studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie

@@ -0,0 +1,1012 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Allgemeine Mikrobiologie (Mikrobiologie tag, Witte und Bacca. Mikro tag.
+#                               mi tag. amm tag. Allgemeine Mikrobiologie. 
+#                               Baccarini und Wagner. Wagner tag. Witte tag.
+#                               Basic Microbiology. Microbio tag. Auch 
+#                               Mikrobiologie-Übungen der AW. Und 
+#                               Umweltmikrobiologie tag.)
+#
+# This gathers topics from general microbiology. Synthetic pathways of
+# bacteria are stored in the file mikrobielle_physiologie instead.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Bei der Synthese von Aminosäuren in Mikroorganismen: <one>welche zwei Wege</one> <two>stammen aus dem Citratzyklus</two>? <one>Alpha-Ketoglutarat</one> (<two>E,P,Q,R</two>) und <one>Oxalacetat</one> (<two>D,N,K,M,T,I</two>)
+- Name a very characteristic property of the <one>periplasmic binding protein</one>. A: The perisplasmic binding protein has a high affinity for its substrate.
+- <one>Bdellovibrio</one> <two>attacks which bacteria</two>? <one>Bdellovibrio</one> <two>only attacks</two> <three>gram-negative bacteria</three>. []
+- <one>Pseudomonas</one> <two>love which sugar source</two>? <one>Succinate</one>.
+- Nenne den <one>mobile water-soluble electron carrier</one> in <two>Cyanobacteria</two> sowie in <two>Pflanzen</two>. A: (1) Cytochrome c6 in Cyanobacteria. (2) Plastocyanin in Pflanzen.
+- Nenne einen Mikroorganismus der <one>Citronensäure</one> herstellt. A: Der Pilz <one>Aspergillus niger</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_niger []
+- <one>Which microscopy technique</one> revealed that microbial biofilms are extremely important? <one>Confocal microscopy</one>.
+- <one>Durchmesser</one> eines <two>bakteriellen Gasvesikels</two>? <one>100 nm</one>. []
+- In general, <one>by which logic</one> can we identify <two>virulence genes</two> in a bacterium? Mutations that inactivate these genes, will render the bacterium <one>non-pathogenic</one>.
+- Sind die <one>Mesosomes</one> <two>Organellen</two>? <one>Nein</one>, es sind <two>Artefakte, die durch die chemische Fixierung entstanden sind</two>.
+- Name <one>an enzyme</one> that is used by many bacteria able to catalyze the reduction of Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰ (aka mercury variants). A: The <one>Mercury(II) reductase</one>, an <two>oxidoreductase enzyme</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_reductase
+- <one>Clostridium</one> <two>has what shape</two>? It has <one>a drumstick-shape</one>.
+- Zur Erhaltung der Stabilität der Lipopolysaccharidschicht ist <one>welches Ion</one> <two>notwendig</two>? <one>Ca²⁺</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>ein Bakterium mit</one> <two>linearer DNA</two> <one>in seinem Genom</one>. A: <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi []
+- Was genau sind <one>Methanogene</one>? Das sind <one>Archaea</one>, die <two>Methan</two> (CH₄) produzieren, und zwar ausgehend von <three>CO₂</three> und <two>H₂</two>.
+- <one>Das cytoplasmatische Material in einer Bakterienzelle</one>, also Ribosomen, Plasmide etc., <two>wird wie auf die Tochterzellen verteilt</two>? Es wird nach dem <one>Zufallsprinzip</one> segregiert; es erfolgt also eine <two>dispersive Segregation</two>.
+- <one>Magnetosomes</one> haben <two>Fe₃O₄</two>. <three>Nenne einen Mikroorganismus der sie hat</three>. A: <one>Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense</one>.
+- Nenne die wichtigste Reaktionsgleichung von <one>Pyrodictium</one>. A: <one>H₂</one> + S0 → <one>H₂S</one> (+ATP).
+- Anderer Begriff für die <one>Syntrophie</one>? <one>Interspezies H₂-Transfer</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntrophie []
+- There are <one>two electron transfer pathways</one> <two>in der Photosynthese</two> bei Mikroorganismen, den cyclic und non-cyclic electron transfer. Charakterisiere beide. A: In cyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule, passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump, and then returned to the chlorophyll. In noncyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule and used to reduce NAD+ to NADH. Replacement of electrons is accomplished by removing electrons from H2S, which is oxidized to sulfur - hence the name <one>green sulfur bacteria</one>.
