studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Apoptosis
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Is <one>alternative splicing</one> linked to apoptosis? <one>Yes</one>, to some extent.
+- In <one>Apoptosis</one>, the mitochondrial protein Cytochrome c plays a major role. Name one cellular protein that can bind to it. A: Apaf-1 (adaptor protein 1).
+- <one>Which protein</one> plays a major role in the intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis? <one>Cytochrome c</one>.
+- <one>Welche Enzyme</one> spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der "Apoptose"? Die proteolytisch wirksamen <one>Caspasen</one>, <two>cysteine-aspartic Proteasen</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase
+- On the cellular level, who initiates Apoptosis? The <one>Caspases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase
+- What is the key protein in the <one>intrinsic pathway of apoptosis</one>? <one>Cytochrome c</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c
+- Was bedeutete das Wort <one>Apoptose</one> in der Antike? Man beschrieb damit den <one>Fall des Laubes im Herbst</one>.
+- Name a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in a cell in order to induce programmed cell death. A: <one>AIF</one>: <two>Apoptosis Inducing Factor</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis-inducing_factor
+- Is <one>decreased apoptosis</one> a problem? It may potentially <one>contribute to more tumors</one>.
+- <one>CAD</one> (Caspase-activated DNase) is usually kept inactive by ... ? <one>ICAD</one>.
+- <one>CAD</one> is a deoxyribonuclease that causes DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. What does this abbreviation stand for? <one>Caspase-activated DNase</one>.
+- How does <violet>eIF4E</violet> relate to apoptosis? It <one>can reduce apoptosis in general</one>.
+- Name a major class of intracellular regulators of Apoptosis in Mammals. A: The <orange>Bcl2 family of proteins</orange>.
+- How do we call "physiologic instances" of regulated cell death? PCD: aka "programmed cell death".
+- Der Fas-Ligand FasL ist beim intrinsischem oder beim extrinsischem Apoptoseweg beteiligt? Beim "extrinsischem Apoptoseweg". 
+- In regards to Apoptosis, what does "SMACs" mean? SMAC are "second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases".
+- Nenne 3 Wege wie die Apoptose ausgelöst werden kann. A: (1) "extrinsisch" (rezeptor-abhängig) (2) "intrinsisch" (mitochondrien-abhängig) (3) Granzym/Perforin-Weg
+- Name something or someone who may wish to avoid apoptosis. A: A virus that infects a cell.
+- In the human body, how many cells die per day by apoptosis? 10 ** 10 cells (10 million cells / day).
+- In Apoptosis, what does "DISC" mean? "Death-induced signaling complex".
+- Es gibt die "Fas-vermittelte Apoptose". Nenne ein anderes Wort hierfür. A: CD95-vermittelte Apoptose.
+- Bei der Apoptose, was heisst "CAD"? CAD - dies sind die "Caspase aktivierten DNAsen".
+- Cytochrome c during apoptosis interacts with which protein? Apaf1: apoptosis protease activating factor-1.
+- Nenne einen der wichtigsten Induktoren der Apoptose. A: Den "Tumorsuppressor p53".
+- The intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis depends on ... ? Mitochondria.
+- Wer hat 1972 den Begriff Apoptose geprägt? J. F. R. Kerr. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2008650/
+- Do we find Apoptosis in Plant cells? Yes.
+- What is the stimulus in the extrinsic pathway of Apoptosis? Tumor necrosis factor.
+- When was the term "apoptosis" coined? In 1972.
+- Nenne 3 Gründe wieso Wirbeltiere Apoptose einsetzen. A: (1) Immunsystem (2) Morphogenese bei Fingern (3) Nervensystem-Entwicklung
+- Nenne 3 Merkmale von Zellen die Apoptose durchlaufen. A: (1) shrink and condense (2) cytoskeleton collapse (3) nuclear envelope disassembles

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Archaea
+#
+# Everything about the Archaea will be collected here.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Are <one>Archaea</one> <two>prokaryotes</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Name an archaeum that oxidizes ammonia. A: The <one>Thaumarchaeota</one>.
