteil haben sie</two>? Klassischerweise <one>Mäuse</one> mit einem menschlichen Gen, das <two>reingeknocked</two> wurde. Der Vorteil ist das man Effekte von Medikamenten besser untersuchen kann. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockin
156
+ - <one>RuvA</one> <two>facilitates ... </two>? <one>Branch migration</one> during recombination, in <two>E. coli</two>.
157
+ - Name <one>one drawback</one> of <two>recombineering</two>. A: The <one>target DNA</one> must be <two>actively replicating</two>.
158
+ - In metabolism: <one>genetic disorders</one> can occur due to enzyme deficiencies that disrupt these normal metabolic pathways. We can manage these. <two>Name three different treatment strategies aside from gene therapy</two>. A: (1) <one>Dietary restriction</one> / <one>supplementation</one> (2) <one>Inhibit other enzymes</one> in the pathway, <two>via medicaments</two> (3) Infusion of a recombinant enzyme, such as to treat the <one>Gaucher disease</one>
159
+ - <one>8-oxoguanine</one> <two>can pair with ...</two>? <two>Adenin</two> (<one>8-oG → A</one>; <three>OG-A</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Oxoguanine
160
+ - Size Range of <one>P elements</one> (von bis in kb)? <one>0.5 kb - 2.9 kb</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_element
161
+ - Name <one>the three main domains of</one> <two>DNA-Polymerase III</two>. A: (1) <one>finger</one> (2) <one>thumb</one> (3) <one>palm</one>
162
+ - In der Genetik: was ist mit dem Begriff <one>negativer Interferenz</one> gemeint? Das sich <one>Crossover-Ereignisse</one> <two>gegenseitig inhibieren können</two>. In unmittelbarer Nähe eines Crossovers kann kein weiteres Crossover-Ereignis auftreten.
163
+ - <one>How</one> do the <two>quinolone antibiotics</two> <three>kill bacteria</three>? <one>Quinolone</one> <two>inhibits DNA gyrase</two>, which will subsequently <three>block DNA replication</three>.
164
+ - <one>Transposons</one> are classified into <two>one of three categories</two>, <three>based on ...</three>? <one>How they transpose</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element
165
+ - In general: what does <one>meiosis</one> produce? <one>Four nonidentical, haploid cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis
166
+ - <one>What happens</one> <two>if cells are supplied with</two> <three>Purvalanol</three>? These cells will be <one>arrested</one> in the <two>G2 phase</two>. (Purvalanol is a <one>G2-stopper</one>; <one>G2-arrest</one>) URL: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB02733
167
+ - What is the underlying reason for <one>SCID</one> (<two>Severe combined immunodeficiency</two>)? There is <one>a defect in V(D)J recombination</one>.
168
+ - <one>Tsix</one> <two>auf dem X-Chromosom</two> ist wofür verantwortlich? Für die <one>Paarung der X-Chromosomen</one>.
169
+ - What means the term <one>Haplodiploidy</one> and where could we find it? This is <one>a sex-determination system</one> where males develop from <two>unfertilized eggs</two> and are haploid, and females develop from <two>fertilized eggs</two> and are diploid. <three>Bees</three>, <three>ants</three> and <three>wasps</three> employ this system.
170
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff der <one>Polygenie</one> gemeint? Dieser Begriff bezeichnet die Tatsache, dass <one>die Ausprägung eines bestimmten Phänotyps</one> (eines <two>Merkmals</two>) durch <three>mehrere Gene</three> bestimmt wird. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenie
171
+ - <one>The human genome</one> <two>contains</two> how many <three>piRNAs</three>? More than <one>50.000</one>.
172
+ - What is meant with the term <one>cis-regulation</one>? When <one>the elements for regulation</one> <two>happen to be on the same DNA strand</two>.
173
+ - In the human genome: the <one>Lactase-gene</one> <two>can be found on which chromosome</two>? It can be found on <one>chromosome 2</one>.
174
+ - Das <one>ENCODE-Projekt</one> kam im Jahre 2012 zu dem Schluss, das im menschlichen Genom mehr DNA aktiv ist als angenommen. <two>Wieviel Prozent der DNA im menschlichen Genom sind aktiv</two>? Etwa <one>80% der DNA</one>.
175
+ - <one>Bends in DNA</one> <two>occur at which sequence</two>? <one>4 or more</one> <two>adenosine residues</two> (<three>PolyA</three>).
176
+ - With <one>which technique</one> can we <two>find out how many cells are in any given cell cycle</two>? Via <one>FACS cell sorting</one>.
177
+ - Name a general way how a <one>family of related genes</one> <two>can arise</two>. A: Through <one>duplication-events</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_by_gene_duplication
178
+ - What do we mean with <one>relaxed plasmids</one>? These are plasmids that are <one>high-copy number</one>; <two>their DNA replication does not depend on host cell chromosomal DNA replication</two>.
179
+ - What is meant with <one>pF508delta</one>? <one>In a protein</one> (<two>p</two>), <three>delete phenylalanine</three> (== <peru>delta</peru>) at <one>position 508</one>.
180
+ - Das Enzym <one>Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1</one> <two>produziert was</two>? Dieses Enzym produziert <one>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</one> (<two>5-hmC</two>), ausgehend von <three>5-methylcytosine</three> (<four>5-mC</four>).
181
+ - Give another name for <one>DNA-Repair Methyltransferases</one>. A: <one>Suicide enzymes</one>.
182
+ - Das <one>Luria-Delbrück-Experiment</one>, das <two>1943</two> stattfand, <three>hat was herausgefunden</three>? Das <one>Mutationen in Bakterien</one> <two>zufällig erfolgen</two> und <two>ungerichtet</two> sind.
183
+ - Ist der Begriff <one>Parasexualität</one> <two>auf Prokaryoten beschränkt</two>? <one>Nein</one> - auch <two>die Bildung eines Heterokaryon</two> bei <three>Aspergillus</three> fällt hierunter. (<four>Heterokaryon bei Aspergillus</four>)
184
+ - In der DNA: das wichtigste <one>Phosphodiester bond</one> kann wo genau gefunden werden? A: Zwischen <one>C3'</one> und <one>C5'</one>.
185
+ - <one>Warum</one> verpacken Eukaryoten ihre <two>DNA</two> in Chromosomen? Zum <one>Schutz</one>.
186
+ - <one>RecBCD</one> <two>unwinds DNA</two> and leaves <three>3'-protruding ends</three>, <four>coated with ... </four>? <one>RecA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA
187
+ - Was macht das <one>spo11 Protein</one>? Das spo11-Protein verursacht einen <one>Doppelstrangbruch</one> in einem <two>Chromatid</two>.
188
+ - Im <one>Replisome</one>: <two>welche DNA Polymerase</two> <three>arbeitet direkt am Replication Fork</three>? Die <one>DNA-Polymerase III</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_III_holoenzyme
189
+ - The <one>Alu-element</one> <two>is derived from ...</two>? The <one>7 SL RNA gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle_RNA
190
+ - Es gibt <one>Sphynx</one>-Katzen und <one>Devon Rex</one>-Katzen. <two>Was ist die molekulargenetische Ursache für diese Formen</two>? Eine Mutation in dem Gen <one>KRT71</one> (<two>Keratin 71</two>). Diese Mutation ist für den jeweiligen <three>curly</three> und <three>wavy</three> Phänotyp verantwortlich.
191
+ - <one>When</one> was the <two>cystic fibrosis gene</two> (<three>CFTR gene</three>) first cloned? It was first cloned in the year <one>1989</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator
192
+ - What is <one>the worst type of point mutation</one>? A <one>regulatory-region mutation</one>: <two>no mRNA and thus no protein may be the result from such a mutation</two>.
193
+ - <one>Wo</one> finden wir in <two>Eukaryoten</two> <three>reverse transcription</three>? (1) Bei <one>Retrotransposons</one>. (2) Bei der <one>Synthese der Telomer-Kappe</one>.
194
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Hauptfunktionen</one> von <two>Histon H1</two>. A: (1) <one>Histon H1</one> verschließt die Ein- und Austrittstelle der DNA am Histon-Oktamer (2) <one>Histon H1</one> ist für eine <two>dichtere Packung des Chromatins</two> verantwortlich, zur Überführung von der <two>10nm Faser</two> in die <two>30nm Faser</two> (<one>10nm→30nm</one>).
195
+ - <one>Wie</one> läuft <two>eine Mutantensuche</two> bei <three>letalen Mutationen in Hefe</three> ab? <one>Rezessive letale Mutationen</one> werden in der haploiden Hefe als sogenannte <two>konditionale Mutanten</two> isoliert.
196
+ - <one>Welche Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede</one> weisen <two>Ty1 Elemente</two> verglichen mit <two>Retroviren</two> auf? Beide besitzen <one>LTR</one>/<one>gag</one>/<one>pol</one>. Der Retrovirus hat darüber hinaus noch <two>env</two>, Ty1 hingegen hat kein <two>env</two>.
197
+ - Welche <one>zwei</one> <two>Bindungstypen</two> finden wir in einem Nukleotid? Hilfestellung: Wir betrachten den Zucker als <three>zentrale Komponente</three>. (1) eine <one>N-glykosidische Bindung</one> zwischen <two>Zucker+Base</two> (2) eine <one>Esterbindung</one> zwischen <two>Zucker+Phosphat</two>
198
+ - <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat das <two>Yeast Gal-System</two>? Das <two>Gal-System</two> konvertiert <one>Galaktose</one> zu <one>Glucose</one>.
199
+ - What is meant with the term <one>forward mutation</one>? This is when a <one>wild-type allele</one> is <two>changed</two> to <one>a different allele</one>.
200
+ - Nenne eine natürliche Methode wie <one>Transposons</one> bekämpft werden können. A: <one>Andere Transposons</one> können dort hineinhüpfen und diese dadurch inaktivieren, wie dies zum Beispiel beim <two>Victim-Transposon</two> so gegeben ist.
201
+ - <one>Which gene</one> <two>controls</two> the human <three>ABO blood group</three>? The <one>ABO glycosyltransferase gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_%28gene%29
202
+ - Nenne das genetische <one>Paradebeispiel</one> für <two>paternal imprinting</two> und <two>maternal imprinting</two>. A: (1) <two>Maternal vererbtes Gen</two>: <one>H19</one> (2) <two>Paternal vererbtes Gen</two>: <one>igf2</one>
203
+ - Provide an example of where <one>temperature</one> <two>influences the phenotype in plants</two>. A: The <one>evening primrose</one>. At <two>18°C</two> it produces <white>white flowers</white>, at <royalblue>23°C</royalblue> it produces <crimson>red flowers</crimson>. (white-red) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenothera
204
+ - What gives rise to <one>intermediate phenotypes</one>? <one>Incomplete dominance</one>.
205
+ - <one>Wo genau</one> <two>schneidet das</two> <three>Rec BCD-Protein</three> <four>bevorzugt</four>? <one>VOR</one> einer <two>Chi-Sequenz</two> (<three>GCT|GGT|GG</three>).
206
+ - Name <one>the two different</one> <two>Mendel-rules</two>. A: (1) <one>rule of</one> <two>independent segregation</two> (2) <one>rule of</one> <two>independent assortment</two>
207
+ - In <one>wässriger Lösung</one> sehen wir <two>in dsDNA</two> n Nucleotide / Umdrehung? Und bei X-Ray? <one>10.4</one> beziehungsweise <two>10</two>.
208
+ - <one>Nitrous acid</one> (Summenformel: <two>HNO₂</two>) hat <three>welchen Effekt auf Nukleotide</three>? Es kann eine sogenannte <one>Transition</one> verursachen, zum Beispiel von <two>C → U</two>.
209
+ - Die <one>Termination der Translation</one> wird über die <two>STOP codons</two> ausgelöst, wie eben <three>UAG</three>, <three>UAA</three> oder <three>UGA</three>. Aber <four>wo genau müssen sich diese befinden</four>? An der <one>A-Stelle des Ribosoms</one>.
210
+ - <one>Genome Size</one> <two>correlates with ... </two>? A: The <one>amount of transposons in a genome</one>.
211
+ - <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat die <two>DNA-Polymerase I</two>? <one>DNA-Polymerase I</one> fügt die fehlenden Nukleotide <two>zwischen den Okazaki Fragmenten</two> hinzu.
212
+ - What is meant with the term <one>heterosis</one>? This is <two>the improved function of any biological quality</two> <one>in a hybrid offspring</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis#Definitions
213
+ - Can we <one>isolate synthetic lethal mutations</one>? No. Well, <one>we can</one>, and this explains the term <two>synthetic</two>. We need to synthesize a strain with two mutations that have been characterized independently. Using conditional mutants in one of the genes makes it possible to construct a strain with the two alleles under "permissive conditions", and then test the phenotype under the <two>nonpermissive condition</two>.
214
+ - Nenne die <one>vier</one> <two>basenmodifizierenden Agenzien</two>. A: (1) <one>alkylierende Agenzien</one> (2) <one>depurinierende Agenzien</one> (3) <one>desaminierende Agenzien</one> (4) <one>hydroxylierende Agenzien</one>
215
+ - <one>Eukaryotic mRNAs</one> <two>are modified by the addition of a cap to the 5' end</two>. How do we write this cap in chemical shorthand-notation? <one>m7GpppN cap structure</one>.
216
+ - <one>Incomplete dominance</one> <two>gives rise to ...</two>? <one>Intermediate phenotypes</one>.
217
+ - Does <one>unwinding of the DNA double helix</one> <two>require energy</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>DNA helicases</two> <three>use energy from ATP</three> for the unwinding-job. URL: https://evolutionnews.org/2013/02/unwinding_the_d_1/
218
+ - Wie ist <one>L1</one> <two>strukturell aufgebaut</two>? <one>ORF1</one>, <one>ORF2</one> (ist synonym zu <one>pol</one>) sowie <one>Poly-A</one>. Die <three>LTR-Region fehlt jedoch</three>.
219
+ - Nenne <one>ein Gewebe beim Menschen</one>, das <two>verkürzte Telomere</two> aufweisen mag. A: Die <one>Darmmukosa</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmschleimhaut
220
+ - Name the <one>three</one> <two>transposable elements</two>. A: (1) <one>insertion sequences</one> (2) <one>transposons</one> (3) <one>some viruses</one>
221
+ - Name the <peru>4</peru> <one>stop codons</one> in <two>mtDNA</two>. A: <one>Everything</one> but <two>UGA</two> (<cadetblue>TGA</cadetblue>) → (1) <one>TAA</one> (2) <one>TAG</one> (3) <one>AGA</one> (4) <one>AGG</one>
222
+ - Was heißt <one>CAPS Marker</one>? <one>CAPS</one> steht für <two>Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techcaps/
223
+ - <one>Woraus</one> besteht die <two>eukaryotische 5' cap</two>? Aus <one>7-methyl guanosine</one>, verknüpft über 5'-5' phosphate linkage - eine sogenannte <two>triphosphate bridge</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-prime_cap#Structure
224
+ - Es gibt <one>mindestens drei verschiedene Pol III Promotoren</one>. Typ-1 und Typ-2 sind für 5S-rRNA und tRNAs zuständig. Nenne <two>ein Beispiel für eine RNA</two>, die stellvertretend für die RNA Pol III Promotoren dienen mag. A: Die <one>U6-snRNA</one>.
225
+ - May <one>Pseudogenes</one> have <two>gene-like features</two> such as <three>a promoter</three>? <one>Yes</one>, of course.
226
+ - Auf DNA appliziert: <one>welche Substanz</one> kann die Chemikalie <two>Hydroxylamine</two> produzieren? <one>5-Hydroxymethylcytosine</one>. (Sie überträgt eine OH-Gruppe auf Cytosine.)
227
+ - Name <one>a component</one> of the <two>positioning factor SL1</two>. A: <one>TBP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA-binding_protein
228
+ - Was sind <one>meristische Merkmale</one>? Dies sind <one>Merkmale</one>, bei dem man <two>die Phänotypen durch Zählung ganzer Zahlen erfasst</two>.
229
+ - Wie können <one>recessive lethal mutations</one> <two>in einer Population</two> detektiert werden? Indem wir <one>ungewöhnliche Segregationsregeln</one> / <one>Segregationsmuster</one> bemerken.
230
+ - <one>CAPS</one> are <two>Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences</two>. Give a short definition and briefly explain how they arise. A: <one>CAPS</one> are polymorphic differences in restriction fragment lengths, caused by SNPs or INDELs that create or abolish restriction endonuclease recognition sites. In other words, CAPS are defined in regards to <one>restriction sites</one> in DNA strands.
231
+ - <one>Frösche</one>, <two>die keine Ribosomen synthetisieren können</two>, mögen für einige Zeit überleben. Warum? Das <one>Oocytenplasma</one> enthält Ribosomen, welche die Fehlfunktion einige Zeit kompensieren können.
232
+ - <one>Welche allgemeine Aufgabe</one> hat das <two>Histon H1</two>? <one>Histon H1</one> <two>verschließt</two> die Ein- und Austrittstelle der DNA am <one>Histon-Oktamer</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histon_H1
233
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Zellkernteilung</one>? A: <one>Karyokinese</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Karyokinesis&redirect=no
234
+ - <one>When</one> is the <two>ATM gene</two> active? This <two>protein kinase</two> is active upon <one>double-stranded DNA breaks</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_serine/threonine_kinase#Function
235
+ - Das menschliche <one>AB0 Gen</one> besitzt <two>n Exons</two>? <one>7</one>.
236
+ - In genetics: <one>what</one> did the <two>multifactorial hypothesis</two> propose? <one>Continuous traits</one> are <two>governed by a combination of multiple Mendelian loci</two>, each with a small effect on the traits and environmental factors.
237
+ - Give another name in genetics for the <one>processivity factor</one>. A: The <one>beta-ring</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846219/
238
+ - Give a reason <one>why some genes of identical twins are not identical</one>, <two>other than due to epigenetic causes</two>. A: Some will have changes owing to <one>replication errors</one>.
239
+ - What means, at the non-histone protein <one>HMG14</one>, the <lightseagreen>HMG</lightseagreen> abbreviation? <one>High mobility group</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-mobility_group
240
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>TATA Box</one> in <two>Eukarya</two>? Dies ist die <one>Goldberg-Hogness Box</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box
241
+ - The beauty of <one>inserting transposons</one> ... ? Because their sequence is known, the <one>mutant gene</one> can be located - and subsequently sequenced.
242
+ - Nenne einen grossen Unterschied zwischen den <one>Telomeren</one> und dem <one>Rest eines Chromosoms</one>. A: Ein Teil der Telomere wird in <one>ss-Form</one> gehalten.
243
+ - Was heißt jeweils <one>Su(var)</one> und <one>E(var)</one>? (1) <one>Su(var)</one>: <two>Suppressor of variegation</two> (2) <one>E(var)</one>: <two>Enhancer of variegation</two>
244
+ - <one>Wo</one> findet man allgemein eine <two>TATA Box</two> im menschlichen Genom? Etwa <two>25 bp upstream</two> der <three>transcription start site</three> (<one>TSS</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box#Overview
245
+ - Wie können wir vermuten das <one>Transposons</one> aktiv sind? Durch <one>ungewöhnlich hohe Mutationsraten bestimmter Gene</one>.
246
+ - <one>How</one> can <two>acentric chromosomes</two> arise? When <one>centromeric regions</one> are <two>deleted</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentric_fragment
247
+ - In genetics: what do we mean when we use the term <one>Epistasis</one>? Give an example for this in humans. A: This means that the effect of one gene depends on the presence of one or more <two>modifier genes</two>. For example, <one>the gene for baldness</one> is epistatic to those for <one>blond hair</one> or <three>red hair</three>.
248
+ - <one>Was genau</one> entsteht wenn die Substanz <two>EMS</two> auf <three>Guanin</three> appliziert wird? <one>6-Ethylguanin</one>, das mit <two>Thymin</two> eine Basenpaarung eingehen kann (<three>EMS + Guanin → 6-Ethylguanin</three>).
249
+ - <one>Humans</one> have how many repeats of the <two>TTAGGG sequence</two> in their <three>telomeres</three>? <one>10-10kb</one>.
