studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === COMPUTER_FRAGEN
+#
+# Computer tag. Programming Tag. Informatik tag.
+# Inf tag. Betriebssysteme tag.
+# Auch technische Praxis der Informatik.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Was bedeutet <one>modal</one> bei einem GUI? Modal bedeutet, dass, während das betreffende Fenster (= widget) angezeigt wird, kein anderes Fenster verwendbar respektive aktivierbar ist.
+- The default encoding for XML is ... ? <one>UTF-8</one>.
+- Die europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung (DSGVO) wurde in welchem Jahr eingeführt? Im Jahr <one>2018</one>.
+- Was hat eigentlich die Voraussetzung für die Etablierung von Big Data, aus Sicht des Internets, ermöglicht? <one>Cookies</one>.
+- An archaic synonym for the terminal is ... ? <one>tty</one>, aka <two>teletype</two>.
+- Does <one>HTTPS</one> encrypt TCP/IP traffic in both directions? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Most <one>Trojan horses</one> arrive how? By <one>email</one>.
+- <one>Facebook</one> was founded in which year? <one>2004</one>.
+- Do <one>ISBN 13-digit numbers</one> have a checksum? <one>Yes</one>.
+- The <one>Turing test</one> was proposed by Turing in which year? In <one>1950</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>large-scale web service</one>. A: A <one>search engine</one>.
+- <one>Distributed computing</one> refers to computers that do not share ... ? They do not share memory.
+- <one>Supercomputer speeds</one> are measured by the number of flops. What does flops stand for? Flops is an abbreviation for <one>floating point operations</one>.
+- Why can we say that caching in a computer, from a hardware-centric point of view, works? Because recently used information is likely to be used again soon. This is what <one>caching</one> ultimately focuses on.
+- <one>Computers</one> are ... processors. A: <one>Digital processors</one>.
+- Most RAM is volatile. What is meant with that? That its contents disappear if the power is turned off. All of the currently active information is lost.
+- The brain of a computer is ... ? The <one>processor</one>.
+- The most relevant precursor to today’s computers is the ... loom. A: The <one>Jacquard loom</one>.
+- Give an example for an <one>arithmetic device</one>. A: The <one>abacus</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>program that creates programs</one>. A: <one>Makefiles</one>.
+- The standard data format in UNIX was ... ? <one>Ordinary text</one>.
+- Name <one>a quintessential Unix invention</one>. A: <one>Pipes</one>.
+- In the 1980s Microsoft distributed a version of Unix called ... ? <one>Xenix</one>.
+- The IBM Personal Computer (<one>PC</one>) first appeared in ... ? <one>1981</one>.
+- For a <one>RISC processor</one>: <two>what does the abbreviation RISC stand for</two>, actually? <one>Reduced Instruction Set Computer</one>.
+- Name a serious problem with the World Wide Web, related to time. A: The volatility of the World Wide Web is an issue.
+- <one>Access control services</one> enforce which rights? <one>access rights</one>.
+- <one>INFOSEC</one> is an abbreviation for ... ? <one>Information security</one>.
+- The First Computer was ... ? <one>Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine</one>.
+- The <one>agile manifesto</one> puts which single aspect at its central core? The ability to make changes to software easy and quick to happen.
+- In a given GUI, for drag-and-drop support, what are the three main points of interest? (1) the graphic object that is moved (2) the source location, and (3) the destination location 
+- Give an example, in software engineering, for a business model that exists as a parasite of another. A: Companies who build spyware removal products to make up for inadequacies in Microsoft’s browser security model.
+- <one>When</one> was "Unix" born? In <one>1969</one>. See URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
+- Wann wurde die erste Version des Linux Kernels veröffentlicht? In 1991.
+- What is meant with the word <one>chroot</one>, which is also <two>an old UNIX command</two>? <one>Change root</one>.
+- The first electronic computer was built in which year? In <one>1945</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir in einem Kernel die <one>Ausführung mehrerer Prozesse</one>, auf Englisch? <one>Multitasking</one>.
+- A number one, followed by <one>one hundred zeros</one> is known by what name? <one>Googol</one>.
+- Auf Linux: warum wurde der Name /<one>dev</one>/ gewählt? Steht für <one>devices</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für Linux /<one>proc</one>/? <one>Illusionary filesystem</one>.
+- What does "LISP" stand for? <one>LISt Processing</one>.
+- In Computer terminology: what means <one>DBMS</one>? <one>Database management system</one>.
+- Was enthält ein <one>unsigned integer</one>? <one>Nur positive Werte</one>.
+- What are Higher-order functions (HOFs)? A: functions that take other functions as their arguments. 
+- The process of mapping URLs to functions is called ... ? <one>Routing</one>.
+- Does .jpg support transparency, e. g. for a transparent jpeg file? <one>No</one> it does not support transparency, <two>unlike .png</two>.
+- Sockets are meant to represent a persistent connection between ... ? A <one>server</one> and a client. 
+- Was ist die Aufgabe von <one>Active Record</one>? Active Record speichert Objekte in eine Datenbank.
+- Why are <one>vector graphics</one> an interesting concept? Because they do not lose clarity when resized or transformed.
+- Nenne eine Limitation des Linux Befehl rmdir(). A: rmdir() kann nur auf leere Verzeichnisse angewendet werden.
+- The programming language <one>COBOL</one>: COBOL stands short for ... ? <one>Common Business-Oriented Language</one>.
+- One of the most well-known example of a non-verbose DSL is ... ? <one>Regular expressions</one>.
+- All colours on a computer are made up by combining the light from three colours: red, blue, and green. White has what value here? White is <one>[255, 255, 255]</one>.