+- Can <one>sulfate</one> <two>be found in the periplasm of bacteria</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- A <one>nutrient material</one> prepared for the growth of microorganisms in a laboratory is called ... ? a <one>culture medium</one>.
+- Bei Bakterien: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>ruv</one>? <one>Resistance</one> gegenüber <one>UV-Licht</one>.
+- <one>MinCD</one> <two>inhibiert ...</two>? <one>FtsZ</one>.
+- In regards to the <one>oriC</one>: what are <two>slow-stop mutants</two>? These are <one>bacteria with defects</one> - <two>they can complete the current round of replication, but can not initiate a new round of DNA replication</two>.
+- Are there <one>microorganisms</one> <two>with positively supercoiled DNA</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>Archaea</two> living at very high temperature have positively supercoiled DNA.
+- <one>Acetat</one> <two>besitzt wieviele C-Atome</two>? <one>2</one>. []
+- <one>Maximale Absorption</one> <two>in Nanometer</two> bei <three>Bacterochlorophyll a</three> (von-bis)? <one>800-925 nm</one>.
+- What is the purpose behind <one>Hydrotaxis</one>? This allows bacteria that inhabit dry environments to <one>glide toward a gradient of increasing moisture</one>.
+- <one>Pyrodictium</one> <two>ist was für ein Organismus</two>? <one>Pyrodictium</one> ist <two>ein submariner, hyperthermophiler Archaea</two>.
+- <one>Tubulin</one> <two>in Eukarya</two> ähnelt ... in Bacteria. A: <one>FtsZ</one>. []
+- <one>Bacillus stearothermophilus</one> <two>has an optimal generation time</two>, under best conditions, <two>of n minutes</two>? <one>11 minutes</one>.
+- Name the three <one>philes</one> in microbiology in regards to pH. A: (1) <one>acidophiles</one> (2) <one>alkaliphiles</one> (3) <one>neutrophils</one>
+- Name <one>the three basic shapes of</one> <two>bacteria</two>. A: (1) <one>cocci</one> (2) <one>rod-shaped bacillus</one> (3) <one>spiral shape</one> []
+- Wie konnten vor vielen Jahren die <one>BIF</one> entstehen? A: Fe²⁺ wurde zu Fe3⁺ oxidiert, diese Eisenoxide sammelten sich an als Banded Iron Formation (BIF)
+- <one>For cultivating bacteria</one>: <two>give another name for the optical density in a tube</two>. A: The <one>turbidity</one>. (This can be measured by a photometer.) []
+- Name <one>an evolutionary advantage</one> <two>pertaining to genetics</two> that Prokaryotes have, compared to Eukaryotes. A: Prokaryotes can <one>mutate and thus evolve more rapidly</one> than eukaryotes, and in doing so, more rapidly adapt to changing environmental conditions. This enables them to exploit new habitats more easily.
+- Compare <one>the general division strategy</one> between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A: <one>Prokaryotes</one> <two>divide by fission</two>, eukaryotes divide by mitosis and cytokinesis.
+- Name <one>a bacterium</one> that can hijack cellular systems, causing actin to polymerize and propel itself like a rocket within the host cytoplasm. A: <one>Listeria</one>.
+- Das <one>70S Ribosom</one> hat einen <two>Durchmesser</two> von ca. ...? <one>25nm</one>. []
+- Der <one>KOH-Test</one> <two>lysiert welche Zellen</two>? Der <one>KOH-Test</one> <two>lysiert gram-negative Zellen</two>.
+- Name <one>a potent inhibitor of prokaryotic type II topoisomerases</one>. A: The <one>fluoroquinolones</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> could <two>phycocyanins</two> <three>be found</three>? In <one>cyanobacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycocyanin
+- Nenne einen <one>natürlich-vorkommenden Vertreter</one> <two>der auxotrophen Mikroorganismen</two>. A: <one>Milchsäurebakterien</one>.
+- Beim <one>Phosphotransferasesystem</one>: <two>HPr</two> <three>findet sich zwischen welchen anderen beiden Komponenten</three>? (1) <one>Enz I</one> (2) <one>Enz IIa</one>
+- What are <one>aseptic environments</one>? These are <one>environments free of microbes</one>.