+- A major lipid of <one>Thaumarchaeota</one> is ... ? <one>Crenarchaeol</one>, a lipid containing 5- and 6-carbon rings.
+- Are the genomes of Archaea densely packed? Yes, on average they are.
+- The first genome sequence of an archaeaon that was completed was ... ? That of <one>Methanococcus jannaschii</one>.
+- Are Archaea sensitive to the Diphteria toxin? Yes, just as are eukaryotes.
+- Name a strategy used by many archaea in regards to their membrane lipids at low temperature. A: Archaea will form lipids that are unsaturated at low temperature.
+- Are the side chains of archaeal lipids branched? Yes, at every fourth carbon.
+- Do <one>Archaea</one> <two>possess a TATA-binding protein (TBP)</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- <one>Archaea</one> contain which variant of glycerol? <one>L-glycerol</one>.
+- In some archaea L-glycerol is extended by six carbons, forming ... ? <one>Nonitol</one>.
+- Name one key trait shared between archaea and bacteria. A: The lack of a nucleus.
+- <one>Archaea</one> are not known as pathogens, but there were a few papers claiming that at the least methanogens may be associated with ... which disease? <one>Periodontal disease</one>.
+- Why are extremophiles of interest to biotechnology companies? Because they have exceptionally thermostable enzymes.
+- Can <one>archaea</one> be found in the human digestive tract? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Name an unusual application for Archaea in biotechnology, beginning with the letter 'V'. A: <one>Vaccine delivery</one>.
+- Do <one>archaea</one> participate in multispecies biofilms? Yes.
+- Are there known <one>pathogens</one> among the archaea? <one>No</one>.
+- Das <one>Cytoplasma der Archaea</one> mag <two>kompatible Lösungsmittel</two> beinhalten. <three>Nenne eines davon</three>. A: <one>Kalium-2,3-Bisphosphoglycerat</one>.
+- Is <one>methanogenesis</one> unique to Archaea? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Are there <one>Archaea</one> that are <two>square-shaped</two>? <one>Yes</one> - the <two>Haloquadratum walsbyi</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloquadratum_walsbyi
+- <one>Which archaea</one> are <two>generally recognized as having the most in common with eukaryotes</two>? The <one>Asgard</one> archaea. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)
+- Can <one>Methanogens</one> <two>be found in the human gut</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- <one>Which phylum</one> contains mostly hyperthermophiles? The <one>Crenarchaeota</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteota
+- <one>How</one> was it found out that Archaea are different to Bacteria? Through <one>comparative ribosomal RNA Sequencing</one>.
+- <one>Haloarchaea</one> are a diverse group that inhabit ... ? <one>environments</one> <two>high in salt content</two>.
+- <one>Woese's paper</one>, about the discovery of the Archaea, came out in which year? <one>1977</one>.
+- <one>Strain 121</one> <two>survives autoclavation for how long</two>, <three>at temperature 121°C</three>? <one>2 hours</one>.
+- <one>How</one> can we <two>distinguish</two> between Bacteria and Archaea biochemically? We could use <one>Chloramphenicol</one>. <two>Bacteria are sensitive to it</two>, <three>Archaea are not</three>.
+- Das <one>TBP Protein in Archaea</one> heißt ... ? <one>aTBP</one>. Das <two>a</two> steht hier für <i>archaeal</i>.
+- Name <one>a representative of the Euryarchaeota</one> that begins with the letter <two>P</two>. A: <one>Pyrococcus</one>.
+- Is <one>autotrophy</one> widespread in the <i>Archaea</i>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- The <one>growth temperature optimum</one> <two>of the hyperthermophiles</two> <three>is larger than n °C</three>? Larger than <one>80°C</one>.
+- The <one>methanogens</one> <two>belong to which phylum within the Archaea</two>? They belong to the <one>Euryarchaeota</one>.