250
+ - Give another term for <one>the generation of genetic variation</one>. A: <one>Somatic hypermutation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation
251
+ - Give <one>two different examples</one> where we might see <two>rolling-circle replication</two>. A: (1) in <one>some viruses</one> (2) the <one>fertility factor</one> (F-plasmid) of <two>E. coli</two>
252
+ - What can we conclude about <one>nonsense mutations</one> and their <two>severity</two>? The closer a nonsense mutation lies to the <two>3' end</two> of an <one>ORF</one>, the more plausible it is that the resulting protein <two>possesses some biological activity</two>.
253
+ - Nenne <one>die vier wichtigsten Arme</one> einer <two>tRNA</two>. A: (1) <one>Akzeptorarm</one> (2) <one>Anticodonarm</one> (3) <one>D-Arm</one> (4) <one>T-Arm</one>
254
+ - Wie lange sind <one>Okazaki Fragmente</one>? (1) <one>100-200</one> in <one>Eukarya</one> (2) <one>1000-2000</one> in <one>Prokarya</one>
255
+ - In der Genetik: was ist das Phänomen der <one>Induktion</one>? <one>Induktion</one> ist der Prozess, bei dem <two>ein Signal die Expression eines Gens initiiert</two>.
256
+ - In welchem mutierten Gen mag man gegen <one>HIV</one> immun werden? <one>C-C chemokine receptor type 5</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCR5
257
+ - Wie geht <one>die Consensussequenz</one> bei der <two>CAAT-Box</two>? <one>GGN|CAA|TCT</one>. Also <two>9 Nukleotide</two> in Summe. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAAT_box
258
+ - <one>Wieso</one> haben <two>Alkaptonurie-Patienten</two> oft dunkle Ohren? Die <one>schwarzen Oxidationsprodukte</one> neigen dazu, sich in <two>knorpeligen Körperregionen</two> anzuhäufen.
259
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entwickelte die <two>Kleeblattstruktur der tRNA</two>? <one>Robert Holley</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley
260
+ - <one>Welche zwei wichtige zelluläre Rollen</one> besitzt <two>RecA</two>? A: (1) <one>RecA</one> spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der <two>homologen (allgemeinen) Rekombination</two>. (2) <one>RecA</one> induziert weiters den <two>SOS Repair Pathway</two>.
261
+ - <one>Wie lange</one> sind <two>guide RNAs</two> (von bis)? <one>40-80 Nukleotide</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_RNA
262
+ - In humans: the <one>terminal transferase</one> is <two>encoded by which gene</two>? The <one>DNTT gene</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P04053
263
+ - What is <one>the genetic cause</one> for the occurance of the <two>Burkitt Lymphoma</two>? <one>A chromosomal rearrangement</one> that results in the c-myc gene being placed next to an enhancer of an immunoglobulin gene.
264
+ - Wie wird in der <one>Hefe</one> <two>die Anzahl der Telomer Repeats</two> bestimmt? <one>Durch spezifische Proteine</one>, <two>die für die Termination der Synthese verantwortlich sind</two>.
265
+ - <one>How</one> are <two>composite transposons</two> created? When <one>two IS elements insert near each other</one>.
266
+ - Nenne die zwei <one>Signatursequenzen</one> der <two>Rossman-Schleife</two>. A: (1) <one>HIGH</one>, <two>4</two> (2) <one>KMSKS</one>, <two>5</two>
267
+ - <one>Which mode</one> can we observe for <two>true jumping genes</two>? The <one>conservative mode</one>.
268
+ - In genetics, for instance in Drosophila: <one>when</one> <two>does crossing-over occur</two>? Crossing-over occurs at the <one>4-chromatid stage</one>.
269
+ - Welche <one>vier Arten</one> der <two>Chromosomenmutationen</two> existieren? Merkslogan: <one>D-I-T-I</one> (1) <two>Deletion</two> (2) <two>Insertion</two> (3) <two>Translokation</two> (4) <two>Inversion</two>
270
+ - Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Beispiele</one> für <two>DNA-Methyltransferasen</two>. A: (1) <one>Dnmt-1</one> (2) <one>Dnmt-3a</one>/<one>3b</one>
271
+ - Name three <one>true inducers</one> of the <two>lac-Operon</two>. A: (1) <one>IPTG</one> (2) <one>allo-lactose</one> (3) <one>glyceryl-galactoside</one>
272
+ - Was ist die <one>Konkordanz</one> in der Genetik? <one>Konkordanz</one> bezeichnet die Ähnlichkeit des <two>Phänotyps</two> mit dem jeweiligen <three>Genotyp</three>, in Form der <four>prozentualen Wahrscheinlichkeit</four>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetranz_(Genetik)#Konkordanz_und_Diskordanz
273
+ - Can the <one>DNA polymerase I</one> <three>degrade DNA</three>? Yes - it has a <one>5' → 3' exonuclease activity</one>.
274
+ - Give <one>two reasons</one> as to why a cell may fail to transition from the <two>G1 phase</two> into the <two>S phase</two>. A: (1) <one>too little growth</one> (2) <one>damaged DNA</one>
275
+ - Wie geht die <one>Chargaff-Regel</one>? Die <one>Gesamtmenge der Purin-Nukleotide</one> (<three>A + G</three>) ist immer gleich der <one>Gesamtmenge der Pyrimidin-Nukleotide</one> (<three>T + C</three>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff-Regeln
276
+ - <one>In which journal</one> did <two>Gregor Mendel</two> publish his experimental results? In <one>Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn</one>, 1866. The title was <two>"Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden"</two>.
277
+ - Was ist die <one>Genomik</one>? <one>Genomik</one> ist <two>die Untersuchung von Genomen</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom
278
+ - Is <one>RNA</one> <two>the genetic material</two>? Well, it can be - in some <one>RNA viruses</one>. But normally, no - <two>DNA is the genetic material</two>.
279
+ - <one>Ty transposons</one> have an <two>organization</two> that is similar to ... ? <one>Endogenous retroviruses</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty5_retrotransposon
280
+ - Simonds defined <one>plant breeding</one> as <three>allele-substitution</three>. Why the name <three>allele-substitution</three>? Because <one>inferior alles</one> are <two>replaced</two> by <one>superior alleles</one>.
281
+ - <one>FEN1</one> steht für ... ? Die <one>Flap-Endonuklease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_endonuclease
282
+ - Bei der <one>Konjugation</one>: <two>wo</two> wird die DNA des F-Plasmids geöffnet? Im Bereich des <one>oriT</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Plasmid#Strukturmerkmale
283
+ - Give an example of a <one>suppressive organelle mutation</one>. A: The <one>petite mutation</one> in budding yeast (aka <two>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</two>), also called <three>suppressive petites</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_mutation
284
+ - What is meant with the term <one>functional genomics</one>? The linking of <one>specific functions</one> to <two>specific genes</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics
285
+ - What do we mean with the <one>retro-world</one>? This is <one>the collection of DNA sequences</one> derived from <two>reverse transcription</two>.
286
+ - Wofür steht das englische Kürzel <one>hnRNA</one>? <one>Heterogeneous nuclear RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA
287
+ - Was ist das <one>Plastom</one>? Das <one>Plastom</one> ist <two>das Genom der Plastiden</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid#Bau
288
+ - Die <one>7SL-RNA</one> ist Teil von ...? Des <one>signal recognition particle complex</one> (<two>SRP</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle
289
+ - Do <one>both</one> <two>Prokaryotes</two> and <two>Eukaryotes</two> have type I and type II topoisomerases? <one>Yes</one>.
290
+ - Name a <one>sensor enzyme</one> that can <three>sense dsDNA breaks</three>. A: The <one>ATM kinase</one> (<two>ATM serine</two>/<two>threonine kinase</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_serine/threonine_kinase
291
+ - <one>Luria-Delbrück</one> performed the <two>fluctuation test</two> in genetics. <three>Give another name for this experiment</three>. A: <one>Spontaneous Mutation Model</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria%E2%80%93Delbr%C3%BCck_experiment
292
+ - <one>Lethalfaktoren</one> können zu <two>welchem Segregationsmuster (Zahlenwerte) in der Nachkommenschaft</two> führen? <three>Welches Beispiel kann man hierzu nennen</three>? <one>1:2 Nachkommenschaft</one>. Dies findet sich zum Beispiel bei den <two>Agouti-Mäusen</two>.
293
+ - Welche <one>drei prinzipielle Möglichkeiten</one> gibt es bei <two>Chromosomen-Mutationen</two>? (1) <one>A</one> ... <two>Amplifikation</two> (2) <one>D</one> ... <two>Deletion</two> (3) <one>T</one> ... <two>Translokation</two>
294
+ - Give <one>a specific example</one> for <two>evolutionary interruption</two> in Genes. A: All known <one>active globin genes</one> <two>have interruptions</two> that occur at <three>homologous positions</three>.
295
+ - Was heisst <one>nucleoid</one>? <one>Kernähnlich</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoid
296
+ - Kurzform der <one>Wobble Rules</one>? <one>G</one><two>→</two><three>C(U)</three> und <one>U</one><two>→</two><three>A(G)</three>, sowie <one>I</one><two>→</two><three>U,C,A</three>
297
+ - Besitzen <one>Archaeen</one> <two>CRISPR</two>/<two>Cas-Mechanismen</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
298
+ - In genetics, in particular in breeding: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>BLUP</one>? <one>Best Linear Unbiased Prediction</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_linear_unbiased_prediction
299
+ - <one>Wieviel Prozent der menschlichen DNA</one> ist <two>repetitiv</two>? Mehr als <one>50%</one>.
300
+ - Welche <one>zwei</one> <two>dominant traits</two> kann man in der Genetik allgemein unterscheiden? (1) <one>true breeding</one> (2) <one>mixed progeny</one>
301
+ - Welche <one>zwei Stopcodons</one> kodieren <two>in Wimpertierchen</two> für Aminosäuren? (1) <one>UAA</one> (2) <one>UAG</one>
302
+ - In genetics: the <one>reconstitution experiment</one> occurred in the year <two>1957</two>. Which <three>biological information system</three> was used for this experiment? <one>TMV</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus
303
+ - <one>Gene density</one> in Humans (1 Gen / x bp)? <one>1 gene</one> / <one>100.000 bp</one>.
304
+ - Which was <one>the central idea</one> for the <two>Hershey-Chase experiment</two>? (1) <one>DNA</one> contains <two>P</two> - but no <three>S</three>. (2) <one>Proteins</one> contain <two>S</two> - but no <three>P</three>.
305
+ - <one>Why</one> was the <two>onc strain</two> of mouse created? This strain has been genetically engineered to be <one>susceptible to many forms of cancer</one>. These mice were then used to study cancer development and <two>the design of new anticancer drugs</two>.
306
+ - Wieviele (und welche) mögliche <one>Basensubstitutionen</one> existieren? <one>12</one> - <two>4 Transitionen</two> und <three>8 Transversionen</three>.
307
+ - <one>Nickel hydride</one> appliziert auf <two>cysteine-tRNA</two> führt zu ...? <one>Alanine tRNA</one>.
308
+ - Ab wann sprechen wir von einer <one>DNA-Superhelix</one>? Wenn die Verdrillungen der DNA den Windungen in der Doppelhelix überlagert sind.
309
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde die <two>bakterielle DNA-Polymerase I</two> entdeckt? <one>1956</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-Polymerase_I
310
+ - <one>Why</one> is the <two>RNA-Polymerase III</two> a strong polymerase? Because <one>the cell needs a lot of tRNAs</one>.
311
+ - What is the job of the <one>Cas complex</one> in <two>CRISPR</two>? The <one>Cas complex</one> recognizes foreign DNA and integrates a novel repeat-spacer unit at the leader end of the CRISPR locus.
312
+ - Nenne eine <one>biologische Möglichkeit</one> eine <two>Zufallsmutation in Genen</two> zu erzielen. A: <one>Insertion eines Transposons</one>.
313
+ - <one>Inteins</one> are <two>self-splicing proteins</two>. <three>Which functional elements can we identify in an Intein</three>? (1) an <one>N-extein</one> (2) followed by the <two>intein</two> (3) followed by a <one>C-extein</one>
314
+ - Nenne <one>zwei allgemeine Möglichkeiten</one> eines <two>distalen, regulatorischen Elements</two> in der <three>Genetik</three>. A: (1) <one>Enhancer</one> (2) <one>Silencer</one>
315
+ - How does <one>Avastin</one> work? <one>Avastin</one> can block the protein called <two>VEGF</two> (<three>vascular endothelial growth factor</three>).
316
+ - In <one>genetics</one>: the following three abbreviations <two>N</two>/<two>R</two>/<two>Y</two> stand for ... ? (1) <one>N</one> ... <two>any base</two> (2) <one>R</one> ... <two>any purine</two> (3) <one>Y</one> ... <two>any pyrimidine</two>
317
+ - What is a <one>transgenic organism</one>? This is an organism into which <two>geneticists</two> have inserted a <one>foreign gene</one>.
318
+ - Wieso benötigt das <one>CAP Protein</one> beim <two>lac-Operon Modell</two> lange Helices? Die langen Helices dienen der <one>Dimerbildung</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein
319
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>das Experiment der unterbrochenen Paarung</two> durchgeführt? <one>1955</one>.
320
+ - Name <one>the two main enzyme families</one> that constitute the <two>homing endonucleases</two>. A: (1) <one>intron endonucleases</one> (2) <one>intein endonucleases</one>
321
+ - The <one>Tc1 element</one> is <two>a DNA transposon</two> that can be found in <violet>C. elegans</violet>. How long is it there? The <one>Tc1 element</one> has a length of <two>1610 base-pairs</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tc1/mariner
322
+ - Der Transkriptionsfaktor <one>Sp1</one> - wofür steht das <two>Sp</two> im Namen? <one>SP</one> steht für <two>specificity protein</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor
323
+ - In Eukarya: nenne <one>genetisches Kennzeichen</one> für deren Gen-Anfänge. A: <one>CpG Inseln</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG-Insel
324
+ - Was ist <one>Genkonversion</one>? Das <one>Überführen eines Allels in ein anderes</one>.
325
+ - Gib die <one>ideale Definition eines Gens</one> an. A: Ein Gen ist <one>ein DNA-Abschnitt</one>, <two>welcher für die Bildung einer RNA verantwortlich ist</two>.
326
+ - <one>Termination sequences</one> avoid ... <two>what cellular process</two>? <one>Fork collisions</one>.
327
+ - Welchen Bezug hat <one>LexA</one> zum <two>SOS-System</two>? Normalerweise <two>unterdrückt</two> LexA das SOS-System; daher wäre es besser, LexA als <one>Repressor-LexA</one> zu bezeichnen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressor_lexA
328
+ - Wie wird der <one>Übergang</one> von <two>5-Methylcytosin</two> zu <two>Thymin</two> genannt? <one>Hydrolytische Desaminierung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desaminierung#Hydrolytische_Desaminierung
329
+ - Give <one>a specific example</one> for <two>males lack genetic fail-safe systems in their sex-chromosome</two>. A: <one>Colour blindness</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness#Genetics
330
+ - <one>Who</one> established the <two>chromosome theory of inheritance</two> <three>in 1902</three>? <one>Walter Sutton</one>. (Theodor Boveri also came to the same conclusion, at about the same time). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sutton
331
+ - What are the two main tasks of the Agrobacterium <one>VirA Protein</one>? (1) virA detects the inducer (2) phosphorylates <one>VirG</one>
332
+ - <one>When exactly</one> does the <two>synaptonemal complex</two> form? During <one>Prophase I of Meiosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptonemal_complex
333
+ - Within the <one>Initiation process</one> of <two>DNA-Replication</two>, name its four steps. A: (1) <one>Ori-Recognition</one>: binding of ORC to the origin (2) <one>DNA-Melting</one> (3) <one>DNA-Unwinding</one>: requires helicase (4) Recruitment of replication factors, such as DNA polymerases and single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (<royalblue>SSBs</royalblue>)
334
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>CTCF</one> in der Genetik? <one>Chromosomal transcription control factor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF
335
+ - Das Produkt des <one>Pericentrin-Gens</one> bindet an <two>welches Molekül in der Zelle</two>? <one>Calmodulin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCNT
336
+ - <one>Poly-AC</one> (<three>Adenin</three> and <three>Cytosin</three>), for example, <two>will yield how many different codons, if combined in every way</two>? <one>8</one>. (1) <two>CCC</two> (2) <two>CCA</two> (3) <two>CAC</two> (4) <two>ACC</twotwo> (5) <two>CAA</two> (6) <two>ACA</two> (7) <two>AAC</two> (8) <two>AAA</two>
337
+ - Warum der Name <one>Isogamete</one> bei, zum Beispiel, <two>Chlamydomonas</two>? Diese <one>haploiden Zellen</one> sehen zwar ident aus - besitzen jedoch an ihrer Oberfläche eine <two>unterschiedliche chemische Substanz</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas
338
+ - Beim <one>F-Plasmid</one>: <two>wie häufig</two> kommen die Elemente <three>IS2</three>, <three>IS3</three> und <three>IS1000</three> jeweils vor? A: <one>1x, 2x, 1x</one>.
339
+ - In der Genetik: benenne ein konkretes Beispiel für einen <one>allosteric effector</one>. A: Die <one>Allolactose</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allolactose
340
+ - Nenne <one>drei Methoden</one> der <two>reversen Genetik</two>. A: (1) <one>Gendeletionen</one> (2) <one>Genkonversionen</one> (3) <one>RNAi</one>
341
+ - Was kann die <one>DNA-Gyrase</one>? Die <two>DNA-Gyrase</two> kann <one>negative Supercoils</one> <two>in dsDNA</two> einführen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_gyrase
342
+ - <one>Recombineering</one> funktioniert sowohl mit <two>ssDNA</two> als auch mit <two>dsDNA</two>. Womit effizienter? Mit <two>ssDNA</two> ist es mehr als 100-fach (<one>100x</one>) so effizient, verglichen zu <two>dsDNA</two>.
343
+ - Which <one>accessory protein</one> keeps the <two>pol III</two> attached to the DNA molecule during <three>DNA replication</three>? The <one>beta-clamp</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_clamp#Bacterial
344
+ - The <one>F-Factor</one> has <two>how many different states</two>? Name these states. A: The <one>F-Factor</one> has <two>two states</two>: (1) the <three>plasmid state</three>, and (2) the <three>integrated state</three>.
345
+ - What is a <one>nested gene</one>? This usually refers to a gene that <one>lies within the intron of a larger (host) gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_gene
346
+ - Nenne ein allgemeines Beispiel für <one>extranucleäre Vererbung</one>. A: <one>Organellenvererbung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extranukle%C3%A4re_Vererbung
347
+ - Es gibt <one>CpG Inseln</one> beim <two>Menschen</two> und auch bei <two>Bakterien</two>. <three>Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen den beiden</three>. A: Beim Menschen sind diese Gruppen häufig <one>am Cytosin methyliert</one>, bei Bakterien hingegen nicht. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG-Insel
348
+ - Was genau ist ein <one>ORF</one> (<two>open reading frame</two>)? Dies ist derjenige Bereich der <two>DNA</two> beziehungsweise der <two>mRNA</two>, dessen Leserahmen bei einem Start-Codon beginnt (und dieses inkludiert), und bis zu dem nächsten Stop-Codon liegt (das Stop Codon ist jedoch nicht Teil dieses ORFs). Der ORF ist somit <three>ein Teil eines Gens</three>.
349
+ - What are <one>the key reagents</one> used in <two>optogenetics</two>? <one>Light-sensitive proteins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics
350
+ - Evolutionär betrachtet: wozu dienen <one>Transpositionselemente</one>? <one>Transpositionselemente</one> können <two>Entwicklungsschübe für die Zelle verursachen</two>.