+- In which year were <one>1 billion internet users</one> achieved, on planet earth? In <one>2005</one>.
+- The computer a compiler runs on is called ... ? The <one>host</one>.
+- What is meant with <one>metadata</one>? This essentially refers to <one>data about data</one>.
+- In computer science: what is meant with the <one>multilanguage model</one>? This essentially refers to use a high-level language that is slower, such as Ruby or Python, and combine it with a faster lower-level language, such as C or C++.
+- In computer science: <one>IOU</one> means <two>Intersection Over Union</two>. What is its primary use case specifically? It is <one>used as a metric in image detection technology</one>.
+- A typical computer system may consist of <one>which three components</one>? (1) <one>hardware</one> (2) <one>software</one> (3) <one>data</one>
+- Wozu dienen <one>pipes</one>? Pipes dienen dazu, die Ausgabe eines Befehls als Eingabe für den nachfolgenden Befehl zu nutzen.
+- <one>Arbeitsplatzrechner</one> bezeichnen wir wie, in der englischen Sprache? <one>Personal computer</one>.
+- In the world-wide-web: <one>URI</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Uniform Resource Identifier</one>.
+- The keyword <one>HETATM</one> in PDB files can be used for ...? HETATM is used to identify atoms in small molecules.
+- Give another name for a <one>singleton method</one>. A: A <one>per object method</one>.
+- In <one>CSS</one>: if we have something such as .h1 { color: green }, how do we call the .h1 part? This is <one>the selector</one>.
+- Welche Person entwickelte die erste <one>Chiffriermaschine</one>? <one>Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</one>. Er beschrieb die "machina deciphratoria" genauer im Jahre <two>1688</two>.
+- Wofür steht das Code Konstrukt <one>-lt</one> in <three>Bash</three>? <one>Less than</one>.
+- Was macht der unix Befehl <one>uniq</one>? Er liest eine Eingabe und filtert mehrfach vorkommende Zeilen aus der Ausgabe.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>ransomware</one>? This is an app which demands money via a threat to release private information, or by wiping a device.
+- Is the <one>most significant bit</one> left or right? It is <one>left</one>.
+- What are the two major guiding principles of <one>Rails</one>? (1) DRY ("Dont Repeat Yourself") (2) Convention Over Configuration
+- Mit welchem Programm können wir, unter Linux, eine <one>MBR Partition</one> verändern? Mit Hilfe von <one>fdisk</one>.
+- What is a <one>pointer</one>? A <one>pointer</one> is a variable that contains the address of a variable.
+- Nenne eine Einschränkung von <one>rmdir()</one>, ohne Argumente. A: Es <one>kann nur auf leere Verzeichnisse angewendet werden</one>.
+- Was bedeutet der Parameter <one>-m</one> für <three>mkdir</three>? Dies sind <one>MODE Berechtigungen</one> - sprich, welche Berechtigung neue Verzeichnisse haben sollen.
+- Wie mache ich <one>File.exist? foo</one> in <three>bash</three>? A: <one>if [ -e foo ]</one>
+- In der <one>Programmiersprache R</one>: mit welcher Funktion <three>zeichnen</three> wir? Mittels <one>plot()</one>.
+- Wie springe ich aus einem case block in Bash heraus? Mittels doppeltem Semikolon <one>;;</one>.
+- How do we call the large, old network of <one>interconnected Teletypes</one>? <one>Telex</one>.
+- A. W. für <one>www link</one>? <one>URL pointers</one>.
+- In Linux: what does <one>cgroup</one> stand for, as abbreviation? <one>Control groups</one>.
+- Why the character <one>S</one> in the term <three>HTTPS</three>? <one>S</one> stands for <two>secure</two>.
+- For the GCC compiler: what does <one>-Wall</one> mean? It means <one>all warnings</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Option <one>-p</one> an cp? Für <one>preserve</one>, also <two>dem Beibehalten gewisser Metadaten, wie der UID</two>.
+- Name <one>one of the most important goals for software design</one>. A: To <one>reduce the complexity of software</one>. This will help make it easier to understand it.
+- Wofür steht die Bezeichnung <one>Tux</one>? <one>Torvald's Unix</one>.
+- Was ist ein <one>compiler</one>? Ein <one>Compiler</one> ist ein Übersetzer, der Source-Code in Object-Code übersetzt.
+- Give another term for <one>file descriptors</one>. A: <one>Data pipes</one>.
+- Name a mechanical difference between <one>Hard disc drives</one> and <one>Solid state disks</one>. A: Hard Disc drives have moving parts; SSDs don't.
+- What is meant with the term <one>reproducible build</one? A build is called reproducible (or deterministic) if running it twice produces exactly the same build outputs.
+- Name <one>a general trend</one> in Computer Science that may also relate to the sports-field. A: <one>Miniaturisation</one>.
+- <one>UDP</one> (User Datagram Protocol) versus <one>TCP</one> - which one is more reliable? TCP - it ensures that a remote machine receives the data that was sent to it.
+- In computer science: what is meant with the term <one>debugging</one>? This refers to the activity of finding errors in a program and removing ("fixing") them.
+- Der Hauptprozessor eines Computers ist ... ? Die <one>CPU</one>.
+- Was bedeutet <one>eine ungepufferte Ausgabe</one>? Das die <one>Zeichen sofort dargestellt werden</one>.
+- Wann erschien <violet>mplayer</violet> erstmals? Im Jahre <one>2000</one>.
+- In Computer science, what does "BNF" mean? <one>Backus Naur Form</one>. The ::= means that the sybmol on the left must be replaced with the expression on the right.
+- Wie nennen wir Zufallszahlen, die vom Computer berechnet wurden? <royalblue>Pseudozufallszahlen</royalblue>.
+- "DNS-Server" - wofür steht die Abkürzung "DNS"? <one>Domain Name Service</one>.
+- Why the name "Fortran"? It stands for <one>FOrmula TRANslation</one>.
+- Lochkarten wurden erstmals im Jahr 1805 verwendet ( https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochkarte#Ursprung ), von dem Franzosen "Joseph-Marie Jacquard" ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard ). Welchen Beruf hatte er und was genau wollte er automatisieren? Er war ein "Buchbinder"; er wollte <one>die Webtechnik automatisieren</one>.
+- Beim UNIX Befehle für ls, wofür steht die Option "-h"? <one>--human-readable</one>.
+- Wie löschen wir eine definierte Funktion in Bash? Mittels <one>unset -f name</one>.
+- Was befindet sich im "Zentrum der Informatik"? Der <one>Algorithmus</one>.
+- Die Abkürzung "Intel" stammte von ...? <one>INTegrated ELectronics</one>.
+- Wie werden IPv6-Adressen notiert? <one>Hexadezimal</one>, ahnlich wie MAC-Adressen.
+- What may be the most prevalent, non-hardware related, logical storage unit on a computer system? The <one>file</one>.
+- Name an <one>object modeling methodology</one>. A: The Unified Modeling Language (<one>UML</one>).
+- Was ist ein Petabyte? 10 ** 15 bytes.
+- In computer terminology, what is meant with the term <one>idempotence</one>? This refers to an action that should deliver identical results if it is repeated. In other words, it will deliver reproducible results.
+- What is meant with an <one>event-driven programming model</one>? This is, such as for the GUI toolkit called GTK+, where GTK+ waits in the main loop for input-events from the user, such as clicking a button.
+- When was the <one>World Wide Web</one> "born"? In <violet>1989</violet>.
+- In a shell terminal, how to restore the default after using colours? Use "\e[0m".
+- On modern computer-processors, are multiplications or divisions cheaper? "Multiplications" - they are cheaper than divisions.
+- Was bedeutet "$5 - $4" in awk? Ziehe den Wert in der 5. Spalte von dem Wert in der 4. Spalte ab.
+- Name a tool with which we can read subtitles out of images. A: "Tesseract". It can recognize the text in images, by using "Optical Character Recognition" (OCR). 
+- Which editor does "Linus Torvalds" normally use? He uses an editor called "Micro-emacs".
+- What is the purpose of "/usr/libexec"? This directory includes "internal binaries" that are not intended to be executed directly by users or shell scripts. 
+- What do we mean with "vertical scaling" in the computer fields? Vertical scaling basically means "the increase of server power".
+- Warum heissen "relative Pfade" unter Linux so? Sie geben den Pfad "relativ zum aktuellen Arbeitsverzeichnis" (PWD) an.
+- What does the following mean: The ability to introspect? This means "to examine aspects of a program from within the program itself".
+- In welchem Land wurde "die erste mechanische Rechenhilfe" entiwckelt? In China, mit "suanpan". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan
+- "Konrad Zuse" konstruierte 1941 mit ... den ersten voll funktionsfähigen Rechner. A: "Z3". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_%28computer%29
+- What is meant with the phrase "web scraping"? Web scraping is "a programmatic method of extracting data from websites".  
+- What does it mean when we say that an "I/O stream may be duplexed"? That it is "bidirectional".
+- Was meinen wir mit "LIFO"? Last-In-First-Out - dies bedeutet das wir nur auf das Element zugreifen, das zuletzt eingefügt wurde.
+- Wie übersetzen wir "Stack", ins Deutsche? "Stapel".
+- The abbreviation I/O stands for ... ? "input/output". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output
+- Was meinen wir mit "Rekursion"? Dies ist der Aufruf einer Funktion aus sich selbst heraus; die Funktion ruft sich also selbst erneut auf.
+- Most information is entered into computers through ... which three different means? (1) "keyboards" (2) "touch screens" (3) "mouse devices"
+- Wie löschen wir gesetzte Variablen in einer Shell wie Bash wieder? Mittels "unset".
+- 1965 begann General Electric und das MIT mit der Arbeit an einem Betriebssystem für Großrechner namens MULTICS. Was heisst MULTICS? "Multiplexed Information and Computing Service".
+- The smallest individual unit of a program written in any language is called ... ? A "token".
+- How many websites did exist in the year "1993"? About "26.000".
+- In der Informatik, was meinen wir mit einer "sicheren Nachricht"? Wenn die Nachricht unversehrt - und ausschließlich - beim vorgesehenen Empfänger ankommt.
+- How to exit from emacs? "C-x C-c".
+- What was the first personal computer? The "Altair 8800". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800
+- Wichtigste Strategie bei der praktischen Implementierung von "divide et impera"? Rekursion.
+- Ein Algorithmus kann graphisch in Form ... dargestellt werden. A: In Form eines Flussdiagramms.
+- AMD is using the APU in its processors. What does APU stand for? Accelerated Processing Unit.
+- What is the most basic language of a computer? The machine language.
+- Was heisst "RAM"? Random Access Memory.
+- A sequence of symbols is called ...? A String. 
+- What is Google's "Project Ocean"? This project, started in 2002, is to scan in all available books worldwide.
+- What is a "kibibyte"? This is 1024.
+- Which computer was the first to have operated in real time? The "Whirlwind computer".
+- The "Whirlwind computer" was developed where? At the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" (MIT).
+- What is a "tuple"? This is a finite, ordered list of elements. 
+- What is a "partial function"? When a function is not defined for every element of the input set.