+- The <one>unifying feature of Archaea</one> are ... ? <one>their lipids</one>, which are fundamentally different to those found in bacteria.
+- The <one>hydrophobic region of archaeal membranes</one> is formed from repeating units of ... ? of the <one>five-carbon hydrocarbon</one> called <two>isoprene</two>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Archaeon</one> welches auch einstündiges Autoklavieren überlebt. A: <one>Pyrolobus fumarii</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> do some Archaea use <two>cyclopentane</two> rings? These <one>rings</one> <two>strengthen the membranes at high temperature</two>.
+- <one>Rotation of the archaellum</one> is driven by ... ? the <one>hydrolysis of ATP</one>.
+- The <one>Methanogens</one> belong to <two>which phylum</two> specifically? <one>Euryarchaeota</one>.
+- An unusual group of Archaea forms a unique attachment structure called a <one>hamus</one>. <two>The hamus resembles a tiny grappling hook</two>. <three>Which Archaea does so</three>? The <one>SM1 group</one>.
+- <one>Archaeal lipids</one> <two>are synthesized from ...</two>? <one>Isoprene</one>.
+- In <one>1984</one>, <two>Lake et al. proposed that eukaryotes are derived from a particular group of archaea dubbed ... </two>? <one>Eocytes</one> - now referred to as <two>crenarchaeota</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenarchaeota
+- Gibt es <one>Kokken</one> unter den Archaea? <one>Ja</one>, und zwar die <two>Thermococcales</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermococcales
+- <one>How many percent</one> <two>of archaea</two> make use of CRISPR? About <one>90%</one>.
+- Give <one>three examples</one> of Archaea-groups. A: (1) Methanogens (2) Halobacteria (3) Thermoacidophiles
+- Give an example for an Archaeon that is cell wall-less. A: The <one>Thermoplasma</one>.
+- Are <one>Archaea</one> <two>resistant to lysozyme</two>? <one>Yes</one>. Their <two>pseudopeptidoglycan</two> contains N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid rather than N-Acetylmuramic acid, and the sugar linkage beta(1,3) instead of beta(1,4).
+- <one>Which Archaea</one> are thought to be <two>more slowly evolving</two>? The <one>hyperthermophiles</one>.
+- Können wir <one>Archaea</one> als <two>„lebende Fossilien“</two> einstufen? <one>Nein</one> - zwar sind Archaea sicherlich alt; jedoch existieren sie auch heute noch, in verschiedensten Habitaten. Sie sind somit nicht wirklich Fossile im eigentlichen Sinne.
+- <one>Archaeal histones</one> <two>cover n bp</two>? <one>80</one>.
+- Name <one>two major differences</one> between <two>archaea</two> and <two>bacteria</two>. A: (1) The archaeal have unique lipids that contain L-glycerol. Bacteria and Eukaryotes have a D-glycerol instead. (2) <one>Archaea do NOT use Peptidoglycan</one> whereas Bacteria do use Peptidoglycan.
+- <one>TBP</one> binds the <two>TATA box in Archaea</two> with the help of ... which transcription factor? <one>TFIIB</one>.
+- <one>Sulfolobus solfataricus</one> contains the so-called <b>bindosome</b> on its surface. What may be the role of the <b>bindosome</b>? The <one>bindome</one> has a role in regards to binding sugars - in particular the <b>uptake of glucose</b>.
+- Both <one>Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</one> and <one>Sulfolobus solfataricus</one> - belonging to the Crenarchaeota phylum within the Archaea - <two>contain ... how many origins of replication in their single chromosome</two>? <one>Three</one>.
+- <one>Pseudomurein</one> (found in Archaea) <two>differs from peptidoglycan in that the glycosidic bonds between the sugar derivatives are ...</two> instead of β-1,4. A: They are <one>β-1,3</one>. Furthermore the amino acids are all of the L stereoisomer family.