351
+ - The human gene that encodes <one>titin</one> <two>can be found on which chromosome</two>? <one>Chromosome 2</one>. (<three>Mnemonic</three>: <two>Both Titin and Chromosome 2 are very, very large!</two>)
352
+ - <one>Die erste jemals isolierte mRNA kodierte für</one> ... ? <one>Fibroin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroin
353
+ - Was sind <one>Concatemers</one>? Dies sind <one>mehrere Kopien des Phagengenoms</one>, tandemartige Repeats. Die Schnitte erfolgen jeweils an den <two>cos-sites</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatemer
354
+ - <one>Plasmids</one> can be classified into which <two>two general groups</two>? (1) <one>conjugative plasmids</one> (2) <one>non-conjugative plasmids</one>
355
+ - Nenne <one>drei</one> wichtige <two>Komponenten eines IS-Elements</two>. A: (1) <one>Transposase</one> (2) etwa <one>50 bp inverted repeat</one> (3) <one>5-10 bp direct repeat</one> (Mnemonic: <royalblue>inverted</royalblue> ist länger als <royalblue>direct</royalblue> repeat, vom Namen her)
356
+ - Name <one>two general ways</one> <two>how to detect horizontal gene transfer</two>. A: (1) <one>GC-content</one> (2) <one>codon bias</one>
357
+ - Ist die zelluläre <one>DNA Polymerase III</one> ein perfektes Enzym? Nein, denn sie braucht die <one>DNA Polymerase I</one> um <one>RNA Primer zu entfernen</one>, die im Zuge der Synthetisierung der <peru>Okazaki-Fragmente</peru> gebildet werden. Nur die DNA Pol I hat die korrekte 5 Strich zu 3 Strich Exonuclease Aktivität.
358
+ - Was ist an der <one>Außenseite der dsDNA</one> zu treffen? Die <one>Phosphatreste</one>.
359
+ - How does the <one>RecA protein</one> become activated? <two>RecA</two> is <one>activated by ssDNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA
360
+ - What do we mean with <one>vertical transmission</one>? In <one>vertical transmission</one> genes are simply passed <two>from one generation to the next</two>.
361
+ - Nenne <one>drei Bedingungen</one> die ein <two>hereditary molecule</two> erfüllen muss. A: (1) Ein <one>hereditary molecule</one> muss die Fähigkeit besitzen sich <two>replizieren</two> zu können (2) Ein <one>hereditary molecule</one> muss die Fähigkeit besitzen <two>Informationen speichern zu können</two> (3) Ein <three>hereditary molecule</three> muss die Fähigkeit besitzen sich <one>verändern zu können</one>, durch <two>Mutation</two>
362
+ - Das erste menschliche Gen, das einem Chromosom zugeordnet werden konnte, war <one>welches Gen</one>? Das Gen, das <one>bei Ausfall</one> <two>Farbenblindheit</two> verursacht (<three>Achromatopsie</three>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbenblindheit
363
+ - Welche wichtigen <one>checkpoints</one> umfasst <two>der eukaryote Zellzyklus</two>? (1) <one>G1</one>/<one>S Checkpoint</one> (2) <one>G2</one>/<one>M Checkpoint</one> (3) <one>M Checkpoint</one>
364
+ - What does <one>kinetic proofreading</one> mean? A: This means <one>to make corrections on the fly</one>. URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066112
365
+ - Which <one>three general steps</one> occur in (natural) <two>DNA Synthesis</two>? (1) <one>chain initiation</one> (2) <one>chain extension</one> (3) <one>chain termination</one>
366
+ - Wann wurde die <one>one-gene-one-enzyme</one> Hypothese aufgestellt, und von wem? <one>Edward Tatum</one> (Mnemo: <two>ET</two>) und <one>George Beadle</one> stellten diese Theorie im Jahre <two>1941</two> auf. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_gene%E2%80%93one_enzyme_hypothesis
367
+ - Wie kann man, möglichst einfach, beweisen das die <one>Isogameten von Chlamydomonas</one> nicht ident sind? Unterschiedliche Isogameten <one>verklumpen</one> wenn man sie mischt.
368
+ - In order for <one>reverse genetics</one> to work, what must be the case? We must know the <one>complete genome sequence</one>.
369
+ - What are <one>imperfect DNA mirror repeats</one>? <two>Imperfect DNA mirror repeats</two> (<two>IMRs</two>) are mirror repeats that are <one>less than 100% symmetrical</one>.
370
+ - Mittels <one>centiMorgan</one> können wir die <two>genetische Distanz</two> zwischen zwei Loci messen - aber <three>wann genau gilt das</three>? Pro <one>Rekombinationsereignis</one> - also <two>pro Meiose</two>, da es nur dann zum crossing over kommen kann.
371
+ - What is the most frequent kind of <one>hydrolytic damage</one> in <two>dsDNA</two>? <one>Deamination of Cytosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination
372
+ - In the genomes of Eukarya: are only <one>point mutations in the promoter</one> a problem? No - point mutations in <one>promoter-proximal elements</one> <two>can also hinder transcription</two>.
373
+ - Beim menschlichen <one>Dystrophin-Gen</one> bleibt <three>wieviel % der Gensequenz in der mRNA erhalten</three>? Weniger als <one>1%</one>.
374
+ - Das <one>Drosophila P-Element</one> ist <two>sequenzidentisch</two> zu Elementen der evolutionär weit entfernten ... ? <one>Drosophila willistoni-Gruppe</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_willistoni
375
+ - Welches <one>Allel</one> besitzen jeweils <two>Sphynx</two> und <two>Devon Rex</two> Katzen? (1) <one>Sphynx-Katzen</one> besitzen das <two>hairless</two> Allel (Mnemonic: auch die Sphinx in Ägypten ist haarlos) (2) <one>Devon-Rex-Katzen</one> besitzen das <two>curly Allel</two>
376
+ - <one>Wann</one> wird der <two>ORC</two> gebildet? In der <two>G1-Phase</two>, also (logischerweise) <three>vor</three> der <one>S-Phase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_phase
377
+ - Was haben die <one>Stopcodons</one> gemeinsam? Sie alle beginnen mit einem <one>U</one> (in der RNA).
378
+ - <one>How</one> was <two>EcoRI</two> originally discovered? <one>EcoRI</one> was discovered because <two>several E. coli strains turned out to be resistant against phages</two>.
379
+ - Give one example for <one>a regulatory nucleotide</one>. A: <two>Cyclic AMP</two> (<one>cAMP</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate
380
+ - Nenne <one>drei wichtige Punkte</one>, wieso es zur <two>Mitose bei Mehrzellern</two> kommt. A: (1) <one>Wundheilung</one> (2) <one>Strukturerhaltung</one> (3) <one>Wachstum und Entwicklung</one>
381
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte die <two>Stop-Codons</two>? <one>Sydney Brenner</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner
382
+ - <one>What exactly</one> does a <two>restriction enzyme</two> recognize? (1) the <one>recognition site</one> (2) the <one>cleavage site</one>
383
+ - Wie nennen wir das <one>cap-bindende Protein</one>? <one>eIF4E</one>. (Mnemonic: Bind<two>E</two>nd) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF4E
384
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>cytoplasmatische Vererbung</one>? <one>Extranukleäre Vererbung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extranukle%C3%A4re_Vererbung
385
+ - <one>Which three enzymes</one> work during the <two>RNA Capping</two> step in eukaryotes? (1) <one>Phosphatase</one> (2) <one>Guanylyltransferase</one> (3) <one>Methyltransferase</one>
386
+ - Gib ein Beispiel für <one>Substratinduktion</one> in der Genetik. A: Zum Beispiel das <one>lac-Operon</one>, das durch <two>(Allo)Laktose</two> <three>induziert</three> - also eingeschaltetn - werden kann.
387
+ - Provide another name for <one>Panmixie</one>. A: <one>Random Mating</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panmixie
388
+ - What is <one>the main function of a polymerase</one>? The main function of a polymerase is <one>to copy a template nucleic acid strand, in order to produce a daughter strand</one>.
389
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde der Begriff <two>Chromatin</two> erstmals verwendet? Bereits im Jahre <one>1880</one>.
390
+ - How do we call mutations that <one>restore</one> a more wild-type phenotype again? <one>Suppressors</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressor_mutation
391
+ - Wofür stehen jeweils die beiden Abkürzungen <one>snRNA</one> und <one>snoRNA</one>? A: (1) <one>snRNA</one>: <two>small nuclear RNA</two> (2) <one>snoRNA</one>: <two>small nucleolar RNA</two>
392
+ - <one>Functional globin genes</one> have <two>n exons</two>? <one>3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globin
393
+ - Was ist das <one>Hauptmerkmal</one> des <two>Zygotäns</two>? Die <one>Paarung der homologen Chromosomen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiose#Meiose_I_(Reduktionsteilung)
394
+ - Nur wann gilt die <one>Mendelsche Unabhängigkeitsregel</one>? Nur wenn die <one>Merkmale</one> (<two>Gene</two>) auf unterschiedlichen Chromosomen vorzufinden sind.
395
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>genetische Symbiose</one> - mitsamt Erklärung, wieso dies eine genetische Symbiose darstellt. A: Das <one>Mitochondrium</one>, und das menschliche Genom, welches für die meisten Proteine im Mitochondrium kodiert. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrium
396
+ - In der <three>Hefe</three>, im <one>Galactose-Pathway</one>, wird extrazelluläre Galactose in ... umgewandelt? <one>Glucose-1-Phosphat</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-1-phosphat
397
+ - <one>SINEs</one> <two>constitute n% of the human genome</two>? <one>11%</one>.
398
+ - What does the Drosophila <one>copia element</one> <three>miss</three>? The <one>Drosophila copia-element</one> misses an <two>env</two> area. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC321795/
399
+ - Ist <one>Acridinorange</one> schwerer als <two>Proflavin</two>? Ja. Siehe: URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Acridine_Orange.png
400
+ - Die <one>Korrekturlesefunktion</one> der <two>DNA-Polymerase I</two> liegt <three>in</three> welchem funktionellem Teil? Der <one>3'→5' Exonuclease</one>.
401
+ - What is the main function of the <one>ubiquitin protein ligases</one>? These ligases are enzymes that target other proteins to be broken down (<one>degraded</one>) within cells.
402
+ - What is <one>the fate of N-formyl methionine</one>? The <one>formyl group</one> <two>is removed lateron</two>.
403
+ - Wieviel Prozent des <one>Mais Genoms</one> ist von <three>transponierbaren Elementen</three> kodiert? A: <one>50%</one>.
404
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>pulse-chase Experiment</two> durchgeführt? Im Jahre <one>1957</one>. URL: https://what-when-how.com/molecular-biology/pulse-chase-experiments-molecular-biology/
405
+ - When was the sequence of <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one> <two>published</two> completely? A: In the year <one>1996</one>. (Goffeau et al. 1996) URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962479/
406
+ - Die <one>PCNA</one> hat n UE, die <one>Bakterienklammer</one> hingegen n? A: (1) <one>PCNA</one>: <two>3 UE</two> (2) <one>Bakterienklammer</one>: <two>2 UE</two>
407
+ - Was heißt <one>cDNA</one>? <one>Complementary DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_DNA
408
+ - Bei <one>Imprinting des Menschen</one> gibt es <two>paternale</two> und <two>maternale Muster</two>. <three>Unterschied</three>? Paternale Gene fördern, maternale Gene hemmen das <one>fetale Wachstum</one>.
409
+ - The <one>decoding center</one> on the <two>prokaryotic ribosome</two> senses ... ? It can sense the fit between the codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the incoming charged tRNA.
410
+ - The cell can <one>phosphorylate</one> three Aminoacids. <two>How are these phosphor-groups connected to the individual aminoacid in question</two>? They reside on to the <two>O- group</two> of the <one>-OH group</one>.
411
+ - Why the name <one>monopolin</one>, in genetics? Because <one>Monopolins</one> ensure that sister kinetochores are <two>mono-oriented</two> in meiosis I.
412
+ - Name <one>two</one> <two>centrifugation modes</two> for DNA. A: (1) <one>iso-pycnic centrifugation</one> (2) <one>CsCl-equilibrium centrifugation</one>
413
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>a preset gene</one>? <one>Preset genes</one> are those in which the binding sites for trans-acting factors are accessible prior to activation.
414
+ - <one>Warum</one> war <two>Neurospora</two> in der Genetik so wichtig? Man konnte dank Neurospora <one>auxotrophe Mutanten</one> isolieren und analysieren. Dies war wichtig da man hier einen niederen Eukaryoten untersuchen konnte.
415
+ - <one>Alkylierende Verbindungen</one> verändern die DNA an Positionen, die für Methylierung oder Ethylierung zugänglich sind. <two>Nenne die beiden häufigsten Produkte in der Reihenfolge ihres Auftretens</two>. A: (1) <one>7-Alkylguanin</one>: <two>70-80%</two> (2) <one>3-Alkyladenin</one>: <two>6-10%</two>
416
+ - <one>How</one> does the <two>spindle assembly checkpoint</two> work? It blocks the destruction of cyclin B - unless all chromosomes are properly aligned.
417
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>phenotypic plasticity</one>? This is <one>the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment</one>.
418
+ - Das <one>P-Element</one> kann die Stabilität des Genoms gefährden da es durch Integration in Exons Defekte hervorrufen kann. <two>Wie schützt sich Drosophila davor</two>? Durch die <two>maternale Vererbung</two> von <one>piwi-interacting RNA</one> (<one>piRNAs</one>). In einem RNA-silencing Mechanismus wird hier die <three>genomische Integrität</three> aufrecht erhalten.
419
+ - Warum ist die <one>Telomer-Haarnadelschleife</one> wichtig? Sie stellt eine <one>3' OH Gruppe</one> bereit, die als Substrat für die DNA-Polymerase I dienen kann.
420
+ - The fantastic enzyme <one>Polynucleotide phosphorylase</one> has <two>which two major functions</two>? (1) It has a <one>3' terminal polymerase</one> activity (2) It also has a phosphorolytic <one>3'→5' exoribonuclease</one> activity
421
+ - Es gibt <one>drei Stopcodons</one>. Eines davon ist <two>sick</two>. <three>Welches ist es und was heisst das</three>? A: <one>UAA</one> ist <one>sicker</one> als die anderen beiden Stoppcodons da hier <orange>tRNAs öfters mutiert vorliegen</orange> und dieses Stopcodon nicht richtig interpretieren. Sehr lange Proteine sind daher die Folge, die Zelle ist daher <three>sicker</three>.
422
+ - <one>cDNA</one> ist eine Kopie einer mRNA, mit einem Nachteil. <two>Meist fehlt ein Teil</two>. Welcher und warum? A: Das 5' Ende der cDNA entspricht selten auch dem 5 Strich Ende der mRNA. cDNA wird meist von einem Primer aus hergestellt, der nicht von der reversen Transkriptase kopiert werden kann, da sie sich an seine Seite anheftet, um die mRNA transkribieren zu können.
423
+ - Allgemein - <one>wo</one> finden wir <two>SECIS Elemente</two>? Gleich nach dem <one>UGA-Codon</one> (<two>UGA-SECIS</two>).
424
+ - Was ist <one>Homogamie</one>? <one>Homogamie</one> bezeichnet <two>die Ähnlichkeit zweier Sexualpartner</two> bei Menschen und Tieren. Der Partner wird also <three>nach ähnlichen Kriterien</three> ausgesucht. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogamie
425
+ - In molecular genetics: what is <one>dsx</one> and what is <two>its functional role</two>? <one>Doublesex</one> is <two>a gene that plays an important role in determining sex in Drosophila</two>. When expressed, this primary RNA transcript is alternatively spliced into two different mRNAs. To give an example, the female genitals will only develop if "dsx-female" is present. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublesex
426
+ - <one>Initiationsfaktor-1</one> und <one>Initiationsfaktor-2</one> kooperieren. <two>Was ermöglichen diese Faktoren</two>? Sie stellen sicher, das an die P-Stelle eines Ribosoms nur itRNA (<one>Initiator</one>) andocken kann.
427
+ - Why may we apply <one>5-azacytidine</one> in <two>genetic therapy</two> and what effect will this have? <one>5-azacytidine</one> can <two>remove methyl groups from DNA</two> - thus, it will <three>globally activate transcription</three>.
428
+ - Gibt es Ausnahmen von der <one>mendelschen Uniformitätsregel</one>? Ja - bei <one>genomic imprinting</one>.
429
+ - In <one>Recombineering</one>: <two>which protein is the most important one</two>? The <one>Beta protein</one>, which is a <two>ssDNA annealing protein</two>.
430
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>imperfect duplex</one>. A: Dies bezeichnet eine <one>DNA Duplex</one>, die <two>nicht ganz basengepaart vorliegt</two>.
431
+ - What is <one>the most interesting feature of a cosmid</one>? Unlike plasmids, cosmids can be packaged in <two>phage capsids</two>, which allows the foreign genes to be transferred into or between cells by <one>transduction</one>.
432
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Syntänie</one> gemeint? Wenn <one>orthologe Gene</one> in gleicher Reihenfolge in verschiedenen Genomen vorkommen.
433
+ - How do <one>piRNAs</one> work? They <one>form RNA-protein complexes</one> through interactions with so-called <two>piwi proteins</two>.
434
+ - Wie ist ein <one>lethal allele</one> definiert? A: Ein <one>lethal allele</one> ist ein Allel, das <two>einen Organismus töten kann</two> wenn es in <three>homozygoter Form</three> (also 2 Allele davon) vorliegt. Es handelt sich hierbei meistens um Gene die sehr wichtig sind für einen Organismus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_allele
435
+ - In genetics: what do we mean with <one>NUMTs</one> or <one>numts</one>? <one>NUMT</one>, pronounced <two>new might</two>, is an acronym for <three>nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment</three>. This describes a <four>transposition</four> of any type of cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome of an eukaryotic organism.
436
+ - What is the job of <one>Geminin</one>? Geminin prevents re-assembly of MCM proteins on fresh DNA by binding Cdt1 and inhibiting it. Geminin is degraded during the mitotic cell division upon ubiquitination through the APC to allow response to licensing factors in the next S phase.
437
+ - Das Protein <one>Ruv C</one> macht was? <one>Ruv C</one> bindet als Dimer an die <two>Holliday-Struktur</two>.
438
+ - What does the term <one>incomplete penetrance</one> mean? That <one>not every individual with a certain genotype expresses the corresponding phenotype</one>.
439
+ - In der Genetik was ist der <one>input type</one>? Das ist bei <one>homozygoten Eltern</one> das <two>1:1 Verhältnis</two> ihrer <one>Allel-Kontribution</one>.
440
+ - Funktionell betrachtet sehen <one>SINEs</one> wie aus? A: (1) Am <one>5' Ende</one> sehen sie <two>tRNAs</two> ähnlich. (2) Am <one>3' Ende</one> haben sie einen <two>AT-reichen Bereich</two>. (3) Der zentrale Bereich ist unspezifisch zu tRNA.
441
+ - Provide <one>two examples</one> for <two>informational suppressors</two>. A: These are <one>mutations that suppress</one> e. g. (1) <two>frameshift mutations</two>, or (2) <two>nonsense mutations</two>
442
+ - What is an <one>epistatic gene</one>? Provide a concise example for this as well. A: This is <one>a gene that determines whether or not a specific trait will be expressed</one>. For example, <two>baldness</two> versus <two>red hair colour</two>.
443
+ - <one>Was</one> ist die <two>Maintenance Methylation</two> und wer führt sie durch? Die <one>Desoxyribonucleinsäuremethyltransferase1</one> (<one>DNMT1</one>) führt die <two>Maintenance Methylation</two> durch. Sie wirkt bei der somatischen Mitose, indem sie hemimethylierte DNA nach der Replikation methyliert. Sie fügt eine Methylgruppe an die Position 5 von Cytosine und an die Position 6 des Adenine Ring hinzu. Diese Modifikation ist vererbbar.
444
+ - What do we mean with <one>the ordered nature of the genetic code</one>? This means that chemically similar amino acids, often share one or two <one>middle</one> bases in their different triplets encoding them.
445
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>Mendelian mutation</one>? Individuals present a certain phenotype <one>only if they carry the specific mutation</one>.
446
+ - Erkläre das Phänomen <one>phase variation</one> genetisch, an Hand eines Beispieles. A: Das Bakterium <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one> besitzt die für Flagellin kodierende Gene <two>fliB</two> und <two>fliC</two>. Diese Gene können umgeschaltet werden, dank <three>sequenzspezifischer Rekombination</three>. Dies wiederum invertiert die <four>H-Region</four>, mit dem Effekt, das das Bakterium verschiedene Typen des Flagellin-Proteins verwenden kann. Antikörper gegen bestimmte Flagellin-Subtypen können so nicht greifen, und dies erlaubt es Salmonella schnell umzuschalten und dadurch die Immunabwehr effektiv zu unterlaufen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_variation
447
+ - What are <one>continuous</one> traits - also give an example. A: <two>Continuous traits show many intermediate forms</two>. Example for such a trait: <one>height in humans</one>.
