studium 0.18.7

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  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +3310 -0
  3. data/bin/all_passed_exams +14 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d150 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  16. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  17. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  20. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  21. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  22. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  23. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  24. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  26. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +10 -0
  27. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  28. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +15 -0
  29. data/bin/names_of_all_solved_exams +7 -0
  30. data/bin/not_completed_exams +7 -0
  31. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  32. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  33. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  34. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  35. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  36. data/bin/passed_this_exam_on +10 -0
  37. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  38. data/bin/question_answer +7 -0
  39. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  40. data/bin/registered_for_this_exam +15 -0
  41. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  42. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  43. data/bin/return_n_questions_solved_in_total +7 -0
  44. data/bin/rti_conflict +7 -0
  45. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  46. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  47. data/bin/show_passed_exams_having_this_grade +7 -0
  48. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  49. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  50. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  51. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  52. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  53. data/bin/studium_actions +7 -0
  54. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  55. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  56. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  57. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  58. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +85 -0
  59. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  60. data/doc/README.gen +3263 -0
  61. data/doc/SQL_database_specification/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  62. data/doc/deprecated_components/deprecated_components.md +46 -0
  63. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  64. data/doc/elegant_colours/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  65. data/doc/statistics/yearly_statistics.md +8 -0
  66. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_graphical_parts_of_the_studium_gem_including_www_related_aspects.md +92 -0
  67. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_studium_gem.md +55 -0
  68. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/actions/actions.rb +134 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +3554 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/base/commandline_arguments_module/commandline_arguments_module.rb +115 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/base/html_colours_module.rb +632 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/base/runmode_module/runmode_module.rb +103 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +15 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +118 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +100 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +194 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_important_exams.rb +138 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +166 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/correct_all_dates_in_the_file_lecture_information.rb +115 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/date_sanitizer.rb +350 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +124 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_lecture_information.rb +434 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +1711 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +1848 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2063 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +273 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_boku_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +384 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +238 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/curricula_from_this_website/curricula_from_this_website.rb +141 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +213 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +141 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/README.md +9 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/handle_curricula.rb +99 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/misc.rb +798 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +323 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +74 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +73 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +164 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum.rb +116 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +554 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/curricula/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +47 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +197 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +719 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +245 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +50 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +116 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +109 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +100 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +937 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +234 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +251 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +547 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_immunology +225 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +49 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +117 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +273 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +154 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +67 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +73 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +30 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +104 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +76 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +1012 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +469 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +134 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +378 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +357 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +239 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +790 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +112 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeo_viruses +7 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeology +5 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +90 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +266 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1008 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1011 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +128 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +451 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +80 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +58 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +523 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +156 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +152 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +137 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +90 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomedical_studies +16 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/birds +5 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +384 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +488 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +229 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +1011 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_vesicles +11 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +210 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemokines_and_cytokines +45 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_quorum_sensing_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +116 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +84 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +520 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +309 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics +15 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +51 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +45 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +598 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +126 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +186 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +80 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +332 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +226 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/electron_microscopy +7 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +356 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +132 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +42 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +55 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +657 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +395 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +188 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/erste_hilfe +414 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +143 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +372 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +10 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +92 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +65 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +692 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +221 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +119 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +209 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +290 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +961 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +9 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +624 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +56 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +95 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +72 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +45 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +118 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +131 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +152 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +8 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +224 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +270 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +1011 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +117 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +52 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +66 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +624 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +29 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +10 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel_und_getr/303/244nke +224 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/light_microscopy +19 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux_and_unix +36 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +145 -0
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+ # =========================================================================== #
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+ # === Mikrobielle Physiologie
3
+ #
4
+ # Synthese-Pathways werden hier gesammelt.
5
+ #
6
+ # Auch molekulare physiologie industrieller Mikroorganismen (Molphysio tag).
7
+ #
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+ # Mikrobielle Physiologie tag.
9
+ # ================================================================================ #
10
+
11
+ - Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>coordinated microbial, social behaviours</two>. A: (1) biofilms (2) motility
12
+ - Bacteria cannot take up macromolecules. What general strategy may they use instead? Bacteria excrete exoenzymes which then degrade polymers into monomers, which are then taken up by the bacteria.
13
+ - Aside from H₂O, name a substance produced by Acetogens. A: CH₃COO-.
14
+ - <one>Ferredoxin</one> contains the ... cluster. A: The <one>Fe₄S₄ cluster</one>.
15
+ - A number of <one>clostridia</one> <two>ferment sugars</two>, <three>producing ... as a major end product</three>. A: <one>Butyric acid</one>.
16
+ - Welche <one>Zuckertypen</one> werden bei der <two>heterofermentativen Milchsäuregärung</two> <three>als Substrat bevorzugt</three>? <one>Pentosen</one>.
17
+ - In butanediol fermentation, both CO2 and H2is produced. Which one of these two in higher numbers? CO2.
18
+ - Does <one>ethanol formation</one> <two>in heterofermentative organisms</two> <three>yield ATP</three>? <one>No</one>.
19
+ - Nur wenige <one>gram-positive Bakterien</one> verwenden den KDPG Weg. <two>Nenne ein gram-positives Bakterium, das den KDPG Weg verwendet</two>. A: <one>Enterococcus faecalis</one>.
20
+ - <one>Ohne Mikroorganismen wäre höheres Leben auf dem Planeten Erde nicht möglich</one>. <two>Nenne hierzu ein Beispiel abseits der Ernährung</two>. A: Der <one>Sauerstoff</one> <two>auf dem Planeten Erde</two> ist <three>das Ergebnis mikrobiellen Stoffwechsels</three>.
21
+ - Is <one>acetogenesis</one> (in bacteria) linked to ion pumps? <one>Yes</one>.
22
+ - The most important <one>oxygenic phototroph</one> <two>in the ocean</two> is ... ? <one>Prochlorococcus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus_marinus
23
+ - Can <one>acetogens</one> reduce thiosulfate S2O3 2-? <one>Yes</one>.
24
+ - The <one>major electron donor</one> <two>in Acetogenesis</two> is ... ? <one>H₂</one>.
25
+ - <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> ist <two>berühmt für</two> ihre <three>anoxygene Photosynthese</three>? Die <one>Schwefel-Purpurbakterien</one>.
26
+ - Mechanistisch betrachtet kann die Photosynthese in welche zwei Teilgruppen unterteilt werden? (1) <one>oxygene Photosynthese</one> (2) <one>anoxygene Photosynthese</one>
27
+ - Does <one>ethanol formation</one> <two>in heterofermentative organisms</two> <three>yield ATP</three>? <one>No</one>.
28
+ - Acetogens use which molecule as an electron acceptor? CO2. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogen
29
+ - In mixed-acid fermentation: which three different acids are formed? (1) acetic (2) lactic (3) succinic
30
+ - Mixed-acid fermentations are especially characteristic of which bacteria? <one>Enteric bacteria</one>.
31
+ - Do mixed acid fermenters make use of glycolysis? Yes.
32
+ - Is E. coli a mixed-acid fermenter? Yes.
33
+ - <one>Ferredoxin</one> contains which two important atoms? <one>Iron</one> and sulfur. Ferredoxin is thus an iron–sulfur protein.
34
+ - The <one>reverse (reductive) citric acid cycle</one> <two>occurs in which organisms</two>? In <one>green sulfur bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria
35
+ - <one>Bacteria</one> that <two>make use of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway</two>, such as <three>Pseudomonas</three>, share their energy-inefficiency with bacteria using which other metabolic pathway? <one>Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria</one>.
36
+ - Does the Entner-Doudoroff pathway yield NADPH? <one>Yes</one>.
37
+ - Some bacteria can generate H2 from Pyruvate. The electrons are then shuttled via ... ? <one>Ferredoxin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferredoxine
38
+ - <one>One</one> of the precursors of acetyl-CoA is ... ? <one>Pyruvate</one>.
39
+ - <one>Die ersten phototrophen Bakterien</one> waren ... ? Die <one>Rhodospirillaceae</one> (<two>schwefelfreie Purpurbakterien</two>).
40
+ - Photosynthese hängt von ... ab. A: von <one>Licht-empfindlichen Pigmenten</one>.
41
+ - The key intermediate generated ina cetate production is ... ? <one>Acetyl-CoA</one>.