+- Some Archaea may contain '<one>grappling hooks</one>' called <two>hami</two>. <three>What may be the primary function of these hami</three>? These <one>hami</one> <two>will affix cells to a surface</two>, in order to form a networked biofilm.
+- Besitzen <one>Archaea</one> <two>mehrere DNA-Polymerasen</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
+- <one>Halococcus</one> (an archaea) <two>contains sulfate ions in their cell walls</two>. <three>What function could this have</three>? This <one>may bind the abundant Na+ present in the habitats of Halococcus</one>.
+- Are <one>euryarchaea</one> <two>polyploid</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Do the cell walls of <one>Archaea</one> <two>contain Peptidoglycan</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- Wie hießen die <one>Archaea</one> früher? <one>Archaebacteria</one>. URL: https://biologydictionary.net/archaebacteria/
+- Der Name <one>Archaea</one> leitet sich ab von ... ? dem Griechischen <one>archaois</one> (<two>uralt</two>).
+- Can <one>S-layers</one> <two>be found in Archaea</two>? <one>Yes</one>, of course.
+- Are <one>Archaea</one> <two>resistant to penicillin</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- In particular <one>which species of Archaea are famous for producing PHAs</one> (<two>poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate</two>)? <one>Halophilic species</one> of Archaea.
+- <one>Archaea</one> may have small <two>grappling hooks</two>, also known as <three>hami</three>. What is the diameter of such a <two>hamus</two>? <one>Hami</one> show about <two>60 nm in diameter</two>. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04294.x
+- Do we find <one>phototrophs</one> in areas where hyperthermophiles normally dwell? <one>No</one>. <two>Phototrophs can not survive such temperature</two>.
+- Name one <one>cell-wall difference</one> between <two>Archaea</two> and <two>Eubacteria</two>. A: <one>Eubacteria</one> have <two>peptidoglycans</two>, Archaea never have.
+- Is <one>a high GC-content of the genomic DNA</one> <two>a prerequisite for a hyperthermophilic lifestyle</two>? <one>No</one>. This is shown by the Desulfurococcales. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfurococcales
+- <one>Archaea</one> <two>contain Pseudopeptidoglycan</two>. Rather than containing N-acetylmuramic acid, Archaea contain ... ? <one>N-Acetyltalosaminuronic acid</one>.
+- Can Archaea be successfully <one>gram-stained</one>? <one>No</one>. They will always appear gram-negative in the gram stain. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8885405
+- <one>How</one> do we call <two>the peptidoglycan in Archaea</two>? <one>Pseudomurein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglycan
+- <one>Archaea</one> <two>contain n different RNA polymerases</two>? <one>1</one>.
+- The smallest genome among Archaea can be found in the <one>Nanoarchaeum equitans</one>. <two>How many kbp does it have</two>? <one>490.885 bp</one> aka <two>490 kbp</two>.
+- <one>Methanogenesis</one> <two>occurs only in archaea</two>. It includes a unique pathway of carbon fixation, called ... ? <one>Carbon monoxide reductase pathway</one>. <two>The key enzyme used here can fix CO as well as CO₂</two>.
+- Name a <one>behavioural</one> difference between <two>archaeal lipids</two> and <two>bacterial lipids</two>. A: <one>Archaeal lipids</one> form <two>lipid monolayers</two> rather than <two>lipid bilayers</two>.
+- Unlike Bacteria, Archaea are resistant to ...? Lysozyme.
+- <one>How many RNA polymerases</one> do <two>Archaea</two> have? Only <one>one</one>.
+- Bei manchen Archaea kommt der Transkriptionsfaktor <one>TFE</one> zum Einsatz. Dieser fördert vor allem die <two>Initiation</two>. <three>Wann</three> vor allem kommt dieser Transkriptionsfaktor zum Einsatz? Bei <one>schwachen Promotoren</one>.
+- Are there <one>RNA viruses</one> among Archaea? <one>No</one>.