448
+ - Was ist das Ziel des <one>ENCODE-Projekts</one>? (1) das <one>menschliche Transkriptom</one> zu identifizieren und zu charakterisieren (2) alle funktionellen Elemente des menschlichen Genoms zu erfassen URL: https://www.encodeproject.org/
449
+ - <one>Michael Bishop</one> received the <two>nobelprize</two> for what discovery? For the discovery of the <one>cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes</one>.
450
+ - Was genau ist die <one>Exaptation</one>? Die Tatsache das <one>genomische Entwicklungsschübe</one> eine Vielzahl neuer Gene und Genkombinationen hervorbringen, die weit über das hinausgehen was zum besseren Überleben unmittelbar notwendig wäre. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaptation
451
+ - Was muss passieren damit der <one>Initiationsfaktor IF3</one> abfallen kann? <three>Zwei Komponenten müssen andocken:</three> (1) der <one>Initiationsfaktor fMet-tRNA</one> (2) die <one>mRNA</one>
452
+ - Give <one>three examples</one> for <two>intercalating agents</two>. A: (1) <one>acridine orange</one> (2) <one>proflavin</one> (3) <one>ICR compounds</one>
453
+ - Was genau ist mit dem Begriff <one>synthetic lethality</one> gemeint? Ein Gen für sich alleine genommen führt nicht zum Tod der Zelle - aber zwei verschiedene Gene (<one>Allele</one>) kombiniert schon. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_lethality
454
+ - What is meant with the phrase <one>lactase persistence</one>? This is when <one>lactase activity</one> persists at a high level throughout adult life. This enables them to <two>digest lactose as adults</two>.
455
+ - In der Genetik: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>MECP2</one>? <one>Methyl CpG-binding domain protein 2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-CpG-binding_domain_protein_2
456
+ - <one>Springende Retro-Transposons</one> ähneln ...? <one>RNA-Viren</one>.
457
+ - Was sind <one>Basenanaloga</one>? Dies sind <one>Moleküle</one>, die in ihrer Struktur <two>Purin</two> und <two>Pyrimidinbasen</two> ähneln.
458
+ - Give <one>an extreme example of introns in eukaryotic genes</one> and also state how many introns we can find as part of this gene. A: The <one>pro-alpha-2 collagen gene</one> <two>contains 50 introns</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ieb/research/acembly/av.cgi?db=human&term=COL1A1&submit=Go
459
+ - <one>Welche Transition</one> führt <two>nitrous acid</two> durch (mit zwei konkreten Beispielen)? (1) <one>Oxidative Deamination</one> von <two>Cytosin</two> nach <two>Uracil</two> (<two>C</two> → <two>U</two>). (2) <one>5-Methylcytosine</one> zu <two>Thymin</two> (<two>5meC</two> → <two>T</two>) konvertieren.
460
+ - The <one>primase</one> synthesizes what? A <one>short stretch of RNA</one>, of around <one>11-12 nucleotides</one> in length (= <two>RNA primers</two>).
461
+ - Why the name <one>general</one> in <two>general transduction</two>? General because <one>any segment of the chromosome</one> can <two>be relocated</two> by this system.
462
+ - Was besagt die <one>Genzentrentheorie</one>? Sie besagt, das <one>die genetische Variation der Kulturpflanzen</one> nicht gleichmäßig verteilt ist, sondern gewisse <two>Hotspots</two> aufweist. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/genzentrentheorie/27444
463
+ - Das <one>2012</one> vorgestellte <three>IPGT-Verfahren</three> (<two>in-planta Gene Targeting</two>) soll neue Erbinformation sehr präsize einbauen. Worauf basiert das? Auf <one>homologer Rekombination</one>, mit Hilfe einer <two>site-specific endonuclease</two>.
464
+ - Die <one>WRN-Helikase</one> kodiert für ein Protein mit n Aminosäuren? Mit <one>1432 Aminosäuren</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_syndrome_helicase
465
+ - What is a <one>helitron</one>? A <one>helitron</one> is <two>a class II transposon</two> found in eukaryotes that is thought to replicate by a so-called <three>rolling-circle</three> mechanism. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helitron_%28biology%29
466
+ - What was <one>DNA Shopping</one> exactly and <two>when</two> did it happen? In the year <one>2010</one>, researchers built a <one>synthetic chromosome</one> by buying more than <two>1000 x 1080-base sequences</two> that covered the whole <three>Mycoplasma mycoides</three> genome. (The Mycoides genome has <one>1.211.703</one> nucleotides) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_mycoides
467
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>centi-Morgan</one> (<one>cM</one>). A: 1 cM entspricht 1% Rekombination zwischen zwei Markergenen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimorgan
468
+ - Nenne einen Organismus der <one>kein STOP-Triplett</one> besitzt. A: <one>Condylostoma magnum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condylostoma
469
+ - Das <one>Jacob & Monod Operon-Modell</one> entstand wann? <one>1960</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14406329/
470
+ - What is meant with <one>"Rien ne vas plus!"</one> in genetics? This is an analogy for <one>DNA replication</one>. DNA replication separates the <two>deposition phase</two> (betting) from the <two>evaluation phase</two>.
471
+ - Der <one>Gewebefaktor</one> der Faktor <two>VII</two> zu <two>VIIa</two> konvertiert, ist was für ein Typ? Ein <one>Transmembran-Glykoprotein</one>.
472
+ - Was meinen wir mit einer <one>dynamischen Mutation</one>? Eine dynamische Mutation bezeichnet <one>instabile, repetitive DNA-Sequenzen</one>.
473
+ - Das <one>MERC-Gen</one>: was heisst <two>MERC</two>? <one>Maternally expressed hnRNPC-related gene</one>.
474
+ - What is <one>a constitutive mutant</one>? This is <one>a mutant</one> in which <two>the target gene (or genes) is (are) always transcribed</two>.
475
+ - In genetics: what exactly is <one>C</one>? This is <one>the haploid amount of DNA in the genome</one>.
476
+ - Define the <one>minimalist genome</one>. A: The minimalist genome contains the <one>minimum complement of genes</one> necessary for a living cell.
477
+ - Was genau besagt die <one>Uniformitätsregel</one> in der Genetik? Sie besagt das, wenn man zwei verschiedene reine Rassen einer Art kreuzt, so erscheinen alle Nachkommen in der F1-Generation unter sich gleich; eben <one>uniform</one>.
478
+ - The common SINE family <one>Alu</one> probably originated from ... ? A <cadetblue>7SL RNA gene</cadetblue>. It is assumed that a central sequence was deleted here. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu-Sequenz
479
+ - Give another name for <one>cell-free biosynthesis in a test tube</one>. A: <one>in-vitro protein-synthesizing system</one>.
480
+ - What is the <one>reeler mouse</one>? This is <one>a mouse mutant</one> with <two>motor coordination problems</two>, due to a mutation in the <three>RELN gene</three>. No Reeling is produced as a consequence. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeler
481
+ - Es gibt sogenannte <one>Antimetaboliten</one> zu den Nukleotiden und zu den Aminosäuren. Nenne jeweils eines für: <two>Guanin</two>, <two>Uracil</two> sowie für <two>Methionin</two>. A: (1) <one>Azaguanin</one> für <two>Guanin</two> (2) <one>Ethionin</one> für <two>Methionin</two> (3) <one>Fluorouracil</one> für <two>Uracil</two>
482
+ - Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel, inklusive des Organismus, für ein genetisches Phänomen das massgeblich durch <one>maternale Faktoren</one> entsteht. A: Die Windungsrichtung des Schneckenhauses von <one>Limnea peregra</one> wird <two>durch maternale Faktoren reguliert</two>.
483
+ - Was ist eine <one>neutrale Mutation</one>? Dies ist eine Mutation, die <crimson>nicht</crimson> die Genproduktion betrifft.
484
+ - <one>Wo</one> genau alkyliert <two>EMS</two> in der DNA? (1) Ketogruppe an <one>Guanine C-6</one> (2) Ketogruppe an <one>Thymin C-4</one>
485
+ - Wie wirken <one>chaotrope Reagenzien</one> auf <two>DNA</two>? Diese Reagenzien fördern das <one>Denaturieren der DNA</one>; sie zerstören also die DNA Doppelhelix. Es sind dies vor allem <two>OH-Verbindungen</two>.
486
+ - Wie unterscheidet sich die <one>homologe Rekombination</one> allgemein von der <one>nichthomologen Rekombination</one>? Bei der <one>nichthomologen Rekombination</one> muss die DNA-Sequenz nicht übereinstimmen.
487
+ - <two>Warum</two> wird die <one>Kombinationszüchtung</one> in der Pflanzenzucht verwendet? Die <one>Kombinationszüchtung</one> wird zur <two>Erzeugung von genetischer Variabilität</two> verwendet.
488
+ - How do <one>microRNA</one> work? microRNA <two>silence</two> by <one>binding to complementary mRNA</one>.
489
+ - Why was the name <one>Alu family</one> given? Because they are cleaved with the restriction enzyme <peru>Alu I</peru>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_element
490
+ - Wie arbeiten <one>Typ-I Restriktionsendonucleasen</one>? Sie schneiden etwa <two>1000 bp versetzt</two> in 3' Richtung der Erkennungssequenz (also <one>downstream</one>).
491
+ - <two>Welche Zustände</two> werden durch den Begriff <one>Aneuploidy</one> in der Genetik abgedeckt? Mehr oder weniger Chromosomen - aber auch <one>Chromosomen mit partiellen Deletionen</one>.
492
+ - Was ist zur <one>genetischen Nomenklatur</one> zu sagen? Gene werden nach der <one>erst-entdeckten Mutante</one> benannt, zum Beispiel <three>w</three> für <two>white</two> und <three>+</three> für <two>Wildtyp</two>.
493
+ - Das menschliche <one>BRCA1 Gen</one> ist wo zu finden? Am humanen <one>Chromosom 17</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1
494
+ - Wie viel % des <three>menschlichen Genoms</three> kodiert für <one>Proteine</one>? Etwas mehr als <one>2%</one>.
495
+ - Was gilt für die meisten <one>sterile mutations</one> beim Menschen? Sie betreffen zumeist <one>nur Männer</one> - oder <one>nur Frauen</one>; <two>betreffen die Geschlechter also unterschiedlich stark</two>.
496
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Hemizygotie</one> gemeint? Wenn ein bestimmtes Gen (beziehungsweise ein bestimmtes Allel) nur einmal vorkommt in einem ansonsten diploiden Organismus.
497
+ - Was bedeutet der Begriff <one>sublethal</one>/<one>sublethality</one>? A: Ein Allel das in <one>homozygoter Ausprägung</one> den Tod eines Organismus hervorrufen kann, dies jedoch zwischen 0-100% dieser Fälle tut. Mit anderen Worten, die <two>Tödlichkeit</two> wird in einigen, aber nicht in allen betroffenenen Homozygoten manifest.
498
+ - Wie schneiden wir, im Labor, DNA? Nenne zwei Beispiele für diese Einheiten, mit der schneidenden Sequenz. A: Mit Hilfe von <one>Restriktionsendonukleasen</one>. (1) <two>EcoRI</two> schneidet an <three>GAATTC</three>. (2) <two>AluI</two> schneidet an <three>AGCT</three>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriktionsenzym
499
+ - What is meant with the term <one>euploid</one>? <two>Euploidy</two> is the state of a cell having an integral multiple of the monoploid number. In other words, <one>multiples of the basic monoploid chromosome set</one>. (Normally we refer to the 2n-state as "the euploid state" though). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy#Euploidy
500
+ - Give another term for <one>housekeeping genes</one>. A: <one>Constitutive genes</one>.
501
+ - What does a <one>dormant origin</one> mean? Many replication origins that are licensed by loading MCM2-7 complexes during G1 are normally not used. They are thus called <one>dormant origins</one>.
502
+ - What is the <one>exome</one>? This is <one>the sequence of all exons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exome
503
+ - <one>Mutations</one> alter ... ? The <one>information content of genes</one>.
504
+ - Explain the main difference between <one>genotype frequencies</one> and <one>allele frequencies</one>. A: (1) <one>Allele frequencies</one> refer to <two>a haploid set of information</two>. (2) <one>Genotype frequencies</one> refer to <two>a diploid set of information</two>, respectively the amount of chromosome sets in that given genome.
505
+ - What do <one>maintenance DNA methyltransfer enzymes</one> recognize? They recognize <one>hemi-methylated segments of DNA</one>.
506
+ - What do we mean with <one>incomplete dominance</one>? This is when the hybrid does not resemble either pure-breeding parent but <one>resembles an intermediate phenotype</one>.
507
+ - What do we mean with the <one>second genetic code</one>? This is <one>the matching of each amino acid with the correct tRNA</one>.
508
+ - <three>In the human genome</three>: how many % of the intron-containing genes are <one>alternatively spliced</one>? More than <one>90%</one>.
509
+ - What is the <one>most dangerous single-event DNA damage</one>? A <one>double-stranded DNA break</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair#Double-strand_breaks
510
+ - Was für einen <one>Primer</one> verwendet die <two>Reverse Transkriptase</two>? Den <one>polyA-Teil einer mRNA</one>.
511
+ - Nenne ein Gen das <one>epistatisch zum AB0 System</one> ist. A: Das <one>Fut1-Gen</one> (<two>Fucosyl-Transferase Gen</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT1
512
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>tautomere Formen</one> der Nukleotide? <one>Strukturisomere</one>.
513
+ - Was für ein Typ sind die <one>SMC</one> (<one>structural maintenance of chromosomes</one>)-Proteine? <one>ATPasen</one>, wie <two>Cohesins</two> und <two>Condesins</two>.
514
+ - What does the word <one>isopycnic</one> mean? Of the <one>same density</one>.
515
+ - In which year did <one>Next-Generation Sequencing</one>, sort of, break through? In the year <one>2005</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#High-throughput_methods
516
+ - Ein normales <one>P-Element</one> (aus Drosophila) kodiert für welche Proteine? (1) <one>Transposase</one> (2) <one>Repressorprotein</one>
517
+ - Was sind <one>plektonemische Verdrillungen</one> in der DNA? Dies ist der Fall wenn die DNA Stränge ohne Aufdrehen/Öffnung nicht getrennt werden können.
518
+ - Nenne ein <one>Enzym</one>, das zwischen <two>Cytosin</two> und <two>5-Methylcytosin</two> <three>'vermittelt'</three>. A: Die <one>DNA Methyltransferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methyltransferase
519
+ - Name the <one>two elements of a cosmid</one>. A: (1) <one>cos sites</one> (2) <one>plasmid</one>
520
+ - In der Genetik: was bedeutet <one>sublethal</one>? Wenn die <one>Lethality</one> nicht 100 ist, sondern irgendwo <one>zwischen 0 und 100</one>.
521
+ - What is <one>cisgenesis</one>? <one>Cisgenesis</one> is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with a natural gene from a crossable-sexually compatible-plant. Such a gene has introns, and is flanked by its native promoter and terminator.
522
+ - Was verstehen wir unter dem Begriff <one>Temperatur-sensitive (ts) Mutanten</one>? Dies sind <one>Mutanten</one>, die <two>bei höheren Temperaturen nicht wachsen können</two>.
523
+ - What is <one>Hemochromatosis</one>? This is an <one>abnormally high absorption of iron from the diet</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemochromatosis
524
+ - Name <one>an adduct forming agent</one> that begins with the letter <two>a</two>. A: <one>Acetaldehyde</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde
525
+ - Was genau kann die <one>DNA Ligase</one> verknüpfen? Eine <one>3' OH Gruppe</one> sowie eine <one>5' Phosphoryl-group</one>.
526
+ - Was ist das <one>genetische Risiko</one>? Dies ist <one>die Summe aus risikovermehrenden und -vermindernden Genen</one> (beziehungsweise deren <two>Polymorphismen</two>).
527
+ - Name an animal with a surprisingly low proportion / amount of transposable elements in the genome. A: <one>Apis mellifera</one>, aka the <two>Western honey bee</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_bee
528
+ - What do we mean when we say <one>specialized transduction</one>? This is a specific form of transduction in where <two>only specific areas</two> located <one>near the attachment site</one> are transduced. Transducing particles thus carry both chromosomal DNA and phage DNA.
529
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>M-Checkpoint</one>? <one>SAC</one>: the <two>Spindle Assembly Checkpoint</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_checkpoint
530
+ - The protein <one>RuvA</one> binds to ... ? A <one>holliday junction</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0A809
531
+ - Warum der Name <one>H DNA</one>? <one>H</one> steht hier für <two>Hoogsten base pairs</two> (a <three>triple helix</three>).
532
+ - Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für eine <one>Heteroduplex</one>. A: Dies ist ein <one>mütterlicher</one> DNA-Strang und ein <one>väterlicher</one> DNA-Strang.
533
+ - What is the <one>mark of epistasis</one>? A <one>9:3:4</one> phenotypic ratio in the <two>F2 generation</two>.
534
+ - <one>n% der menschlichen Gene</one> werden <three>alternativ gespliced</three>? <one>60%</one>.
535
+ - What are <one>Pseudogenes</one>? Pseudogenes are <one>dysfunctional relatives of genes</one> that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene
536
+ - Nenne die zwei Ebenen <one>genetischer Diversität</one>. A: (1) <one>intraspezifische Diversität</one> (2) <one>interspezifische Diversität</one>
537
+ - Was ist die <one>Karyogamie</one>? Die <one>Vereinigung</one> von (logischerweise mindestens zwei) Zellkernen. Diese sind <two>haploid</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyogamie
538
+ - Give an example for <one>chromosomal memories</one>. A: <one>DNA Methylation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation#During_embryonic_development
539
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>orphan receptors</one>? Dies sind <two>Rezeptoren</two>, von denen <one>der Ligand</one> <one>unbekannt</one> ist.
540
+ - Nenne einen <one>funktionellen Unterschied</one> zwischen <two>SINEs</two> und <two>LINEs</two> A: (1) <one>LINEs</one> sind <two>autonom in ihrer Transposition</two>. (2) <one>SINEs</one> hingegen sind <two>NICHT autonom in ihrer Transposition</two>.
541
+ - Was sind die <one>Com-Proteins</one>? Proteine, die für die <one>Kompetenz</one> wichtig sind. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_competence
542
+ - What is very important for the <one>creation of Hfr cells</one>? <one>Insertion sequences</one>.
543
+ - Give one specific example for a <one>Type V</one> restriction enzyme. A: The <one>cas9-gRNA complex</one> from CRISPRs.
544
+ - Wann sprechen wir von einem <one>Haplont</one>? Wenn <two>der Großteil des Lebenszyklus</two> im <one>haploiden Stadium</one> verläuft.
545
+ - Name an organism without any <one>DNA-Transposons</one>. A: <one>Yeast</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast
546
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>Phänotyp</one> der epistatisch wirkt. A: Der <one>Bombay Phänotyp</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay-Blutgruppe
547
+ - In der <one>Meiose</one>: was erfolgt in der <three>Prophase 1</three>? <one>Crossing-Over</one>.
548
+ - What is meant with the term <one>missense mutation</one>? A <one>missense mutation</one> occurs when a codon for one amino acid is changed into the codon for another amino acid.
549
+ - What is <one>HepG2</one>? <one>HepG2</one> is a <two>human liver tumor cell line</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hep_G2
550
+ - Was ist die <one>ektopische Rekombination</one>? Dies ist eine Rekombination zwischen <one>nicht-homologen Genbereichen</one>.
551
+ - Wie nennen wir <one>eine mRNA</one> mit nur einem offenen Leseraster? Dies ist eine <one>monogenische RNA</one>.
552
+ - <one>Conditional lethal mutations</one> have which two (general) <two>conditions</two>? (1) the <one>permissive condition</one> (2) the <one>restrictive condition</one>
553
+ - Wenn wir von einem <one>Gencluster</one> sprechen, was können wir für eine allgemeine Vorhersage machen, zusätzlich zu der Annahme das ein Gencluster aus mehr als einem Gen besteht? In einem <one>Gencluster</one> sind benachbart liegende Gene ähnlicher Funktion, beziehungsweise <two>Funktionen die miteinander verbunden sind</two>, vorliegend.