+- <one>Das klassische Magnet-Bakterium</one> schlechthin ist ... ? <one>Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetospirillum_magnetotacticum
+- Wie nennen wir <one>Viererpakete von Bakterien</one>? <one>Sarcinen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcina_(Bakterium)
+- <one>Hfq</one> <two>in Pseudomonas</two> <three>represses what ... </three>? <one>Catabolic genes</one>, at the post-transcriptional level.
+- <one>Who</one> among the microorganisms has <two>cold enzymes</two>? The <one>Psychrophiles</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrophile
+- <one>Warum</one> benötigt das <two>DnaA Protein</two> eine Alpha-Helix und Arginin an Position 399? Diese sind für die spezifischen Erkennung der DnaA box verantwortlich.
+- The bacterium <one>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</one> <two>contains a glucose polymer slime layer</two>. <three>What particular glucose is used there</three>? A thick <one>dextran</one> layer.
+- Name <one>an antibiotic</one> that can function against <two>Clostridium difficile</two>. A: <one>Vancomycin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin
+- Das <one>Hydrogenosom</one> <two>findet man nur bei eukaryoten Mikroorganismen, die wo leben</two>? In <one>sauerstoffreichen Lebensräumen</one>.
+- Nenne eine Mikroorganismus-Gruppe die <one>CH₄</one> (<two>Methan</two>) produziert. A: <one>Methanogene Archaea</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanbildner []
+- <one>Thiomargarita magnifica</one> <two>kann wie lange werden</two>? Bis zu <one>zwei Zentimeter</one>.
+- <one>Koch's crowning scientific accomplishment</one> <two>was ... </two>? .. his <one>discovery of the causative agent of</one> <two>tuberculosis</two>.
+- Ist <one>das bakterielle Chromosom</one> <two>mit der Zellmembran verknüpft</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- If we <one>lock ferric iron</one>: <two>how does this in general influence microbial growth</two>? This will <one>limit microbial growth</one>.
+- <one>The energy</one> to drive the ­phosphotransferase system comes from ... ? <one>Phosphoenolpyruvate</one> (aka <two>PEP</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvic_acid
+- In the <one>DnaA Protein</one>: <two>which domain</two> is <three>responsible for dimer-formation</three>? <one>Domain I</one>.
+- The <one>lab rat</one> <two>of the bacterial world</two> is ... ? <one>E. coli</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli []
+- The <one>size of plasmids</one> often varies. <two>pSymB</two>, found in <three>Sinorhizobium meliloti</three>, <four>has a total size of ... </four>? <one>1683 kbp</one>.
+- <one>Autotrophs</one> <two>can synthesize their own organic compounds</two> <three>from ... </three>? <one>Carbon dioxide</one> (<two>CO₂</two>). []
+- Nenne <one>drei Beispiele</one> für bakterielle <two>Rhodopsin-Pigmente</two>. A: (1) <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one> (2) <one>Proteorhodopsin</one> (3) <one>Xanthorhodopsin</one>
+- In microbiology: the term <one>morphology</one> <two>means ... </two>? <one>cell shape</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel wo die Gram-Färbung nicht funktioniert. A: <one>Säurefeste Bakterien</one> wie <two>Mycobacterien</two> sind nicht Gram-differenzierbar.
+- The <one>phosphotransferase system</one> <two>consists of a family of n proteins</two> that work in concert? <one>Five proteins</one> (<two>5</two>). []
+- Do <one>Wolbachia species</one> prefer <two>mature eggs</two> or <two>mature sperm</two>? <one>Mature eggs</one>.
+- <one>Wie</one> sind die beiden Zuckerderivatmoleküle <two>N-Acetylglucosamin</two> und <two>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</two> miteinander verbunden? <one>Beta (1→4) glycosidisch</one>. []
+- <one>Wie heißt</one> das <two>Glycinverbindungsstück</two> <three>in Staphylococcus</three>? <one>Pentaglycinbrücke</one>. []
+- <one>What role</one> does the <two>GvpC protein</two> have <three>in a gas vesicle</three>? <one>GvpC</one> <two>strengthens the shell of the gas vesicle</two>, by cross-linking copies of Gvp1.