+- In <one>hyperthermophiles</one>: is the <two>reverse DNA gyrase gene</two> essential for the cell? <one>No</one>, it is not.
+- Do <one>Archaea</one> have <two>rho-like termination proteins</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>an Archaea whose cell walls consist only of an S-layer</one>. A: For example, the <one>methanogen</one> <two>Methanocaldococcus jannaschii</two>.
+- <one>Archaeal histones</one> have n subunits? <one>4</one>.
+- Name <one>the most fascinating group of crenarchaeota</one>. A: The <one>thermophiles</one>.
+- Name <one>the three kingdoms of Archaea</one>. A: (1) Kingdom <one>Crenarchaeota</one> (2) Kingdom <one>Euryarchaeota</one> (3) Kingdom <one>Korarchaeota</one>
+- Do <one>Archaea</one> <two>form endospores</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- <one>Which major group of archaea</one> is found under <two>normal</two> conditions? The <one>methane bacteria</one>.
+- <one>Which archaea</one> are <two>the closest prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes</two>? The <one>Asgard archaea</one>.
+- For their <one>chromosome replication</one>, do archaea make use of multiple origins? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Do we know of <one>gliding Archaea</one>? <one>No</one> - at the least we have not yet found any.
+- <one>Archaeal flagella</one> are powered by ... ? <one>ATP</one>.
+- Is <one>the chromosome</one> <two>always circular in Archaea</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- How does <one>Rifampicin</one> affect Archaea? Not at all - Rifampicin only affects bacteria.
+- Welcher Archaea hat keinen Zellwandaufbau? <one>Thermoplasma sp</one>.
+- What are <one>archaella</one>? <one>Archaella</one> are <two>archaeal flagella</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaellum
+- Can we find <one>Hopanoids</one> in Archaea? No we can not. They can only be found in the cytoplasmic membranes of Bacteria.
+- Archaea contain <one>pseudomurein</one>, which is formed from alternating repeats of <two>N-acetylglucosamine</two> - which is also present in peptidoglycan - and ... ? <one>N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid</one>, which replaces the N-acetylmuramic acid of peptidoglycan.
+- Do we find <one>heat shock response</one> in Archaea? Yes.
+- Do the Archaea use the exosome? Yes.
+- <one>How many different viruses</one> have been described so far for the Archaea? About 100 different viruses. URL: http://www.cell.com/trends/microbiology/fulltext/S0966-842X%2814%2900041-9
+- Besitzen <one>Archaeen</one> <two>Organellen</two>? Nein.
+- Do Archaea have a SD sequence (Shine-Dalgarno sequence)? Yes.
+- <one>Thermoplasma</one> membranes contain molecules called ... that serve a similar strengthening function. A: <one>Lipoglycans</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplasma
+- Are there <one>Archaea</one> that can fix Nitrogen? Yes.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeo_viruses

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Archaeoviruses
+#
+# Viruses of Archaea.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- <one>Haloarchaeoviruses</one> were discovered in which year? In <one>1974</one>. 

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeology

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Archaeology
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- <one>Wie schnell</one> konnte der <two>Tyrannosaurus rex</two> maximal laufen? <two>30 km</two>/<two>h</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Architektur
+#
+# Auch Stadtplanung, Landschaftsplanung und Stadtökologie.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Was bedeutet das <one>geomorphe Prinzip</one> in der Stadtbildung? Das <one>die Stadt in Abhängigkeit von den lokalen topographischen Gegebenheiten wächst</one>.
+- Der Energiegehalt der Holzproben von Kastanien ist wie mit dem Bleigehalt des Bodens in einer Stadt korreliert? Negativ; je mehr Blei umso weniger Energie haben diese Kastanien.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Artificial Intelligence
+#
+# This file collects information from the field of A. I. research,
+# and may include topics from Machine Learning, and a bit from
+# statistics as well.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- A Neural Network may have which three different layers? (1) Input layer (2) Hidden layer (3) Output layer
+- One of the first attempts at using natural language to interact with a computer was a program called ... ? <one>Eliza</one>.