554
+ - Another term for <one>genetic screens</one>? <one>Mutant screens</one>.
555
+ - Was ist die <one>Transmissionsgenetik</one>? Wie Gene von einer Generation an die nächste Generation weitervererbt werden.
556
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Klassen von Proteinen</one>, die durch <two>Ubiquitinierung</two> markiert werden. A: (1) <one>cell-cycle regulators</one> sowie (2) <one>Proteine die beschädigt sind</one>
557
+ - What means <one>haplosufficient</one> in genetics? This means that a single copy of a gene is sufficient to lead to the expression or the manifestation of a certain phenotype. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploinsufficiency
558
+ - Nenne eine Voraussetzung für die <one>genetische Komplementation</one>. A: Die Existenz von <one>wt-Allelen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_type
559
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>on farm</one> in der Genetik gemeint? <two>Landwirte</two> bauen bestimmte Sorten an (<one>Nutzung</one>) - und sorgen damit für deren <one>Erhaltung</one> (dies erhält auch das know-how bezüglich Anbau und Verwertung).
560
+ - Why does <one>fetal hemoglobin</one> bind oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin? This is <two>necessary for survival of the fetus</two>, so that <one>maternal oxygen</one> can be transferred to the fetus.
561
+ - Molekulare Ursache von <one>SCID</one>? Der Verlust des <one>Enzyms ADA</one>. Die <two>precursor cells</two> für das Immunsystem fehlen dadurch.
562
+ - What can we find in an <one>Ascus</one> (of yeast cells)? <one>4 haploid (n) ascospores</one>.
563
+ - <one>AT-Gehalt</one>, in %, des menschlichen Genoms? <one>71.6%</one>.
564
+ - Welche Funktion hat die <one>T-Loop</one>? Die <one>T-Loop</one> <two>behindert den Zugang der Telomerase</two>.
565
+ - What is the effect of <one>puromycin</one>? This antibiotic can <two>inhibit protein synthesis</two>, by causing <three>premature chain termination</three> <one>during translation</one>.
566
+ - Name <one>a goal</one> in <two>breeding genetics</two> in general, that aims to improve a global factor. A: Select for <one>lower GHG</one> (<two>green-house gas</two>) <three>emissions</three> in species.
567
+ - Was besagt die Mendelsche <one>Spaltungsregel</one>? Wenn zwei Individuen aus einer F1-Generation gekreuzt werden, die beide gleichartig heterozygot sind, dann sind die Nachkommen aus dieser Paarung untereinander nicht mehr uniform, sondern spalten sich sowohl im Genotyp als auch im Phänotyp auf. Bei dominant-rezessiver Vererbung sind durchschnittlich ein Viertel der F2-Individuen reinerbig mit zwei rezessiven Erbanlagen. Die anderen drei Viertel zeigen den Phänotyp der dominanten Erbanlage. Insgesamt besteht also im Phänotyp ein Verhältnis von 3:1, im Genotyp eines von 1:2:1.
568
+ - Give <one>an example</one> for an <two>epistatic gene in man</two>. A: The system of genes that determine <one>skin colour</one> is independent of the gene responsible for <one>albinism</one> (<royalblue>lack of pigment</royalblue>). When the albino condition occurs, the genes that determine skin colour are present - but not expressed.
569
+ - Was sind <one>Kinetochore</one>? Eine spezielle, halbkugelförmige Struktur aus Proteinen und DNA-Abschnitten, die <one>dem Centromer seitlich aufsitzt</one> und <two>bei Kernteilungsvorgängen</two> als Ansatzstelle für die Fasern des Spindelapparates dient (<three>Anheftungsstellen für Mikrotubuli</three>).
570
+ - Give another word for the <one>class II Transposons</one>. A: <one>Replicative Transposon</one>.
571
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>culture shock</one>. A: Das sind zum Beispiel <two>human cells in cell cultures</two>, die sich trotz langer Telomere nicht mehr teilen. Ihr cell cycle ist <one>arrested</one>.
572
+ - Name two chief <one>nucleic acid-based therapies</one>. A: (1) <one>antisense oligonucleotides</one> (<two>ASOs</two>) (2) <one>RNA interference</one> (<two>RNAi</two>)
573
+ - Definiere <one>frameshift suppressor</one> und was sie bewirken. A: Ein <one>frameshift suppressor</one> ist eine Mutation, die eine <two>Addition</two> oder <two>Deletion</two> ausgleichen kann - und somit wieder den "korrekten frameshift" herstellt.
574
+ - Nenne zwei verschiedene <one>Gene</one>, in zwei verschiedenen Organismen, die <three>START</three> überwinden können. A: (1) <two>cdc2</two> von <one>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</one> (2) <two>cdc28</two> von <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one>
575
+ - Was ist <one>Phänokopie</one>? Dies ist eine Bezeichnung für <one>nichterbliche, umweltbedingte Nachahmungen von bestimmten Phänotypen</one>.
576
+ - What can we do thanks to a <one>TUNEL assay</one>? This is a method for <one>detecting DNA fragmentation</one> by labeling the terminal end of nucleic acids.
577
+ - <one>DNA</one> can be attached to <three>gold-coated objects</three> via ... ? <one>Thiol</one> (<orange>SH</orange>). SH forms <three>metal thiolate bonds</three>.
578
+ - In der Landwirtschaft: was meinen wir mit <one>genetischer Verarmung</one>? Dies ist die <one>Verminderung der genetischen Diversität im Anbau</one>.
579
+ - In genetics: what is a <one>repressilator</one>? This is <one>a synthetic biological oscillator</one>, based on repressors. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressilator
580
+ - In genetics: what does <one>the concept of colinearity</one> suggest? That a <cadetblue>continuous sequence of nucleotides in DNA</cadetblue> encodes a <one>continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein</one>.
581
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>coding strand</one>? When referring to <two>DNA transcription</two>, the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the <one>same base sequence as the RNA transcript produced</one> (with Uracil being replaced with Thymidines in the <orange>dsDNA</orange>).
582
+ - Was ist <one>Syntenie</one>? Wenn Gene in unterschiedlichen Spezies <one>die selbe Anordnung</one> aufweisen.
583
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>TALENs</one>? <one>Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator-like_effector_nuclease
584
+ - Was fehlt den <one>LINES</one>? Die <one>5' LTR</one> und die <one>3' LTR</one>.
585
+ - Genetische Ursache für den <one>Bombay Phänotyp</one> ... ? Fehlende <one>Fucose Transferase</one> (<two>fut-1</two>).
586
+ - What is meant with the term <one>genethics</one>? This term describes <one>the ethical problems that exist in modern genetics</one>.
587
+ - Differ between <one>molecular complementation</one> and <one>genetic complementation</one>. A: (1) <one>molecular complementation</one>: Introduction of the wild type gene on a plasmid abolishes the phenotype (2) <one>genetic complementation</one>: After mating, the phenotypes of recessive mutations will disappear, as they become heterozygous over wild type. If the mutations are in the same gene, their phenotype will typically not disappear. (Exception: intragenic complementation).
588
+ - What is <one>compound heterozygosity</one>? This is when one has two heterogeneous recessive alleles at a particular locus that can cause genetic disease. That is, an organism is a compound heterozygote when it has two recessive alleles for the same gene, but with those two alleles being different from each other - for instance, when both alleles might be mutated, but at different locations.
589
+ - How is <one>twist</one> defined in genetics? The number of helical turns of one strand about the other.
590
+ - In der Genetik: was bezeichnet der <one>C-Wert</one> (<two>C-Value</two>)? Der C-Wert bezeichnet den haploiden, nicht-replizierten DNA Gehalt einer Zelle, in bp. Der C-Wert verschiedener Organismen kann grosse Unterschiede aufweisen.
591
+ - Was sind <one>moderate stringency conditions</one> und wo sind diese wichtig? A: <one>Wenn die DNA nicht völlig gepaart vorliegt</one> sondern <two>ein Mismatch erlaubt ist</two>. Ist zum Beispiel bei <three>Zooblots</three> wichtig.
592
+ - What steps does the <one>forward genetics approach</one> include? From <one>mutation</one> through <one>phenotype</one> to the <one>gene</one>.
593
+ - Give an example when a <one>complementation test</one> is not informative. A: For instance, when <one>intragenic complementation</one> occurs.
594
+ - What do we mean with <one>a single-strand nick</one> in DNA? When a bond is cleaved in one DNA strand - but the other DNA strand remains intact.
595
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>maternal effect</one>? Dies ist eine Vererbung einer Proteinkomponente von der Mutter (zum Beispiel aus dem Ovar) an die Oozyte.
596
+ - What is <one>synthetic lethality</one>? Two influences on a cell are called <three>synthetically lethal</three>, if they <one>kill the cell when in combination</one> - but each <two>individual influence</two> does not on its own.
597
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Dam enzymes</one>? <one>dAdenin-Methyltransferase</one>.
598
+ - What is a <one>leaky mutation</one>? This is a mutation where a partial activity still remains.
599
+ - Was sind die <one>Ersatz-Histone</one>? Dies sind Histone, die <one>unabhängig von der S-Phase gebildet werden</one> (wie <two>H1o</two>, <two>H2.AX</two>)
600
+ - Best known case of <one>DNA loss</one>? The <one>development of the mammalian red blood cell</one>; the area containing the nucleus is pinched off (and then destroyed).
601
+ - Mechanistisch gesehen: was macht das Enzym <one>Dnmt-3</one>? <one>Überträgt Methylgruppen</one> auf die Cytosine in CpG-Dinucleotidfolgen.
602
+ - Lange Bezeichnung für die <one>Telomerase</one>? <one>Telomere terminal transferase</one>.
603
+ - How to <one>block</one> the initial step of the <two>uracil base excision repair pathway</two>? Add the <one>uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor protein</one>.
604
+ - In <one>natural DNA synthesis</one>: what part is <two>rate limiting</two>? The <one>initial binding</one> of polymerase to the primer:template junction is the rate-limiting part for DNA-synthesis.
605
+ - Was besagt die <one>quantitative Genetik</one>? Wie sich Gene in einem Individuum, aber auch in einer Population, gegenseitig beeinflussen. Mit anderen Worten, welche Gene in welchen Kombinationen gehäuft auftreten und ob sich dadurch Selektionsunterschiede bedingen.
606
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem, etwas altmodischen Begriff, <one>Genkartierung</one>? Dies ist <one>die Bestimmung der Lage von Genen im Genom</one> - und auf Chromosomen.
607
+ - What do we mean with the <one>end-replication problem</one>? Chromosomes would become shorter with each new generation - and would eventually destabilize.
608
+ - Why is the <one>translesion DNA polymerase</one> considered so great an enzyme? Because <one>it can bypass distortions in the DNA template</one>, at the cost of more errors.
609
+ - What is the <one>ping pong</one> mechanism for <two>piRNAs</two>? This is <one>a biogenesis mechanism for piRNAs</one>, in wherein primary piRNAs recognise their complementary targets and cause the recruitment of piwi proteins. This then results in the cleavage of the transcript at a point ten nucleotides from the 5-prime end of the primary piRNA, producing the secondary piRNA. The ping pong cycle acts only at the level of transcription.
610
+ - One of the main motivations for <one>QTL detection in domestic animals</one> is ...? <one>Marker Assisted Selection</one> (<royalblue>MAS</royalblue>).
611
+ - What do we mean with a <one>preset promoter</one>? This is a promoter that is <one>already prepared for initiating transcription</one>.
612
+ - Provide another word for the <one>tRNA</one>. A: <one>The Adapter</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/tRNA []
613
+ - Are the <one>Alu elements</one> <two>able to replicate</two>? <one>Yes</one> - if a <two>LINE retrotransposon</two> assists them. []
614
+ - How may we call a gene at its <one>normal</one>/<one>usual locus</one>? An <one>endogeneous gene</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089560 []
615
+ - Welche <one>Untereinheit</one> der <two>DNA-Polymerase III</two> ist zuständig für die <three>Korrekturlesefunktion</three>? Die <one>Epsilon-Untereinheit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_epsilon []
616
+ - Nenne <one>jeweils ein Beispiel für</one> <two>replicative Transposition</two> und <two>conservative Transposition</two>. A: (1) <one>Conservative</one>: <two>TN10</two>. (2) <one>Replicative</one>: <two>TN3</two>. []
617
+ - <one>Which phenomenon</one> can we see <two>in yeast</two> <three>sir-mutants</three>? <one>Silencing is compromised</one> - both <two>alpha</two> and <two>a</two> are expressed. []
618
+ - Can <one>transposable elements</one> <two>replicate faster than the host</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
619
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>Phage display</two> entwickelt? <one>1985</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display#History []
620
+ - A gene can be put <one>TextR control</one>. What <two>advantage</two> <three>can be achieved with this</three>? We can induce this gene via <one>Doxycyclin</one>, which is a <two>Tetracyclin analog</two>. []
621
+ - Wieviele <one>Ringe</one> besitzt <two>Ethidiumbromid</two>? <one>4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethidium_bromide []
622
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde das Phänomen der <two>Transduktion</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1951</one>, von <two>Joshua Lederberg</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transduction_%28genetics%29 []
623
+ - Was gilt als <one>Beginn</one> des <two>F-Plasmids</two>? Das <one>linke Ende</one> des <two>IS3-Elements</two>. []
624
+ - What can be considered as <one>the raw material for evolutionary selection</one>? <one>Mutations</one>. []
625
+ - What does the <one>cystic fibrosis gene</one> code for? A <one>cell membrane protein</one> - a <two>channel protein</two> - that governs the transport of (negatively charged) <three>chloride ions</three> in and out of the cell. []
626
+ - <one>EMS</one> <two>can produce random mutations</two>, by <three>nucleotide substitution</three>. <four>In particular, which nucleotide is susceptible to EMS</four>? <one>Guanine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine []
627
+ - Provide another term for <one>genetic diversity</one>. A: <one>Variation</one>. []
628
+ - <one>Wie</one> schafft es eine eukaryote Zelle selektiv zwischen Genregionen umzuschalten, wie zum Beispiel beim <two>Imprinting</two>? Mittels <one>Cytosinmethylierung</one>. []
629
+ - In der Genetik: die englische Bezeichnung für die <one>Balbiani-Ringe</one> ist ... ? <one>Puffs</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytene_chromosome []
630
+ - In genetics: what does the term <one>codominant</one> mean? <one>Two alleles contribute independently to the phenotype</one>. This implies that there is an <two>independence of allele functions</two>. []
631
+ - Nenne <one>vier verschiede</one> <two>coat colours</two> in Hasen (<three>"rabbits"</three>) mittels Merkschema. A: (1) <one>Himalayan</one> (2) <one>Chinchilla</one> (3) <one>Albino</one> (4) <one>Wild-type</one> []
632
+ - Is <one>host RecA</one> required for <two>recombineering</two>? <one>No</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombineering []
633
+ - <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für den genetischen <two>wild-type</two>? <one>Standard</one>. []
634
+ - <one>Neanderthal DNA</one> <two>is n% identical to present-day human DNA</two>? To about <one>99.7%</one> identical. []
635
+ - Was ist eine <one>monogene Erkrankung</one>? Eine <one>monogene Erkrankung</one> wird durch eine - oder mehrere Mutationen - <two>in einem einzigen Gen</two> verursacht. []
636
+ - Give <one>an example for</one> a <two>RNA-dependent DNA polymerase</two>. A: The enzyme <one>reverse transcriptase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase []
637
+ - Which <one>DNA Topoisomerases</one> require <two>energy from ATP hydrolysis</two>? <one>Type II Topoisomerases</one>. []
638
+ - Nenne einen wichtigen <one>Unterschied</one> zwischen einer <two>prä-mRNA</two> und einer <two>mRNA</two>. A: Die <one>prä-mRNA</one> hat noch <two>Introns</two>; die reife <one>mRNA</one> hat <two>keine Introns</two> mehr. []
639
+ - What prevents <one>Rec8 cleavage</one> by <two>separase</two> <three>at the centromeres</three>? The <one>Sgo1</one> (<one>Shugoshin</one>) <one>protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugoshin_N_terminal_protein_domain []
640
+ - Das <one>menschliche Titin-Gen</one> umfasst wieviele <two>Exons</two>? <one>178</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titin []
641
+ - Die erste <one>lac-Repressor Mutante</one> <two>wurde wann entdeckt</two>? Im Jahre <one>1959</one>. []
642
+ - Gibt es <one>uniparentale Vererbung</one> <two>bei Pflanzen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
643
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> prägte den Begriff <two>Mutation</two>? <one>Hugo de Vries</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries#Mutation_theory []
644
+ - Nenne die <one>ungewöhnlichste Base</one> <two>in tRNA</two>. A: <one>Inosin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine []
645
+ - When there is <one>a pyrimidine</one> in the <two>second position of a codon</two>, <three>what may we infer what type of amino acid may be specified here</three>? A <one>hydrophobic amino acid</one>. []
646
+ - Was sind <one>knob-chromosomes</one> und <two>in welchem Organismus sah man dies zuerst</two>? Manchmal besitzen Chromosomen <one>extrachromosomales Material</one> am Ende. Dieses <two>wird auch vererbt</two>. Knob-Chromosomes sah man erstmals bei <three>Drosophila</three>. []
647
+ - <one>Is it possible to prove</one> that <two>a mutation does not cause</two> an <three>altered phenotype</three>? <one>No</one>. []
648
+ - Von den drei <one>mendelschen Regeln</one> <two>stimmt welche am wenigsten</two>? Die <one>Mendel Regel 3</one>. []
649
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Polysom</one> gemeint? Dies ist wenn eine mRNA mehrere Ribosomen trägt; respektive mehrere Ribosomen an diese mRNA gebunden sind und diese auch <one>translatieren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysom []
650
+ - <one>Auf welchem Chromosom</one> kann das <two>SOX3-Gen</two> normalerweise gefunden werden? Auf dem <one>X-Chromosom</one>. (Mnemonic: SOX3 hat X, X ... X-Chromosom) []
651
+ - Nenne <one>eine Substanz</one>, die <two>frameshifts</two> <three>induzieren kann</three>. A: <one>Acridin</one>; dessen Summenformel ist <two>C₁₃H₉N</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridin []
652
+ - Sites <one>n bp apart</one> on linear DNA, are <two>close together on the nucleosome</two>? <one>80bp</one>. []
653
+ - What are <one>the possible stop codons in DNA</one>? (1) <one>TGA</one> (3) <one>TAG</one> (2) <one>TAA</one> []
654
+ - Vorteil von <one>K12</one>? <one>K12</one> kann <two>außerhalb des Labors nicht überleben</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_in_molecular_biology#K-12 []
655
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>SINES</one>? <one>Nonautonomous LINES</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Interspersed_Nuclear_Element []
656
+ - <one>New alleles</one> <two>are created when ... change</two>. A: <one>genes</one>. []
657
+ - Give another, simpler word for <one>somatotropin</one>. A: <one>Growth hormone</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatotropin []
658
+ - Nenne <one>ein Phänomen</one>, das <two>zu</two> <three>Inzuchtlinien</three> <two>führt</two>. A: <one>Heterosis</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis-Effekt []
659
+ - Was ist der <one>Genfluss</one>? Dies ist <one>der</one> <two>Allelaustausch</two> <one>zwischen verschiedenen Populationen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genfluss []
660
+ - Angenommen wir möchten ein Gen vor <one>SNPs</one> schützen. <two>Was kann getan werden</two>? Wir könnten daraus ein <one>aktives Gen</one> machen. []
661
+ - In molecular genetics: what is the most important part of the <one>supershift assay</one>? The <one>antibody</one>. []
662
+ - The <one>nucleosome-to-nucleosome linkage</one> <two>involves especially what</two>? The <one>H4 tail</one>. []
663
+ - Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>non-informational RNA molecules</two>. A: (1) <one>ribosomal RNAs</one> (<two>rRNAs</two>) (2) <one>transfer RNAs</one> (<two>tRNAs</two>) []
664
+ - What is <one>the cause</one> for <two>pituitary dwarfism</two> <three>in humans</three>? A <one>deficiency</one> in the <two>human growth hormone</two> (<three>hGH</three>). []
665
+ - Bei der <one>Cre-Rekombinase</one>: wofür steht das <two>cre</two>? <one>cre</one>: <two>causes recombination</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre_recombinase#Discovery []
666