42
+ - Is the genus <one>Clostridium</one> anaerobic? <one>Yes</one>.
43
+ - <one>Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria</one> <two>make use of what pathway early on</two>? The <one>pentose phosphate pathway</one>.
44
+ - Do <one>heterofermenters</one> (lactic acid bacteria) produce pentose phosphate? Yes.
45
+ - Verwende eine alternative Bezeichnung für den <one>Entner-Doudoroff-Weg</one>. A: Dies ist der <one>KDPG-Weg</one>.
46
+ - Does the <one>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</one> occur in eukaryotes? No. It only occurs in prokaryotes and archaea.
47
+ - Does the <one>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</one> <two>occur under both aerobic and anaerobic condition</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
48
+ - The <one>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</one> (<two>ED Pathway</two>) was first discovered in ... which bacterium exactly? <one>Pseudomonas saccharophila</one>.
49
+ - Tritt der <one>KDPG Weg</one> (<two>Entner-Doudoroff-Weg</two>) eher in gram-positiven oder in gram-negativen Bakterien auf? Eher in <one>gram-negativen Bakterien</one>.
50
+ - <one>KDPG</one> bezeichnet den <two>Entner-Doudoroff-Weg</two>, aber wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>KDPG</one>? <one>2-Keto-3-desoxy-6-phosphogluconat</one>.
51
+ - Nenne einen <one>Vorteil</one> des <two>KDPG Weges</two>. A: Dieser Weg erlaubt die Verstoffwechselung von (zum Beispiel) <one>Gluconat</one>. <one>Gluconat</one> kann normalerweise <two>nicht</two> in die Glykolyse eintreten.
52
+ - Name <one>a gram-positive bacterium</one> that makes use of the KDPG pathway. A: <one>Enterococcus faecalis</one>.
53
+ - <one>Welche Aldolase</one> kommt <two>im KDPG-Weg</two> zur Anwendung? Die <one>KDPG-Aldolase</one>.
54
+ - Im <one>KDPG-Weg</one> wird <two>Glucose-6-phosphat</two> <three>über welches Enzym</three> zu <four>6-Phosphogluconat</four> dehydrogeniert? Über die <one>Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase</one>.
55
+ - Kommt es im Zuge des KDPG Wegs zur Synthese von Pyruvat? Ja.
56
+ - Der <one>KDPG-Weg</one> ist <two>bei welcher Bakteriengruppe besonders beliebt</two>? <one>Pseudomonaden</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas
57
+ - <one>Welche Aldolase</one> <two>wird im KDPG-Weg verwendet</two>? Die <one>KDPG-Aldolase</one>.
58
+ - <one>Über welchen Stoffwechselweg</one> wird <two>Gluconat</two> in den Metabolismus eingeschleust? Über den <one>KDPG-Weg</one>.
59
+ - Im <one>KDPG-Weg</one> erzeugt die <two>KDPG-Aldolase</two> zum Einen <three>Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphat</three>; zum Anderen auch ... ? <one>Pyruvat</one>.
60
+ - Kommt es <one>im Zuge des KDPG Wegs</one> zur Synthese von ATP? <one>Ja</one>.
61
+ - Kommt es <one>im Zuge des KDPG Wegs</one> zur Synthese von NADPH? <one>Ja</one>.
62
+ - Als <one>Eintrittsmolekül für den KDPG-Weg</one> können wir welches Molekül annehmen? <one>Glucose-6-phosphat</one>.
63
+ - Der <one>modifizierte KDPG-Weg</one> <two>kommt in welcher Gruppe vor</two>? In <one>Archaea</one>.
64
+ - Im <one>KDPG Weg</one> wird (außer ATP) welche wichtige Substanz synthetisiert? <one>2x Pyruvat</one>.
65
+ - Tritt der KDPG Weg ausschließlich bei Bakterien auf? <one>Ja</one>.
66
+ - <one>Flavoproteins</one> accept 2 e- + 2 H. They donate ... ? They <one>donate only electrons</one>.
67
+ - Nenne <one>ein allgemeines Beispiel</one> für die Entwicklung einer lichtgetriebenen Protonenpumpe, aus Sicht der Evolution. A: Das <one>Photosystem I bei phototrophen Bakterien</one> (= <two>anoxygene Photosynthese</two>).
68
+ - <one>Acetogenesis</one> (<two>in bacteria</two>) yields which molecule? <one>CH₃-C=O-O⁻</one> (in other words, <one>CH₃COO⁻</one>, <two>acetate</two>).
69
+ - <one>Sulfatreduzierende Mikroorganismen</one> <two>bevorzugen generell als Substrate ... </two>? Die <one>Gärungsprodukte anderer Mikroorganismen</one>.
70
+ - Do <one>Cytochromes</one> <two>carry</two> <three>hydrogen atoms</three>? <one>No</one> - they only carry electrons.
71
+ - <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> hat <two>erstmals</two> die <three>oxygene Photosynthese</three> <four>entwickelt</four>? Die <one>Cyanobakterien</one>.
72
+ - <one>PEP</one> can be synthesized from which key intermediate of the <two>CAC</two> (<three>citric acid cycle</three>)? <one>Oxalacetate</one>.
73
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>mixotroph</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet Lebewesen die sowohl Photosynthese als auch eine heterotrophe Ernährungsweise verwenden.
74
+ - Ist die <one>Nitratatmung</one> <two>aerob</two>? <one>Nein</one> - die Nitratatmung ist <two>eine Form der anaeroben Atmung</two>.
75
+ - Die <one>Nitratatmung</one> ist eine Form der ... Atmung? Der <one>anaeroben Atmung</one>.
76
+ - Für anaerobe Bakterien sind welche Schritte in der Glykolyse am wichtigsten? Die <one>ATP-regenerierenden Schritte</one>.
77
+ - <one>Wo</one> kommt die Stickland-Reaktion vor? In <one>peptolytischen Clostridien</one>.
78
+ - <one>NAD</one> <two>besitzt n Kohlenstoff-Atome</two>? <one>21</one>.
79
+ - Name the <one>three different products</one> that are formed during heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation of bacteria. A: (1) <one>lactate</one> (2) ethanol (3) CO₂
80
+ - <one>E. coli</one> besitzt <two>anstelle der Pyruvat-Carboxylase</two> die ... ? <one>PEP-Carboxylase</one>.
81
+ - Für Mikroorganismen: <one>welche drei Quellen</one> für die Generation von Energie können wir unterscheiden? (1) organische Verbindungen (2) <one>anorganische Verbindungen</one> (3) <one>Licht</one>
82
+ - Können <one>Clostridien</one> bei einem sauren pH-Wert wachsen? <one>Nein</one>.
83
+ - Was ist mit einer <one>mesophilen Art</one> gemeint? Dies sind <one>Arten die ein optimales Wachstum im Temperaturbereich 30–40 °C vorweisen</one>.
84
+ - Die <one>Buttersäure</one> <two>besitzt wieviele C-Atome</two>? <one>4</one> (Summenformel: <two>C4H8O₂</two>).
85
+ - Die <one>Ameisensäuregärung</one> kann bei der <two>Identifizierung welcher Bakteriengruppe</two> behilflich sein? Bei den <one>Enterobakterien</one>.
86
+ - Der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt des Calvin-Zyklus ist ... ? Die <one>CO₂-Fixierung</one>.
87
+ - The <one>production of H₂</one> is associated with the activity of the protein <two>ferredoxin</two>. <three>Which two atoms are key to the activity of this protein</three>? (1) <one>iron</one> (2) <one>sulfur</one>
88
+ - Die <one>Elektronen für die Stickstoffixierung</one> werden durch ... bereitgestellt. A: Durch <one>Ferredoxin</one> (ein <two>FeS-Protein</two>).
89
+ - <one>Hydrogenase</one> <two>produces H2</two>. Which protein does it need for this activity? <one>Ferredoxin</one>.
90
+ - Was ist <one>das erste Zwischenprodukt im Calvin-Zyklus</one>? <one>3-Phophoglycerat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Phosphoglyceric_acid
91
+ - Different classes of cytochromes are designated by letters, such as cytochrome a or cytochrome b. This distinction is based on ... ? Based on the type of heme they contain.