+- Do <one>hydrogenosomes</one> in bacteria contain <two>cristae</two>? No, they lack <one>cristae</one>. Thus, this is another difference to <two>mitochondria</two>. []
+- <one>ppGpp</one> <two>is synthesized from ...</two>? <one>GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_pentaphosphate []
+- The ability of <one>a bacterium</one> to move toward or away from various stimuli has ecological significance. Give two important reasons why such directed movement may be important. A: (1) it <one>may enhance that bacterium's access to resources</one>. (2) it <one>may allow that bacterium to avoid harmful substances that could otherwise damage or kill it</one>.
+- In biology: what is <one>disruptive selection</one> and when does it take place? It takes place when two phenotypes with high fitness are separated by intermediate phenotypes of lower fitness. This usually occurs in patchy environments, with more than one discrete phase.
+- <one>Bacteria</one>, <two>from a taxonomic point of view</two>, <three>should rather be called ... </three>? <one>Eubacteria</one>. []
+- <one>How many percent</one> <two>of the microorganisms around us</two> <three>can be cultured</three>? About <one>0.1%</one>.
+- Wie tötet <one>Bacillus thuringiensis</one>? <one>Bacillus thuringiensis</one> <two>bildet kristallförmige Eiweisse</two>, die im Raupendarm in die Giftform konvertiert werden.
+- <one>Welche Farbe</one> hat <two>Retinal</two> und wo findet es eine Verwendung bei den Bakterien? <one>Retinal</one> ist <two>purple</two> (violett) und ein Chromophor in Bacteriorhodopsin.
+- What is <one>quorum quenching</one>? This is <one>the process of preventing quorum sensing</one> by disrupting the signalling, usually by degrading the signalling molecule.
+- Give an example for <one>differential staining</one>. A: <one>Gram staining</one>: <two>it makes use of two different dyes</two>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>viele Ribosomen</one>? <one>Polysomen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysom []
+- <one>Welche Bakterien</one> können (allgemein) Stickstoff fixieren? <one>Diazotrophe Bakterien</one>.
+- Are <one>Archaea</one> <two>prokaryotic cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Which group of bacteria</one> are <two>usually unaffected by Penicillin</two>? <one>Gram-negative Bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin []
+- The <one>Aquaporin Z protein</one> in <two>E. coli</two> is <three>a channel that permits osmotically driven movement of water</three> in ... how many directions? In <one>two</one>, aka <two>in both directions</two>.
+- Bei der <one>Biosynthese von Methionin</one>: nenne einen <two>wichtigen Unterschied</two> zwischen Eukaryoten und Prokaryoten. A: Eukaryoten verwenden Acetyl-CoA, Prokaryoten verwenden Succinyl-CoA.
+- Ist <one>ein Chemostat</one> <two>kontinuierlich</two> oder <two>diskontinuierlich</two>? <one>Kontinuierlich</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemostat-Bioreaktor []
+- What do <one>Saprophages</one> use as their <two>food</two>? <one>Dead organic matter of all kind</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprophagy []
+- ... ... <one>stimulieren die</one> <two>Septumbildung</two> <one>in Bakterien</one>. A: <one>Replizierende Nukleotide</one>.
+- How are the <one>three-dimensional cubes</one> <two>in bacteria</two> called? <one>Sarcina</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcina_(Bakterium) []
+- <one>Welches Bakterium</one> erzeugt <two>Lysostaphin</two>? <one>Staphylococcus simulans</one>. Lysostaphin wirkt gegen Staphylococcus aureus. Andere Quellen sagen das dies von Staphylococcus staphylolyticus erzeugt wird.
+- Ohne Mikroorganismen würde höheres Leben nicht existieren. Unterstreiche diese Aussage mit einem konkreten Beispiel. A: <one>Sauerstoff in der Atmosphäre</one> entstand durch die Aktivität des mikrobiellen Stoffwechsels.
+- Wie geht die mikrobielle <one>Alkoholreihe</one>? <one>Ethanol</one> zu <one>Acetaldehyd</one> zu <one>Essigsäure</one> (EAE).