+ - Give another, shorter word for <one>maltose outer membrane porin</one>. A: <one>Maltoporin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltoporin []
667
+ - For any given <one>transcription factor</one>: how is their <two>flexible domain</two> called, in general? <one>Hinge domain</one>. URL: https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/4486351 []
668
+ - Die <one>Tibeter</one> erbten ein <two>Höhen-Gen</two> <three>von wem genau</three>? Von den (ausgestorbenen) <one>Denisova-Menschen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisova-Mensch []
669
+ - What is <one>the basic unit of Chromatin</one>? The <one>nucleosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome []
670
+ - <one>Mutations of genes</one> may have <two>which effect on fitness</two>? (1) <one>harmful</one> (2) <one>beneficial</one> (3) <one>neutral</one> (or <one>nearly neutral</one>) []
671
+ - Wie unterscheidet sich <one>protein-directed branch migration</one> von <one>spontaneous branch migration</one>? (1) <one>Spontaneous branch migration</one> <two>geht in beide Richtungen</two>. (2) <one>Protein-directed branch migration</one> <two>hingegen geht nur in eine Richtung</two>. []
672
+ - <one>In welchem Land</one> wurde die <two>Sphynx-Katze</two> gezüchtet? In <one>Kanada</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphynx_cat#History_of_the_cat_breed []
673
+ - In der Genetik: wofür steht der Name <one>Sirtuine</one>? <one>Silent information regulator</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin []
674
+ - <one>Activator</one> and <one>Repressor Proteins</one> must have at least <two>which two states</two>? One state that can bind to DNA; and another state that can not bind to DNA. []
675
+ - What is meant with the term <one>DNA space</one>? The term <one>DNA space</one> refers to <two>every possible DNA combination</two>. []
676
+ - <one>Okazaki fragments</one> can be found on which strand? <one>Okazaki fragments</one> can be found on the <two>lagging strand</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments []
677
+ - <one>Bromuracil</one> <two>unterscheidet sich wie</two> von <three>Thymin</three>? <one>Bromuracil</one> hat an <two>Position 5</two> ein <three>Brom-Atom</three> anstatt einer Methylgruppe. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Bromuracil []
678
+ - In einem <one>Thymin-Dimer</one> sind <two>die beiden Thymine wie miteinander verbunden</two>? Sie sind <two>kovalent</two> über einen <one>Cyclobutan-Ring</one> verbunden. URL: https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/T-T_dimer.gif []
679
+ - In der Genetik: verwende eine andere Bezeichnung für <one>Replikons</one>. A: <one>Replizierende Einheiten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replikon []
680
+ - Das <one>SRP</one> <two>bezieht woher seine Energie</two>? Aus <one>GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle#Mechanism []
681
+ - Die <one>7SL RNA</one> ist Teil des <two>signal recognition particle</two>. <three>Wieviele Nukleotide besitzt diese RNA</three>? <one>299</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/7SL-RNA []
682
+ - In der Genetik: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>CDK</one>? <one>Cyclin-dependent kinase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase []
683
+ - <one>Severo Ochoa</one> received the <two>1959 Nobel Prize</two> <three>for which discovery</three>? The discovery of <one>RNA Polymerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severo_Ochoa []
684
+ - Besitzen die <one>Thrombozyten</one> einen <two>Zellkern</two>? <one>Nein</one> - genausowenig wie die <two>Erythrozyten</two>. []
685
+ - <one>Wie lange</one> ist ein <two>eukaryotischer core promotor</two> (<three>von, bis</three>)? Zwischen <one>40</one> und <one>60</one> Basenpaaren (<one>40-60 bp</one>) []
686
+ - Was ist ein <one>Victim</one> <two>Transposon</two>? Dies ist ein Transposon, in das andere Transposons hineinspringen. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091746/ []
687
+ - Which <one>protein</one> <two>detects maltose</two>? <one>MalT</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltose-binding_protein#Control_of_expression []
688
+ - Do <one>male</one> <two>calico cats</two> <three>exist</three>? <one>Yes</one>, but <two>they are extremely rare</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_cat URL: https://drgoodvet.com/pet_health/male-calico-cats/ []
689
+ - Nenne <one>ein DNA Transposon in Drosophila</one> und <two>benenne die Person, die dieses DNA Transposon entdeckt hat</two>. A: <one>Margaret Kidwell</one> entdeckte das <two>P element</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Kidwell []
690
+ - Are <one>Transitions</one> or <one>Transversions</one> more abundant? <two>Also compare the frequency of these two events</two>. A: <one>Transitions are significantly more abundant</one>, at about <two>20x</two> the frequency of <three>Transversions</three>. []
691
+ - <one>Who</one> <two>repairs DNA</two> (a general term)? <one>Repair Enzymes</one> - also called <two>DNA repair enzymes</two>. URL: https://www.nature.com/subjects/dna-repair-enzymes []
692
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde <two>das letzte Triplett</two> dekodiert? Im Jahre <one>1966</one>. []
693
+ - Wo <one>im menschlichen Genom</one> können die <two>rRNA-Gene</two> gefunden werden? Auf den Chromosomen <one>13</one>/<one>14</one>/<one>15</one>/<one>21</one>/<one>22</one>. []
694
+ - Die <one>optimale Temperatur</one> für die <two>Taq-Polymerase</two> beträgt ... ? <one>72°C</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq-Polymerase []
695
+ - Ist der <one>Promotor</one> <two>Teil eines Gens</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Zusammen mit der kodierenden Sequenz wird so eine <two>funktionelle Einheit</two> gebildet. []
696
+ - Was enthält der <one>tRNA D-Arm</one>? <one>Dihydrouridin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrouridine []
697
+ - An <one>Histon H3S10</one> <two>bindet ...</two>? Die <one>14-3-3 Domäne</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-3-3_protein []
698
+ - Die <one>Merozygote</one> <two>besteht aus ...</two>? (1) <one>Endogenote</one> (2) <one>Exogenote</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merozygote []
699
+ - Give another name for <one>gene cancels another gene</one>. A: <one>Epistatic gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis []
700
+ - <one>How many</one> <two>RNA-Polymerases</two> can be found in <three>plants</three>? <one>5</one>. []
701
+ - <one>Functional knockouts</one> <two>inside of a cell</two> <three>can be achieved by ... </three>? <one>RNAi</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference []
702
+ - In the human genome: are <one>introns</one> usually <two>GC-richer</two> than <three>exons</three>? <one>No</one> - <two>exons</two> are usually <three>GC-richer</three> <four>than introns</four>. []
703
+ - <one>Which DNA-Polymerase</one> <two>is more processive</two> - <three>Pol I</three> or <three>Pol III</three>? The <one>DNA Polymerase III</one> is <two>more processive</two>. []
704
+ - The <one>maleness gene</one> is ... ? <one>SRY</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis-determining_factor []
705
+ - <one>Wie schnell</one> sind <two>DNA-Helicasen</two>? <one>1000 Basenpaaren (Nukleotide) pro Sekunde</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicase []
706
+ - <one>In welchem Tier</one> mag <two>Histon H5</two> gefunden werden? Im <one>Huhn</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC325741/ []
707
+ - <one>Who</one> is <two>the father of genetics</two>, with his full name? <one>Gregor Mendel</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel []
708
+ - Nenne einen <one>informationseffizienten Punkt</one> bei den <three>Transposons</three>. A: <one>Transposons</one> können <two>innerhalb anderer Transposons</two> <three>kodiert vorliegen</three>. []
709
+ - Die <one>dam-Methylierung</one> <two>erfolgt bei welcher Sequenzfolge</two>? <one>GATC</one>, und zwar <two>am Adenin</two> dort. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam-Methylase []
710
+ - What is <one>the growing end of DNA</one>? The <one>3' OH</one> part of the DNA molecule is the growing end. []
711
+ - Nenne eine <one>Protein-Komponente</one> <two>des Nucleoids</two>. A: <one>MukBEF</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25732339 []
712
+ - <one>Welche Polymerase</one> <two>transkribiert</two> <three>LINEs</three> im menschlichen Genom? Die <one>RNA Polymerase II</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II []
713
+ - Name <one>all possibilities</one> for <two>pyrimidine dimers</two> <three>in DNA</three>. A: There are <one>three different possibilities</one> here: (1) <two>cytosine dimers</two> (<three>C-C</three>) (2) <two>thymine dimers</two> (<three>T-T</three>) (3) <two>cytosine-thymine dimers</two> (<three>C-T</three>) []
714
+ - Anderes Wort für <one>Rückgrat der DNA</one>? <one>Phosphatribosekette</one>. []
715
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Thymin</one>? <one>5-Methyluracil</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymin []
716
+ - <one>Tetrahymena</one> <two>besitzt wieviele Chromosomen</two>? <one>40.000</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahymena []
717
+ - Angenommen man möchte das <one>80S Ribosom hemmen</one>, nicht jedoch das <two>70S Ribosom</two>. <three>Wie könte dies bewerkstelligt werden</three>? Wir könnten <one>Cycloheximid</one> verwenden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloheximid []
718
+ - In genetics: what does the <one>abbreviation</one> <two>hnRNA</two> stand for? <one>Heterogeneous nuclear RNA</one>. URL: https://www.biologydiscussion.com/cytogenetics/macromolecules/heterogeneous-nuclear-rna-hnrna-protein/35886 []
719
+ - Das Gen <one>SRY</one> <two>kodiert für</two>? <one>SRY</one> kodiert für einen <two>Transkriptionsfaktor</two>, den <three>TDF</three> (<three>Testis-determining factor</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis_determining_factor []
720
+ - The <one>most frequent stop codon in the human genome</one> is ... ? <one>UGA</one> (yup - pretty standard). []
721
+ - Anderes Wort für <one>p53</one>? <one>Rad3-Protein</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P06839 []
722
+ - Die <one>Meiose</one> besteht aus <two>welchen zwei Schritten</two>? (1) <one>Trennung der Chromosomen</one> (2) <one>Trennung der Chromatiden</one> URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiose []
723
+ - Jedes <one>funktionelle Hämoglobinmolekül</one> <two>besteht aus ...</two>? Je <one>2 Alpha-Globin</one> und <one>2 Beta-Globin</one> Molekülen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4moglobin []
724
+ - Nenne einen <one>maternalen Faktor</one>, den die <two>Wanderschnecken</two> abgeben. A: Das <one>Dextral-Protein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_inversus#Situs_inversus_bei_Tieren []
725
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> schlug die (veraltete) <two>Tetranucleotide-Hypothesis</two> vor? <one>Phoebus Levene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus_Levene []
726
+ - Why the word <one>trans</one> in the word <two>transgene</two>? Because <one>that gene came from another organism</one>. []
727
+ - Was ist die <one>Einheit biologischer Genkarten</one>? Das <one>centi-Morgan</one> (<two>CM</two>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimorgan []
728
+ - Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für eine <two>nicht-selektive Mutante</two>. A: <one>Ein Farbverlust</one> in einem <two>pigmentierten Mikroorganismus</two>. []
729
+ - <one>Eduard Buchner</one> <two>entdeckte welches Enzym</two>? Die <one>Zymase</one>, aus Hefe gewonnen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymase []
730
+ - Genes in a <one>REP region</one> <two>typically encode proteins that are important where</two>? <one>REP genes</one> are important for/during <two>DNA replication</two>. []
731
+ - The <one>reverse genetics</one> <two>approach</two> <three>starts with ... </three>? A <one>gene-sequence</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_genetics []
732
+ - In der Mausgenetik: was ist das <one>IKMC</one> (Hinweis: eine Organisation)? Das <one>International Knockout Mouse Consortium</one>. URL: https://www.mousephenotype.org/ []
733
+ - <one>When</one> were <two>Okazaki-Fragments</two> <three>discovered</three>? In the year <one>1968</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments []
734
+ - <one>When</one> did <two>Francis Crick</two> develop the <three>wobble hypothesis</three>? In the year <one>1966</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble_base_pair#Brief_history []
735
+ - Warum wird der Buchstabe <one>n</one> for den '<two>ploidy state</two>' verwendet? <one>n</one> steht hier für <two>Nummer</two>, <three>number of chromosomes</three>. []
736
+ - Nenne eine <one>biochemische Mutation beim Menschen</one>. A: Die <one>Sichelzellenanämie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichelzellenan%C3%A4mie []
737
+ - Why do we need <one>two versions of DnaB</one>? Because <one>there are two DNA strands</one>, so we need <two>one for each strand</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaB_helicase []
738
+ - As of the year 2016: how many <one>human proteins</one> are known to contain <two>selenocysteine</two>? <one>44</one>. []
739
+ - <one>How</one> to <two>disable any gene</two>? <one>Remove its promoter</one>. []
740
+ - Was macht die <one>CPD Photolyase</one>? Die <one>CPD Photolyase</one> <two>repariert cyclic pyrimidine dimers</two> (<three>CPD</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase []
741
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für ein <one>cistron</one>? <one>ORF</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistron []
742
+ - How is <one>a mRNA with multiple ORFs</one> called? This is a <one>polycistronic mRNA</one>. URL: https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc731/transcript/transcript3.htm []
743
+ - Nenne ein <one>Enzym</one>, das <two>den Verlust von Basenpaaren detektieren kann</two>. A: Die <one>AP-Endonuklease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_endonuclease []
744
+ - <one>Welche zwei Forscher</one> <two>entzifferten den genetischen Code</two>? <one>Nirenberg & Matthaei</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg#Research []
745
+ - Das <one>menschliche Genom</one> <two>besitzt wieviele</two> <three>DNA-Methyltransferasen</three>? <one>6</one>. []
746
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte die <two>Nucleinsäuren</two>? <one>Friedrich Miescher</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher []
747
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>shRNA</one>? <one>short hairpin RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_hairpin_RNA []
748
+ - <one>Cdk1 inhibition</one> <two>induces apoptosis</two> <three>by failing to stabilize what protein</three>? <one>Survivin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivin []
749
+ - Use <one>two words</one> to describe a <two>gene</two>, starting with the letter <three>i</three>. A: <one>Inheritance particle</one>. []
750
+ - Why was <one>Tetrahymena</one> chosen for <two>telomere research</two>? Because <two>Tetrahymena</two> has <one>40.000 Telomeres</one>. URL: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aab4070 []
751
+ - In genetics: what is meant with the notation <one>5hmC</one>? <one>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Hydroxymethylcytosine []
752
+ - If a <one>palindrome</one> <two>occurs in the same DNA strand</two>, <three>how do we call it</three>? A <one>mirror repeat</one>. []
753
+ - What is <one>homoplasy</one>? Give an <two>example</two> illustrating this term. A: <one>Homoplasy</one>, also called <two>convergent evolution</two>, describes in genetics that there are <three>sequence similarities</three> that are <four>NOT</four> due to homology. <five>Wings of bats and bees are an example of Homoplasy</five>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution []
754
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>ein genetisches System</one>, bei dem man nicht von Wildtyp und Mutanten sprechen kann. A: Das <one>menschliche Blutgruppensystem</one> (genauer: das <two>AB0 Blutgruppensystem</two>). []
755
+ - <one>Oxidative Schäden</one> an der DNA können entstehen durch <two>freie Hydroxyl-Radikale</two>. <three>Was ist hierbei das wichtigste Produkt</three>? <one>8-Oxo-Guanin</one> (<two>8-OxoG</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Oxoguanine []
756
+ - Wenn ein <one>-10 Promoter</one> statt <two>TATAAT</two> die Sequenzfolge <three>CCCCAT</three> vorweist, <four>was kann hier angenommen werden</four>? Das dieser Promoter <two>vermutlich</two> ein <one>Hitzeschock-Promoter</one> ist. []
757
+ - In genetics: give another term for <one>non-independent segregation</one>. A: <one>Linkage</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_linkage []
758
+ - In der Genetik: wofür stehen jeweils die Kürzel <one>A</one>, <one>D</one>, <one>H</one> und <one>M</one> <two>bei der Struktur der DNA</two>? (1) <one>A</one> ... <two>acceptor</two> (2) <one>D</one> ... <two>donor</two> (3) <one>H</one> ... <two>hydrogen</two> (4) <one>M</one> ... <two>methyl</two> []
759
+ - <one>Which group of genes</one> have <two>a high GC content</two>? The <one>housekeeping genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeping_gene []
760
+ - Im <one>menschlichen Genom</one> können wieviele <two>Hämoglobingene</two> gefunden werden? <one>5</one>. []
761
+ - The <one>RuvA protein</one> consists of n subunits? <one>4</one> - thus, it is a <two>tetramer</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuvABC []
762
+ - Name a <one>RNA-dependent DNA-Polymerase</one>. A: The <one>reverse transcriptase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase []
763
+ - How is <one>the third law of Mendel</one> called, alternatively? The <one>Law of Dominance</one>. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance#Law_of_Dominance_and_Uniformity []
764
+ - In der Genetik: was meinen wir mit den <one>"springenden Elementen"</one>? Damit sind <one>Transposons</one> gemeint. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposon []
765
+ - Welche <one>Wellenlänge</one> verwendet die <two>CPD Photolyase</two> (<three>von-bis</three>)? <one>340-400 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase []
766
+ - Provide another name for the term <one>cloning</one>. A: <one>Amplification process</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning []
767
+ - Was genau ist <one>Genomik</one>? <one>Genomik</one> bezeichnet die <two>Untersuchung von Genomen</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom []
768
+ - <one>Bromodeoxyuridine</one> (<two>BrdU</two>) <three>ist ein Analog zu ...</three>? <one>Desoxythymidin</one> aka <two>Thymidin</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxythymidin []
769
+ - Provide another expression for the term <one>replication fork</one>. A: <one>Replication zipper</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21790/ []
770
+ - What is meant with the term <one>down mutation</one> in genetics? This is <two>a mutation</two> that <one>slows down the rate of transcription</one>. []
771
+ - <one>An welchen Positionen</one> <two>im Genom</two> existieren <three>SNPs</three>? An den <one>STSs</one> (<two>Sequence Tagged Sites</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence-tagged_site []
772
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>ein alkylierendes Agens</one>, das ein <two>t</two> sowie ein <two>g</two> im Namen enthält. A: <one>Nitrosoguanidin</one>. URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nitrosoguanidine []
773
+ - Welche <one>Gal-Mutante</one> <two>ist stumm</two>? <one>Gal4</one>. []
774
+ - <one>Why</one> may the following newspaper headline be not optimal: <two>„Angelina Jolie had double mastectomy due to a cancer gene“</two>? It should be called a <one>cancer allele</one> more accurately rather than a <two>cancer gene</two>. []
775
+ - <one>Who</one> developed the <two>triplet binding assay</two>? <one>Philip Leder</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Leder []
776
+ - Name a big reason as to why <one>single-base-pair changes</one> <two>can inactivate a protein</two>. A: Due to <one>splice-site mutations</one>. []
777
+ - Name <one>the three chromosomes in humans</one> that are <two>viable as a trisomy</two>. A: (1) <one>13</one> (2) <one>18</one> (3) <one>21</one> (note that chromosome 8 and 9 are also known, but at a lower frequency). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomy#Human_trisomy []
778
+ - <one>A single E. coli cell</one> <two>contains how many molecules of</two> the <three>initiator protein DnaA</three>? About <one>~1000</one> molecules. []
779
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte die <two>Plasmide</two>? <one>Watanabe</one>. URL: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/surprising-way-drugs-become-useless-against-bacteria []