+- The holy grail in artificial intelligence research is ... ? To get computers to simulate how the human brain.
+- Give a specific advantage for <one>unsupervised learning</one> in artificial intelligence. A: <one>Unsupervised learning</one> has the advantage that there is no need for potentially expensive tagging of data.
+- In Artificial Intelligence: what is meant with the term <one>unsupervised learning</one>? Unsupervised learning uses unlabeled training data, that is, data that isn’t labeled or tagged with anything.
+- In which year have <two>AI systems</two> mastered <three>Go</three>? In <one>2016</one>.
+- Why the name <one>adversial</one> in <two>GANs</two> <two>Generative adversarial network</two>? GANs learn to infer the missing information by means of a competition, which was the reason why the name <two>adversarial</two> is used.
+- The best-known generative modeling systems used in Artificial Intelligence are ... ? <one>Generative adversarial networks</one> - the <two>GANs</two>.
+- Name a very important class of machine learning systems. A: The <one>GANs</one>: <two>Generative adversarial network</two>.
+- Die Abkürzung <one>GAN</one> in AI stands for ... ? <one>Generative adversarial network</one>.
+- In some models for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, <one>LASSO</one> is used. What does this abbreviation stand for? <one>Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator</one>.
+- Essentially, <one>generative modeling</one> asks how likely what is? How likely it is, given condition X, that we can observe outcome Y.
+- Are <one>Cycle GANs</one> typically trained in a supervised or unsupervised manner? <one>Unsupervised manner</one>.
+- The abbreviation <one>AGI</one> is short for ... ? <one>Artificial general intelligence</one>.
+- In <one>1959</one>, Arthur Samuel defined <two>machine learning</two> how? He said that <one>machine learning is a field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed</one>.
+- What happens when wrong validation occurs in Machine Learning? Wrong validation leads to <one>over-optimistic expectations</one> of what will happen in production.
+- Give an example for <one>a knowledge graph</one> as it may be implemented in current (~2019) software. A: The <one>+</one> and <one>-</one> buttons at <two>youtube</two>. That way Google obtains information on what people like and dislike.
+- What is meant with the abbreviation <one>GIGO</one>? <one>Garbage in, garbage out</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_in,_garbage_out
+- <one>Artificial intelligence</one>, as seen through computers, typically does not qualify which <two>two other forms of intelligence</two> that human beings are capable of? (1) <one>emotional intelligence</one> (2) <one>social    intelligence</one>
+- From the point of view of <one>medical information</one>: deep learning could be used to predict ... ? <one>Panic attacks</one>, e. g. how likely they are about to happen.
+- In <one>GANs</one>: why is the term <two<generative</two> used? This term comes from the fact that one network in a GAN <one>generates candidates</one>.
+- <one>Machine Learning</one> can be used to analyse images, including faces of humans. Name the three general steps that may be necessary here. A: (1) Object detection (2) Classification (3) <one>Labeling</one>
+- The <one>Hebbian theory</one> states that cells that fire together ... together. A: wire.
+- Give an example of <one>LASSO regression</one>. A: <one>Cambridge Analytica</one>. URL: https://www.r-bloggers.com/cambridge-analytica-microtargeting-or-how-to-catch-voters-with-the-lasso/
+- Name three different learning-types. A: (1) unsupervised learning (2) <one>supervised learning</one> (3) <one>reinforcement learning</one>
+- What is <one>on-premise cloud</one>? This refers to a "cloud" within a company, e. g. on-site facilities enabling a cloud for the company at hand.
+- <one>Good Machine Learning</one> requires good ... ? <one>Validation</one>.
+- What general problem do we have when we attempt to employ machine learning in medicine? We often have only <one>a small dataset</one> (<one>few samples</one>).
+- The abbreviation <one>BNNs</one> stands for ... ? <one>Bayesian Neural Networks</one>.
+- If our input data is truly random, what pattern can be found? <one>None</one>, since the data is random.
+- The <one>biggest AI opportunity</one> in the <two>healthcare sector</two>, in 2020, was ... ? In <one>Robot-Assisted Surgery</one>.
+- Thanks to AI we <one>could predict panic attack</one>, up to ... which time frame that may make sense? Up to <one>within the next 24 hours</one>.
+- How can we <one>measure accuracy</one> in Machine Learning in a simple manner? We can measure the proportion of examples for which a given model produces the correct output.
+- Name <one>a negative consequence of increased automation</one> due to artificial intelligence and machine learning. A: <one>Job displacement</one>.
+- <one>Classifiers</one> in Machine Learning may pick up faulty data. Give an amusing example here from the animal kingdom. A: A Husky is classified as a wolf.
+- <one>Common neural networks</one> struggle in saying ... (their disadvantage)? <one>"I do not know."</one>
+- From a <one>mathematical point of view</one>, how could we define the term <one>Machine learning</one>? This is the approach to try to find out what the function is that translates a given input into the corresponding output.
+- Name the three points that form the essence of machine learning. A: (1) a pattern exists (2) we cannot pin it down mathematically (3) we have data on it
+- <one>The field of AI research</one> was born at a workshop at Dartmouth College, in what year? In <one>1956</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Think Differently</one> in AI? Das es mehrere verschiedene Lösungswege gibt.
+- For Machine Learning, we want to find out how well a model will perform. How is this done, in general? By <one>measuring its accuracy</one>.
+- <one>Natural language processing</one> (<two>NLP</two>) is important for ... ? <one>Speech recognition</one>.
+- Can <one>Artificial Intelligence</one> be considered a disruptive technology? Yes.
+- In the typical supercomputers as of the year 2020, we can not completely represent the molecular configuration of caffeine. In quantum computing we could. How many qubits would be necessary for this? <one>160 qubits</one>.
+- <one>Statistics</one> are also important in <two>AI research</two>. What is sampling bias? Sampling bias is a systematic error due to a non-random sample of a population.
+- Which person introduced <one>GANs</one> in 2014? <one>Ian Goodfellow</one>.
+- What are <one>qubits</one>? These are <one>quantum bits</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit
+- Name <one>a general disadvantage of Deep Learning</one>. A: They require a <one>longer training time</one>.
+- <one>Cycle GANs</one> are used, for example, where? To <one>achieve image-to-image translations</one>.
+- What is <one>the main reason behind the existance of biased AI</one>? The <one>poor quality of data fed into it</one>.
+- Name <one>a potential use case for quantum computing</one>. A: Calculate <one>chemical simulations</one>.
+- Applying AI to <one>RWE</one> is a new paradigm for generating medical insights. RWE stands for ... ? <one>Real-world evidence</one>.
+- For <one>High-level machine intelligence</one>, what forecast is typically used? The <one>aggregate forecast</one>.
+- <one>High-level machine intelligence</one> (HLMI) is achieved when ... ? When unaided machines can accomplish every task better and more cheaply than human workers.
+- What is <one>CAI</one>? This is <one>Creative AI</one>.
+- For building a model for use in <one>Artificial Intelligence</one> or <one>Machine Learning</one>, we absolutely need what? <one>Data</one>.
+- <one>Supervised Learning methods</one> are used for ... and <one>Unsupervised Learning methods</one> are used for ... ? (1) Supervised Learning methods are used for <one>regression problems</one>. (2) Unsupervised Learning methods are used for <one>exploratory data analysis</one>.
+- How does <one>Machine Learning</one> define the term <two>learn</two>? Learning here is defined as <one>progressively improving the performance on a specific task</one>.
+- The <one>discriminator</one> used in a <two>GANs</two> (generative adversial network) creates which two general output results? (1) <one>real</one> (2) <one>fake</one>
+- Give an example of AI in daily life. A: The <one>virtual personal assistants</one>, such as <two>Alexa</two>.