+- Wieviele verschiedene Variablen kennt eine Shell wie Bash prinzipiell? (1) lokale Variablen (2) globale Variablen (3) exportierte Variablen
+- When was the "ARPANET" created? In 1969. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
+- What is the "Singleton design pattern"? This is that a class has only one instance. One global point of access to it is provided.
+- In Computer technology, what does "RAID" stand for? Redundant array of independent disks.
+- Donald Knuth said that optimizations should be used when there is a "significant benefit". By how much percent should this be at least? By 12%.
+- An exit code on *nix can have what values? It is a numeric value between 0 and 255.
+- In Computing, what does a "Window Manager" do? A Window Manager manages the placement of application windows on the screen.
+- In computer parlance, what do we mean with the term "serialization"? Serialization is the process of converting application data to another format (usually binary), suitable for transportation e. g. over a network.- In computer parlance, what do we mean with the term "serialization"? Serialization is the process of converting application data to another format (usually binary), suitable for transportation e. g. over a network.
+- What is the chief distinction between HTTP and HTTPS? HTTPS uses TCP Port 443, HTTP uses TCP port 80.
+- On Linux, the static .a files contain which two components? (1) one or more .o files (2) an index of names 
+- What is the most important question for video codecs? quality. 
+- Nenne einen allgemeinen Unterschied zwischen Linux-Dateisystemen und Windows-Dateisysteme. A: Linux-Dateisysteme können an beliebiger Stelle eingebunden werden.
+- In Web Terminology, what do we mean with "RAD"? Rapid application development.
+- What is the biggest problem with HTTP? It erodes. 
+- If we summarize the Unix Philosophy with just one acronym, what would we call it? "KISS" - Keep it simple.
+- Common jquery syntax? $(selector).action()
+- Compiling to a binary is a two-step process. Which two steps are used? (1) the actual compiling (2) the linking
+- What do we commonly mean with "stderr"? These are error messages output to the screen.
+- How do we call "nil" in PHP? NULL.
+- What does "tty" stand for in Computer-Terminology? TeleTYpewriter.
+- In C++, how do we call defined paramenters in a function? "formal parameters"
+- What is a "trigraph" in C++? This is a of three characters, that represent a single character. The sequence always starts with two question marks.
+- Die cron Syntax hat 5 Einträge vor dem Befehl der ausgeführt werden soll. Was bedeuten diese Einträge? (1) Minuten (2) Stunden (3) Tag (4) Monat (5) Wochentag URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron#Format
+- What can we assume about a code based on the alphabet? The most frequent letter is e, which may be reflected by number frequency.
+- How do we denote an "id selector" in CSS? We can use the # character.
+- What does "S-expression" mean? Symbolic expression.
+- What is the purpose of initramfs? Its purpose is to "mount the root filesystem".
+- In computer science, what means SIMD and what means MIMD? (1) SIMD: single instruction multiple data (2) MIMD: multiple instruction multiple data 
+- What is "Memoization"? Memoization is an old and well-known technique to improve the performance of a program. We will store the result of function calls so that repeated calls to the same function with previously processed parameters can be fetched from memory, instead of being recalculated.
+- Who developed the .m4v video container format? Apple.
+- Who was the founding father of "Cybernetics"? Norbert Wiener.
+- What is "Cybernetics"? This is the study of communication and control, typically involving regulatory feedback, in living beings and machines.
+- What is cbind() in R doing? It forms matrices by binding them together column-wise.
+- Wozu dienst "sysctl" unter Linux? Damit kann man die Kernel Parameter während der Laufzeit verändern.
+- Was sind "stateless Addressen" in IPv6? Wenn der Router nicht weiss, welche Adresse(n) der Client generiert. 
+- Andere Bezeichnung für "sticky bit" unter Linux? "restricted deletion"
+- Was ist "GECOS" in der Datei /etc/passwd? Ein Kommentarfeld.
+- Welche vier verschiedene Arten von Adressen können wir unterscheiden? (1) unicast (2) broadcast (3) multicast (4) anycast
+- Wie erkennen wir einen "absoluten Pfad" in Linux? Absolute Pfade beginnen immer mit einem "/".
+- Loopback Addresse unter IPv4? 127.0.0.1.
+- Bei IPv6, was heisst "MTU"? Maximum Transmission Units.
+- Wann wurde IPv6 erstmals beschrieben? 1995.
+- Was ist das Problem bei IPv4? 2 ** 32 Adressen sind nicht genug.
+- Wie können wir die Addresse automatisch konfigurieren, unter Linux? Mittels dhclient.
+- Nenne ein Programm das sich nicht an FHS hält. A: udev
+- Wann veröffentlichte Linus Torvalds die erste Version des Linux Kernels? 1991.
+- Wann entstand die erste halbwegs benutzbare Linux-Distribution? Dies war "SLS", und zwar 1992.
+- Was bedeutet "Time-Sharing"? Mehrere Anwender können gleichzeitig auf derselben Maschine arbeiten.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung "ssh"? secure shell URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell
+- Was heisst "unixartig"? (1) GNU/Linux (2) BSD Systeme
+- In einem UNIX-Computersystem, wofür steht die Abkürzung "PPID"? Parent PID.
+- Name the 4 relational operators in C. A: (1) < (2) <= (3) > (4) >=
+- Was bedeutet "chmod a+r foo"? Dies gibt allen Anwendern Leserechte für die Datei foo.
+- How do we grab user input in C? We can use the scanf() function to read in a value.
+- An exit status of 0 indicates what in a shell script? Success - no error occurred.
+- Was bedeutet ein Eintrag x in der Datei /etc/passwd? Das das Passwort dieses Nutzers in der /etc/shadow Datei abgelegt ist.
+- Man kann in bash Befehle ausführen. In welcher Variablen wird der Rückggabewert gespeichert? A: In der $? Variablen.
+- For HTML Hyperlinks respectively CSS Links, which order should we use? The "LVHA" order. This means: link-visited-hover-active.
+- When was "Linux" born? In 25.08.1991.
+- What is the general jQuery syntax? $(selector).action()
+- What does "SIGHUP" mean? Hangup - the process will be terminated.
+- Nenne 3 Programme unter Linux, mit deren Hilfe wir alle laufende Prozesse angezeigt bekommen. A: (1) ps (2) htop (3) pstree
+- Linux verwendet welches Format für Binärprogramme? ELF.
+- Neu angelegte Dateien auf Linux haben standardgemäß welche Berechtigung? 666 ("the sign of the devil"; also rw-rw-rw)
+- Hardlinks sind nicht Softlinks. Es gibt einen Unterschied in bezug auf die Berechtigungen. Welchen? Softlinks haben keine eigenen Berechtigungen; es zählen nur die Berechtigungen der Datei, auf die verwiesen wird.
+- Nenne ein Verzeichnis in Linux, das normalerweise das sticky bit gesetzt hat. A: Das /tmp Verzeichnis.
+- Was bedeutet es wenn ein Verzeichnis das "sticky bit" (t) gesetzt haben? Nutzer können nur dann Dateien in einem Verzeichnis löschen/umbennenen/verschieben, wenn sie Besitzer dieser Datei sind.
+- Beim Programm chmod, was ist der Unterschied zwischen "u+s" und "u-s"? "u+s" fügt permissions hinzu, "u-s" entfernt diese. 
+- Heutzutage (2014) gibt es im wesentlichen welche 2 möglichen Partitionslayouts? (1) MBR-Partitionen (2) GPT-Partitionen
+- Wofür steht [^abc]? Für alle Zeichen außer a, b oder c.
+- In Bash, was ist ein "Intervall"? Ein Intervall enthält einen String an Zeichen wie zum Beispiel [abcz]. Dies steht für a, b, c, z.
+- Is the Linux program "less" or "more" more powerful? less is, because it allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement.
+- Das Programm chmod erlaubt symbolische Notationen in der Form {a,u,g,o}. Wofür steht a,u,g,o? a: all, u: user, g: group, o: others
+- Eine Oktalziffern, also von 0 bis 7, benötigt wieviele Bit? 3 Bit.
+- In UNIX, wieviele Arten von Zugriffsrechten gibt es? 3. read, write, execute (4,2,1)
+- Was bedeutet "chmod root: /etc/fobar"? Dies ändert nur den Besitzer auf root, und lässt die Gruppe unverändert.
+- Wie nennen wir unter Linux einen Symlink, der ins Leere geht? "dangling link"
+- UNIX verwendet sogenannte "inodes". Wofür steht das Wort "inodes"? "index nodes"
+- Unter Linux, wozu verwenden wir das Programm "du"? Wir können damit die Verwendung und Grösse des Filesystems verfolgen und abschätzen.
+- Die Datei /etc/fstab enthält wieviele Felder? 6.
+- In the programming language C, how do we define a "function pointer"? A: These are names encased in () parenthesis, with a leading pointer marker *. Example: "int (*say_hello)(char *name);"
+- Was macht "xargs"? xargs liest Eingaben von stdin oder einer Datei und übergibt diese Eingaben an einen Befehl. 
+- Jedes Programm hat drei Grundlegende streams, von denen es lesen bzw. zu denen es schreiben kann. Wie kann man sich dies merken? in-out-err
+- A. W. für "zombie process"? defunct process. 
+- Wie nennen wir es wenn eine Shell mehrere Befehle parallel ausführt? "jobs"
+- Wie erhalten wir eine Liste aller in einer Bash-Shell definierten Funktionen? typeset -f.
+- In bash, was heisst $IFS? Internal Field Seperator.
+- Was macht der coreutils Befehl "seq"? Der druckt eine Reihe von Nummern aus.
+- Was gibt "$$" in bash wieder? Die PID der Shell.
+- What do we yield through this here: ls $( echo /usr /tmp ) ? We will obtain the content of /usr and of /tmp.
+- Was enthält das Verzeichnis "/var/" normalerweise auf Linux? Laufzeitdaten.
+- Eine Shell wie bash has 3 Befehlstypen. Wie finden wir heraus, welcher Typ ein Befehl ist? Mittels `which`.
+- In einer Shell, welche 3 wesentliche Befehlstypen gibt es? (1) Ausführbare Programme (Binaries, Skripte und so weiter) (2) Builtins/Funktionen (3) Aliases
+- What is a "quine" in programming? A program that outputs its own source code.
+- In computer technology, what is the "heartbleed bug"? This is a bug in OpenSSL, which came through the heartbeat extension for the Transport Layer Security ("TLS").
+- In Linux, wie erstellen wir "named pipes"? Mittels mkfifo.
+- What means "multilib 64bit Linux system"? This is a system capable of running 64bit as well as 32bit software.
+- On Linux, who is the "grandparent of all processes"? The init process.
+- What is "lexing"? To transform a stream of characters into a stream of tokens.
+- What is an "auonen"? This is a self-operating machine.
+- In the programming language C, how do we indicate success? By using the return value of 0.
+- Name one software package where the "Backus-Naur Form" is used. A: GNU bison.
+- Give one example for a "context-free grammer" that is used in computer science. A: The "BNF" (Backus-Naur Form).
+- What does the prefix gibi mean? Multiplication by 1024 ** 3.
+- Why does "make" support a variable called DESTDIR? This variable controls where the "make install" step puts the files.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung im .star Format? STAR (Self-defining Text Archiving and Retrieval) format. 
+- In bash, wie setzen wir eine Variable? VARIABLE="abc"
+- Was machen "Pipes" in UNIX? Sie verbinden den Output/Ausgabe (stdout) eines Befehls mit dem Input/Eingabe (stdin) eines anderen Befehls.
+- Wozu dient eine Subshell in bash? Eine Subshell dient dazu, einen oder mehrere Befehle in einem bash-Unterprozess auszuführen und deren Rückgabe in einer Variablen zu speichern. Die Syntax hierzu ist $(...)
+- Was ist der Unterschied zwischen HTTP GET und HTTP POST? (1) Get: request data from a specified resource (2) POST: submit data to be processed to a specified resource
+- In UNIX, wie mache ich eine Datei ausführbar? Mittels "chmod +x"
+- Why are Floats not accurate? Float numbers cannot store decimal numbers precisely, as a Float is stored internally in a binary number format and always needs to convert from decimal to binary and vice versa.
+- Wann wurde das Bit als Einheit der Information eingeführt? 1948. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit#History
+- The word "bit" comes from? "binary digit"
+- How to remember how to reboot under Linux when it freezes? Raising Ermines Is So Utterly Beneficial.
+- When did CSS2 appear? In 1998.
+- Unix has standard files open when a program starts, called 0, 1 and 2. What do they mean? In - Out - Error.
+- ASCII encoding is 8-bit? No, it is a 7-bit encoding.
+- Is printf() a part of the C programming language? No.
+- How to query data from a SQL-Table in general? Use the SELECT statement.
+- HTTP knows the verb "POST". Give the classical example for POST here. A: The login formular.
+- What is the maximum length of an URL? 2048.
+- I want to send binary data. Should I use GET or POST? POST. Get restricts input to ascii only!
+- In C, what is the address-of operator? &.
+- In Computer-Terminology, what means "CRUD"? create, read, update, destroy.
+- Wie unterscheidet sich die Darstellung von Oktal-Konstanten von Hexadezimal-Konstanten? A: Oktal beginnt mit 0, Hexadezimal mit 0x
+- Eine "Complex number" besteht aus welchen Teilen? Zwei floating numbers. Dem "real" und dem "imaginary" part.
+- In CRUD, we have the action "destroy". What alias could we use for that action? Delete.
+- Rails uses which three default environments? (1) development (2) testing (3) production
+- In Rails, what is the purpose of a controller? It is to receive specific requests for an application.
+- A. W. für "metaprogramming"? Writing code that writes code.
+- W. h. "chroot"? change root.
+- What exactly means "non volatile data store" in informatics? The register will hold state in the absence of energy.
+- A. W. für "exponential function"? First-order function.
+- The first standard for ANSI escape sequences was ECMA-48. When was it adopted first? In 1976.
+- Which three modes does VIM have? (1) Command mode (2) Insert mode (3) Visual mode
+- Was beachten wir bei sscanf? Sscanf hat immer ein & vor dem Variablennamen. Zum Beispiel: sscanf("%f", &var);
+- Was war Allan Turings bedeutendste Erkenntnis? Das Concept of Universal Computing.
+- The shell prompt is stored in which variable? PS1.
+- Unterscheide einen "scanner" von einem "parser". A: The scanner is supposed to recognize tokens, while the parser is supposed to process the resulting series of tokens.
+- Was bedeutet der Pipe character | in einer Regex? Oder (Or).
+- A. W. für "Lambda Functions"? Anonymous functions.
+- Die EDV arbeitet nach dem EVA-Prinzip. Was heisst dies EVA?  Eingabe, Verarbeitung, Ausgabe.
+- Wie heisst der Linux Kernel Software Interrupt? softirq.
+- Welche 5 Methoden hat REST? GET PUT HEAD DELETE POST.
+- What is the problem of integer division? Information is lost whenever a fraction is dropped. 5/3 will result in 1.
+- Clusters in Genen sind wie ... in Programmiersprachen? A: Funktionen bzw. Methoden.
+- In dem Konstrukt "int *foo = &bar;", was bedeutet das &? Adress of Operator.
+- Welche 5 Datentypen hat C++? bool x, char x, int x, float x, double x.
+- Was ist die Range eines Data type? Die Werte die er haben kann.
+- Was ist das besondere an einem "signed integer"? Diese Variable kann sowohl negative als auch positive Nummern enthalten.
+- When was the program "make" created? In April 1976, by Stuart Feldman.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Computer graphics
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Give <one>an example</one> in modern society where computer vision systems are employed. A: Computer vision are used in a variety of <two>surveillance settings</two>.
+- A <one>pixel</one> may be displayed in 2D. How do we call this area typically? This is the <one>display grid</one>.
+- Give a very famous example of a <one>computer vision algorithm</one>. A: A <one>face detection algorithm</one>.
+- There is an optical illusion where the lengths of two horizontal lines appear different. What is the name given for this classic example of an optical illusion? This is the <one>Müller-Lyer illusion</one>.
+- In computer graphics: <one>ANPR</one> as abbreviation is short for ... ? <one>Automatic number plate recognition</one>.
+- In computer vision: the abbreviation mocap is short for ... ? <one>Motion capture</one>.
+- Worüber handelt die <one>Computer Vision</one> eigentlich? Von Bilder auf eine Bildbeschreibung zu gelangen.
+- Menschen können rot, grün und blau sehen. Welche von diesen drei Farben am schlechtesten? <one>Blau</one>.
+- In der Computergraphik: welche Objekte sind am wichtigsten? <one>Dreiecke</one>.
+- The file extension .gif (GIF): this abbreviation is short for ... ? <one>Graphics Interchange Format<one>.
+- To save the user from waiting for the image to be displayed, images are often loaded ... ? <one>asynchronously</one>.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === CRISPR
+#
+# Everything about CRISPR, the immune system in archaea and bacteria.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- In CRISPR: what is <one>multiplexing</one>? <one>Multiplexing</one> <two>refers to the introduction of several sgRNAs into a cell simultaneously</two>. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15053-x
+- Do <one>tolerant CRISPRs</one> provide a benefit to a bacterium? Yes - several closely related phages may be targeted by such a tolerant CRISPR system. Imprecision here effectively extends a CRISPR memory to recognize targets not previously encountered by the bacterium at hand.
+- Do <one>all CRISPR systems</one> <two>require an exact match</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- Can <one>cas proteins</one> <two>cut DNA</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Is it <one>possible</one> to introduce several sgRNAs into a cell simultaneously? <one>Yes</one>.
+- A <one>requirement</one> for recognition of the target sequence in CRISPR/Cas9 is the presence of ... ? An <one>adjacent PAM sequence</one> (<two>protospacer adjacent motif</two>;  5'-NGG-3' in case of Cas9, but different for other proteins).
+- The <one>Cas9 endonuclease</one> <two>has how many components</two>? <one>Four</one>.
+- What do the <one>CRISPR spacers</one> match? These spacers match DNA from previously encountered invaders.
+- <one>Which Cas</one> has been modified to depend more on the pairing between the sgRNA and the DNA - and thus increase its specificity? The <one>high-fidelity Cas</one>, such as <two>Cas-CLOVER</two>. URL: https://www.cell.com/molecular-therapy-family/nucleic-acids/fulltext/S2162-2531(22)00155-X
+- Name one limitation of the CRISP-Cas9 system in regards to genome editing. A: The potential for off-target cleavage.
+- <one>CRISPR</one> was <two>first discovered in archaea or in bacteria</two>? In <one>archaea</one>.
+- Can we say anything about the organisation of <one>cas genes</one> (<two>CRISPR-associated genes</two>)? <one>Yes</one>. These genes are <two>always located adjacent to CRISPRs</two> in a genome.
+- Name one modified CRISPR Cas9 protein that makes staggered cuts. A: <one>Cpf1</one>. URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.00264/full
+- Nenne einen Vorteil von CRISPR Cas9 verglichen mit Restriktionsenzymen. A: Dank der <one>sgRNA</one> kann eine relativ lange Nukleotidsequenz erkannt werden.
+- What is <one>CRISPR-SKIP</one> famous for? CRISPR-SKIP is famous for <two>programmable gene splicing with single base editors</two>.
+- <one>Prime Editing</one> is <two>a variation on CRISPR systems</two>. <three>What key benefit does it offer</three>? <one>Prime Editing</one> <two>employs an editing mechanism that operates independent of the host cell's homology-directed repair (HDR) machinery</two>.
+- What is meant with <one>CRISPR-STOP</one>? This is a technique for truncating proteins by "introducing stop codons" in gene coding sequences, using "C -> T" base editing.
+- <one>crRNA</one> stands short for ... ? <one>CRISPR RNA</one>.
+- In the <one>CRISPR system</one>: name one component that has a <two>NLS sequence</two>. A: The <one>protein Cas9</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5844304/
+- <one>Cas9</one> contains <two>how many endonuclease domains</two>? <one>Two</one>: the central HNH and the split RuvC domain.
+- <one>How</one> do we call <two>programmable gene splicing</two> through CRISPR? <one>CRISPR-SKIP</one>.
+- The <one>Cas9 endonuclease</one> has <two>four components</two>. <three>How many small RNA molecules are included there</three>? <one>Four</one>.
+- Wer oder was verleiht CRISPR/Cas9 die <one>Spezifität</one>? Die <one>guide RNA</one>.
+- Why is <one>AID-based CRISPR</one>/<one>Cas9</one> considered so useful? Because we can <one>modify genomes without the use of a template DNA</one>.
+- What is a <one>pegRNA</one>? This is a <one>prime editing guide RNA</one>.
+- <one>CRISPR-CAS9</one> requires the host system's DNA repair mechanism to repair the damage achieved. <two>Which two repair systems exist here</two>? (1) <one>NHEJ</one>: <two>Non-Homologous End joining mediated repair</two> (2) <one>HDR</one>: <two>Homology-Directed mediated repair</two>
+- The <one>first CRISPR system</one> that was engineered for its application in genome editing was that of ... ? <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>.
+- CRISPR-Cas9 is famous, but <one>CRISPR-Cpf1</one> may offer at the least one advantage over CRISPR-Cas9. <two>Which one is that</two>? <one>CRISPR-Cpf1</one> needs only one small RNA whereas Cas9 needs a complex with two small RNAs. Thus, the Cpf1 system is simpler than CRISPR-Cas9.
+- Wie können wir <one>off-target</one> Ereignisse bei CRISPR detektieren? Wir können <one>deep sequencing</one> verwenden.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Mosaizismus bei CRISPR</one>? Das es ungleiche Genome gibt in verschiedenen Zellen; also <one>heterogene editing-Ergebnisse</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>dead Cas9</one>? Dies sind <one>mutierte Cas9-Proteine</one>, die <two>keine DSBs mehr durchführen können</two>.
+- What does the abbreviation <one>tracrRNA</one> stand for? This is <one>trans-activating CRISPR RNA</one>.
+- <one>Alexander Bolotin</one> discoverd the Streptococcus thermophilus Cas9 protein. What does the abbreviation <two>Cas</two> stand for? <one>Crispr associated protein</one>.
+- The <one>executioner complex</one> used in CRISPR consists of <two>which three primary components</two>? (1) <one>Cas9</one> (2) <one>crRNA</one> (3) <one>tracrRNA</one>
+- When designing <one>a programmable nuclease based on CRISPR</one>, <two>is the PAM sequence part of the gRNA sequence</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- Ist die <one>PAM-Sequenz</one> Teil der Zielerkennenden Sequenz? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Name a <one>nuclease-deficient mutant of Cas9</one>. A: <one>dCas9</one>.
+- For genetic engineering: <one>which class of CRISPR is more interesting</one>, class I or class II? <one>class II</one>.
+- <one>CRISPR spacer sequences</one> are transcribed into ... ? Short RNA sequences called crRNAs (<two>CRISPR RNAs</two>.
+- Die <one>repeats</one> in einem <two>CRISPR-Locus</two> sind in etwa wie lange? Etwa <one>32 bp</one>.
+- Are the <one>spacer</one> or the <two>repeats</two> in the CRISPR more important? The <one>spacer region</one> is more important.
+- The <one>nuclease-deficient mutant dCas9</one> was isolated from which bacterium? <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one>.
+- The CRISPR/Cas system cleaves and incorporates foreign DNA/RNA segments into the genomic region called ... ? The <one>CRISPR array</one>.
+- "CRISPR" stands for? "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats".
+- What is meant with "crRNA"? This is simply "CRISPR RNA".

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cyanobakterien
+#
+# Everything about the cyanobacteria.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Cyanobakteriengruppen</one> die Stickstofffixierung betreiben. A: (1) <one>Anabena</one> (2) <one>Nostoc</one>
+- <one>Why</one> do cyanobacteria have cyanophycin? Cyanophycin is a nitrogen-storage product. It is broken down if nitrogen becomes deficient in the environment.
+- Besitzen Cyanobakterien eine Thylakoidmembran? <one>Ja</one>.
+- <one>Welche Cyanobakterien-Art</one> wird von "Zwergflamingos" gerne gegessen? <one>Arthrospira fusiformis</one>.
+- Die Referenzstammsammlung für Cyanobakterien ist in welchem Institut zu finden? Im <one>Pasteur Culture Collection</one>.
+- <one>Wie</one> wachsen Cyanobakterien in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung? Sie bilden einen Biofilm, fangen Sedimentpartikel ein und wachsen dadurch lagenweise.
+- The main storage product of cyanobacteria is ... ? <one>glycogen</one>.
+- Which substance is, oddly enough, toxic to cyanobacteria? <one>Molecular oxygen</one>.
+- <one>Cyanobacteria</one> were once known (and called) ... ? <one>Blue-green algae</one>.
+- Einige Cyanobakterien können eine <one>anoxygene Photosynthese</one> durchführen. Welche Substanz dient hierbei als <two>Reduktionsmittel</two>? <one>Schwefelwasserstoff</one>.
+- "Baeozyten" sind vergleichbar mit ... ? Den <one>Endosporen der Bakterien</one>.
+- Name a "structural trait of cyanobacteria". A: <one>Gas vesicles</one>.
+- Are <one>cyanobacteria</one> smaller than <two>microalgae</two>? Yes.
+- <one>How</one> do cyanobacteria glide? They secrete a polysaccharide slime on the outer surface of the cell.
+- Is <one>Anabaena</one> (a cyanobacterium) physically larger than a spirochete? Yes.
+- Cyanobakterien sind gram-negativ oder gram-positiv? Sie sind gram-negativ, wie E. coli.
+- Can cyanobacteria fix N2? Yes; the water fern Azolla harbors a species of heterocystous N2-fixing cyanobacteria.
+- Name a cyanobacterium that can create "heterocysts". A: "Anabaena".
+- Which pigment provides the colours blue to cyanobacteria? Phycocyanin.
+- Heterocysts lack which photosynthetic photosystem? II.
+- Die "Nanocyten" unter den Cyanobakterien gehören zu welcher Sektion? Sektion II.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer "positiv phototaktischen" Bewegung bei Cyanobakterien? Das sie sich zur Lichtquelle hinbewegen.
+- Produzieren Cyanobakterien Toxine? Ja.
+- Was sind "Akineten"? Dies sind "große Überdauerungszellen vieler Cyanobakterien".
+- Akineten entstehen stets aus ... ? Einer vegetativen Zelle.
+- Nenne eine Methode wie man Cyanobakterien isolieren kann. A: Durch "Ausstreichen auf Agarplatten".
+- Fixiert Synechocystis Stickstoff? Nein.
+- Welches Cyanobakterium war das erste, das transformiert wurde? Synechocystis.
+- Sind filamentöse Cyanobakterien oder unizelluläre Cyanobakterien schneller? Filamentöse Cyanobakterien.
+- "Spirulina" gehört zu welcher Sektion der Cyanobakterien? Sektion III.
+- Was ist ein "Proheterocyst"? Ein Vorläufer eines Heterozysten.
+- Welche Substanz liefert ein Heterozyst an die Nachbarzellen? Glutamin.
+- Die vegetative Zelle liefert welche Substanz in einen Heterozysten? Saccharose.
+- Welches Cyanobakterium bildet regelmässig Algenblüten in der Ostsee? Nodularia.
+- How do we call the short fragments of filamentous cyanobacteria that break away? Hormogonien. URL: http://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/hormogonien/32612
+- Cyanobacteria produce which chlorophyll? Chlorophyll a.
+- Do <one>cyanobacteria</one> exist that <two>may form carbonate minerals inside the cell</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Sind die <one>Baeozyten</one> <two>von einer Gallerte umgeben</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- What is "cyanophycin"? This is a Copolymer o aspartic acid and arginine, in some Cyanobacteria.