92
+ - <one>Cytochromes</one> are proteins that contain ... groups. A: <one>heme prosthetic groups</one>.
93
+ - Was ist die <one>Stickland-Reaktion</one>? Dies ist <one>die gekoppelte Vergärung zweier Aminosäuren</one>.
94
+ - Which two types of flavins are commonly found in cells? (1) flavin mononucleotide (FMN) (2) flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
95
+ - Nenne <one>fünf Mikroorganismen</one> <two>die Stickstoff fixieren</two>. A: (1) <one>Diazotrophs</one> (2) <one>Cyanobacteria</one> (3) Azotobacteraceae (4) <one>Rhizobia</one> (5) <one>Frankia</one>
96
+ - Name one group of very important small nonprotein electron carriers. A: The <one>quinones</one>.
97
+ - <one>Electron transport</one> in a bacterium takes place where? Within the cytoplasmic membrane.
98
+ - Wie könnten wir den Begriff <one>obligate Gärer</one> umschreiben? Dies sind <one>Bakterien die nur unter anoxischen Bedingungen wachsen können</one>.
99
+ - Die <one>Hydrogenase</one> <two>wird von Knallgasbakterien eingesetzt</two>. <three>Welchen Kofaktor verwendet die Hydrogenase</three>? <one>Ni²⁺</one>.
100
+ - The <one>Calvin cycle</one> produces ... ? <one>Hexoses</one>.
101
+ - Das Hauptprodukt der Sulfat-Atmung ist ... ? <one>H₂S</one>.
102
+ - How many <one>ATP</one> and <one>NADPH molecules</one> are required to synthesize one C6 sugar hexose, during the <three>calvin cycle</three>? <one>12 NADPH</one>; <one>18 ATP</one>.
103
+ - Der am weitesten verbreitete Mechanismus der CO2-Fixierung ist ... ? Der <one>Calvin-Zyklus</one>.
104
+ - <one>Autotrophs</one> <two>can be classified into which two general groups</two>, depending on how they obtain energy? (1) <one>chemoautotrophs</one> (2) <one>photoautotrophs</one>
105
+ - <three>Which genus</three> among the bacteria has been widely used for the study of <one>sulfate reduction</one>? <one>Desulfovibrio</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfovibrio
106
+ - Enthalten <three>Methanogene</three> das Enzym <one>Katalase</one>? <one>Nein</one>.
107
+ - Die <one>Buttersäuregärer</one> werden in <two>saccharolytische Arten</two> respektive in <two>peptolytische Arten</two> eingeteilt. <three>Was ist damit gemeint</three>? (1) saccharolytisch: Kohlehydrate vergärend (2) <one>peptolytisch</one>: <two>Aminosäuren vergärend</two>
108
+ - <one>Anoxygenic phototrophs</one> <two>use what kind of chlorophyll</two>? They use <one>bacteriochlorophyll</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriochlorophyll
109
+ - Organismen, die Photosynthese betreiben, bezeichnet man als ... ? <one>Autotrophe</one>.
110
+ - Die Gattung <one>Propionibakterium</one> <two>gehört zu welchem Phylum</two>? Zu den <one>Actinobacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria
111
+ - How do we call <one>organisms that carry out photosynthesis</one>? <one>Phototrophs</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototroph
112
+ - Die <one>oxygene Photosynthese</one> <two>hat sich vor etwa n Jahren entwickelt</two>. A: Vor etwa <one>2.7 Milliarden Jahren</one>.
113
+ - <one>Wieviele ATP-Moleküle</one> werden zur <two>Bildung von 2x Laktat</two> verbraucht? <one>2 ATP</one>.
114
+ - Do <one>clostridium</one> <two>form endospores</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium
115
+ - <one>Propionsäure</one> wird von Mikroorganismen hauptsächlich aus ... gebildet. A: Aus <one>Laktat</one>.
116
+ - <one>Welche Bakterien</one> verwenden als einzige <two>Wasser</two> als Elektronendonator für ihre Biosynthesen? Die <one>Cyanobakterien</one>.
117
+ - Sind <one>acetogene</one> und <one>methanogene Mikroorganismen</one> <two>aerob oder anaerob</two>? Sie sind <one>strikt anaerob</one>.
118
+ - In several <one>fermentations</one>, <two>redox balance is maintained</two> by the production of molecular ... ? <one>hydrogen</one> (<two>H₂</two>).
119
+ - In bacterial fermentation, <one>ATP</one> is typically synthesized via ... ? <one>substrate-level phosphorylation</one>.
120
+ - Wachsen <one>Buttersäuregärer</one> im <two>saurem Milieu</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
121
+ - In der <one>Buttersäuregärung</one> <two>durch die Clostridien</two> werden <three>2 Acetyl-CoA zu ... kondensiert</three>. A: <one>Acetoacetyl-CoA</one>.
122
+ - A <one>quinone</one>, such as <two>coenzyme Q</two>, typically has which two states? (1) the <one>oxidized state</one> (2) the <one>reduced state</one>
123
+ - Can <one>Knallgas bacteria</one> <two>fix carbon dioxide</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
124
+ - Name <one>the two major substances</one> <two>produced</two> by the <three>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</three>. A: (1) <one>pyruvate</one> (2) <one>glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</one>
125
+ - The <one>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</one> <two>breaks down ... </two>? <one>Glucose</one>.
126
+ - Entsteht bei der <one>Propionsäuregärung</one> <two>CO₂</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
127
+ - <one>Bacteria</one> <two>can break down TNT</two>. <three>TNT will be first denitrated to ... </three>? <one>Toluene</one>.
128
+ - <one>Carboxidotrophe Bakterien</one> <two>setzen welche Substanz frei</two>? <one>CO₂</one>.
129
+ - Das <one>Nicotinamidadenindinukleotid</one> (<one>NAD</one>) <two>wurde im Jahre ... </two>von Arthur Harden und William Young <two>entdeckt</two>. A: <one>1906</one>.
130
+ - <one>Clostridien</one> <two>sind für welche Gärung berühmt</two>? Für die <one>Buttersäuregärung</one>.
131
+ - <one>Aerobic iron bacteria</one> face which unusual challenge? When <one>reduced iron</one> meets O₂, it spontaneously oxidizes to form rust.
132
+ - Stoffwechselwege haben welche zwei Funktionen? (1) Bereitstellung von Vorstufen (2) Energie für Biosynthesen und andere Energie verbrauchende Prozesse
133
+ - Die <one>Methanogenese</one> wird zur <two>Carbonatatmung</two> gezählt und wird von Archaeen geleistet. <three>Hierbei werden eigentlich nur welche zwei Substrate verwertet</three>? (1) <one>Acetat</one> (2) <one>Wasserstoff</one>
134
+ - Bei den <one>methanbildenden Archaea</one> - wie zum Beispiel bei <i>Methanosarcina</i> - fungiert <two>welches Coenzym</two> als Elektronenüberträger? <one>Faktor F₄₂₀</one>.
135
+ - Die <one>Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide</one> <two>NADH</two> und <two>NADPH</two> <three>fungieren als Elektronenüberträger bei ... </three>? <one>Redoxreaktionen</one>.
136
+ - <one>How</one> do bacteria form <two>Pentoses</two> in general? They <one>remove one carbon atom from a hexose</one> in the form of CO₂.
137
+ - Die erste Prokaryoten waren, aus Sicht der mikrobiellen Physiologie, vermutlich ... ? <one>anaerobe Gärer</one>.
138
+ - Do the <one>acetogens</one> <two>yield water</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogen
139
+ - <one>Welche physische Form</one> besitzen die <two>Bifidobakterien</two>? <two>Y-förmig</two> (<one>bifidus = zweigespalten</one>)
140
+ - Können wir <one>Clostridium</one> als <two>obligaten Gärer</two> bezeichnen? <one>Ja</one>.
141
+ - Nenne <one>ein sehr wichtiges Ergebnis mikrobiellen Stoffwechsels</one>. A: <one>Sauerstoff</one>.
142
+ - The reduction of <one>SO₄²⁻</one> to <one>H₂S</one> <two>requires n electrons</two>? <one>8</one>.
143
+ - <one>Welches Photosystem</one> findet bei der <two>anoxygenen Photosynthese</two> Verwendung? <one>Bakteriochlorophyll</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophylle
144
+ - Das Pendant zur <one>Phototrophie</one> ist ... ? Die <one>Chemotrophie</one> (<two>chemotrophy</two> in der englischen Sprache).
145
+ - Was sind <one>Xylanasen</one>? Enzyme die <one>Xylane</one> (<two>in pflanzlichen Zellwänden</two>) aufschließen können.
146
+ - Nenne <one>einen Mikroorganismus im Ozean</one> der <two>CO₂ fixiert</two>. A: <one>Prochlorococcus marinus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus_marinus
147
+ - The enzyme <one>hydrogenase</one> typically contains <two>which key metal cofactor</two>? <one>Ni²⁺</one>.
148
+ - Gehören die <one>Knallgasbakterien</one> zu den <two>chemolitotrophen Bakterien</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
149
+ - The <one>key intermediate</one> <two>generated in acetate production is ... </two>? <one>Acetyl-CoA</one>.
150
+ - Why do many hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria prefer microaerobic conditions? Because <one>their hydrogenase is inhibited by the presence of oxygen</one> - yet, yet oxygen is still needed as a terminal electron acceptor in the reaction.
151
+ - Bei der <one>Lichtatmung</one> reagiert das Enzym <three>RubisCO</three> mit O₂ und es entsteht ... ? <one>2-Phosphoglykolat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phosphoglycolate
152
+ - <one>Which genus</one> is very efficient at <two>propionic acid fermentation</two>? <one>Clostridium</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium
153
+ - Name a bacterium that employs <one>hydrogenase</one> and exerts hydrogen oxidation. A: <one>Ralstonia eutropha</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupriavidus_necator
154
+ - In fermentation: <one>Acetyl-CoA</one> can be used by a bacterium to yield Acetate, a C2 body. <two>Which intermediate is between these two substances</two>? <one>Acetyl Phosphate</one>. Note that this steps also yields ATP.
155
+ - Verwenden <one>Cyanobakterien</one> den <two>Calvin-Zyklus</two>? <one>Ja</one> - zumindest <two>die phototrophen Cyanobakterien</two>.
156
+ - Die <one>Buttersäuregärung</one> ist welch anderer Gärung ähnlich? Der <one>homofermentativen Milchsäuregärung</one>.
157
+ - <one>FAD</one> is derived from ... ? <one>riboflavin</one>.
158
+ - Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für ein Knallgasbakterium. A: <one>Ralstonia eutropha</one>.
159
+ - <one>Knallgasbakterien</one> sind fakultativ ... ? <one>chemolithoautotroph</one>.
160
+ - What are <one>hydrogenases</one>? Hydrogenases are enzymes that perform redox reac­tions that produce or consume H2.
161
+ - Ein besserer Name für die <one>Knallgasbakterien</one> wäre ... ? <one>Wasserstoff-oxidierende Bakterien</one>.
162
+ - Name a bacterium that can synthesize <one>polyhydroxyalkanoate</one>. A: <one>Ralstonia eutrophicus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoates
163
+ - Bei den <one>Methanogenen</one> ist <two>die einzige abbaubare C₂-Verbindung ... </two>? <one>Acetat</one>.
164
+ - Können sich <one>Rhizobien</one> <two>aktiv bewegen</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
165
+ - Was sind <one>Polyosen</one>? <one>Polyosen</one> sind <two>Mehrfachzucker</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyose
166
+ - Are <one>hydrogenases</one> <two>sensitive to oxygen</two>? Typically <one>yes</one>.
167
+ - One of the <one>precursors of acetyl-CoA</one> is ... ? <one>pyruvate</one>.
168
+ - Does <one>acetogenesis</one> make use of <two>substrate-level phosphorylation</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
169
+ - Give another name for <one>the use of light energy</one>. A: <one>Phototrophy</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototroph
170
+ - Is the <one>acetyl-CoA pathway</one> <two>of CO₂-fixation</two> a cycle? <one>No</one>.
171
+ - Give another name for <one>CO-oxidizing bacteria</one>. A: <one>Carboxydotrophic bacteria</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3153156/
172
+ - Die <one>wichtigste Carbonat-Atmung</one> ist die ... ? <one>Methanogenese</one>.
173
+ - Gibt es <one>sulfatreduzierende Mikroorganismen</one>, die <three>aerob atmen</three>? <one>Nein</one>.
174
+ - Give another name for <one>sugar-fermenting</one>. A: <one>Saccharolytic</one>.
175
+ - How can we <one>define</one> <two>an energy-rich compound</two>? This typically refers to <one>an organic compound that contains an energy-rich phosphate bond</one>. The hydrolysis of this bond is highly exergonic.
176
+ - <one>NAD⁺</one> <two>ist ein Coenzym von ... </two>? <one>Dehydrogenasen</one>.
177
+ - Name <one>a key enzyme</one> of the <two>acetyl-CoA pathway</two>. A: <one>Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_dehydrogenase
178
+ - Nenne ein wichtiges Produkt, das im Zuge der <one>Propionsäuregärung</one> erhalten wird. A: Der <one>Emmentaler-Käse</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmentaler
179
+ - <one>Mikroorganismen</one> verwenden <two>anaplerotische Reaktionen</two>. <three>Welche Substanz vor allem wird hier regeneriert</three>? <one>Oxalacetat</one>.
180
+ - Some bacteria are called <one>lithotrophs</one>. <two>What does this word mean, literally</two>? <one>Rock eaters</one>.
181
+ - <one>Methanogene Organismen</one> gehören zu ...? Den <one>Archaea</one> (<two>Euryarchaeota</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryarchaeota
182
+ - <one>Pyruvat</one> wird unter <two>anaeroben Bedingungen</two> primär <three>zu welchen zwei Substanzen metabolisiert</three>, von Bakterien? (1) <one>Ethanol</one> (2) <one>Laktat</one>
183
+ - Benötigt der <one>Transport von Sulfat ins Cytoplasma</one> <two>bei der Sulfatreduktion</two> Energie? <one>Ja</one>.
184
+ - <one>Wieviel ATP pro Glucose</one> wird im <two>Phosphoketolase-Weg</two> erzeugt? <one>1 ATP</one>.
185
+ - Benötigen <one>Mikroaerophile</one> <two>Sauerstoff</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Sie können nämlich nicht fermentieren.
186
+ - Vergleiche die <one>Energieeffizienz</one> von <three>Homofermentierern</three> zu <three>Heterofermentierern</three>. A: <one>Heterofermentierer</one> <two>sind nur halb so effizient</two>. <three>Homofermentierer sind somit doppelt so effizient</three>.
187
+ - Was ist <one>Phototrophie</one>? Unter <one>Phototrophie</one> versteht man <two>die Nutzung von Licht als Energiequelle</two>.
188
+ - <one>Acetogenesis</one> <two>uses which pathway</two>? The <one>acetyl-CoA pathway</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93Ljungdahl_pathway
189
+ - <one>Bei welcher Bakteriengruppe</one> finden wir den <two>Phosphoketolase-Weg</two>? Bei den <one>heterofermentativen Milchsäurebakterien</one>.
190
+ - <one>Archaea</one> have <two>which two variants of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway</two>? (1) the <one>semiphosphorylative ED</one> (2) the <one>nonphosphorylative ED</one>
191
+ - Die <one>häufigste biochemische Reaktion</one> auf dem Planeten Erde ist ... ? Die <one>Photosynthese</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese
192
+ - Nenne <one>ein Beispiel für ein denitrifizierendes Bakterium</one>. A: <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i>.
193
+ - Das <one>Endprodukt der Ameisensäuregärung</one> ist ... ? <one>Formiat</one> - das <two>Anion der Ameisensäure</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiat
194
+ - Bei der <one>vollständigen Denitrifikation</one> entsteht ... ? <one>N₂</one>. URL: https://www.duengerfuchs.de/wissenswertes/stickstoffduengung/der-stickstoffkreislauf/
195
+ - There is only one group of bacteria that makes use of <one>oxygenic photosynthesis</one>. <two>Which one is that</two>? The <one>cyanobacteria</one>.
196
+ - Was ist <one>Schwefelatmung</one>? Dies ist <one>Atmung</one> mit elementaren Schwefel als terminalen Elektonenakzeptor.
197
+ - Name a bacterium that can feed off of <one>succinate</one> and grow in an anoxic condition. A: <one>Propionigenium modestum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionigenium_modestum
198
+ - Bei der <one>Nitratatmung</one>: <two>welche Substanz fungiert hier als terminaler Elektronenakzeptor</two>? <one>Nitrat</one> (<two>NO₃⁻</two>).
199
+ - Nenne <one>ein Enzym das NAD⁺ benötigt</one>. A: Die <one>Alkoholdehydrogenase (ADH)</one>.
200
+ - Central to the concept of <one>substrate-level phosphorylation</one> is the concept of ... ? <one>Energy-rich compounds</one>.
201
+ - <one>Ralstonia eutrophia</one> employs <two>a cytoplasmic hydrogenase</two>. This one reduces NAD⁺ to NADH. This NADH is then fed into which metabolic pathway? Into the <one>Calvin cycle</one>.
202
+ - Die <one>heterofermentative Milchsäuregärung</one> produziert <two>CO₂</two>. <three>Woher kommt dieser</three>? Aus <one>6-phosphogluconate</one>.
203
+ - Die <one>Propionsäuregärung</one> <two>durch Propionsäurebakterien</two> erfolgt in welchem Weg? Im <one>Methylmalonyl-CoA-Weg</one>.
204
+ - Why the name <one>hydrogenosome</one>? Because a <one>hydrogenosome</one> produces - and thus releases - <two>H₂</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenosome
205
+ - <one>Microbial metabolism</one> can be arranged according to <two>which three principles</two>? (1) <one>How to</one> <two>obtain carbon</two>. (2) How to obtain reducing equivalents. And (3) <one>How to</one> <two>obtain energy</two>.
206
+ - Based on the <one>carbon cycle</one> we can <two>group microorganisms into which two general groups</two>? (1) <one>autotrophs</one> (2) <one>heterotrophs</one>
207
+ - Manche <one>Sulfatreduzierer</one> besitzen <two>ein primitives Sauerstoffschutzsystem</two>. <three>Welches Enzym wird hierbei verwendet</three>? Die <one>Rutrexodin-Oxidoreduktase</one>.
208
+ - Im <one>Phosphoketolase-Weg</one> entsteht <two>welche wichtige Substanz</two>, welches wiederum Substrat für das Schlüssenzym (Phosphoketolase) ist? Die <one>C5-Verbindung</one> <two>Xylulose-5-Phosphat</two>.
209
+ - Können wir eine <one>Vorraussage</one> machen über <two>bakterielle Strukturgene in einem metabolischen Pfad</two>? <one>Ja</one>: <two>sie liegen oft hintereinander kodiert vor im bakteriellen Chromosom</two>.
210
+ - Do <one>gas vacuoles</one> in bacteria have a <two>metabolic function</two>? <one>No</one>. They only <two>control buoyancy of cells</two>, which allows these cells to position themselves at the optimum illumination in a given water column.
211
+ - What is the role of the <one>anammoxosome</one> found in some bacteria? The <one>anammoxosome</one> is <two>the site of energy production</two>.
212
+ - To <one>produce energy from glucose</one>, <two>microorganisms use which two general processes</two>? (1) <one>cellular respiration</one> and (2) <one>fermentation</one>.
213
+ - Wieso wirkt die <one>Milchsäuregärung</one> <two>konservierend</two>? Weil sie zu einer <one>Ansäuerung</one> führt; <two>dies wiederum hemmt das Wachstum vieler anaerober Bakterien</two>.
214
+ - Can <one>green sulfur bacteria</one> - such as <i>Chlorobium</i> - <two>fix CO₂</two>? <one>Yes</one>, <two>via the reverse citric acid cycle</two>.
215
+ - Name <one>two examples</one> and <one>two types</one> for <two>Siderophores</two>. A: (1) <one>phenolic siderophors</one>: can be found in <two>Enterobactin</two> (2) <one>peptide siderophores</one>: can be found in <two>Aquaecholin</two>
216
+ - Welche <one>drei Phasen</one> gibt es <two>im Wachstumszyklus von filamentösen Pilzen</two>? (1) <one>Keimung</one> (2) <one>Hyphenwachstum</one> (3) <one>Vermehrung</one> (über Sporen; Sporulation)
217
+ - What is the <one>Idiophase</one>? The <one>Idiophase</one> is a period in culture growth during which secondary metabolites are produced. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/idiophase
218
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>hypometabolische Zellform</one> gemeint? <one>Sporen</one>.
219
+ - <one>Which metabolic pathway</one> is <two>the major biochemical pathway by which phototrophic organisms incorporate CO₂ into cell material</two>? The <one>Calvin cycle</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle
220
+ - How do we call, in <three>bacteria</three> capable of doing <one>anoxygenic photosynthesis</one>, the structures in which anoxygenic photosynthesis is performed? <one>Chlorosomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosome
221
+ - The main input-molecule for a <one>hydrogenosome</one> is ... ? <one>Pyruvate</one>.
222
+ - Für die <one>Acetogenese</one> wird <two>Wasserstoff</two> benötigt, sowie ... <three>welch anderes Molekül</three>? <one>Kohlendioxid</one> (<two>CO₂</two>).
223
+ - <one>Acetogene Bakterien</one> <two>erzeugen was genau</two>? <one>Acetat</one> (<two>CH₃-COOH</two>) sowie 2x <two>H₂O</two>.
224
+ - Was ist <one>Sapropel</one>? <one>Faulschlamm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapropel
225
+ - Einige <one>Methanogene</one> enthalten welches alternative <two>Sauerstoffschutzsystem</two>? <one>Thioredoxin-Oxidoreductase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioredoxin
226
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Lösungsmittelgärung</one>? <one>Butanolgärung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butters%C3%A4ureg%C3%A4rung#L%C3%B6sungsmittelg%C3%A4rung
227
+ - What may we find <one>inside of a carboxysome</one>? The enzyme called <one>RuBisCO</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxysome
228
+ - Can <one>hydrogen bacteria</one> (<two>hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria</two>) <three>live autotrophically</three>? <one>Yes</one>, most of them can. <two>They make use of the Calvin cycle to incorporate CO₂</two>.
229
+ - The <one>end product of sulfate reduction</one> is ... ? <one>H₂S</one> (<two>hydrogen sulfide</two>).
230
+ - <one>An wen</one> gibt <two>NADH</two> seine Elektronen ab in der mitochondrialen Atmungskette? An <one>O₂</one>.
231
+ - Bei der <one>biologischen Denitrifikation</one>: was ist die <two>Ausgangssubstanz</two>, was die <two>Endsubstanz</two>? A: <one>NO₂</one> zu <one>N₂</one>. URL: https://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Denitrifikation.html
232
+ - <one>Which cofactor</one> is <two>used by the cytoplasmic hydrogenase</two>? <one>NAD⁺</one>, <two>which is reduced to NADH by the hydrogenase</two>.
233
+ - Die <one>drei prinzipiellen Möglichkeiten der mikrobiellen Energiegewinnung</one> sind ... ? (1) <one>Atmung</one> (2) <one>Gärung</one> (3) <one>Photosynthese</one>
234
+ - Ein anderer Name für <one>den Stoffwechselweg der Acetogenese</one> ist ... ? Der <one>Wood-Ljungdahl-Weg</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93Ljungdahl_pathway
235
+ - <one>Propionibakterien</one> betreiben die Propionsäuregärung. Nenne eine weitere Bakteriengruppe die diese Form der Gärung verwendet und mit dem Buchstaben <two>C</two> beginnt. A: <one>Clostridien</one>.
236
+ - <one>Which important substance</one> is excreted from the hydrogenosome into the cytoplasm of the host cell? <one>Acetate</one>.
237
+ - The chemolithoautotrophic metabolism of <one>Alcaligenes eutrophus</one> makes use of a <two>dimeric, membrane-associated hydrogenase</two>. <three>Where is this hydrogenase encoded</three>? It is carried by the <one>endogenous megaplasmid pHG1</one>, occupying more than 7.5 kb of megaplasmid DNA.
238
+ - Bei der <one>Substratkettenphosphorylierung</one>: <two>wie muss das Gruppenübertragungspotential von ATP aussehen damit die Reaktion stattfinden kann</two>? Das Gruppenübertragungspotential von ATP muss <one>geringer sein</one> als das des Zwischenproduktes.
239
+ - <one>Welche Funktion</one> erfüllt die <two>Substratkettenphosphorylierung</two>? <one>Schnellen Gewinnung von ATP</one>.
240
+ - For <one>propionic acid fermentation in bacteria</one>: <two>what is the central input molecule</two>? <one>Lactate</one>.
241
+ - Besitzen <one>Sulfatreduzierer</one> ein <two>Sauerstoffschutz-System</two>? Manche, so wie <one>Desulfovibrio</one>, ja. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfovibrio
242
+ - <one>Hydrogen bacteria</one> should better be called ... ? <one>Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria</one>.
243
+ - The first stage in <one>carbohydrate catabolism of microorganism</one> is usually ... ? <one>Glycolysis</one>.
244
+ - Die <one>Reaktionsgleichung</one> für die <two>bakterielle Acetogenese</two> lautet ... ? <one>2 CO₂ + 4 H₂ ←→ Acetat + 2 H₂O</one>.
245
+ - In bacterial <one>sulfur disproportionation</one>: <two>which substance is the input-molecule</two>? <one>S₂O₃</one><two>²⁻</two>.
246
+ - Im Zuge der <one>mikrobiellen Sulfatatmung</one>: <two>Sulfat wird zu welcher Substanz reduziert</two>? Zu <one>Schwefelwasserstoff</one> (<two>H₂S</two>).
247
+ - Bei der <one>Acetogenese</one>: wer dient als <two>Elektronendonor</two>? Die <one>vier Wasserstoff-Moleküle</one>.
248
+ - Do all <one>sulfate-reducing bacteria</one> use <three>H₂</three>? Essentially <one>yes</one>.
249
+ - <one>Propionigenium modestum</one> uses what as <two>electron donor</two>? <one>Succinate</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionigenium_modestum
250
+ - Summenformel von <one>Cellulose</one>? <one>Cellulose</one> <two>(C₆H₁₀O₅)n</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose
251
+ - The major biochemical reaction in a <one>hydrogenosome</one> is ... ? The <one>oxidation of pyruvate</one> to <two>H₂</two>, <two>CO₂</two>, and <two>acetate</two>.
252
+ - Compare <one>assimilative sulfate reduction</one> with <one>dissimilative sulfate reduction</one>: which of these two will <two>yield more H₂S</two>, viewed globally? <one>Dissimilative sulfate reduction</one> wield yield more H₂S, globally.
253
+ - Give another name for <one>diazotrophic microorganisms</one>. A: <one>Bacterial fertilizers</one>.
254
+ - Verwenden Bakterien <one>Wasser</one> als Elektronendonor? Ja, manche tun dies.
255
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>Embden-Meyerhof-Weg</one>? <one>Klassische Glykolyse</one>.
256
+ - <one>Chlorophylls</one> contain ... at the center of the ring. A: <one>Magnesium</one>.
257
+ - Was sind <one>Dioxygenasen</one>? Dies sind <two>Enzyme</two>, die beide Atome eines <one>Sauerstoffmoleküls</one> (<one>O₂</one>) auf ein Substrat übertragen.
258
+ - Nenne ein <one>Milchsäurebakterium</one>, das mit dem Buchstaben <three>B</three> beginnt. A: <one>Bifidobacterium</one>.
259
+ - Wie nennen wir die <one>sulfatreduzierenden Mikroorganismen</one>? Dies sind die <one>Desulfurikanten</one>.
260
+ - The end product of <one>sulfate reduction</one> is ... ? <one>H₂S</one> (<one>hydrogen sulfide</one>).
261
+ - The <one>Calvin cycle</one> usually occurs in ... ? <one>Carboxysomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxysome
262
+ - Die <one>Substratkettenphosphorylierung</one> produziert welche (möglichen) Endprodukte? (1) <one>ATP</one> (2) <one>GTP</one>
263
+ - Name a bacterium that can make use of the <one>glyoxylate bypass</one>. A: <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>.
264
+ - Name the two large groups of <one>prokaryotic phototrophs</one>. A: (1) The <one>purple and green sulfur bacteria</one> (2) The <one>cyanobacteria</one>
265
+ - Formal überträgt <one>Nicotinamidadenindinukleotid</one> was? Ein <one>Hydridion</one> (also eigentlich ein Wasserstoffatom).
266
+ - <one>Acetogenesis in bacteria</one> is linked to ... ? <one>ion pumps</one>.
267
+ - <one>FeS</one> + <one>H₂S</one> führt zur Entstehung von ... ? (1) <one>FeS₂</one> (2) <one>H₂</one>
268
+ - Metabolisch betrachtet, nenne eine wichtige Funktion der <one>Gärer</one>. A: <one>Gärungen leiten oft den Abbau von Biopolymeren ein</one>.
269
+ - Bei den <one>Sulfatreduzierern</one>: die <three>unvollständigen Oxidierer</three> scheiden als Endprodukt ... aus? <one>Acetat</one>.
270
+ - Bei der <one>Propionsäuregärung</one>: wenn das Substrat <two>Laktat</two> ist, wird diese Gärungsform auch ... genannt. A: <one>sekundäre Gärung</one>.
271
+ - Was können wir zum <one>Substratspektrum der Methanogenen</one> festhalten? Dieses ist primär <one>auf C1-Verbindungen</one>, wie Methan, <one>beschränkt</one>; aber auch <two>C2-Verbindungen</two> wie <two>Acetat</two> können herangezogen werden.
272
+ - In der Mikrobiologie: was sind sogenannte <one>Vorkulturen</one>? Dies sind Kulturen <one>bevor</one> man diese in einen <two>Fermenter</two> überführt.
273
+ - Give an example for <one>metabolic chaos</one> in microbiology. A: When the medium of bacteria is abruptly changed.
274
+ - Name <one>an archaea that is a sulfate reducer</one>. A: <one>Archaeoglobus</one>.
275
+ - Im <one>Calvin Zyklus</one>: das Enzym <two>RubisCO</two> erzeugt hier was genau? <one>PGA</one>: <two>3-phosphoglyceric acid</two>.
276
+ - Give a famous example for <one>a mutualistic relationship</one>. A: The <one>legume-root nodule symbiosis</one>.
277
+ - What are <one>Ectomycorrhizae</one>? Intimate beneficial association between plant roots and fungi.
278
+ - Why do microorganisms living under <one>natural conditions</one>, require fermentation? Because many microbial habitats are <one>anoxic</one>.
279
+ - Die Substanz <one>APS</one> ist ... ? <one>Adenosinphosphosulfat</one> (<one>Adenosin-phospho-sulfat</one>).
280
+ - Das Gen <one>TgAaaH1</one> kodiert für ...? Eine <one>tyrosine hydroxylase</one>.
281
+ - If a Bacterium is named <one>Nitro-</one>, what can we conclude? This is a <one>nitrate producer</one>.
282
+ - Nenne eine Bakteriengruppe die den <one>reduktiven Acetyl-CoA-Weg</one> verwendet. A: Die <one>acetogenen Bakterien</one>.
283
+ - Finden wir <one>Sulfatreduktion</one> auch bei den <three>Archaea</three>? Ja - bei <one>Archaeoglobus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoglobus
284
+ - Die <one>Sulfatreduktion</one> beginnt mit ... ? <one>Dem Transport von Sulfat ins Cytoplasma</one>.
285
+ - What is meant with the term <one>enrichment culture</one>? The use of selective growth media that support certain classes of microbial metabolism while excluding others.
286
+ - How many <one>RubisCO molecules</one> <two>are present per carboxysome</two> (as part of the <three>calvin cycle</three>)? About <one>250 RubisCO molecules</one> are present per <two>carboxysome</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxysome
287
+ - Nenne <one>eine Bakteriumgruppe</one>, die <two>Nitrit</two> <three>oxidieren kann</three>. A: <one>Nitrobacter</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobacter
288
+ - Gibt es <one>psychrophile</one> <two>Desulfobulbaceae</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
289
+ - Does <one>fermentation of amino acids</one>, <two>in Clostridia</two>, <three>release CO₂</three>? <one>Yes</one>.
290
+ - Nenne eine <one>Bakteriengattung</one>, die den <two>KDPG-Weg</two> für den Glucoseabbau verwendet. A: Die <one>Pseudomonaden</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadaceae
291
+ - <one>Aerobe Knallgasbakterien</one> <two>verwenden etwa</two> ... <three>wieviel Prozent des H₂ zur Synthese von Zellmasse</three>? Etwa <one>ein Drittel</one> (<two>~30%</two>).
292
+ - <one>Which bacteria</one> are <two>famous</two> for using the <three>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</three>? The <one>pseudomonads</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadaceae
293
+ - <one>Which key compound</one> of the <two>Calvin cycle</two> <three>also occurs in glycolysis</three>? <one>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</one>.
294
+ - Can <one>RubisCO</one> be found in the <two>Calvin Cycle</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
295
+ - Kommt es <one>im Zuge des KDPG Wegs</one> zur <two>Synthese von NADH</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
296
+ - Für die Herstellung von <one>Schweizer Emmentaler-Käse</one> werden <two>Propionibakterien</two> benötigt. Sind diese Bakterien <three>gram-positiv</three> oder <three>gram-negativ</three>? <one>Propionibakterien</one> sind <two>gram-positiv</two>.
297
+ - Bei der <one>Vergärung</one> von <two>Pyruvat</two> zu <two>Ethanol</two>: <three>welche Substanz liegt zwischen diesen beiden Molekülen</three>? <one>Acetaldehyd</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyd
298
+ - <one>Energy source</one> <two>used in the calvin cycle</two>? <one>ATP</one>; <two>12x ATP for 12 PGAs</two>; six more ATPs are required for converting 6 ribulose phosphates to 6 ribulose bisphosphates.
299
+ - Ein <one>Durchlauf im Calvin-Zyklus</one> <two>benötigt n ATP Moleküle</two>? <one>18 ATP pro Durchlauf</one>.
300
+ - In order for the <one>quinone</one> <two>coenzyme Q</two> to become reduced, how many H-atoms does it have to accept? <one>2</one>.
301
+ - Welche <one>Bakteriengruppe</one> verwendet den <two>KDPG-Weg</two> beim Glucose-Katabolismus? Die <one>Pseudomonaden</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas
302
+ - Ist die <one>Phototrophie</one> <two>eine ursprüngliche Entwicklung von Bakterien</two>? <one>Ja</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototrophie
303
+ - Can <one>bacteria</one> <two>break down TNT</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
304
+ - Entsteht im <one>Phosphoketolase-Weg</one> <two>Acylphosphat</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
305
+ - Sind <one>Propionibakterien</one> <two>beweglich</two>? <one>Nein</one> - es handelt sich bei Propionibakterien um <two>unbewegliche Stäbchen</two>.
306
+ - What is <one>anoxygenic photosynthesis</one>? When <one>oxygen</one> is <two>not</two> produced.
307
+ - Wie werden <one>Bakterien</one> genannt, die <two>Photosynthese betreiben</two>? <one>Phototrophe Bakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototrophie#Phototrophe_Prokaryoten
308
+ - <one>Knallgasbakterien</one> verwenden <two>welches Enzym</two> für die Knallgasreaktion? Die <one>Hydrogenase</one>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie-kompakt/wasserstoff-oxidierende-bakterien/12739
309
+ - <one>What</one> <two>couples anabolic and catabolic reactions</two>? <one>ATP</one>.
310
+ - Können <two>Flechten</two> <one>CO₂</one> fixieren? <one>Ja</one>.
311
+ - Das <one>wichtigste Enzym in den Heterocysten der Cyanobakterien</one> ist ... ? die <one>Nitrogenase</one>.
312
+ - What is formed when <one>hydrogen</one> (<one>H₂</one>) is oxidized? <one>Water</one>.
313
+ - Wie lösen <one>obligat fermentative Organismen</one> das Problem der <two>Überproduktion von NADH</two>? Sie haben <one>keinen kompletten citric acid cycle</one>.
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Mitochondria
3
+ # =========================================================================== #
4
+
5
+ - Zwischen den beiden mitochondrialen Membranen liegt ... ? der <one>Intermembranraum</one>.
6
+ - Im Genom menschlicher Mitochondrien gibt es Gene wie zum Beispiel <one>ATP8</one>. Wofür kodiert das ATP8-Gen? Das ATP8-Gen, genauer bezeichnet MT-ATP8-Gen, kodiert für die Untereinheit 8 der ATP synthase (mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase membrane subunit 8), im F0 Teil der ATPase. Das MT-ATP8 Protein wiegt nur 8 kDa und besteht aus 68 Aminosäuren. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-ATP8
7
+ - Erfolgt im Zuge der Reifung der menschlichen Eizelle eine Vermehrung der Mitochondrien? Ja, sogar eine enorme Zunahme. Eine reife menschliche Eizelle hat dann einige hunderttausend Mitochondrien.
8
+ - Die <one>D-Schleifen-Region</one> im Genom menschlicher Mitochondrien ist in etwa n bp lang? Etwa <one>1100bp</one>.
9
+ - <one>Mitochondriale RNAs</one> <two>in Vertebratenzellen</two> zeigen - <three>strukturell betrachtet</three> - <three>Besonderheiten</three>. <four>Nenne eine solche Besonderheit</four>. A: Sie besitzen <one>keine 7-Methylguanosin-Kappe</one>.
10
+ - Nenne die <one>fünf Enzymkomplexe</one>, die Teil der Atmungskette in den Mitochondrien sind. A: (1) <one>Komplex I</one>: <two>NADH-Dehydrogenase</two> (2) <one>Komplex I</one>: <two>Succinat-Dehydrogenase</two> (3) <one>Komplex I</one>: <two>Cytochrom-c-Reduktase</two> (4) <one>Komplex I</one>: <two>Cytochrom-c-Oxidase</two> (5) <one>Komplex I</one>: <two>ATP-Synthase</two>
11
+ - Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Gründe</one>, wieso Mitochondrien interessant sind aus Sicht der Biomedizin. A: (1) Mitochondrien stehen im Zentrum der Apoptose. (2) Mutationen im mitochondrialen Genom sind die Ursache für einige schwere Krankheiten des Menschen.
12
+ - Allgemein gesagt: besitzt die mitochondriale DNA in tierischen Zellen mehr Basenpaare als die mitochondriale DNA in pflanzlichen Zellen? Nein - die mtDNA in pflanzlichen Zellen ist größer.
13
+ - Wann (in welchem Jahr) wurde die DNA Sequenzfolge des mitochondrialen Genoms bestimmt? Im Jahre <one>1981</one>.
14
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> bestimmte die 16569 bp lange Sequenzfolge der mitochondrialen DNA in menschlichen Zellen? Frederick Sanger.
15
+ - In mitochondrialer DNA kommt es häufig zu einem Austausch zwischen welchen zwei Nukleotiden? <one>C → U</one>.
16
+ - Die mitochondrialen Gene COI, COII und COII kodieren für ... ? Bestandteile der <one>Cytochrom-c-Oxidase</one>.
17
+ - Der <one>NADH-Dehydrogenasekomplex</one> in den menschlichen Mitochondrien besteht aus etwa n Bausteinen? Aus etwa <one>40 Bausteinen</one>.
18
+ - Der L-Strang der mitochondrialen DNA in menschlichen Zellen kodiert für n proteinkodierende Gene? 1.
19
+ - Der H-Strang der mitochondrialen DNA in menschlichen Zellen kodiert für n proteinkodierende Gene? 12.
20
+ - Ein Mitochondrium in menschlichen Zellen besitzt mtDNA. Diese wird unterteilt in den L-Strang und den H-Strang. Welcher dieser beiden Stränge besitzt mehr Gene? Der <one>H-Strang</one>.
21
+ - In der <one>mitochondrialen DNA</one> (mtDNA) enthält der L-Strang nur ein proteincodierendes Gen, mit der Bezeichnung ND76. Wofür steht ND hier? Für <one>NADH-Dehydrogenasekomplex</one>.
22
+ - <one>Ein einzelnes (humanes) Mitochondrium</one> <two>enthält n DNA Moleküle</two>? <one>10-15</one>.
23
+ - Können Fettsäuren in die Mitochondrien diffundieren? <one>Ja</one>, bis zu einer Größe von C1.
24
+ - Are the mitochondria in a neurone recycled? <one>Yes</one>.
25
+ - Which vitamin is especially dominant in the membranes of mitochondria? <one>Vitamin E</one>.
26
+ - Do <one>mitochondria</one> contain ribosomes? <one>Yes</one>.
27
+ - <one>Mitochondria</one> contain which membranes? (1) the outer membrane (2) the inner membrane
28
+ - Do mitochondria contain DNA? <one>Yes</one>.
29
+ - Mitochondria have a so-called D-loop. Why the name D? <one>D</one> for <two>displacement</two>.
30
+ - Mitochondriale DNA im Menschen kodiert für n Proteine? Nur <one>13</one>.
31
+ - Replizieren <one>Mitochondrien</one> unabhängig von den Chromosomen? <one>Ja</one>.
32
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>promiskuitive DNA</one> gemeint, in Bezug auf Mitochondrien? Das Chloroplsten-DNA auch im Mitochondriengenom vorkommen kann, und umgekehrt.
33
+ - Können <one>Mitochondrien</one> Introns besitzen in ihrem Genom? Ja, insbesondere größere Mitochondriengenome.
34
+ - Im Menschen hat <one>Komplex IV</one> (die <two>Cytochrom-c-Oxidase</two> 13 Untereinheiten. Davon werden wieviele von der mitochondrialen DNA kodiert? Nur <one>drei</one>.
35
+ - Die meisten mitochondrialen Chromosomen sind zirkulär. Es gibt jedoch auch lineare Formen. In welchen Organismen kommen lineare mitochondriale Chromosomen häufig vor? In <one>verschiedenen Einzellern</one>.
36
+ - Bei der <one>Mutator-Maus</one> ist welcher Teil der DNA-Polymerase Gamma ausgefallen? Die Korrekturlesende 3'-5'-Exonucleasefunktion.
37
+ - Welcher Bereich des Mitochondriums ist für die ATP Synthese zuständig? <one>Komplex V</one>.
38
+ - Wie ist das <one>Mitochondrium</one> aufgebaut, was für eine zelluläre Funktion erfüllt es und was ist die Endosymbiontentheorie? Das Mitochondrium ist ein von einer Doppelmembran umschlossenes Organell. Man findet Mitochondrien in (fast allen) eukaryoten Zellen - nicht hingegen in Prokaryoten. Mitochondrien fungieren als <one>Energiekraftwerke</one> einer eukaryoten Zelle, indem sie das energiereiche Molekül Adenosintriphosphat bilden. Besonders viele Mitochondrien befinden sich in Zellen mit hohem Energieverbrauch, wie zum Beispiel den den Muskelzellen, Nervenzellen oder Eizellen. Herzmuskelzellen haben, um ein weiteres Beispiel zu benennen, einen Volumenanteil von 36% an Mitochondrien. Mitochondrien haben einen Durchmesser von etwa 1 Mikrometer, mit unterschiedlichen Formen. Mitochondrien vermehren sich durch Wachstum und Sprossung, die Anzahl von Mitochondrien wird dem Energiebedarf der Zelle angepasst. Eukaryotische Zellen, die ihre Mitochondrien verlieren, können diese nicht mehr regenerieren! Es gibt auch Eukaryoten ohne Mitochondrien, z. B. einige Protozoen. Mitochondrien werden primär über das Plasma der Eizelle nur von der Mutter vererbt (maternal), was Anlass zur Erforschung mütterlicher Verwandtschaftslinien (Matrilinien) war, aber auch das Spermium kann einige männliche Mitochondrien in das Plasma der befruchteten Eizelle (Zygote) importieren. Diese männlichen Mitochondrien werden jedoch wahrscheinlich recht schnell eliminiert. Es gibt jedoch einige Fälle in denen nachgewiesen werden konnte, das die Mitochondrien eines Kindes aus der väterlichen Linie stammten. Die Hülle der Mitochondrien besteht aus einer äußeren und einer inneren Membran. Beide Membranen unterscheiden sich in ihren Eigenschaften. Durch diese Membranen existieren fünf unterschiedliche Kompartimente: Die äußere Membran, der Intermembranraum (der Raum zwischen den beiden Membranen), die innere Membran, die Cristae und die Matrix (der Raum innerhalb der inneren Membran). Entgegen der gängigen Vorstellung treten Mitochondrien in der Zelle überwiegend nicht als separate, bohnenförmige Organellen auf. Stattdessen bilden sie ein tubuläres, mitochondriales Netzwerk, welches die gesamte Zelle durchzieht. Einzelne Mitochondrien sind in der Lage, sich mit diesem Netzwerk zu verbinden (Fusion) und sich wieder abzuspalten (Fission). Die Endosymbiontentheorie postuliert, das Mitochondrien aus einer Symbiose von aeroben Bakterien (aus der Gruppe der "Alpha-Proteobakterien") mit den Vorläufern der heutigen Eukaryoten hervorgegangen sind. Mitochondrien sind ohne Wirtszelle nicht lebensfähig.
39
+ - Wieviele Basenpaare hat das menschliche mitochondriale Genom? Das <one>mitochondriale Genom</one> (das Chondriom) besitzt <two>16.569 bp</two>.
40
+ - Die <one>Hauptaufgabe</one> der <two>Mitochondrien</two> ist ... ? die <one>oxidative Phosphorylierung</one>.
41
+ - Vergleiche <one>die Zahl der Mitochondrien in einer Leberzelle</one> mit <two>der Zahl der Mitochondrien in einer Eizelle</two>. A: (1) Leberzelle: einige Tausend Mitochondrien (2) Eizelle: einige hunderttausend Mitochondrien
42
+ - Welches <one>mitochondriale Genom</one> ist grösser - das der <two>Hefe</two> oder das <two>menschliche mitochondriale Genom</two>? Das der <two>Hefe</two> ist deutlich grösser, mit etwa <one>78kb</one>.
43
+ - Das <one>mitochondriale Genom</one> besitzt <two>1 H-Strang</two> sowie <two>1 L-Strang</two>. Welche Nukleotide dominieren jeweils? (1) Im <one>H-Strang</one> dominiert <two>G</two> (<three>GH</three>). (2) Im <one>L-Strang</one> dominiert <two>C</two> (<three>CL</three>).
44
+ - <one>Mitochondriale DNA</one> hat <two>mtDNA</two> - aber wo genau? Im <one>Mitochondrien-Matrix-Raum</one>.
45
+ - <one>Human Mitochondria</one> depart from the standard code. Name two ways. A: (1) <one>UGA</one> codes for <three>W</three> rather than <two>STOP</two> (2) <one>AGA</one> and <one>AGG</one> are <two>STOP codons</two>, rather than <three>Arginine Codons</three>
46
+ - Welche <one>eukaryote DNA-Polymerase</one> ist für die Replikation mitochondrialer DNA verantwortlich? Die <one>Gamma-Polymerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLG
47
+ - Can <one>human cells</one> survive without mitochondria? Yes, they can.
48
+ - <one>Mitochondrial division</one> is coordinated with ...? <one>DNA Replication of the Mitochondria</one>.
49
+ - Name <one>an unusual lipid</one> that can be found in mitochondria. A: <one>Cardiolipin</one>. It is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about <cadetblue>20%</cadetblue> of the total lipid composition. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiolipin
50
+ - Name <one>a physiological role of mitochondria</one>, in regards to a cell. A: <one>Thermogenesis</one>.
51
+ - Welche Stränge hat die <one>mtDNA</one>? Den <one>H-Strang</one> und den <one>L-Strang</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriale_DNA
52
+ - How do <one>mitochondria</one> divide? They divide by fission.
53
+ - Mitochondria have n tRNA genes? <one>22</one>. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21910628
54
+ - Name an <one>eukaryote</one> that lacks mitochondria. A: <one>Entamoeba histolytica</one>.
55
+ - Does <one>mitochondrial DNA</one> mutate slower than <two>nuclear DNA</two>? No, it mutates about <one>10x faster</one> than nuclear genome DNA. []
56
+ - Nenne die <one>wichtigsten Metalle</one> <two>in den Mitochondrien</two>. A: (1) <one>Eisen</one> (2) <one>Kupfer</one> []
57
+ - Who or what essentially controls fusion and fission of mitochondria? <one>GTPases</one>.