+- The father of Artificial Intelligence is ... ? <one>Alan Turing</one>.
+- Name <one>a disadvantage of LASSO</one>. A: <one>LASSO</one> tends to select one variable from a group and ignore the others.
+- <one>Netflix</one> hatte bei der Zuordnung bei welchem Film am meisten Probleme? Bei <one>Napoleon Dynamite</one>. URL: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0374900/
+- In der künstlichen Intelligenz: die Abkürzung <one>RMSE</one> steht für ... ? <one>Root mean squared error</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square_deviation
+- Wie können wir die Identität von Patienten wahren, beim Machine Learning? Man kann <one>synthetische Daten erzeugen</one>.
+- <one>Nested cross validation</one> is quite important for effective machine learning. It is recommended to validate n x n times? <one>10x10 nested cross validation</one>.
+- <one>Artificial data</one> give the same results as real data, without compromising ... A: <one>privacy</one>.
+- <one>Wikidata</one> is knowledge for ... ? <one>machines</one>.
+- Bei der <one>künstlichen Intelligenz</one> sehen wir beispielsweise welche Form der <two>Logik</two>? Die <one>Fuzzy Logic</one>.
+- <one>Machine Learning</one> gives computers the ability to ... ? <one>To learn without being explicitly programmed</one>.
+- <one>Credit scoring</one> mag auch in der AI Forschung hilfreich sein, für Anwendungen die zum Beispiel was bewerten oder einordnen sollen? Die <one>Bonitätsauskunft</one>.
+- Name the most important (imminent) <one>goal</one> for a <two>GAN</two> (<two>Generative Adversial Network</two>). A: To <one>generate data that resembles the data that was in the training set</one>.
+- Thanks to GANs we can generate data that resembles the data that was in ... ? A <one>training set</one>.
+- In <one>GANs</one> (<two>Generative Adversial Networks</two>), we pass from the real data, to the sample data, to the very important ... ? <one>Discriminator</one>.
+- An example for <one>a knowledge graph</one> for humans is ... ? <one>Wikipedia</one>.
+- Ist die <one>Lasso-Regression</one> besser als <two>deep learning</two>? Oft ja.
+- Why did <one>Netflix</one> wish to make use of Artificial Intelligence, originally? They wanted to increase the time that <one>Netflix members</one> spend on their platform.
+- What is the <one>knowledge graph</one> used by Google? This is a knowledge base that attempts to enhance its search engine's results with information gathered from a variety of sources.
+- Why may Netflix and Google make use of <one>deep learning</one>? This is especially <one>useful for recommendations</one> to users/visitors.
+- <one>Machine learning</one> is able to learn from ... ? <one>Data</one>.
+- <one>Overfitting</one> ist oft ein Problem beim Machine Learning. Welche Modelle könnten dieses Problem vermeiden oder verhindern? <one>Regressionsmodelle</one>.
+- Bei <one>Big Data</one>: was meinen wir mit dem <two>Cold Start Problem</two>? Hier handelt es sich zum Beispiel um einen ganz neuen Benutzer, über den wir noch keine Information besitzen.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Atomemissionsspektrometrie
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Die Anregung der Atome erfolgt bei der Atomemissionsspektrometrie wie? Über eine <one>externe Energiezufuhr</one>, wie zum Beispiel eine Flamme.
+- F-AES steht für F ... Atomemissionsspektrometrie? <one>Flame atomic emission spectrophotometry</one>.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === AUDIO
+#
+# Audio tag. Aud tag. Audtag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+
+- What kind of unit is the decibel? The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit.
+- What is the <one>successor format to .mp3 files</one>? <one>AAC</one> (<two>Advanced Audio Coding</two>).
+- Why is the newer <one>ID3v2 standard for .mp3 files</one> a variable-length structure at the beginning of the file? This helps <one>support streaming</one>.
+- What is "isotropic"? This is a source that emits radiation equally in all directions.