780
+ - <one>Das menschliche Genom</one> <two>besitzt n Bindungsstellen für</two> <three>CTCF</three>? <one>15.000</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF []
781
+ - <one>When</one> was the <two>Hoogsten pairing</two> <three>first recognized</three>? In the year <one>1963</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogsteen_base_pair#History []
782
+ - <one>C. elegans</one> besitzt etwas das <two>DCC</two> genannt wird. Wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>DCC</two>? <one>DCC</one> steht für <two>dosage compensation complex</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-Chromosome_Dosage_compensation []
783
+ - <one>When</one> did <two>Lederberg</two> discover <three>conjugation</three>? In the year <one>1946</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation#History []
784
+ - Welches sind <one>die beiden Aminosäuren</one>, die über <two>Stoppcodons</two> <three>eingebaut werden</three>? A: (1) <one>Selenocystein</one> (2) <one>Pyrrolysin</one> []
785
+ - Das <one>Telomer-assoziierte Protein</one> <two>WRN</two> <three>bindet woran</three>? An <one>TRF1</one> und <one>TRF2</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314245 []
786
+ - In a <one>higher animal's genome</one>: <two>how many of the proteins encoded are membrane proteins</two>? About <one>30%</one>. []
787
+ - <one>Hypoxanthin</one> <two>paart mit ...</two>? <one>Cytosin</one> (Mnemonic: <two>Hypo-Cyto</two>; <three>HYPO-CYTO</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxanthine []
788
+ - <one>Wie</one> mag man eine <two>Maus</two> mit zwei <three>mutierten Igf2-Allelen</three> <four>erkennen</four>? Solche Mäuse sind <one>kleinwüchsig</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/IGF2 []
789
+ - Anderes, sehr schönes Wort für die <one>DNA</one>? <one>Helix des Lebens</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure []
790
+ - Der <one>F-Pilus des F-Plasmids</one> wird durch <two>welches Gen</two> kodiert? Durch das Gen <one>traA</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P04737 []
791
+ - Können <one>Proteasome</one> im <two>Zellkern</two> gefunden werden? <one>Ja</one>. []
792
+ - Name one general, observable effect of <one>polyploidy</one>? The <one>cell size is increased</one>. []
793
+ - Do <one>okazaki fragments</one> contain <two>RNA</two>? <one>No</one> - <two>Okazaki fragments</two> are <two>DNA fragments</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments []
794
+ - In regards to <one>transposons</one>: what is meant with the expression <two>negative selection</two>? That refers to the situation <two>when a transposon</two> <one>inserts into an exon</one>. []
795
+ - <one>Suppressoren</one> funktionieren nach welchen <two>drei verschiedenen Wirkprinzipien</two>? (1) <one>High copy suppressor</one> (2) <one>Bypass suppressor</one> (3) <one>Interaction suppressor</one> []
796
+ - Name the chromosomes that contain <one>NORs</one> (<two>Nucleolus organizer regions</two>) <three>in the human genome</three>. A: (1) <one>13</one> (2) <one>14</one> (3) <one>15</one> (4) <one>21</one> (5) <one>22</one> []
797
+ - Anderes, wissenschaftlicheres Wort für das <one>Kernplasma</one>? <one>Karyoplasma</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyoplasma []
798
+ - What is <one>the primary phenotype of a gene</one>? The <one>protein it produces</one> - if it codes for a protein that is. []
799
+ - What is <one>the opposite</one> of a <two>mirror repeat</two> in DNA? The <one>direct repeat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_repeat []
800
+ - Which <one>number</one> does / did <two>Pyrosequencing</two> have? <one>454</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrosequencing []
801
+ - Provide another term or word for <one>rRNA genes</one>. A: <one>rDNA</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomale_DNA []
802
+ - <one>Wo</one> greifen <two>Tetracycline</two> an? An der <one>prokaryoten 30S Untereinheit des Ribosoms</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline []
803
+ - In general: <one>when</one> <two>are all eukaryotic genes</two> <three>less accessible for transcription</three>? During <one>mitosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis []
804
+ - <one>Who or what</one> <two>defines</two> the <three>cistron</three>? The <one>complementation test</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementation_%28genetics%29 []
805
+ - <one>Woran</one> kann <two>IPTG</two> binden? <two>IPTG</two> kann an den <one>lac-Repressor</one> binden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl-%CE%B2-D-thiogalactopyranosid []
806
+ - <one>Wann</one> stellte <two>Francis Crick</two> <three>das zentrale Dogma</three> (<four>flow of genetic information</four>) auf? Im Jahre <one>1956</one>; 1970 wurde es dann in Nature erneut publiziert. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology []
807
+ - <one>Welche zelluläre Aufgabe</one> erfüllt der <two>Shelterin-Komplex</two>? Der <one>Shelterin-Komplex</one> <two>schützt die Telomere vor Abbau</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelterin []
808
+ - In <one>genetics</one>: <two>repression</two> <three>occurs at the level of ... </three>? <one>Transcription</one>. []
809
+ - Was ist der zentrale <one>Gal-Regulator</one>? <one>Gal4</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal4/UAS-System []
810
+ - The <one>phenotypic variation</one> <two>in a quantitative trait</two> <three>has which two components</three>? (1) <one>genetic</one> (2) <one>environment</one> []
811
+ - Wenn wir <one>Metaphase-Chromosomen</one> mit <two>Giemsa</two> <three>färben wollen</three>, <four>was müssen wir zuvor machen</four>? Das ganze mit <one>Trypsin</one> vorbehandeln. []
812
+ - Give an example for <one>a quantitative trait</one>. A: <one>Height</one> (e. g. <two>in a human population</two>). []
813
+ - What do we mean, in genetics, with the term <one>neofunctionalization</one>? This refers to the recruitment of a gene to <one>a new function</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofunctionalization []
814
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Harvard-Maus</one>? <one>OncoMouse</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncomouse []
815
+ - <one>Im menschlichen Genom</one>: ein <two>centimorgan</two> umfasst <three>wieviele Basenpaare</three>? Etwa <one>1 Million Basenpaare</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimorgan []
816
+ - <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für eine <two>gemeinsame Vererbung</two>? <one>Gekoppelte Vererbung</one>. []
817
+ - Wieviele <one>AC-Elemente</one> besitzt das <two>Mais-Genom</two>? <one>10</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac/Ds_transposable_controlling_elements []
818
+ - Nenne <one>zwei</one> <two>Funktionselemente</two> <three>eines Chromosoms</three>. A: (1) <one>Centromer</one> (2) <one>Telomere</one> []
819
+ - In der Genetik: nenne eine andere Bezeichnung für <one>NLS</one>. A: <one>Importmotiv</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importine []
820
+ - In der Genetik: <one>wer oder was</one> erkennt die <two>ARS</two> (<three>autonomous replicating sequences</three>)? Die <one>ORCs</one> - <two>origin recognition complexes</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_recognition_complex []
821
+ - Wie bezeichnen wir <one>Reis</one> auf lateinisch und <two>wieviele Gene finden wir im Reis-Genom</two>? <one>Oryza sativa</one>. Dessen Genom umfasst in etwa <two>40.000 Gene</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa []
822
+ - Ursache des <one>Rett-Syndrom</one> und <two>auf welchem Chromosom liegt die Ursache hierzu</two>? Auf dem <two>X-Chromosom</two> liegt ein Gen mutiert vor, und zwar das Gen <one>MeCP2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2 []
823
+ - <one>What happens</one> <two>if a cell overexpresses</two> <three>mi-RNA26a</three>? This cell will <one>undergo apoptosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-26_microRNA_precursor_family []
824
+ - <one>Welches Protein</one> <two>bringt neue Histone an den Replication Fork</two> <three>bei Eukaryoten</three>? <one>CAF-1</one>: <two>chromatin assembly factor 1</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF-1 []
825
+ - What is <one>the fundamental dogma of molecular biology</one>? <one>DNA</one> gives rise to <one>(m)RNA</one> which, in turn, gives rise to <one>protein</one> (<two>DNA → mRNA → protein</two>). []
826
+ - <one>Durchmesser</one>, in nm, einer <two>Chromatinfaser</two>? <one>30 nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin []
827
+ - Provide an example for a <one>conditional mutation</one>. A: A <one>temperature-sensitive mutation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature-sensitive_mutant []
828
+ - <one>Mit welchem Experiment</one> wurde das <two>Konzept der adaptiven Mutation</two> <three>entkräftet</three>? Mit Hilfe des <one>Luria-Delbrück-Fluktuationstest</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria-Delbr%C3%BCck-Experiment []
829
+ - <one>RNA-Polymerase</one> in Prokarya: <two>welche Subunit bindet DNA</two>? Die <one>Beta-Strich Subunit</one> (<one>beta'</one>) bindet DNA. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9054361/ []
830
+ - <one>When</one> is the <two>DNA Topoisomerase</two> <three>enzyme</three> <four>extremely important</four>? During <one>Replication of DNA</one> (<two>DNA Replication</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase []
831
+ - <one>Wie lang</one> können <two>CpG-Inseln</two> sein? Bis zu <one>1kb</one> (<two>1000 bp</two>) lang. []
832
+ - Wie heißt die <one>Vielfingrigkeit</one> mit dem Fachbegriff? <one>Polydaktylie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydaktylie []
833
+ - Anderer Begriff für ein <one>Operon</one>? <one>Cluster</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operon []
834
+ - Anderes Wort für die <one>Chromosomenpaarung</one>? <one>Synapsis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsis []
835
+ - Für die <one>DNA-Replikation</one> ist <two>welche Korrekturlesefunktion</two> <three>eminent wichtig</three>? Die <one>3' zu 5' Exonucleaseaktivität</one> (<two>3'→5'</two>). []
836
+ - <one>Which gene</one> <two>determines</two> <three>maleness</three> in humans? The <one>SRY</one> gene. <two>SRY is an abbreviation for Sex-determining region Y</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis-determining_factor []
837
+ - Das <one>Abbauprodukt der Purine</one> ist ... ? Die <one>Harnsäure</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harns%C3%A4ure []
838
+ - Nenne eine recht <one>primitive, experimentelle Methode</one> wie wir <two>Rekombination</two> bei Eukarya und Prokarya fördern können. A: Durch <one>Behandlung mit Röntgenstrahlen</one>. []
839
+ - Was heißt <one>LINE</one> genau? <one>Long interspersed nuclear element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element []
840
+ - <one>Ribosomen</one> besitzen <two>drei Stellen</two>: <three>E</three>, <three>P</three>, <three>A</three>. <four>Wofür stehen diese Buchstaben jeweils</four>? (1) <one>E</one> für <two>Exit-Site</two> (2) <one>P</one> für <two>Peptidyl-Site</two> (3) <one>A</one> für <two>Aminoacyl-Site</two> []
841
+ - Gibt es <one>DNA Ribozymes</one>? A: <one>Ja</one>. <two>DNA nanomachines</two>. URL: https://books.google.at/books?id=YNTFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=Catalytic+oligonucleotides+(DNA+enzymes+and+ribozymes)+can+be+selected+using+a+similar+strategy.+DNA+sensor&source=bl&ots=-kXZDUa6Xw#v=onepage&q=Catalytic%20oligonucleotides%20(DNA%20enzymes%20and%20ribozymes)%20can%20be%20selected%20using%20a%20similar%20strategy.%20DNA%20sensor&f=false []
842
+ - Was ist das Ergebnis wenn <one>Adenin</one> <two>desaminiert</two> wird? Es entsteht <one>Hypoxanthin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxanthine []
843
+ - <one>Welches Stop-Codon</one> ist (allgemein) <two>am häufigsten in Genomen zu finden</two>? <one>UAA</one> (<two>ochre</two>). []
844
+ - <one>BACs</one> <two>wurden woher gewonnen</two> (ihr <three>Ursprung</three> <four>entstammt welchem Organismus</four>)? Aus dem <one>F-Plasmid</one> aus <two>E. coli</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome []
845
+ - Woraus besteht ein <one>Viroid</one>? Aus <one>zirkulärer ssRNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid []
846
+ - In genetics: give another expression for the term <one>anomalous inheritance</one>. A: <one>Non-Mendelian inheritance</one>. []
847
+ - Can <one>transposable elements</one> serve as <two>DNA methylation sites</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
848
+ - <one>Wann</one> ist der <two>Trp R Repressor</two> aktiv? Nur <one>wenn er Tryptophan gebunden hat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_repressor []
849
+ - <one>Wer</one> gilt als <two>Begründer der Epigenese</two>? <one>William Harvey</one>: <two>ein Organismus entwickelt sich aus einem befruchteten Ei</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey []
850
+ - The <one>RNA polymerase IV</one> <two>synthesizes what exactly</two>? The <one>RNA polymerase IV</one> synthesizes <two>siRNA</two>, <three>in plants</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_IV []
851
+ - Was meinen wir mit der Abkürzung <one>gDNA</one>? <one>Genomische DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_DNA []
852
+ - Warum das Wort <one>Antiterminator</one>? Da es in diesem Fall zu <one>KEINER</one> Termination kommt. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiterminator []
853
+ - In der Molekularbiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>FEBAS</one>? <one>Fluorescence Enzyme Bead Assay</one> (<two>F|E|B|AS</two>). []
854
+ - Welche <one>Stickstoffquelle</one> wurde beim <two>Meselson-Stahl Experiment</two> verwendet? <one>NH₄Cl</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson-Stahl-Versuch []
855
+ - Does a <one>null mutation</one> <two>produce anything</two>? <one>Yes</one>: a <two>nonfunctional protein</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_allele []
856
+ - <one>Luciferase</one> <two>light emission</two> <three>happens at ... nm</three>? <one>562 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase []
857
+ - Was kann durch eine <one>Hoogsten-Paarung</one> entstehen? Eine <one>DNA-Tripelhelix</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogsteen_base_pair []
858
+ - Der <one>Vorläufer des tRNA-Moleküls</one> <two>besitzt wieviele Nukleotide</two>? In etwa <one>126</one> Nukleotide. []
859
+ - Anderes Wort für eine <one>Mutagenese</one>? <one>Induzierte Mutationsauslösung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenese []
860
+ - The <one>Lambda-Red system</one> <two>consists of which three proteins</two>? (1) <one>Beta</one> (2) <one>Gam</one> (3) <one>Exo</one> []
861
+ - Was sind <one>fixierte Mutationen</one>? Dies sind <one>Mutationen, die weitervererbt werden</one>. []
862
+ - Wieviel kostet die <one>synthetische GenSynthese einer Base</one> (in Euro)? Etwa <one>0.2 Euro</one>. Also: <two>5 Basen kosten 1 Euro</two>. []
863
+ - Welche <one>zwei</one> <two>Imprinting Hypothesen</two> gibt es? (1) <one>Genetic-Conflict</one> <two>Hypothesis</two> (2) <one>Ovarian-Time-Bomb</one> <two>Hypothesis</two> []
864
+ - Name the <one>two major processes</one> responsible for <two>genetic variation</two>. A: (1) <one>mutation</one> (2) <one>recombination</one> []
865
+ - <one>Wie lange</one> (in bp; nur einen Wert angeben) sind <two>LTRs</two>? A: <one>800 bp</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTR_retrotransposon []
866
+ - Was bewies <one>Fink et al.</one> im Jahre <two>1985</two>? Das die <one>Ty-Elemente in Hefe</one> über ein <two>RNA-Intermediat</two> transponieren. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2982495/ []
867
+ - In der <one>Pflanzengenetik</one>: können <two>unterschiedliche Sorten</two> <three>miteinander gekreuzt werden</three>? <one>Ja</one>. []
868
+ - What is meant with the term <one>mutagenesis</one>? This is <one>the production of mutations</one>, <two>in the laboratory</two>. []
869
+ - In der Genetik: anderer Begriff für die <one>Translation</one>? <one>Biokatalytisches Übersetzen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(Biologie) []
870
+ - <one>Recombineering</one> <two>uses what as substrate</two>? <one>Recombineering</one> <two>can utilize</two> both <three>ssDNA</three> and <three>dsDNA</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombineering []
871
+ - What is <one>Hemizygosity</one>? <one>Hemizygosity</one> refers to a <two>genetic condition</two> where there is only one copy of a gene in an otherwise diploid cell or organism. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity#Hemizygous []
872
+ - Give another word for the term <one>transcriptome</one>. A: The <one>transcript population</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptome []
873
+ - Die <one>Telomerase</one> <two>fügt an welchem Ende neue DNA hinzu</two>? Logischerweise nur am <one>3' Ende</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase []
874
+ - In <two>genetics</two>: which <one>three different allelic states</one> may any allele have over another one? (1) <one>dominant</one> (2) <one>co-dominant</one> (3) <one>recessive</one> []
875
+ - In der Genetik: <one>wer</one> hat den <two>Fluktuationstest</two> durchgeführt? <one>Zwei Personen</one>, und zwar - <two>Luria und Delbrück</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria%E2%80%93Delbr%C3%BCck_experiment []
876
+ - <one>Wann</one> kommt <two>RAD51</two> zum Einsatz? Bei <one>Doppelstrangbrüchen der DNA</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51 []
877
+ - <one>Gene conversion bias</one> <two>increases ... </two>? <one>GC content</one>. []
878
+ - Angenommen wir möchten eine <one>widerstandsfähige (bakterielle) Zelle</one> entwerfen und müssen uns nun für <two>gram+</two> oder <two>gram⁻</two> entscheiden. <three>Was sollten wir hier bevorzugen</three>? A: Eher <one>gram⁻</one>, <two>da diese Bakterien gegenüber Antibiotika resistenter sind</two>. []
879
+ - Was heißt <one>mukaku</one> (ist ein japanisches Wort)? <one>Kernlos</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2646284/ []
880
+ - In genetics: <one>Ty</one> is <two>an abbreviation for ... </two>? <one>Transposon yeast</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty5_retrotransposon#Yeast_heterochromatin_and_Ty5. []
881
+ - Define the term <one>cccDNA</one>. A: <one>Covalently closed circular DNA</one>. []
882
+ - <one>Wie oft</one> können <two>Alu-Elemente</two> <three>im menschlichen Genom</three> gefunden werden? <one>1_500_000 Kopien</one> (also <two>1.5 Millionen Male</two>). []
883
+ - <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für <two>Nondisjunction</two> in der Genetik? <one>Fehlsegregation</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Disjunction []
884
+ - In der Genetik: was erzeugt die <one>Replikaplattierung</one>? Eine <one>Kopie der Ausgangskulturplatte</one>, auf einen <two>Membranfilter</two>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/replika-plattierung/56272 []
885
+ - Nenne <one>drei</one> <two>Telomer-assozierte Proteine</two> (außer POT). A: (1) <one>TRF1</one> (2) <one>TRF2</one> (3) <one>WRN</one> []
886
+ - Auf genetischer Ebene betrachtet: <one>was fehlt</one> den <two>Ameisen</two>? Ein <one>Geschlechtschromosom</one>. []
887
+ - <one>Welche Nukleotidgruppe</one> wird zu <two>Harnsäure</two> abgebaut und dann über den Harn ausgeschieden? Die <one>Purine</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine []
888
+ - <one>How</one> can <two>dicentric chromosomes</two> <three>arise</three>? When <one>a centromere is duplicated</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicentric_chromosome []
889
+ - <one>Organelle genes</one> display what kind of <two>inheritance</two>? <one>Uniparental inheritance</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22059/ []
890
+ - Give another expression for: <one>if both alleles are missing</one>. A: <one>Nullizygous</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nullizygous []
891
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde die <two>Chromosomentheorie</two> aufgestellt? Im Jahre <one>1902</one>, von <two>Boveri und Sutton</two>. []
892
+ - Was wäre die Folge einer <one>mitotischen Bildung von Gameten</one>? <one>Gameten wären dann</one>, <two>wie auch die normalen somatischen Zellen</two>, <three>diploid</three>. []
893
+ - In genetics: <one>Mendel's two laws</one> <two>are ... </two>? A: <one>Mnemonic: SeGas</one>. (1) the law of <two>independent segregation</two> (2) the law of <two>independent assortment</two> []
894
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde <two>Penicillin</two> <three>entdeckt</three>? A: <one>1928</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline#Entdeckung []
895
+ - Does an <one>open reading frame</one> (<one>ORF</one>) <two>contain a</two> <three>stop codon</three>? <one>No</one>, it does not. An ORF ends at a stop codon though. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame []
896
+ - <one>Which was</one> <two>the first inherited human disease</two> that was understood at the molecular level? The <one>sickle-cell anemia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease []
897
+ - Nenne <one>drei verschiedene Strategien</one> zur Erhaltung von <two>genetischen Ressourcen</two>. A: (1) <one>in-situ</one> (2) <one>ex-situ</one> (3) <one>on-farm</one> []
898
+ - Nenne <one>drei Kennzeichen</one> eines <two>YAC</two>. A: (1) <one>ORI</one> (2) <one>Centromere</one> (3) <one>Telomere</one> []
899
+ - Im <one>DNA-Polymerase-III Komplex</one> ist <two>welche Untereinheit</two> für das <three>Korrekturlesen</three> verantwortlich? Die <one>Epsilon-Untereinheit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_epsilon []
900
+ - <one>Which person</one> discovered <two>dosage compensation</two> in <three>mammals</three>? <one>Mary Lyon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_F._Lyon []
901
+ - Hat ein <one>starker Promoter</one> eher <two>A-T</two> oder eher <two>G-C</two> Basenpaare <three>zwischen der -10 Position und der TSS-Stelle</three>? Eher <one>AT-Basenpaare</one>. []
902
+ - Im <one>Mais-Genom</one>: ist das <two>Ac Element</two> oder das <two>Ds Element</two> <three>größer</three>? Das <one>Ac-Element</one> ist größer. Es kann Ds Elemente aktivieren, wohingegen Ds Elemente ohne Ac <two>im Genom an ihrer Stelle verweilen</two>. []
903
+ - The <one>copia element</one> in <two>Drosophila</two> contains <three>DTRs</three>. <four>What does this mean</four>? <one>Direct terminal repeats</one>, at each end. []
904
+ - Give <one>one example</one> for an <two>unstable phenotype</two>. A: The <one>spotted kernels</one> in <two>maize</two>. URL: https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/barbara-mcclintock-and-the-discovery-of-jumping-34083/ []
905
+ - Nenne <one>zwei</one> <two>eukaryote Gene</two> <three>deren mRNAs keine Introns enthalten</three>. A: (1) <one>Histon-Gene</one> (2) <one>Interferon-Gene</one> []
906
+ - What does the abbreviation <one>ASO</one> stand for in the term called <three>ASO technologies</three>? <one>Antisense oligonucleotides</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligonucleotide#Antisense_oligonucleotides []
907
+ - Give another term for the <one>ssb</one> (<two>single strand binding</two>) <one>protein</one>. A: <one>Helix-destabilizing protein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-strand_DNA-binding_protein []
908
+ - In genetics: what is the <one>simplest locus</one>? A: A <one>SNP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism []
909
+ - When we see <one>many tumor cells suddenly disappearing</one>, <two>what may we typically conclude from this observation</two>? These tumor cells may have <one>undergone apoptosis</one>. []
910
+ - In genetics: what is meant with <one>5-BrU</one>? <two>5-BrU</two> refers to <one>5-Bromouracil</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Bromouracil []
911
+ - Name <one>one general mechanism</one> by which <two>the activity of the replication origin</two> is controlled. A: <one>DNA-Methylation</one>. []
912
+ - Das eukaryotische Protein <one>RPA</one> zieht welche <two>Endonuclease</two> an? <one>Dna2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA2L []
913
+ - Trivialname für das <one>Luria-Delbrück Experiment</one>? Der <one>Fluktuationstest</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria-Delbr%C3%BCck-Experiment []
914
+ - Wie geht die <one>Telomersequenz beim Menschen</one>? <two>5'</two>-<one>TTAGGG</one>-<two>3'</two> []
915
+ - In genetics: <one>how many</one> <two>different base substitutions</two> <three>can occur in DNA</three>? <one>12</one>. []
916
+ - Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Möglichkeiten</one> die <two>DNA-Doppelhelix zu denaturieren</two>. A: (1) <one>Erhitzen</one> (2) <one>Zugabe von Alkali</one> []
917
+ - Die <one>Transposase</one> <two>in Mais</two> <three>beim Ac</three>/<three>Ds element</three> bindet woran? Jeweils an das Ende von <one>Ac</one> und <one>Ds</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposase []
918
+ - <one>Was bedeutet</one> <two>Epistase</two> wortwörtlich? <one>Bremsen</one> / <one>Anhalten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistase []
919
+ - Außer DNA: was noch kann an <one>CAP</one> binden? <one>cAMP</one> <two>kann an CAP binden</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate []
920
+ - Das Enzym <one>Dicer</one> <two>kommt bei welchem zellulären Ereignis zum Tragen</two>? Bei der <one>RNA Interferenz</one> (<two>RNAi</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference []
921
+ - The <one>genes within mammalian cells</one> can be grouped into which <two>two functional classes</two>? (1) <one>housekeeping genes</one> (2) <one>tissue-specific genes</one> []
922
+ - In genetics: give another term for <one>homozygous</one>. A: <one>Pure breed</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True-breeding_organism []
923
+ - <one>Which person</one> proposed the term <two>plasmid</two> in the year <three>1952</three>? <one>Joshua Lederberg</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg []
924
+ - <one>Welches Antibiotikum</one> täuscht eine <two>Aminoacyl-tRNA</two> vor? <one>Puromycin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin []
925
+ - Give an example for <one>a threshold trait</one> <two>in mankind</two>. A: <one>Type 2 diabetes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 []
926
+ - In a given, random genome: is there rather a <one>bias</one> <two>toward a</two> <three>high AT genomic content</three> or a <three>high GC genomic content</three>? There is <two>a bias</two> toward a <one>high AT genomic content</one>. []
927
+ - Dringt der <one>Yeast Mating Factor</one> in die <two>Hefe</two> ein? <one>Nein</one>. []
928
+ - <one>Transposition</one>: give another name for the <two>conservative pathway</two>. A: <one>Cut and Paste Pathway</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_transposition []
929
+ - <one>Woher</one> kommt <two>die Energie</two> für die Reaktion der <three>Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase</three>? Aus <one>ATP</one>. []
930
+ - Nenne die drei <one>Chain-Termination Codons</one> in <two>RNA</two> (ohne Trivialname). A: (1) <one>UAA</one> (2) <one>UAG</one> (3) <one>UGA</one> []
931
+ - <one>Wo</one> <two>beim Menschen</two> finden wir - auf natürlichem Wege - <three>Polyploidie</three>? In den <one>Megakaryozyten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryozyt []
932
+ - How do we call <one>genetic traits</one> that are <two>amenable to number-analysis via statistics</two>? <one>Quantitative traits</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_traits []
933
+ - <one>Where</one> are <two>Okazaki fragments</two> synthesized? On the <one>lagging template strand</one>, <two>during DNA replication</two>. []
934
+ - Andere, einfachere Bezeichnung für <one>Transkriptionsfaktoren</one>? A: <one>Transkriptionsfaktoren</one> sind <two>Proteine, die die Transkription fördern</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkriptionsfaktor []
935
+ - <one>What happens</one> if the <two>Intron Branch Point</two> is <three>deleted</three>? <one>Splicing will be prevented</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_splicing []
936
+ - Welche <one>zwei verschiedene Arten</one> von <two>Punktmutationen</two> existieren? (1) <one>Transitionen</one> (2) <one>Transversionen</one> []
937
+ - In <one>yeast cells</one>, the Alpha cells produce a <two>mating pheromone</two> called the Alpha-factor. Neighbouring cells respond to this pheromone <three>by growing a projection</three>. <four>What name does it have</four>? The <one>Shmoo</one> - due to its <two>distinctive shape</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_of_yeast []
938
+ - The <one>Dam methylase</one> <two>recognizes</two> <three>which sequence</three>? <one>GATC</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam-Methylase []
939
+ - <one>Hämoglobin</one> <two>im menschlichen Genom</two> ist <three>auf welchem Chromosom</three> kodiert zu finden? <one>Chromosom 9</one>. []
940
+ - In regards to an <one>open reading frame</one>: <two>where</two> is the <three>transcription termination site</three>? It is <one>located right after the ORF</one>. []
941
+ - <one>What happens</one> when <two>allolactose</two> <three>binds to the lac-repressor</three>? The <one>lac-repressor</one> undergoes an <two>allosteric transition</two>. []
942
+ - <one>Wie</one> kann auf die <one>mutagene Wirkung chemischer Komponenten</one> getestet werden? Mit Hilfe des <one>Ames Test</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_test []
943
+ - More than <one>n%</one> of <two>mammalian RNA</two> is <three>rRNA</three>. A: <one>90%</one>. []
944
+ - The <one>human genome</one> <two>contains n</two> <three>CpG-islands</three>? <one>30.000</one> (<one>30k</one>). []
945
+ - Give <one>two specific examples</one> of <two>commonly used continous cell lines</two>. A: (1) <one>HeLa</one> (2) <one>HEp-2</one> []
946
+ - <one>Welche Eigenschaft</one> macht <two>Ethidiumbromid</two> <three>carcinogen</three>? Die <one>Fähigkeit von Ethidiumbromid zu interkalieren</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethidium_bromide []
947
+ - Ist die Wortwahl <one>GC-Boxen</one> gut? Nein - da diese Boxen aus <one>5x G</one> aber nur <one>1x C</one> bestehen. []
948
+ - In der Genetik: nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für <one>incomplete penetrance</one> <two>beim Menschen</two>. A: <one>Polydaktylie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydaktylie []
949
+ - <one>Whenever information is copied</one>, <two>... may arise</two>. A: <one>Errors</one>. []
950
+ - <one>Welche Enzyme</one> führen <two>Supercoiling</two> durch? Die <one>Topoisomerasen</one>. Sie sind für die <two>DNA Kompaktierung</two> essenziell. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase []
951
+ - Provide <one>an example</one> for a <two>zinc finger protein</two> in <three>eukaryotic cells</three>. A: The <one>SP1 transcription factor</one>, which will <two>bind to DNA and enhances gene transcription</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor []
952
+ - Eine <one>Methylgruppe am Cytosin</one> <two>ragt wohinein</two> in die <three>DNA Doppelhelix</three>? In die <one>grosse Rinne</one> der DNA (Mnemonic: <two>Methyl ist wichtig!</two>). []
953
+ - Give <one>another expression</one> for <two>additive gene transfer</two> and <two>deletive gene transfer</two>. A: (1) <one>additive gene transfer</one>: <two>gain of function</two> (2) <one>deletive gene transfer</one>: <two>loss of function</two> []
954
+ - In genetics: what is the <one>operator</one>? The operator is <one>the site on DNA</one> (thus, <two>a DNA segment</two>) onto which a <three>repressor</three> <four>can bind to</four>. []
955
+ - An <one>Histon H3 S10</one> <two>bindet ...</two>? Die <one>14-3-3 Domäne</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-3-3_protein []
956
+ - Nenne <one>ein Enzym</one>, das <two>Thymin-Dimere</two> <three>reparieren kann</three>. A: Die <one>Photolyase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase []
957
+ - What is meant with <one>the Crick strand</one> typically? This refers to <one>the DNA coding strand</one>. []
958
+ - <one>Welche Kuriosität</one> zeigen <two>Pol III Promotoren</two>? Sie sind <one>downstream</one> zu finden, ausgehend von der <two>Transkriptions-Startstelle</two>. []
959
+ - <one>Wie kann</one> der <two>de-novo Weg</two> der <three>Nucleotidsynthese</three> <four>versperrt werden</four>? Mit Hilfe von <one>Aminopterin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopterin []
960
+ - What is the role of the Drosophila <one>tinman</one> gene? This <one>transcription factor</one> is immensely important for <two>the development of a heart</two> <three>in Drosophila</three> - it is <four>outright vital</four>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinman_(gene) []
961
+ - Die <one>lac-Repressorschleife</one> umfasst <two>n bp</two>? <one>93 bp</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-Operon []
962
+ - Was bewies das <one>Meselson-Stahl Experiment</one> aus dem Jahre <two>1958</two>? Das die <one>DNA-Replikation semikonservativ abläuft</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson-Stahl-Versuch []
963
+ - <one>RF1</one> und <one>RF2</one> ähneln ...? Einer <one>beladenen tRNA</one>. []
964
+ - Die Energie für <one>RF3</one> (<two>Release Factor 3</two>) stammt von ...? Aus <one>GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_factor []
965
+ - In genetics, in particular in <one>plant genetics</one>: what may be meant with the abbreviation <two>GxExM</two>? <one>Genotype</one> x <one>Environment</one> x <one>Management</one>. []
966
+ - Welches <one>Nukleotid</one> besitzt eine <two>C-glykosidische Bindung</two>? <one>Pseudouridin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudouridine []
967
+ - <one>Warum</one> ist die genetische Sequenz <two>AUGA</two> besonders? Diese Sequenz enthält sowohl ein <two>Startcodon</two> (<one>AUG</one>) als auch ein <two>Stopcodon</two> (<one>UGA</one>). []
968
+ - Man sieht einen <one>rosafarbenen Snapdragon</one>: <two>Was weiß man dadurch sofort</two>? Dieser Snapdragon muss <one>heterozygot</one> für die Farbe sein, denn <two>homozygoter</two> snapdragon ist entweder rot oder weiss. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirrhinum []
969
+ - Bei der DNA, im <one>sugar-phosphate backbone</one>: <two>was können die negativ geladenen P-Gruppen in-vivo binden</two>? <one>Mg²⁺</one> Kationen. []
970
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde die <two>TATA-Box</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1978</one>, durch <two>David Hogness</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box []
971
+ - The <one>pol I enzyme</one> is <two>primarily involved in ... </two>? <one>DNA repair</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_I#Function []
972
+ - Is the <one>hammerhead ribozyme</one> <two>an enzyme</two>? <one>Not quite so</one>. It has a <two>turnover number</two> of only <three>1</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_ribozyme []
973
+ - <one>Wann</one> fand das <two>Meselson-Stahl-Experiment</two> statt? <one>1958</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson%E2%80%93Stahl_experiment []
974
+ - <one>In einem eukaryoten Genom</one>: <two>wo</two> finden wir üblicherweise mehr Gene - in den <three>G-Banden</three> oder in den <three>R-Banden</three>? In den <two>R-Banden</two> (Merkhilfe: <one>R</one> ... <one>rich</one>). []
975
+ - In der <one>Genetik</one>: <two>wofür</two> steht die Abkürzung <three>NHEJ</three>? <one>Non-homologous end joining</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining []
976
+ - Provide another term for <one>identical twins</one>. A: <one>Monozygotic twins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin#Monozygotic_(identical)_twins []
977
+ - How can we <one>become independent of telomerase</one>, <two>in a very trivial manner</two>? <one>Circularize the DNA</one>. []
978
+ - Beim <one>C-value Paradox</one> ist vor allem <three>ein Element mit der Komplexität</three> assoziiert, zumindest bei Gräsern. Welches <two>Element</two> ist dies? Das <one>LTR-Retrotransposon</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTR-Retrotransposon []
979
+ - Was heisst <one>tmRNA</one>? <one>transfer-messenger RNA</one>. (Auch bekannt als <two>10Sa RNA</two> oder unter ihrem genetischen Namen <two>SsrA</two>) []
980
+ - Woher stammt das Wort <one>Genetik</one>? Von dem Wort <one>Genesis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis []
981
+ - In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>CAF1</one> stand for? <one>Chromatin assembly factor 1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF-1 []
982
+ - <one>Wieviele Stickstoffatome</one> haben <two>Purine</two>, wieviele <two>Pyrimidine</two>? <one>Pyrimidine</one> <two>besitzen 2 Stickstoffatome</two>; <one>Purine</one> <two>hingegen besitzen 4 Stickstoffatome</two>. (Purine besitzen somit doppelt so viele Stickstoffatome wie Pyrimidine). []
983
+ - <one>Which</one> <two>histone variant</two> shows <three>the least variation</three>? <one>Histone H1</one>. []
984
+ - <one>Wo</one> fängt man an einer <two>tRNA</two> beim Zählen an? Am <one>5' Ende</one>. []
985
+ - <one>How</one> can the <two>URA3 gene product</two> be made <three>toxic</three>? By using the drug <one>5-FOA</one> (<two>5-fluoroorotic acid</two>) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Fluoroorotic_acid []
986
+ - Welche <one>center</one> (ausgenommen E, P, A) existieren im <two>prokaryoten Ribosom</two> und wo? (1) In der <two>50S UE</two> kann das <one>Peptidyltransferase Center</one> gefunden werden. (2) In der <two>30S UE</two> kann das <one>Decoding Center</one> gefunden werden. []
987
+ - In the human genome, we can find <one>ALB</one>, the <two>albumin promoter</two>. <three>The expression of this promoter is restricted to ... </three>? The <one>liver</one>. In other words: <two>only the liver creates albumin</two>. []
988
+ - Wird <one>zuerst</one> <two>13mer</two> oder <two>9mer</two> beim <three>OriC</three> gebunden? <one>9mer</one> - also <two>zuerst die kleinere mer-Region</two>. []
989
+ - <three>Was</three> genau postulierte die veraltete <one>Tetranucleotid-Hypothese</one>? Das <one>alle vier Nukleotide in gleichen Mengen vorkommen</one>. []
990
+ - Nenne einen konkreten <one>SINE Vertreter</one>. A: <one>Alu</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu-Sequenz []
991
+ - <one>Ubiquitinierung</one> <two>befähigt ein Protein wohin zu wandern</two>? In das <one>26S Proteasom</one> (zumindest 26S bei den <two>Eukaryoten</two>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasom []
992
+ - Give another name for the term <one>Epistasis</one>. A: <one>Interactions between genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis []
993
+ - <one>Welche zwei</one> <two>Energiequellen</two> kommen für <three>DNA Ligasen</three> allgemein in Frage? (1) <one>ATP</one> (2) <one>NADH</one> []
994
+ - <one>Welches Experiment</one> belegte die <three>semikonservative Replikation</three>? Das Experiment von <one>Meselson und Stahl</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson-Stahl-Versuch []
995
+ - Wie heißen die <one>Enzyme</one> die die <two>Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen den Basen einer dsDNA trennen können</two>? <one>Helikasen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikasen []
996
+ - <one>Wie groß</one> ist das <two>F-Plasmid</two>? A: <one>100.000 bp</one> (also <one>100 kb</one>). []
997
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>rezessiv letales Allel</one>. A: <one>Agouti</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti []
998
+ - <one>Mäuse</one> tragen das Gen <two>Agouti</two> (A/a ist möglich). Was ist die Fellfarbe jeweils bei <one>a</one>/<one>a</one> und <one>A</one>/<one>a</one>? (1) <one>a</one>/<one>a</one> (<two>rezessiv</two>) ergibt ein <three>schwarzes Fell</three> (2) <one>A</one>/<one>a</one> (<two>dominant</two>) ergibt hingegen ein <three>braunes Fell</three> []
999
+ - In den (menschlichen) <one>Mitochondrien</one> kodiert <three>UGA</three> für? Die Aminosäure <one>Tryptophan</one>. []
1000
+ - What means <one>genotoxic</one>? This term essentially refers to <one>DNA-damaging agents</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotoxicity []
1001
+ - In seiner aktiven Form hat der <one>LacI Repressor</one> <two>wieviele Untereinheiten</two>? Der LacI Repressor ist ein <one>Tetramer</one> - folglich hat er <two>4 Untereinheiten</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_repressor []
1002
+ - Vergleiche die <one>Mutationsrate</one> <two>in mtDNA</two> mit normaler DNA im Zellkern. A: Die Mutationsrate in mtDNA ist etwa <one>20x höher</one> als die Mutationsrate in der Zellkern-DNA. []
1003
+ - <one>Alpha-Amanitin</one> can <two>inhibit the RNA-polymerase II</two>. <three>How many aminoacids does alpha-amanitin contain</three>? <one>8</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Amanitin []
1004
+ - <one>Which molecule</one> <two>increases the processivity of DNA polymerase</two>? The <one>beta-subunit dimer</one>, also called <two>beta-clamp</two> or the <three>sliding-clamp</three>. []
1005
+ - Wie nennen wir in der Genetik den <one>Ersatz eines Bausteins durch einen anderen</one>, in der DNA? <one>Mutation</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation []
1006
+ - Was ist ein <one>Regulon</one> im genetischen Kontext? Eine Gruppe <royalblue>gemeinsam regulierter Gene</royalblue>. Mit anderen Worten, <one>die Transkription dieser Gene</one> kann von einem <one>gemeinsamen Regulator</one> (<one>Repressor</one> oder <one>Aktivator</one>) kontrolliert werden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulon