studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/rna_and_dna

@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === RNA Tag. DNA TAG.
+#
+# Dies ist natürlich auch zum Teil Genetik, bezieht sich aber primär auf
+# die Nukleotide, nicht auf Vererbungsmuster und ähnlichem.
+#
+# Auch künstliche Nukleotide werden hier erwähnt und RNPs.
+#
+# miRNA, CRISPR, RNAi und siRNA werden jedoch in einer anderen Datei
+# gespeichert.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Die DNA verdeutlicht die Beziehung zwischen ... und ... ? Die enge Beziehung zwischen Form und Funktion.
+- Ordne die DNA Nukleotide A, T, C und G anhand ihrer aufsteigenden Zahl an Stickstoffatomen (N) in ihrem Basenanteil. A: (1) <one>Thymin</one>:  <two>2</two> (2) <one>Cytosin</one>: <two>3</two> (3) <one>Guanin</one>:  <two>4</two> (4) <one>Adenin</one>:  <two>5</two>
+- The <one>most abundant RNA modification in cellular RNA</one> is ... ? <one>pseudouridylation</one>. Pseudouridine is sometimes also called <two>the fifth nucleoside</two>. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42977-023-00158-3
+- The precursor of each new nucleotide in a replicating DNA strand is ... ? a deoxynucleotide 5'-triphosphate.
+- What does <one>Dicer-2</one> produce? Dicer-2 will cut a viral RNA into fragments. Each of these fragments has a length of 21 nucleotides.
+- Benötigen <one>RNasen</one> Magnesium? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Name the three most important steps in eukaryotic cells in regards to RNA processing, in order to yield the final mRNA. A: (1) removal of introns (2) addition of the 5' cap (3) addition of the poly-A tail
+- Wo kann die 12S-rRNA gefunden werden? In den menschlichen Mitochondrien; sie liegt dort im Genom kodiert vor.
+- The <one>Okazaki fragments</one> consist of RNA? No - they consist of DNA nucleotides.
+- <one>eDNA</one> could be an abbreviation for ... ? <one>extracellular DNA</one>. Alternatively it may stand for <two>environmental DNA</two>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>RNA-Enzyme</one>? <one>Ribozyme</one>.
+- <one>DNA</one>’s ability to store information is based on ... ? its structure.
+- Can long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) recruit chromatin modifiers? <one>Yes</one>.
+- <one>Which RNA type</one> <two>can switch off entire chromosomes</two>? The <one>long non-coding RNA</one> (<two>lncRNA</two>). []
+- In der Zelle: <one>welche Polymerase</one> <two>transkribiert</two> <three>lncRNAs</three>? <one>Polymerase II</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_non-coding_RNA []
+- Do <one>long noncoding RNAs</one> (<two>lncRNAs</two>) code for proteins? <one>No</one>. []
+- Die wohl best-untersuchte lncRNA ist ... ? <one>Xist</one>.
+- Can <one>long non coding RNAs</one> (<two>lncRNAs</two>) bind miRNAs? Yes.
+- What is meant with <one>sRNA</one>? This refers to <one>bacterial small RNAs</one>.
+- In a <one>tRNA</one>, that very last <two>CCA</two> <three>at its 3' end</thre>: <four>which RNase cleaves off the 3' trailer</four>? The endonuclease <one>RNase E</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease_E
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>RNA-Enzyme</one>? <one>Ribozyme</one>.
+- <one>Hypoxanthin</one> kann natürlicherweise eine Basenpaarung mit ... eingehen. A: <one>Cytosin</one> (<two>„HypoCyto“</two>).
+- Are <one>R-​loops</one> three-​stranded structures? Yes.
+- Give a general example for <one>a protective RNA</one>. A: <one>siRNA</one>: <two>small interfering RNAs</two>
+- Der <one>Pyrimidin-Ring</one> wird, biochemisch betrachtet, <two>neu synthetisiert</two>. <three>Ausgehend von Hydrogencarbonat, NH₃ und 2x ATP</three>, welche Substanz kommt danach, das ein N und ein C-Atom für den Pyrimidin-Ring liefert? <one>Carbamoylphosphat</one>.
+- <one>Which sugar</one> can be found within DNA? <one>2' deoxyribose</one>.
+- Fluorouracil should rather be called ... ? <one>5-Fluorouracil</one>.
+- In eukaryotes: the 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNAs are encoded by a single transcription unit, separated by two internally transcribed spacers. What is the designated abbreviation for this single transcription unit? <one>45S</one>. 
+- Worauf deutet der Name <one>Nucleinsäuren</one> hin? Nucleus ist Kern; somit sind dies Säuren die im Zellkern vorzufinden sind.
+- <one>Which two specific effects</one> can be achieved by <two>U RNA Editing</two>? (1) <one>new start codon</one> (2) <one>new stop  codon</one>
+- Die <one>A-Form</one> der DNA hat <two>welche markante Besonderheit</two>? Die <one>A-Form der DNA</one> besitzt einen <two>offenen Raum im Inneren des Moleküls</two>.
+- <one>Small nucleolar RNAs</one>, aka snoRNAs, take part in ... ? In <one>the processing of rRNA</one>.
+- Given the <one>alphabet {A,T,G,C}</one>, <two>how many</two> <three>different trinucleotides</three> are there? 4 ** 3 = 64, thus <one>64 trinucleotides</one>.
+- Die <one>snRNAs</one> (<two>U1U6</two>) <three>in Eukarya</three> <four>haben eine Länge (in Nukleotide) von-bis ...</four>? <one>110-220</one>.
+- A <one>single nucleotide</one> <two>has a molecular mass of ... n Dalton</two>? <one>330 Da</one>.
+- In a <one>LNA</one> (<two>locked nucleic acid</two>): <three>which part of the molecule is locked</three>? The <one>ribose moiety</one> of an LNA nucleotide has an extra bridge, connecting the <two>2' oxygen</two> and the <two>4' carbon</two>.
+- <one>DNA</one> <two>up to n bp</two> <three>is rigid</three>? <one>Up to 100 base pairs</one>.
+- Scherrer was the first to propose that <one>hnRNAs are precursors of mRNAs</one>. <two>In which year did he do so</two>? In <one>1966</one>.
+- When <one>RNA</one> <two>is hydrolyzed</two> under <three>alkaline conditions</three>, <three>what curious intermediate may form</three>? A <one>2',3' cyclic monophosphate derivative</one>.
+- Name <one>a post-translational modification of</one> <two>ribonucleases</two>. A: <one>Phosphorylation</one>.
+- The <one>hammerhead self-cleaving sequence</one> contains <two>n stems</two>? <one>3</one>.
+- Die <one>DNA-Doppelhelix</one> hat was für eine <two>Drehrichtung</two>? Die <two>DNA-Doppelhelix</two> ist <one>rechtsgewunden</one>.
+- What is <one>the most important job of the poly-A tail</one>? The <one>poly-A tail</one> <two>protects the finished mRNA from being broken down by the cell</two>. So <three>it helps stabilize the mRNA at hand</three>.
+- Der <one>Elektronendonator</one> <two>für die Reduktion von Ribonucleotiden zu Desoxyribonucleotiden</two> <three>ist ... </three>? <one>NADPH</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADPH
+- Nenne die drei charakteristischen Gruppen bei <one>Thymin</one>. A: (1) <one>-CH₃</one> (2) <one>-C=O</one> (3) <one>-C=O</one>
+- <one>How much percent</one> of the human genome is <two>transcribed into RNA</two>? <one>~85%</one>.
+- In <one>RNA-Editing</one>: <two>which nucleotide</two> is the most likely one to be added? <one>Uridine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine
+- When we see <one>inverted repeats in a given RNA</one>, what can we often conclude from this? That <one>this RNA may fold up into a hairpin</one>.
+- Nucleotides: what does the name <one>nucleus</one> mean, literally? <one>Nucleus</one> means <two>core</two>.
+- The <one>SAM riboswitch</one> is a RNA domain that responds to the coenzyme SAM with high affinity and specificity. Several bacteria make use of this riboswitch. <two>What is the primary use case of having this riboswitch</two>? This can be found in genes encoding proteins involved in methionine and cysteine biosynthesis, so there is ultimately a metabolic function associated with the SAM riboswitch.
+- Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel (<one>die Sequenz</one>), für ein DNA-Molekül, das eine <two>Z-Helix</two> ausbilden könnte. A: <one>GCGCGCGCGC</one> (<two>5x GC</two>).
+- The <one>H1 RNA</one> <two>can be found in which component</two>? The <one>H1 RNA</one> is part of the <two>RNase P</two> complex.
+- <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für die rechtsdrehende Form der DNA und der linksdrehenden Form der DNA. A: (1) <one>rechtsdrehende Form</one>: <two>B-Form</two> (2) <one>linksdrehenden Form</one>: <two>Z-Form</two>
+- In <one>RNA Thermometers</one>: <two>who</two> <three>fulfills the metabolite functions</three>? The <one>temperature</one>.
+- In <one>RNA editing</one>: the <two>guide RNA</two> (<two>gRNA</two>) not only hybridizes to complementary sequences located on its mRNA substrate, but it also does what in addition to that? The <one>gRNA</one> recruits an endoribonuclease to the mRNA.
+- Durch <one>aggressive Sauerstoffverbindungen</one> <two>kann welche Veränderung in der DNA entstehen</two>? Eine <one>8-oxo-Guaninbase</one>.
+- Nenne <one>die vier Nucleotideinheiten der DNA</one>. A: (1) <one>Desoxyadenylat</one> (2) Desoxyguanylat (3) Desoxycytidylat (4) <one>Thymidylat</one>
+- Gegeben seien zwei chemische Strukturformeln von <one>Cytosin</one> und <two>Thymidin</two>. <three>Wie kann ich die beiden schnell unterscheiden</three>? Suche nach der <one>Methylgruppe</one> - ist diese gegeben so muss es <two>Thymidin</two> sein.
+- <one>At which pH</one> does <two>DNA become</two> <three>fully denatured</three>? At a <one>pH of 11.3</one>.
+- Die Bezeichnung <one>Introns</one> stammt von ... ? <one>Intragenic regions</one>. <two>Walter Gilbert</two> hat dieses Wort im Jahre <two>1978</two> geprägt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron
+- <one>RNA Editing bei Säugern</one> <two>wird katalysiert durch ... welche Enzyme</two>? Die <one>Desaminasen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin-Desaminase
+- Associated with <one>group I introns</one>: what is <two>Twort</two>? A <one>bacterial phage</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22036/
+- The <one>two primary types of worker molecules</one> <two>encoded by DNA</two> <three>are ... </three>? (1) RNA molecules (2) <one>Proteins</one>
+- <one>Which effect</one> will be achieved by introducing <two>inverted repeats</two> into DNA? A <one>stem-loop</one> <two>will form</two>.
+- The <one>HOTAIR gene</one> contains <two>6.232 bp</two>. <three>How long is the noncoding RNA molecule that it encodes</three>? Only about <one>2.200 bp</one> in length.
+- Historically seen, <one>research on nucleic acids</one> <two>was limited</two>, despite the finding that they are the repositories of genetic information, in particular before the year 1940. Name a simple reason why the role of nucleic acids was underappreciated. A: Because <one>the prevailing view was that proteins have greater chemical diversity than the assumed monotony of nucleic acids</one>.
+- <one>What task</one> does the <two>aptamer domain</two> have, in a <three>riboswitch</three>? It <one>binds the metabolite</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>Heteroduplex</one>? Dies bezeichnet einen <one>DNA-RNA-Doppelstrang</one>.
+- <one>Deamination of guanine</one> <two>results in the formation of ... </two>? <one>Xanthine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine
+- <one>Vault RNAs</one> <two>play a role in regulating ... </two>? <one>autophagy</one>.
+- <one>Which generic RNA</one> is instrumental in degrading messenger RNA? The <one>microRNA</one> (<two>miRNA</two>).
+- <one>Which year</one> was the <two>breakthrough</two> for <three>small RNAs</three>? <one>2002</one>.
+- Eine <one>reife tRNA</one> <two>ist relativ kurz</two>. Die Länge reicht von n ... Nukleotiden bis zu m ... Nukleotiden. A: Von <one>74 - 90 Nukleotiden</one>.
+- <one>Wann oder wo</one> mögen wir die <two>Z-Form</two> sehen? In <one>(GC)n-repetitiven Sequenzen</one>.
+- Bei der <one>SELEX Methode</one> entstehen Aptamere. Was heißt <two>aptus</two>? <one>anpassen</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aptus
+- Nenne <one>die drei wichtigsten</one>/<one>gebräuchlichsten Veränderungen an einer eukaroyten mRNA</one>. A: (1) <one>Capping am 5' Ende</one> (2) <one>Polyadenylierung am 3' Ende</one> (== tailing) (3) <one>Entfernen der Introns</one>, durch <two>Splicing</two>
+- Wenn wir ein <one>Adenosin</one> sehen, wie nennen wir dieses Biomolekül? <one>Adenosin</one> ist ein <two>Nukleosid</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleoside
+- Sind <one>Transpositionen</one> <two>hinein in ein Intron</two> <three>ein Problem</three>? <one>Ja, möglicherweise</one> - solche Transpositionen <two>können das Spleißen beeinflussen</two>.
+- In bacteria: does <one>tRNA splicing</one> <two>have any advantage there</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>tRNA introns are self-splicing in bacteria</two>, so <three>no other enzyme is required</three>.
+- In <one>RNA</one>: <two>which three base pairing possibilities exist</two> within a long stretch of ssRNA? (1) <one>G-C</one> (2) <one>A-U</one> (3) <one>G-U</one>
+- What is <one>the usual, primary role of long noncoding RNAs</one>? To <one>regulate gene expression</one>.
+- The <one>tRNA</one> <two>contains a pseudouridine-arm</two>. Naturally pseudouridine can be found in this arm. Can pseudouridine be found elsewhere in the tRNA, other than in this arm? <one>Yes</one>.
+- In großer Zahl findet man gRNAs (guide RNAs) in den Mitochondrien von ... ? <one>Trypanosomen</one>.
+- Um die RNAs für das trans-Spleißen zu kennzeichnen, erhalten sie am 5′-Ende eine kurze Leader-Sequenz angeheftet, die SL-RNA. SL-RNA steht für ... ? <one>spliced leader RNA</one>.
+- <one>macroRNAs</one> <two>are very large RNAs</two>. <three>At which kb-threshold value do we call these RNAs macroRNAs</three>? Over <one>100 kb in length</one>.
+- Name <one>three reasons</one> as to <two>why eukaryotic mRNA is capped</two>. A: (1) transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm requires a cap (2) protection of the mRNA from degradation via <two>exonucleases</two> (3) <one>initiation of translation</one>
+- Bei <one>RNAi</one>: <two>wie</two> <three>werden Gene stillgelegt</three>? Mit Hilfe von <one>dsRNA</one>, <two>die zur entsprechendenden mRNA komplementär ist</two>.
+- Name <one>two 3D structural elements of RNA</one>. A: (1) <one>ribose zipper</one> (2) <one>kissing loops</one>
+- <one>Splicing</one> <two>occurs in eukaryotes</two> - but how should we, more accurately and properly, call splicing really? <one>Cis-splicing</one>.
+- The <one>two main functions</one> of <two>small nucleolar RNAs</two> is ... ? (1) 2'-O-ribose methylation (2) pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)
+- Xist ist eine lncRNA die sehr gut untersucht ist. Sie ist auf dem X-Chromosom befindlich, und zwar auf Xq13. Wie lange ist das Transkript dieses Gens, in n kb? Die Xist ist ein 17 kb großes Transkript.
+- What are <one>piRNA</one> <two>effectively doing</two>? They mediate the <one>silencing of genes encoding PIWI-proteins</one>.
+- <one>Translation control RNAs</one> <two>recognize which part of a mRNA</two>? A sequence in the 5ʹUTR of the mRNA, such as in the myosin mRNA.
+- <one>Which two states</one> does the <two>tmRNA</two> have? (1) the <one>accomodated  state</one> (2) the <one>translocated state</one>
+- The <one>tRNA's molecule acceptor stem</one> is formed by ... ? The 5' as well as the 3' end of the tRNA.
+- <one>Give another name</one> for the <two>denaturation sites</two> in <three>DNA</three>. A: <one>AT-rich sites</one>.
+- Can <one>dyad symmetry</one> <two>also occur in RNA</two>? <one>No</one> - at the least <two>not in ssRNA</two>.
+- The <one>human genome</one> contains about <two>n different lncRNA</two> (long non-coding RNAs) genes, according to ENCODE 2012, roughly? (A good guess suffices to answer this question). A: <one>9649 lncRNA genes</one>, so <two>almost 10.000</two>.
+- The <one>Rho Protein</one> <two>in E. coli</two>, generally binds to ...? <one>RNA</one>.
+- The <one>base-pairing rules for RNA</one> are ... ? (1) <one>C=G</one> (2) <one>A=U</one>
+- The secondary structure of DNA is ... ? a <one>double helix</one>.
+- Nucleotides in a cell are joined together by ... ? <one>condensation</one>.
+- Which mnemonic could we use to remember which nucleotide has a methyl group? T aka thymine has. Me<one>t</one>hyl contains a <one>t</one>, so this is a useful mnemonic.
+- <one>miRNAs</one> appear to locate their targets through a sequence called the <one>seed sequence</one>. <two>How many nucleotides are part of this sequence</two>? <one>Eight</one> (8).
+- Does the <one>TUTase enzyme</one> <two>add</two> to the <three>5' end</three> or to the <three>3' end</three> <four>of a RNA</four>? To the <one>3' end</one> only.
+- Why the name <one>Z-DNA</one>? Because in Z-DNA we can observe a <one>zigzag-arrangement</one> of the <two>backbone of the DNA molecule</two>.
+- What is meant with <one>informational RNA</one>? This refers to <one>the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell</one>. The most usual example that can be given is for mRNA, but the term can be extended to include all RNA that plays a role in regards to gene expression.
+- Was meinen wir mit der <one>scaffold-Funktion</one> der RNA? <one>RNA</one> <two>kann als Gerüst zur Anlagerung von Proteinfaktoren dienen</two>; so entstehen zum Beispiel große RNPs.
+- <one>DNA</one> has <two>what kind of nature</two>? <one>DNA</one> has an <two>antiparallel nature</two>.
+- May <one>tRNA genes</one> <two>contain introns</two>? <one>Yes</one> - either <two>zero or one</two> (<cadetblue>one or none</cadetblue>).
+- <one>RNA</one> that acts as an organizer of higher-order structures of chromatin can also be called ... ? <one>Architectural RNA</one>.
+- The highly conserved <one>U3 RNA</one> can associate with which other RNA? With the <one>28S rRNA</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein konkretes Beispiel für eine RNA ohne freies Ende</one>, ohne das es sich hierbei um ein Plasmid handeln würde. A: <one>Viroide</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid
+- What is the task of the enzyme <one>dicer</one>? <one>Dicer</one> is <two>an enzyme</two> that cleaves <three>double-stranded RNA</three> (<three>dsRNA</three>) and pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called "small interfering RNA" (siRNA) and "microRNA", respectively.
+- Welche <one>Sonderform des Spleißens</one> kann, zum Beispiel, <two>in Chloroplasten</two> gefunden werden? <one>Trans-splicing</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-splicing
+- <one>Welche Person</one> prägte den Begriff <two>RNA-Welt</two>? <one>Carl Woese</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world
+- <one>When</one> did Thomas Cech discover that RNA can serve as a biological caalyst? In the year <one>1981</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> <two>discovered</two> <three>catalytic RNA</three>? <one>Thomas Cech</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cech
+- The <one>7SL RNA</one>, <two>part of the SRP particle</two>, is approximately <three>n nucleotides long</three>. A: <one>300 nucleotides</one>.
+- <one>Which molecule</one> in the cell cuts off the 3' trailer part of a primary tRNA transcript? The <one>RNase Z</one>.
+- In eukarya: if mutations change the secondary structure of the H1 RNA, does this cause a problem? Yes - this will disturb 5' end processing activity of maturation of the 5' end of tRNA, which are generated by RNase P.
+- In bacteria: the catalytic activity of the RNase P particle is the RnpB RNA. Is this a ribozyme? Yes - it can cleave RNA.
+- Many tRNA genes found in yeast, are found to be associated with ... ? <one>nucleoli</one>.
+- Can we say that <one>tRNA genes in eukaryotes</one> are clustered? Actually we can, yes - not in the same way as prokaryotic tRNA genes that are clustered together within operons, but at the least eukaryotic tRNA genes are clustered at the least spatially.
+- The yeast tRNA endoribonuclease is involved in tRNA splicing. How many different subunits does this endoribonuclease contain? <one>Four</one>.
+- The <one>enzymes</one> that pseudouridylate tRNAs are called ... ? <one>Pseudouridine synthases</one>.
+- <one>Pseudouridin</one> ist ein modifiziertes Uridin. Wieviele NH-Gruppen besitzt Pseudouridin? <one>Zwei</one>.
+- Was bewirkt eine <one>antisense-RNA</one>? Eine <one>antisense-RNA</one> <two>bindet an die entsprechende mRNA</two> und <three>verhindert deren Translation durch die Ribosomen</three>.
+- A <one>RNA recognition motif</one>, as a <two>domain</two>, <three>usually has about ... how many aminoacids</three>? About <one>80</one>.
+- Aside from enhancing the chemical stability of the tRNA, <one>name another reason as to why dihydrouridine is important for the tRNA</one>. A: <one>Dihydrouridine</one> also <two>increases the flexibilty of the RNA backbone</two>. This <three>allows the tRNA molecule to adopt alternative conformations</three>.
+- What is meant with the expression <one>tRNA identity problem</one>? This refers to the question how a cell manages to specifically load the cognate amino acid onto the tRNA, via an aminoacyl-tRNA synthase.
+- <one>tRNA introns</one> <two>are removed by ... </two>? <one>tRNA splicing</one>.
+- Does <one>Dihydrouridine</one> <two>enhance the chemical stability of tRNA</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Are <one>modifications in tRNAs</one> <two>essential</two>? <one>Yes</one>, the natural modifications often are essential. Without these modifications tRNAs may not function properly, which means that mutants lacking these modifications may not viable organisms.
+- The <one>export receptor exportin-t</one> <two>interacts with a mature tRNA</two>, as well as with ... which other molecule? With <one>Ran-GTP</one>.
+- Are <one>different tRNA molecules</one> of different species invariable in their structure? Yes, this is the general case: they are rather invariable in their structure.
+- What are <one>the two most important functions of the tRNA</one>? (1) it must carry the cognate amino acid to the ribosome, for protein synthesis (2) the RNA decodes the genetic code
+- Does <one>tRNA</one> contain Thymine? <one>Yes</one>, right before the pseudouridine.
+- The most prominent feature of the acceptor stem of tRNA is ... ? The <one>CCA trinucleotide</one>.
+- <one>tRNA molecules</one> <two>are characterisized by</two> the <three>so-called ... structure</three>. A: <one>Clover-leaver structure</one>.
+- <one>tRNA molecules</one> have how many distinct domains? <one>Four</one>.
+- Wie wird aus 2' deoxyribose eigentlich ein Nucleotide, wie <one>dAMP</one>? Durch Entfernen von 2x H2O.
+- <one>RNA</one> that <two>can sense temperature</two> is, in general, called ... ? <one>RNA thermometers</one>.
+- <one>Fully processed tRNAs</one> are <two>exported from the nucleus</two> via ... ? Via the <one>export receptor exportin-t</one>.
+- In the nucleus: mature tRNAs interact with which receptor? With the export receptor exportin-t.
+- Can exportin-t bind to RNA? Yes, of course, at the least to tRNA - it is the export receptor for tRNAs after all.
+- <one>RNA aptamers</one> <two>can attach to their target molecule</two> - but which two conditions have to be met for that to be successful? (1) They <one>require a specific shape</one>. (2) They <one>require the correct charge distribution</one>.
+- Will <one>unprocessed tRNAs</one> <two>leave the nucleus</two>? <one>No</one> - only fully processed tRNAs with the correct 5' and 3' ends are exported to the cytoplasm. This also constitutes some kind of quality control system, almost like a "proof reading" mechanism.
+- Bei der <one>SELEX Methode</one> werden <two>Oligonukleotid-Stränge</two> (<three>ssDNA</three> oder <three>ssRNA</three>) <two>generiert</two>. <four>Wie werden diese derart generierten Oligonukleotid-Sequenzen genannt</four>? <one>Aptamere</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptamer
+- What was the big idea for <one>treating diseases via RNAi</one>? <one>Oncogenes</one> <two>are overexpressed in many cancer cells</two>, so it makes sense to try to inactivate these specific genes.
+- Pohl und Jovin haben im Jahre 1972 die <one>Z-Form der DNA</one> entdeckt. <two>Welche Technik haben sie dabei eingesetzt</two>? <one>CD-Spektroskopie</one>.
+- Research following investigations of <one>ancient DNA</one> has helped in which other scientific field? In <one>forensic research</one>. It has <two>helped understand DNA degrades</two>.
+- <one>DNA</one> is <two>the language of ... </two>? <one>Life</one>.
+- <one>uaRNAs</one> are (<two>as abbreviation</two>) ... ? <one>UTR-associated RNAs</one>.
+- <one>Size range</one> of <two>piRNAs</two> (<three>from-to</three>)? <one>24-30 nucleotides</one>.
+- <one>piRNA</one> (<two>piwi interacting RNA</two>) hat welche Funktion? piRNA unterdrückt die Retrotransposition während der Spermatogenese.
+- The <one>canonical</one> RNAs include ... ? (1) <one>rRNA</one> (2) <one>tRNA</one> (3) <one>mRNA</one>
+- <one>How many modified bases</one> <two>in tRNAs</two> have been reported so far (in the year 2022)? <one>81</one>.
+- The first sequence of a <one>transfer RNA</one> (<one>tRNA</one>) <two>was published by Holley's team in which year</two>? In <one>1965</one>.
+- Welchen <one>Box(en)</one> hat die <two>tRNA</two> beziehungsweise die <two>5S RNA</two>? A: (1) <one>tRNA</one> besitzt <two>Box A</two> und <two>B</two>. (2) <one>5S RNA</one> nur <two>Box C</two>.
+- <one>RNA</one> <two>forms biologically important structures</two>. Aside from tRNA or rRNA, name an interesting RNA 3D shape that forms an important structure. A: A <one>RNA thermosensor</one>.
+- Räumlich betrachtet organisiert sich eine <one>tRNA</one> in etwa wie ... ? Wie eine Art <one>Kleeblatt</one> - hat also eine <one> Kleeblattform</one>, zumindest in 2D. In 3D besitzen tRNAs eine Art <two>L-Form</two>.
+- What means <one>proof reading</one> of tRNA? Only mature tRNA with correct 5' and 3' are exported into the cytoplasm.
+- <one>Which enzyme</one> <two>removes the 5' leader sequence</two> of the tRNA precursor? <one>RNase P</one>.
+- The <one>RNase P RNA</one> consists of <three>two folded domains</three>. <two>Which ones are these</two>? (1) The <one>C-domain</one>: <two>catalytic   domain</two> (2) The <one>S-domain</one>: <two>specificity domain</two>
+- Nenne <one>zwei nicht-kodierende RNAs</one> die in der Translation eine besondere Rolle spielen. A: (1) die 23S rRNA, die die Peptidylbindung katalysiert (2) die <one>RNase P</one> die die Reifung von tRNA bewirkt, indem sie 5-prime Enden der tRNA erstellt
+- <one>Transfer RNAs</one> are highly structured, non-coding RNAs with fundamental functions in ... ? <one>translation</one>.
+- Are <one>lncRNAs</one> <two>polyadenylated</two>? Some are; others are not.
+- Der Begriff <one>Riboswitch</one> wurde von <two>Ron Breaker</two> <three>im welchen Jahr</three> eingeführt? <one>2002</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboswitch#History_and_discovery
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>biological non-DNA moieties</two>. A: (1) <one>RNAs</one> (2) <one>proteins</one>
+- Give another expression for the <one>GU-AG motif</one>. A: <one>„Splice here!“</one>
+- Die <one>A-Form der DNA</one> <two>entsteht bei drastischer Abnahme des Wassergehalts</two>. Die Basenpaare sind nicht senkrecht, sondern gekippt. Um wieviel Grad? Um <one>70°</one>.
+- DNA and RNA are somewhat similar, but one key difference in favour of RNA is the <one>2' hydroxyl group</one>. <two>Why</two>? Thanks to this hydroxyl group, RNA <one>can form three-dimensional structures through hydrogen bonding</one>.
+- <one>Where exactly</one> can we find the <two>ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity</two>? In the <one>domain V</one> of the <two>23S rRNA</two> (<one>ribosomal RNA</one>).
+- Atomar betrachtet: <one>wie</one> unterscheidet sich <two>Adenin</two> (<three>A</three>) von <two>Guanin</two> (<three>G</three>)? <one>Guanin</one> hat ein <two>O</two> (Sauerstoffmolekül), Adenin nicht.
+- Within a given eukaryotic cell, <one>where</one> may <two>circular RNAs</two> be found? In the <one>nucleus</one>.
+- A <one>messenger RNA</one> <two>contains which three primary regions</two>? (1) <one>5' untranslated region</one> (2) a <one>protein-coding region</one> (3) a <one>3' untranslated region</one>
+- Give <one>one example</one> for an <two>artificial ribozyme</two>. A: The <one>Diels-Alderase ribozyme</one>.
+- The very important <one>23S rRNA</one> <two>has how many nucleotides</two>? <one>2904 nucleotides</one> - at the least in <two>E. coli</two>.
+- <one>In plants</one>: <two>which RNA polymerases</two> <three>are involved in the synthesis of short non-coding RNAs</three>? (1) <one>RNA polymerase IV</one> (2) <one>RNA polymerase V</one>
+- The <one>ASH1 mRNA</one> <two>is transported to ...</two>? The <one>bud tip of yeast cells</one>.
+- <one>Folic acid</one> <two>is required by cells as a coenzyme in the synthesis of nucleic acids</two>. Name a precursor of folic acid that begins with the letter 'P'. A: <one>PABA</one> (<two>p-aminobenzoic acid</two>).
+- <one>Splicing</one> (<two>in human cells</two>) involves how many different proteins? About <one>200</one>.
+- <one>RNA editing</one> <two>in trypanosomes</two> takes place in a complex called ... ? The <one>editosome</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3416509/
+- <one>Wo</one> in einem Molekül sind <two>Wasserstoffbrücken in der DNA</two> allgemein möglich? Zwischen <one>N-N</one> und <one>N-O</one>.
+- Give another name for a <one>multibranch loop</one>. A: <one>Helical junction</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11131562
+- Welche <one>Nukleotide in der DNA</one> besitzen eine <two>Aminogruppe</two>? (1) <one>Adenin</one>  (<two>A</two>) (2) <one>Cytosin</one> (<two>C</two>)
+- The <one>Chast-lncRNA</one>: Chast is associated with which organ? With the <one>heart</one>. <two>Chast</two> is short for <three>cardiac hypertrophy–associated transcript</three>.
+- <one>Since when</one> <two>is it known that DNA is held together by hydrogen bonds</two>? Since <one>1947</one>, thanks to the work of John Masson Gulland and Denis Jordan.
+- Name <one>the two main characteristics</one> that <two>influence the melting temperature of DNA</two>. A: (1) <one>G-C content of DNA</one> (2) <one>ionic strength of the solution</one>
+- The <one>lncRNA</one> called <two>Sphinx</two> regulates ... which behavior in Drosophila? <one>courtship behaviour</one>.
+- <one>Which protein</one> is <two>the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi</two>? <one>Argonaute2</one> (<one>Ago2</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonaute
+- Is the eukaryotic 5' cap in any way connected with <one>introns</one>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>the presence of the cap influences the removal of introns</two>.
+- <one>Alternative splicing</one> <two>increases the genetic potential of a given genome</two>. <three>Name another mechanism that increases the genetic potential</three>. A: <one>RNA editing</one>.
+- Wir finden in der <one>DNA</one> die Basen <three>Adenin</three>, <three>Guanin</three>, <three>Thymin</three>, Cytosin, Uracil. Wie heissen die korrespondierenden Nukleoside? A: (1) Adenosin (2) <one>Guanosin</one> (3) <one>Thymidin</one> (4) <one>Cytidin</one> (5) <one>Uridin</one>
+- <one>DNA</one> kann durch <two>Formamid</two> denaturiert werden. <three>Was sollte man (im Labor) noch verwenden, damit diese Denaturierung gut funktioniert</three>? Man sollte dies <one>mit Wärme</one> kombinieren.
+- <one>Which RNA</one> <two>combines with proteins</two> to form the RISC? <one>siRNAs</one>.
+- The <one>SAM-sensing riboswitch</one> <two>has how many different states</two>? (1) a state that <one>can bind SAM</one> (2) a state that <one>can NOT bind SAM</one>
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Northern Pucker</one> und <one>Southern Pucker</one>? (1) <one>Northern Pucker</one>: die <two>2'-Hydroxyribose</two> bevorzugt die "C3'-endo Konformation" (2) <one>Southern Pucker</one>: die <two>2'-Desoxyribose</two>  bevorzugt die "C2'-endo Konformation"
+- Kann <one>Uracil</one> <two>in DNA vorkommen</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
+- We can identify at the least <one>two major problems with RNA as genetic material</one>. <two>Name them</two>. A: (1) <two>Large RNA-molecules are unstable</two>, so they <one>can not be a good storage medium</one>. (2) <two>Because RNA is largely single-stranded</two>, <one>no repair mechanism can work when RNA is mutated</one>.
+- Name <one>a curious RNA structure</one> that <two>can form on</two> a <three>circRNA</three>. A: The <one>microRNA sponge</one>.
+- The demonstration that <one>RNAs can use base pairing to form double-stranded structures dates</one> back to ... which year? <one>1956</one>.
+- <one>Wieviele verschiedene snRNAs</one> gibt es in eukaryoten Zellen? <one>Fünf</one> - <two>U1, U2, U4, U5, U6</two>. 
+- How stable a RNA is in regards to its secondary structure can be measured via ... ? Its <one>folding energy</one>.
+- Nenne <one>eine mögliche Erklärung</one>, wie <two>eine kurze RNA</two> (short RNA) die Translation fördern kann. A: Diese sRNA mag die Ausbildung hemmender Sekundärstrukturen verhindern, die sonst die Ribosomenbindung und Translation hemmen würden.
+- Are <one>rRNA modifications</one> <two>context-specific</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Within a given eukaryotic cell: where may we most likely find the so-called macroRNAs? In the <one>nucleus</one>.
+- Can we say that RNA is a structural, cellular builder? Yes - for instance, RNA promotes the formation of spatial compartments in the nucleus.
+- <one>p53</one>, the 'guardian of the genome', can bind DINO, which is a lncRNA. What does DINO stand for? <one>Damage-induced noncoding RNA</one>.
+- What is the effect of ionizing radiation, from a genetic point of view? This type of radiation results in double-strand breaks in DNA.
+- The rare tautomer of cytosine pairs with ... ? <one>adenine</one>.
+- Was ist bei den Nukleotiden mit dem <one>Stabilitätsproblem</one> meistens gemeint? Das RNA instabiler ist als DNA.
+- The <one>7SL-RNA</one> is also called ... ? <one>SRP-RNA</one>.
+- Name <one>the three enzymes</one> employed during <two>RNA Capping</two>. A: (1) a <one>phosphatase</one> (2) a <one>guanyl transferase</one> (3) a <one>methyl transferase</one>
+- <one>Aptamere</one> <two>im menschlichen Körper</two> werden sehr schnell renal eliminiert. Wie wirken wir dem entgegen? Mittels <one>PEGylation</one>.
+- m1ψ steht für welches Nukleotid? <one>N1-Methylpseudouridin</one>.
+- The <one>first mammalian long non-coding RNA</one> to be well recognized, cloned in 1990 by Shirley Tilghman via differential hybridization, was ... ? <one>H19</one>.
+- Are the <one>promoters of lncRNAs</one>, on average, more conserved than those of protein-coding genes? Yes.
+- Give an example for <one>RNA-programmable restriction enzymes</one>. A: The <one>Cas proteins</one>.
+- The catalytic component of RISC is ... ? The <one>Argonaute</one> protein.
+- Name <one>two molecules</one> that bind to the <two>3'UTR</two> of a mRNA. A: (1) <one>regulatory proteins</one> (2) <one>small RNAs</one>
+- <one>Hfq</one> acts as a general cofactor for ... small antisense RNAs. A: <one>stabilizing</one>.
+- The <one>tcRNA</one> is called ... ? <one>Ttranslation control RNA</one>.
+- <one>Ricin</one> attacks which rRNA? The <one>28S rRNA</one>.
+- <one>U RNAs</one> are also called ... ? <one>Small nuclear RNAs</one> (<two>snRNAs</two>).
+- Die <one>Cytidin-Deaminase</one> erzeugt ... ? <one>Uracil</one>, <two>ausgehend von Cytidin</two>.
+- <one>Wieso</one> verwenden (manche) Mitochondrien <two>RNA Editing</two>? Die Genome sind stark kompromiert; durch die Verwendung von <one>A-editing</one> können <two>neue stop-codons erstellt werden</two>, zum Beispiel von TAG zu TAA, was UAA in der mRNA ergibt.
+- In <one>polyadenylation among eukaryotic cells</one>: <two>is a cleavage signal retained in the mature mRNA</two>? <two>Yes</two>, <one>the first AAUAAA cleavage signal is retained</one>, thus preceding the poly(A) tail.
+- <one>Thymidin</one> besteht, in Kurzform, aus welchen <two>zwei Komponenten</two>? <one>Thymin</one> + <one>Pentose</one>.
+- In bacteria: many <one>ARE-binding proteins</one> <two>bind to which other important protein</two>? The <one>exosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_complex
+- Zwischen <one>A</one> und <one>T</one> bilden sich <two>zwei Wasserstoffbrücken</two>. <three>Wo genau</three>? (1) Zwischen <one>N1</one> von A und "N3" von T. Und ... (2) Zwischen <one>C4</one> von T und "C6" von A. (N1 / N3; C4 / C6, also 1 / 3, 4 / 6).
+- <one>eRNA</one> is <two>an abbreviation for ... </two>? <one>Enhancer RNA</one>.
+- <one>Welche intrinsische Eigenschaft</one> ist für einen <two>riboswitch</two> extrem wichtig? Das dieser <one>ribsowitch</one> zumindest <two>zwei verschiedene Zustände</two> via <three>RNA-Sekundärstrukturen</three> besitzt.
+- The <one>editosome</one> <two>contains which three types of components</two>? (1) gRNAs (2) the mRNAs to be edited (3) protein enzymes that will carry out the catalytic reactions on the mRNA
+- <one>Cis-acting signals</one> within a given mRNA are hugely important for proper RNA localization. <two>Give a simpler term for these signal sequences</two>. A: <one>Zip-codes</one>.
+- <one>In welcher Form</one> liegen <two>RNA-Doppelstränge</two> normalerweise vor? A: In der <one>A-Form</one>, da die 2'-OH Gruppe keine B-Form zulässt (aufgrund <two>sterischer Beschränkungen</two>).
+- <one>RNA-binding proteins</one> (<two>RBPs</two>) exert many roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. <three>Name one of the best-studied RBPs</three>. A: <one>ZBP1</one>: <two>zipcode-binding protein 1</two>.
+- <one>Dicer</one> belongs to which family? Dicer belongs to the <one>RNase III family of nucleases</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> in a given body may we find piRNAs (piwi-interacting RNAs) to be expressed? In <one>mammalian testes</one>.
+- What may be the primary role of piRNAs? To suppress the expression of transposable elements.
+- Enzymes that degrade RNA are called ... ? <one>Ribonucleases</one>.
+- The history of nucleic acidsg began with ... ? <one>Friedrich Miescher's</one> discovery in <two>1869</two> of <three>nuclein</three>.
+- The earliest discovery of nucleic acids was made in the nuclei of ... ? of <one>human leukocytes</one> - aka <two>white blood cells</two>.
+- Name a difference between "ancient" DNA and "modern" DNA. A: One difference between "modern" and "ancient" DNA (aDNA) is that there is a lot less DNA per gram tissue for aDNA.
+- We can distinguish between <one>strong mRNAs</one> and <one>weak mRNAs</one>. <two>Give a general example for a strong mRNA</two>. A: <one>House-keeping genes</one>.
+- Name all <one>four RNA secondary structures</one> that can be loops. A: (1) <one>Bulge</one>     loop (2) <one>Hairpin</one> loop (3) <one>Internal</one> loop (4) <one>Multibranch</one> loop
+- Do <one>histone mRNA</one> <two>have a poly(A) tail</two>? No - but they have a <one>HDE</one> (<two>histone downstream element</two>) at their 3' ends.
+- <one>RNA-binding proteins</one> tend to target what part of a RNA? Single-stranded regions within <one>secondary structure domains</one>, such as hairpin loops, internal loops or bulges.
+- Nenne ein <one>DNA Nukleotid</one>, das <two>spontan desaminieren kann</two>. A: <one>Cytosin</one>; hin zu <two>Uracil</two> (<three>C→U</three>).
+- Gibt es <one>RNA-Chaperone</one>? Ja – wie zum Beispiel <one>Hfq</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hfq_protein
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>hochmolekularen, RNA-abbauenden Proteinkomplex</one>. A: Das <one>Degradosom</one>.
+- Die durchschnittliche molekulare Masse eines <one>dNTPs</one> beträgt <two>n Da</two>. A: <one>350 Da</one>.
+- The craziest <one>Drosophila gene</one> has been found to yield (max, approximately) n distinct mRNAs? <one>38.016 mRNAs</one>.
+- Give <one>four examples</one> of modified RNA bases resembling Uridine. A: (1) <one>Pseudouridine</one> (2) <one>Ribothymidine</one> (3) <one>Dihydrouridine</one> (4) <one>Thiouridine</one>
+- Give another name for <one>guide RNAs</one>. A: <one>Small nucleolar RNAs</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei Punkte</one> wie der <two>DNA-Doppelstrang</two> stabilisiert wird. A: (1) durch <one>H-Brücken</one> (2) durch die <one>Basenstapelung</one> (3) durch <one>hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen</one>
+- What are <one>Aptazymes</one>? <one>Aptazymes</one> are <two>a class of engineered riboswitches</two>.
+- What does <one>hierarchical folding</one> mean in RNA biology? This means that the <one>secondary structure</one> forms first and then helices arrange to form "tertiary structure". This is the hierarchical part in folding.
+- There are three <one>Interacting Edges</one> <two>in a Hoogsten Base Pairing</two>. <three>How are these three called</three>? (1) <one>Watson-Crick Edge</one> (2) <one>Hoogsten Edge</one> (3) <one>Shallow-Groove Edge</one>
+- What is <one>IVT</one> <two>mRNA</two>? This is <one>in vitro transcribed messenger RNA</one>. URL: https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.2402
+- <one>Human genes</one> contain, on average, <two>how many exons</two>? A: <one>8-9 exons</one>.
+- Warum können wir sagen das die <one>Purinbasen</one> wichtiger sind (für eine Zelle) als die <two>Pyrimidinbasen</two>? Die <one>Purinbasen</one> sind ATP und GTP. Beide sind nicht nur Bausteine von DNA und RNA, sondern übernehmen auch zusätzliche Aufgaben als <two>Signalmoleküle</two>.
+- <one>Who</one> were the two people who developed the <two>SELEX method</two>? (1) <one>Craig Tuerk</one> (2) <one>Larry Gold</one>
+- Name a gene in the human genome containing introns that encode <two>multiple small nucleolar RNAs</two> (<one>snoRNAs</one>). A: The <one>human UHG gene</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9387929/
+- What are <one>tncRNAs</one>? <one>Tiny non-coding RNAs</one>. Actually, they are called <two>Transfer RNA-derived non-coding RNAs</two>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34630945/
+- In a given average eukaryotic cell, the mRNA has n% of all total RNA in that cell? Approximately <one>3%</one> of the total RNA.
+- <one>Antisense Oligonukleotide</one> werden oft <two>chemisch modifiziert</two>. <three>Welchem Zweck dient dies meistens</three>? Dies <one>erhöht die Stabilität des Stranges</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> schlug <two>Walter Gilbert</two> die <three>RNA-Welt</three> Hypothese vor? <one>1986</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> is the <one>histone downstream element</one> (<two>HDE</two>) important? <one>Cleavage</one> occurs near this HD-Element.
+- In the cell, <one>Cytidine</one> can become <one>Uridine</one>. <two>This reaction is catalysed by which enzyme</two>? <one>CDAR</one>: <two>cytosine deaminase acting on RNA</two>.
+- <one>B-DNA</one> has <two>how many bp per turn</two>? <one>10.5</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_double_helix#Helix_geometries
+- What are <one>the substrates used in RNA synthesis</one>? <one>Ribonucleoside triphosphates</one>.
+- A <one>RNA loop</one> is a region within a helix which is not base paired. <two>Which two major types of RNA loops can be distinguished</two>? (1) an <one>internal loop</one> (2) a <one>bulge</one>
+- What is meant <one>LSU RNA</one>? A <one>long subunit RNA</one>.
+- Ob eine <one>RNA Sequenz</one> <two>IRES-Aktivität</two> hat oder nicht kann man wie herausfinden? Man kann ein <one>bicistronisches Reporter-Konstrukt</one> verwenden.
+- Name the DNA nucleotides with a <one>NH₂ group</one>. A: <one>All</one> <two>but Thymidine</two>.
+- What is <one>the best tetramer loop</one>? <one>T-C-C-T</one> - <two>pyrimidines are best here</two>.
+- Nenne eine <one>chemische Gruppe die wir bei einem Purin</one> finden können, als Teil des Purins. A: Eine <one>Imidazol-Gruppe</one>.
+- Unterschiede zwischen <one>DNA</one> und <one>RNA</one>? (1) DNA ist <one>doppelsträngig</one>, RNA ist <one>einzelsträngig</one>. (2) <one>RNA</one> verwendet <one>Uracil</one> anstatt <two>Thymin</two>. (3) Desoxyribose hat eine OH Gruppe weniger als Ribose, und zwar fehlt die OH Gruppe an 2-prime Position.
+- Die 4 DNA Nukleotide in der DNA besitzen alle eine <one>-NH₂ Gruppe</one>, ausgenommen ...? <one>Thymin</one>.
+- What is the <one>RNome</one>? All <one>cellular RNAs</one>. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-1568-8_1
+- Mini-Mnemonic für <one>Purine</one> und <one>Pyrimidine</one> in der DNA bei der Paarung? <one>PuAG</one> und <one>PyCT</one>.
+- The first <one>RNA-pseudoknot</one> to be discovered was found in which genome? In the genome of the <one>turnip yellow mosaic virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip_yellow_mosaic_virus
+- Liegt ein <one>RNA-Doppelstrang</one> immer in der <two>A-Form</two> vor? Ja.
+- <one>Which enzyme</one> can add <two>nontemplated nucleotides</two>? The <two>Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase</two> aka <one>TdT</one>.
+- Sterisch betrachtet: was ist besonders an der <one>A-Form der DNA</one>? Sie besitzt einen <one>offenen Raum</one> im Molekülinneren.
+- <one>Welche DNA-Form</one> hat einen <cadetblue>offenen Raum im Molekülinneren</cadetblue>? Die <one>A-Form</one>.
+- Wie können wir die <one>B-Form</one> der DNA in die <one>A-Form</one> überführen? Durch <one>Wasserentzug</one>.
+- Name <one>four group of genes</one> that can be transcribed by RNA Polymerase II. A: (1) <one>mRNAs</one> (of protein-coding genes) (2) <one>snRNAs</one> (3) <one>lncRNAs</one> (4) <one>microRNAs</one>
+- To form a <one>Hoogsten Base Pair</one>, which Nucleotide must be <three>protonated</three>? <one>Cytosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogsteen_base_pair
+- <one>HOTAIR</one> ist eine <two>ncRNA</two>. Die Abkürzung <one>HOTAIR</one> steht für ... ? <one>HOX transcript antisense RNA</one>.
+- Die Abkürzung <one>ncRNA</one> steht für ... ? <one>nicht-kodierende RNA</one> (eigentlich <two>non-coding RNA</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA
+- In der <one>B-Form</one> der DNA liegt der Ribose-Zucker als ... Pucker vor. A: <one>Southern Pucker</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose#Structure
+- Es gibt zwei grosse Familien an <one>snoRNPs</one>. Welche? (1) <one>C</one>/<one>D-Box</one> (2) <one>ACA-Box-snoRNP</one>
+- Give another name for <one>riboswitches</one>. A: <one>RNA-mediated regulation</one>.
+- What is the <one>ribose zipper</one>? The <one>ribose zipper</one> is a tertiary interaction formed by consecutive hydrogen-bonding between the backbone ribose 2prime-hydroxyls from two regions of the chain interacting in an anti-parallel manner.
+- Wieviele Stickstoffatome besitzen die <one>Purine</one>, die wir in DNA konkret finden können? <one>5</one> - zumindest <two>Adenin</two> URL: https://i.imgur.com/jEmIxBu.png
+- <one>lncRNAs</one> besitzen per Definition mindestens n Nukleotide? Mindestens <one>200 Nukleotide</one>.
+- In der <one>DNA-Doppelhelix</one>: benachbarte Basen entlang der Helixachse sind <two>n nm</two> voneinander entfernt? <one>0,34 nm</one>.
+- Why does <one>stacking in the DNA-Helix</one> <two>increase stability</two>? Because <one>water molecules are excluded</one> that way between the base pairs.
+- Why is <one>DNA</one> <two>more resistant</two> to <three>base-catalyzed hydrolysis</three> than <one>RNA</one>? <one>DNA</one> lacks a <two>2'-OH group</two>.
+- Name a molecule with a RNA component that shows a <one>concerted general acid-base catalysis</one>. A: <one>Ribonuclease A</one>.
+- Can introns encode for <one>snoRNAs</one>? Yes, some do.
+- <one>Genes containing introns</one> are also commonly called ... ? <one>Split genes</one>.
+- A <one>nucleotide</one> has which two bonds? (1) an <one>ester bond</one> (2) a <one>beta-glycosidic bond</one>
+- Nenne ein allgemeines Beispiel für <one>eine RNA, die die Translation reguliert</one>. A: <one>Antisense-RNA</one>.
+- Name a RNA that is able to bind to <one>sigmafactor 70</one>. A: The E. coli <one>6S RNA</one>.
+- How many <one>major types of introns</one> are known? <one>4</one>.
+- Wie wird aus einer <one>2'-deoxyribose</one> ein Nucleotide? Wir fügen eine Base hinzu, unter Entfernung von Wasser.
+- The <one>ADAR enzymes</one> have which charge? <one>ADAR enzymes</one> are <two>positively charged</two>. This is necessary because it will facilitate the interaction between the enzyme and the negatively charged dsRNA.
+- <one>Inosin</one> kann aus <two>Adenin</two> entstehen. Welches C-Atom von Adenin wird dabei desaminiert? Das <one>C6 Atom</one> von <two>Adenin</two>.
+- <one>Why</one> may we use <two>two short hairpin RNAs</two> rather than merely one? Because of <one>off-target hits</one> that may be a target in another RNA.
+- In <one>RNA Biology</one>: what does the abbreviation <two>RRM</two> stand for? <one>RNA recognition motif</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_recognition_motif
+- Die <one>hydrolytische Desaminierung von 5-Methylcytosin</one> führt zu ... ? <one>Thymin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosin
+- The <one>TUTase enzyme</one> can add which nucleotide to RNA? <one>Uridines</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>RNA triplet base</one>. A: <one>U</one> ... <one>A</one> ... <one>A</one>.
+- Die beiden Pyrimidine, <one>Thymidin</one> und <one>Cytosin</one>, haben in ihrer Base unterschiedlich viele N Atome. Wieviele? (1) <two>Thymidin</two> hat <one>2 N-Atome</one>. (2) <two>Cytosin</two>  hat <one>3 N-Atome</one>.
+- Die ersten katalytischen RNAs, die mittels des <one>SELEX</one> in-Vitro-Evolutionsverfahren gewonnen wurden, waren ...? <one>RNA-Ligasen</one>.
+- Ein <one>Purin</one> hat wieviele N Atome im <three>Ringsystem</three>? <one>4</one>.
+- <one>RNAi</one> is mediated by which complex? <one>RISC</one> - the <two>RNA Induced Silencing Complex</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-induced_silencing_complex
+- Name a <two>motif</two> that is commonly found in many RNA-binding proteins (<cadetblue>RBPs</cadetblue>). A: The <one>RNA recognition motif</one> (<two>RRM</two>).
+- Name the two components of a <one>hairpin</one>. A: (1) the <one>hairpin stem</one> (2) the <one>hairpin loop</one>
+- In a <one>RNA aptamer</one>: give another name for the aptamer domain. A: The <one>ligand binding domain</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptamer
+- How does <one>Adenosine</one> have to be modified in order to yield <two>Inosine</two>? <two>Adenine</two> has to be <one>deaminated at carbon 6</one> (<one>C6</one>).
+- Nenne einen chemischen Unterschied zwischen <one>Adenin</one> und <one>Guanin</one>. A: <one>Guanin</one> hat eine <two>-C=O Gruppe</two>, <one>Adenin</one> hat <orange>keine</orange> -C=O Gruppe.
+- <one>Introns</one> were first discovered in which genome? In the genome of <one>adenovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron#Discovery_and_etymology
+- What does the <one>purine riboswitch</one> sense exactly? <one>Cellular purine concentration</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_riboswitch
+- What is <one>the essential precursor of DNA synthesis</one>? The <one>nucleotide</one>.
+- Name two ways how we can, in the lab, <one>stop or prevent splicing</one>. A: (1) <one>omit ATP</one> (2) employ an antiserum that can block splicing
+- In the <one>snRNAs</one>, which U is missing? <one>U3</one>.
+- <one>Cytidine</one> can be converted to <two>Uridine</two>. Cytidine has a -NH2 group, which, in Uridine, becomes ... ? A <one>-C=O group</one>.
+- Wann wurden die <one>Nucleinsäuren</one> entdeckt? <one>1869</one>. (Ein sehr <two>sexy year</two>)
+- The enzyme <one>TUTase</one>, stands for ... ? <one>Terminal uridylyl transferase</one>.
+- If we compare <one>UV damage</one> against DNA and RNA, which one of these two is more resistant to UV damage? <cadetblue>RNA</cadetblue> is more resistant to <one>UV damage</one>.
+- What exactly means <one>negative strand RNA</one>? This refers to RNA that <one>is complementary to a mRNA</one>.
+- <one>Durchmesser der DNA Helix</one>, in <cadetblue>n nm</cadetblue>? <one>2 nm</one>.
+- Name <one>two types of regulation</one> that can happen on the level of the <two>mRNA</two>. A: (1) <one>transcriptional      regulation</one> (2) <one>post-transcriptional regulation</one>
+- Give another name for a <one>pre-mRNA</one>. A: <one>Primary transcript</one>.
+- Bei der <one>de novo</one> Biosynthese der Pyrimidinnukleotide: welche Aminosäure liefert 3 C-Atome für den Pyrimidinring? <one>Aspartat</one>.
+- What is a <one>scRNA</one>? <one>small cytoplasmic RNA</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>shRNA</one>? <one>Small hairpin RNA</one>; auch <one>short hairpin RNA</one> genannt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_hairpin_RNA
+- Vergleiche die <one>N-glykosidische Bindung</one> der <two>Purine</two> und <two>Pyrimidine</two> in bezug auf ihre <three>Säurestabilität</three>. A: (1) Die <two>N-glykosidische Bindung der Purine</two> ist <one>säurelabil</one>. (2) Die <two>N-glykosidische Bindung der Pyrimidine</two> ist hingegen ist <one>säurestabil</one>.
+- <one>Thymine</one> was first isolated from ...? <one>Thymus tissue</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/thymine
+- Give another term for <one>RNA bulge</one>. A: <one>Unpaired RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_loop
+- In eukaryotes: does <one>polyadenylation</one> occur in the cytoplasm? Yes, in some cases this has been found to be true.
+- <one>Enol-BrdU</one> can base pair with ... ? <one>Guanin</one>.
+- <one>Friedrich Miescher</one> entdeckte im welchen Jahre <two>DNA</two>? <one>1869</one>. (Mnemonic: <two>sexy 69</two>).
+- Die <one>B-DNA Form</one> sieht man wann? Wenn <one>Wasser</one> vorhanden ist.
+- How to find out which part of an <one>RNA enzyme</one> is important? We can perform <one>substitution experiments</one>.
+- Give another term for <one>an extremely young pre-mRNA</one>. A: A <one>nascent pre-mRNA</one>.
+- Wie lange sind die <one>CRISPR-spacers</one> (von - bis)? <one>20-72</one> base pairs.
+- Die <one>ADAR Familie</one> konvertiert welches Nukleotid zu ... ? <one>A → I</one> (<two>Adenosine → Inosine</two>).
+- Welche <one>zwei Stoffwechselwege</one> gibt es um <three>Nukleotide</three> zu synthetisieren? (1) <one>de-novo Synthese</one> (2) <one>salvage pathway</one>
+- Why the name <one>RNA Editing</one>? Because the <one>nucleotide sequence of a mRNA</one> is altered.
+- Can <cadetblue>RNA editing enzymes</cadetblue> also affect DNA molecules? Yes.
+- <one>RNA aptamers</one> are in some ways similar to which other biological molecule? To <one>protein antibodies</one>.
+- Die <one>pRNA</one> ist assoziiert mit welchem Pol-Promotor: <two>Pol I</two>, <two>Pol II</two> oder <two>Pol III</two>? Mit dem <one>Pol I Promotor</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3929421/
+- Give one example where we might find the <one>tetraloop-tetraloop receptor motiv</one>. A: In the <one>azoarcus-intron</one>.
+- What is the most important <one>effect of mRNA polyadenylation</one>? This <two>increases</two> <one>the stability of the mRNA</one> at hand.
+- <one>Divalent metalions</one> are required for which <three>cellular activity</three>, without participation of a Polymerase? <two>Splicing</two> of <one>group I introns</one>.
+- What does the name <one>piRNA</one> stand for, in genetics? <one>Piwi-interacting RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwi-interacting_RNA
+- A demonstrated role for <one>circRNAs</one> is to act as a ... sponge. A: <one>microRNA sponge</one>.
+- How many different enzymes are needed for the <one>RNA capping</one> step? <one>3</one>.
+- Are <one>UTRs</one> part of the exons? <one>Yes</one> - <two>they remain in a mRNA after all</two>.
+- <three>Extracellular vesicles</three> may contain <one>TERRA</one>. What is <one>TERRA</one>? <two>TERRA</two> refers to <one>telomeric repeat-containing RNA</one>.
+- We can say, for any given <one>mRNA</one>, that there is <two>a path</two> from <three>"the cradle to the grave"</three>. What is meant with cradle and grave here, in this respect? (1) <one>cradle</one>: <two>transcription of this mRNA</two> (2) <one>grave</one>:  <two>mRNA decay of this mRNA</two>
+- The <one>pKa</one> of the phosphate backbone in DNA and RNA lies where? Near <one>0</one>.
+- Wo in der mRNA finden wir das <one>SECIS Element</one>? In der <two>3' untranslated region</two> (<one>3'-UTR</one>).
+- Give an example for <one>a Ribozyme</one> that <three>acts on a carbon center</three>. A: The <one>peptidyl transferase</one> in the <two>ribosome</two>.
+- Can <one>RNA-binding proteins</one> bind to both ssRNA and dsRNA? Yes - at the least we know of such proteins that can bind ssRNA or dsRNA.
+- In <one>RNA base pairing</one>: which of the three pairs <three>G-C</three>, <three>A-U</three> and <three>G-U</three> is the least stable one? The <one>G-U base pair</one>.
+- The <one>RNA recognition motif</one> (<two>RRM</two>) is present in up to <three>n% of all proteins</three>. A: About <one>1%</one> of all proteins.
+- Wie unterscheidet sich <one>Uracil</one> von <one>Thymin</one>? A: <two>Uracil</two> hat keine -CH3 Gruppe. Yap - <one>überhaupt keine einzige Methylgruppe</one>.
+- How are <one>two nucleotides coupled to one another in dsDNA</one>? Via <one>phosphodiester linkage</one>.
+- Which <one>three base pairs</one> can be found in <three>RNA</three>? (1) <one>A-U</one> (2) <one>G-C</one> (3) <one>G-U</one>
+- Es gibt <one>Gewebe-spezifisches RNA-Editing</one>, ausgehend von <two>C</two> (Cytidin) hin zu ... ? <two>C → U</two>, also hin zu <one>Uridin</one>.
+- Wie können wir <one>kleine RNAs</one> suchen und finden? <three>Knockout der RNA Sequenz</three>; danach Durchführen einer <one>globalen Transkriptomanalyse</one>.
+- The <one>enol form</one> of <three>Cytosine</three> can pair with ...? <one>Adenine</one>.
+- What is <one>the initial step in E. coli mRNA-degradation</one>? The removal of pyrophosphate from the 5' terminus, leaving a <one>single phosphate</one>.
+- Nenne die Vorläufer zu <one>Purin</one> und <one>Pyrimidin</one>. A: <one>Inosinsäure</one> und <one>Uridylat</one>.
+- Name an algorithm to <one>solve the RNA folding problem</one>, starting with <three>N</three>. A: The <one>Nussinov-Jacobson Algorithm</one>, a dynamic programming algorithm.
+- Deamination of methylcytosine yields ... ? <one>thymidine</one>.
+- Ist <one>Hypoxanthin</one> ein <three>Purinderivat</three> oder ein <three>Pyrimidinderivat</three>? <one>Hypoxanthin</one> ist ein <two>Purinderivat</two>.
+- What is the <one>trigger molecule of RNAi</one>? <one>dsRNA</one>.
+- Name a protein that <one>assists the tmRNA</one>. A: <one>SmpB</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0A832
+- Nenne ein Enzym das im <one>salvage-pathway</one> für die Synthese von Nukleotiden wichtig ist. A: <two>HGPRT</two> (<one>Hypoxanthin-Guanin-Phosphoribosyltransferase</one>).
+- The default DNA <one>super-coiling</one> in DNA is ... ? Exceptions? <one>Negative supercoiling</one> - <two>except for some viruses of Archaea</two>.
+- Chemisch betrachtet ist <one>Aciclovir</one> ein Derivat ... welcher Nukleinbase? <one>Guanin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir
+- What is the simplest <one>RNA folding algorithm</one>? The <one>Nussinov algorithm</one>, developed in the year <two>1978</two>. It determines the maximum number of base pairs that a structure of a sequence S can have.
+- Give an example for <one>naturally occurring RNA aptamers</one>. A: <one>Riboswitches</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboswitch
+- <one>Riboswitches</one> are often found in mRNAs encoding proteins involved in ... ? <one>Importing important cellular metabolites</one>.
+- A <one>RNA aptamer</one> is typically composed of <three>which two domains</three>? (1) the <one>aptamer domain</one> (2) the <one>expression platform</one>
+- Wozu dient die <one>RNA Interferenz</one> in einem Organismus ursprünglich? A: Dem <one>Schutz des Genoms vor Transposition</one>.
+- In RNA secondary structure: a <one>pseudoknot</one> is formed by base pairing between ... ? <one>A single-stranded region of RNA and a loop</one>.
+- <one>Regulatory elements</one> in a mRNA can usually be found where? In the <two>3' UTR</two> (<one>untranslated region</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region
+- In <three>RNA secondary structure</three> we can see the <one>kissing loop complex</one>. What kind of structure is this? It is <one>a base pairing interaction</one> between two RNA loop sequences.
+- Is a <one>cytidine</one> or a <one>cytosine</one> larger? The <one>cytidine is larger</one>; it includes the sugar component, as it is a nucleoside.
+- Wie nennen wir die grosse und kleine Furche der DNA auf englisch (aber nicht <one>'groove'</one>)? (1) <one>small furrow</one> (2) <one>large furrow</one>
+- Do <one>Telomerase RNPs</one> exist? Yes they do exist.
+- <one>RGG repeats</one> are often separated by .... amino acids. A: <one>Aromatic amino acids</one>.
+- What do the <one>gRNAs</one> do? They <one>modify eukaryotic RNAs</one>.
+- Die große und kleine Furche in der DNA entstehen durch ... Ausrichtung der Basenpaare. A: <one>Unsymmetrische</one>.
+- Give <two>an example</two> for a RNA that is both a <one>ribozyme</one> and a <one>riboswitch</one>. A: <one>GlmS</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075592/
+- How is <one>the precursor of mRNA</one> called? <one>hnRNA</one>.
+- Wie lange sind die <one>snRNAs</one> typischerweise? Etwas weniger als <one>200 Nukleotide</one> lang.
+- <one>Defects in the formation of RNPs</one> lead to <three>RNP ... diseases</three>. A: <one>RNP hypo-assembly diseases</one>.
+- <cadetblue>Hydroxylionen</cadetblue> können mit den Basen der DNA wechselwirken. Welche Position ist gefährdet? A: <one>N-1 bei Guanin</one>.
+- Welches Nukleotid trägt eine <one>Methylgruppe</one>? <one>Thymin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine
+- <one>How many C-atoms</one> can we find in a <three>Ribose</three>? <one>5</one>.
+- Wie werden <one>Aptamere</one> produziert? Mit Hilfe von <one>SELEX</one>.
+- What do we mean with <one>cis-splicing</one>? This refers to the regular splicing of <one>nuclear RNA encoding proteins</one>.
+- What is <one>a bulge loop</one> in a RNA? A <one>bulge loop</one> consists of unpaired nucleotides in one part of the RNA, whereas the other part that is bound to the secondary structure of said RNA molecule shows contiguous base pairing.
+- Give one specific example of a protein in which we may be able find the <one>RRM-motif</one> (RNA-recognition motif). A: In the <one>U1A protein</one>.
+- May <one>mRNA molecules</one> contain <three>modified bases</three>? Yes.
+- Nenne drei verschiedene Beispiele wo wir <one>kleine Ribozyme</one> häufig finden können. A: (1) <one>Viroide</one> (2) <one>Virusoide</one> (3) <one>Satellitenviren</one>
+- The <one>precursor of mRNA</one> is ... ? <one>hnRNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript
+- Angenommen wir finden <one>G-U</one> in einer RNA. Wo ist G-U stabiler: in der Mitte der Helix oder am Ende einer Helix? Am <one>Ende einer Helix</one>.
+- Hat die <one>Z-DNA</one> mehr oder weniger Windungen als die <two>A-DNA</two>? Die <one>Z-DNA</one> hat mehr Windungen, und zwar <two>12</two>; die <one>A-DNA</one> hat <two>11</two> Windungen.
+- <cadetblue>Oligonukleotide</cadetblue> haben eine maximale Kettenlänge von etwa ... ? <one>50 Basen</one>.
+- Woher stammt die <one>Methylgruppe von Thymin</one>? Vom Cofaktor <one>THF</one> (<two>Tetrahydrofolate</two>).
+- What is meant with the term <one>RNA Processing</one>? This refers to <one>every modification made to the primary RNA transcript</one>.
+- Give a specific example for a <one>a non-Watson-Crick base pair in RNA</one>. A: A <one>G:U base pair</one>.
+- <two>Purine</two> haben <one>n Stickstoff-Atome</one>? <one>4</one>. Adenine und Guanine haben jedoch eine NH2 Gruppe, und somit in Summe 5 Stickstoff-Atome.
+- Ähnelt <cadetblue>Adenosine</cadetblue> eher RNA oder DNA? <one>RNA</one>, da es eine OH-Gruppe an Position 2-prime hat. URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg/1280px-Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg.png
+- What do we mean with <one>circRNA</one>? This is simply <one>circular mRNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_RNA
+- Does <one>minor splicing</one> occur in humans? Yes - about 700-800 genes in the human genome contain introns that <one>undergo minor splicing</one>.
+- What do we mean with <one>N-nucleotides</one>? These are <one>nontemplated nucleotides</one>.
+- Do <one>rRNA genes</one> contain introns? Yes - at the least sometimes.
+- Wieviele <one>-C=O Gruppen</one> besitzt <three>Uracil</three>? <one>2</one>.
+- Die <one>kleinste eukaroyte rRNA</one> ist ... ? Die <one>5S-rRNA</one>.
+- Der <one>salvage pathway</one> für Nukleotide geht über <three>welches Nukleotid</three>? <one>Thymidin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxythymidin
+- <one>Uracil</one> kann mit welchen Basen eine Paarung eingehen? Mit <one>A</one> (<two>Adenin</two>) und mit <one>G</one> (<two>Guanin</two>).
+- Individual <one>RNPs</one> can assemble into a variety of higher order structures, generally referred to as ... ? <one>RNP granules</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Watson-Crick</one> bei der DNA? Dies sind Basenpaarungen zwischen einem <one>Purin</one> und einem <one>Pyrimidin</one> jeweils.
+- Is the <one>Z-DNA</one> known to occur in nature? Yes.
+- <one>scaRNAs</one> can be found where? In <one>Cajal bodies</one>.
+- Wieviele <one>Doppelbindungen</one> hat ein <three>Purin</three>? <one>4</one> - wobei bei Guanin eines davon als C=O Gruppe vorliegt.
+- Some mRNA can form a <one>lariat</one> structure. Give another two-word name for the term lariat. A: A <one>cowboy's lasso</one>.
+- Average half-life of a mRNA in <one>E. coli</one>? <one>Less than 5 minutes</one>.
+- Which <one>nucleotide</one> dominates in <three>spliceosomal snRNAs</three>? <one>Uracil</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide
+- Bei der (de-novo) <one>Biosynthese der Pyrimidinnukleotide</one> liefert Carbamyolphosphat ein N und ein C. Die restlichen 3 C und 1 N werden von welcher Aminosäure bereit gestellt? Von <one>Aspartat</one>. URL: https://viamedici.thieme.de/api/images/l/b/r/i/e/f/bioch_023600_steckbrief.png
+- In <one>bacteria</one>: <two>which RNA</two> carries out the <three>peptide-bond formation</three> during translation? The <one>23S rRNA molecule</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA
+- Die Abkürzung <one>pRNA</one> steht für ... ? <one>Promoter-associated RNAs</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3929421/
+- Why is the <one>CA site</one> so important for eukaryotic Poly A-tail generation? So that the growing RNA is cut just beyond the CA site, by the <one>cleavage factor</one>.
+- What was <one>the first catalytic RNA</one> that was described? The <one>rRNA precursor in Tetrahymena</one>.
+- Nenne die beiden Familien in Säugetierzellen, die sich mit <one>RNA Editing</one> beschäftigen. A: (1) <one>ADAR   Familie</one> (2) <one>APOBEC Familie</one>
+- <one>Welche Intron Gruppe</one> <two>wirkt autokatalytisch</two>? <one>Introns der Gruppe I</one>. []
+- <one>Durchmesser der DNA-Doppelhelix</one>, in <two>n Angstrom</two>? <one>20 Angstrom</one>. []
+- Wie bezeichnet man allgemein <one>RNAs</one>, <two>die Zielnukleotide festlegen</two>? <one>Guide RNAs</one> (<two>gRNAs</two>). []
+- Die Zahl der Basenpaare pro Windung in der <one>Z-DNA</one> beträgt ...? <one>12</one>. []
+- Is an <one>affinity column</one> for <two>SELEX</two> used? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Uric acid</one> <two>is chemically related to ... </two>? A <one>purine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine []
+- Wie definieren wir <one>die Stabilität der RNA-Moleküle</one> <two>in einer Zelle</two>? Über deren <one>Halbwertszeit</one>. []
+- Does <one>dihydrouridine</one> <two>protect tRNA molecules from degradation by celluler nucleases</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrouridine []
+- <one>rRNAs</one> <two>von Wirbeltieren</two> <three>enthalten welches ungewöhnliche Nukleotid</three>? <one>Pseudouridin</one>. []
+- In der <one>Z-Form der DNA</one>: welche <two>Nucleotid-Folge</two> <three>können hier besonders häufig gefunden werden</three>? <one>GCGCGCGCGC</one>. []
+- Can <one>riboswitches</one> <two>detect</two> <three>uncharged tRNA</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Die <one>Ribose</one> hat n OH Gruppen, wohingegen die <one>Deoxyribose</one> wieviele OH Gruppen besitzt? (1) Die Ribose besitzt <one>4 OH Gruppen</one>. (2) Die Desoxyribose besitzt <one>3 OH Gruppen</one>. []
+- What is <one>the average weight</one> for a <two>tRNA</two>, in <three>kilo-Dalton</three>? <one>25 kDa</one>. []
+- Die <one>Identität einer tRNA</one> <two>wird wodurch bestimmt</two>? Über die <one>Anticodon-Schleife dieser tRNA</one>. []
+- Sind <one>Nukleotid-Ketten</one> <two>polar</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Sie <two>haben verschiedene Enden</two>. []
+- <one>Wann</one> beobachtet man die <two>A-Form</two> der DNA? Wenn die DNA <one>dehydrated</one> ist - also <two>keine umgebenden Wassermoleküle vorliegen</two>. []
+- Can <one>inosine</one> pair, <two>via hydrogen bonds</two>, to <one>guanosine</one>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In <one>A-DNA</one>: <two>how many nucleotide pairs per turn</two>? <one>A-DNA</one> contains <two>11 nucleotide pairs per turn</two>. []
+- Are there <one>RNAs with dual function</one>, that is, <two>both being coding and regulatory RNAs</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Give a specific example for a <one>Non-Watson - Crick base pairing</one>. A: The <one>G-U wobble</one> base pair. []
+- Do <one>modifications to tRNAs</one> <two>influence their secondary structure</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Die <one>Konformation der glykosidischen Bindung</one> in <two>B-DNA</two> ist <three>syn</three> oder <three>anti</three>? <one>Anti</one>. []
+- Zählt <one>H19</one> <two>zu den lncRNA-Genen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Welcher Faktor</one> trägt wesentlich zur <two>Schmelztemperatur der DNA</two> bei? Der <one>GC-Gehalt dieser DNA</one>. []
+- Die <one>Desaminierung von Adenin</one> <two>generiert welche Substanz</two>? <one>Hypoxanthin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxanthin []
+- <one>Q-Banden</one> <two>werden durch welchen Farbstoff erzeugt</two>? <one>Quinacrin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinacrine []
+- The <one>messenger RNA</one> (<two>mRNA</two>) <three>functions as the template for ...</three>? <one>Protein synthesis</one>. []
+- Does the <one>human genome</one> <two>store more genetic information for tRNA modifying enzymes</two> <three>than for tRNA genes themselves</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Can <one>RNA editing enzymes</one> also affect <two>DNA molecules</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Is <one>RNase P</one> <two>an endonuclease</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease_P []
+- <one>Uracil</one> <two>besitzt wieviele N-Atome in seinem Ring</two>? <one>2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil []
+- Ist <one>Uracil</one> oder <one>Thymin</one> <two>leichter</two>? <two>Uracil</two> ist leichter als <two>Thymin</two>. Uracil hat eine <one>H-Gruppe</one>; Thymin hingegen hat an dieser Stelle eine <one>CH3-Gruppe</one>. []
+- <one>Welcher Zucker</one> kann in der <two>DNA</two> gefunden werden? Den Zucker <one>Desoxyribose</one>, eigentlich <two>D-Desoxyribose</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribose []
+- <one>Many eukaryotes</one> <two>contain tRNA introns</two> in their primary tRNA transcript. These can typically be found <three>where</three> in a given tRNA? In the <one>anticodon loop</one>. []
+- Hat die <one>Zickzackform der Z-DNA</one> einen <two>geringeren Durchmesser</two> als die <three>B-Form</three>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- The <one>AU-rich elements</one> <two>can typically be found</two> <three>where</three> <two>in a mRNA</two>? In the <one>3' untranslated region (UTR)</one> of that mRNA. []
+- In den <one>Purin-Nukleotiden</one>: <two>an welchen Positionen</two> findet man <three>N</three> (<three>Stickstoff</three>) im Gerüst? <one>N1</one>, <one>N3</one>, <one>N7</one>, <one>N9</one>. []
+- <one>Splicing</one> <two>requires</two> <three>n steps</three>? <one>2</one>. []
+- Are <one>RNA modifications</one> <two>reversible</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Die <one>Z-Form der DNA</one> sieht man zum Beispiel bei <two>welcher Nukleotidfolge</two>? Bei <one> [CG]n</one> - also zum Beispiel bei <two>GCGCGCGCGC</two> (<three>[GC]₅</three>). []
+- Dringen <one>Nukleinsäuren</one> <two>durch die Zellmembran</two>? <one>Nein</one>; es kommt zu keiner Permeation durch eine intakte Zellmembran. []
+- Die <one>maximale Absorptionsrate</one>, <two>in nm</two>, von DNA und RNA liegt bei? <one>260 nm</one> (<one>A260</one>). (<two>Note that aromatic amino acids absorb light at 280 nm.</two>) []
+- <one>DNA</one> is a <three>major contributor</three>? <one>Yes</one> - to the <two>global phosphorous cycle</two>. []
+- Give another name for <one>all mRNAs in a human cell</one>. A: The <one>human transcriptome</one>. []
+- <one>Welche allgemeine Sequenzfolge</one> gilt in der <two>Z DNA</two>? <one>Purinbasen</one> wechseln sich mit <one>Pyrimidinbasen</one> ab. []
+- Do <one>RNA aptamers</one> <two>have to fold up</two>, <three>in order to function properly</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Person</one> schlug die <two>RNA-Welt</two> vor, basierend auf den Theorien von <three>Carl Woese</three>? <one>Walter Gilbert</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gilbert []
+- Ist die <one>Deoxyribose</one> eine <two>Ribose</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Where</one> (that is, in which organism) were <two>small, non-coding RNAs</two> initially discovered? In <one>plants</one>. []
+- Was bedeutet die Aussage das <one>genetische Code eindeutig ist</one>? Dies bedeutet das <one>jedes Codon</one> <two>nur eine einzige Aminosäure spezifiziert</two>. []
+- The <one>abbreviation</one> <two>crRNA</two> stands for ... ? <one>CRISPR RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR []
+- Do <one>RNA Plasmids</one> <two>exist</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Ist die <one>Z-DNA</one> Form der DNA <two>linksgängig</two> oder <two>rechtsgängig</two>? <one>Z-DNA</one> ist <two>linksgängig</two>. []
+- Was ist schwächer: <one>A-U</one> oder <one>A-T</one>? A: <one>A-U Basenpaarungen</one>. Diese sind überhaupt <two>am schwächsten</two>. []
+- <one>Welche Form der DNA liegt</one>, <two>bezogen auf die Ribose</two>, als <three>Northern Pucker</three> vor? Die <one>A-Form</one>. []
+- How are <one>the monomers in DNA</one> <two>connected to one another</two>? Via <one>phosphodiester bonds</one>. []
+- Gibt es <one>Allosterie</one> <two>bei Ribozymen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- Welches <one>Kation</one> kann <three>Sekundärstrukturen der RNA</three> stabilisieren? <one>Mg²⁺</one>. []
+- <one>Wo</one> wird, <two>in Eukaryoten</two>, <three>rRNA</three> transkribiert? Im <one>Nukleolus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus []
+- <one>DNA</one> <two>illustrates the interplay between</two> ... <two>and</two> ... ? A: <one>Form</one> and <one>Function</one>. []
+- What is <one>the principal form of DNA</one> that <two>occurs in natural systems</two>? <one>B-DNA</one>. []
+- Can a <one>Ribozyme</one> <two>catalyze C-S bond formation</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Which person</one> gave <two>Introns</two> their name? <one>Walter Gilbert</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gilbert []
+- <one>Abstand</one> innerhalb einer <cadetblue>minor grove</cadetblue> und <cadetblue>major grove</cadetblue> in DNA? (1) <one>minor groove</one>: <two>12 Angstrom</two> (2) <one>major groove</one>: <two>22 Angstrom</two> []
+- Eine <one>Deaminierung von Methylcytosin</one> ergibt? <one>Thymin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymin []
+- Is <one>exogenous mRNA</one> <two>immunostimulatory</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Die <one>glykosidische Bindung bei den Purinen</one> kann entweder in <two>syn-Konformation</two> oder in der <two>anti-Konformation</two> stattfinden. <three>Pyrimidine sind stärker eingeschränkt - bei ihnen gibt es nur welche Konformation</three>? Nur <one>anti</one>. []
+- Name the <one>three general elements</one> <two>of a nucleotide</two>. A: (1) <one>Phosphate</one> (2) <one>Pentose</one> (3) <one>Base</one> []
+- Can <one>RNA</one> direct <two>DNA methylation</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>RNAi</one>? <one>RNA Interferenz</one>. []
+- Do <one>mRNA decay pathways</one> exist in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Is <one>Uracil</one> <two>a purine</two>? <one>No</one> - it is <two>a pyrimidine</two> (just like Thymine). []
+- In <one>RNA Biology</one>: what is meant with the abbreviation <two>RBD</two>? <one>RNA binding domain</one>. URL: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR035979 []
+- <one>At which wavelength</one> do we measure <three>the optical density of DNA</three>? At a wavelength of <one>260 nm</one>. []
+- Does <one>the size of hnRNA</one> <two>increase with increased genome size</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Bei DNA: was meinen wir mit der <one>syn-Konformation</one> beim Zucker? Das ist dann der Fall wenn die Base im wesentlichen über dem Zuckerring liegt.