+- Nenne <one>fünf</one> <two>Proteobacteria-Vertreter</two>. A: (1) Agrobacterium (2) Acetobacter (3) Bordetella (4) <one>Neisseria</one> (5) <one>Aeromonas</one>
+- Welche <one>Brücke</one> finden wir bei <two>Gram-positiven Bakterien</two> in der Zellwand? Eine <one>Pentaglycinbrücke</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycane []
+- <one>Wo</one> genau greift <two>Lysozym</two> an? Lysozym spaltet die Beta-1,4-Bindung zwischen <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> und <two>N-Acetyl-muraminsäure</two>.
+- <one>Actin-like filaments</one> <two>in Bacteria</two>? The <one>mre-Proteins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MreB
+- <one>Bacterial culture medium</one> <two>may be of which type</two>? (1) <one>liquid</one> (2) <one>solid</one>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>Teilungsapparat der bakteriellen Zelle</one>? <one>Divisom</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisome []
+- How do <one>mitochondria</one> <two>reproduce</two>? By <one>binary fission</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_(biology)#Binary_fission []
+- The <one>chemostat's primary role</one> is to keep a cell population in which phase? In the <one>exponential growth phase</one>.
+- Do <one>prokaryotes</one> <two>have an immune system</two>? <one>Yes</one>: <two>CRISPRs</two>. []
+- What does <one>teicoplanin</one> do? This <one>antibiotic</one> inhibits the construction of bacterial cell walls.
+- Welche <one>Blockade</one> <two>gibt es während der Glycolyse</two>, die auch von Bakterien einschränkend wirkt? <one>NAD⁺</one> <two>muss vorhanden sein</two>.
+- Anderer Begriff für die <one>Acetobacter</one>? <one>Essigsäurebakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetobacteraceae []
+- <one>FtsZ</one> <two>verwendet welche Energiequelle</two>? <one>GTP</one>. []
+- Was ist eine <one>Gruppentranslokation</one>? Ein <one>Transportvorgang</one>, bei dem die Substanz chemisch verändert wird.
+- <one>Wieviele Moleküle Glucose</one> <two>nimmt eine E. coli Zelle</two> pro Sekunde auf? <one>200.000 Moleküle Glucose</one>.
+- Warum wird die <one>Agarstichkultur</one> im mikrobiellen Labor verwendet? Um das Verhalten von Bakterien gegenüber <one>Luftstauerstoff</one> festzustellen.
+- <one>Bacteria</one> <two>do happen to require vitamins</two>. Vitamins, in turn, function usually as ... ? <one>Eenzyme cofactors</one>.
+- <one>High GC contents</one> <two>are characteristic for ...</two> <three>which microbes in general</three>? For microbes that live under <two>extreme temperature conditions</two>.
+- <one>Beweglichkeit</one> <two>bei den Protozoa</two> ist oft gegeben über ... ? <one>Pseudopodien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinf%C3%BC%C3%9Fchen
+- Warum produziert <one>H. pylori</one> <two>Urease</two>? Um im Magen <one>Ammonium</one> (NH₄⁺) zu produzieren, welches die Magensäure neutralisiert.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium mit <one>zwei circulären Chromosomen</one>. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>drei Möglichkeiten</one> bei der Konsistenz der bakteriellen Nährmedien. A: (1) feste Medien (2) Halbfeste Medien (3) <one>flüssige Medien</one>
+- Are all <one>Archaea</one> <two>extremophiles</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- What is <one>the final step</one> <two>in cell wall synthesis</two>? <one>Transpeptidation</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1306805/ []
+- Ein Vertreter der <one>säurefesten Bakterien</one> ist ... ? Die <one>Mykobakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykobakterien []
+- Can <one>Bacteria</one> <two>sense spatial gradients of chemicals</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- Der kleinste Organismus, der <one>O₂-autotroph</one> ist, ist ... ? <one>Prochlorococcus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus_marinus
+- <one>PhoQ</one> <two>in Salmonella</two> <three>senses ... </three>? <one>Magnesium</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12507481/
+- <one>Warum</one> verwenden manche Prokaryoten <two>Gasvesikel</two>? Um der Schwerkraft entgegenzuwirken. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesikel_(Biologie)
+- Nenne <one>zwei Vertreter</one> der <two>Euryarchaeota</two>. A: (1) <one>methanogens</one> (2) <one>extreme Halophile</one>
+- <one>E. coli</one> <two>can double (== its generation time) every 20 minutes</two>. Name a bacterium that is even faster than E. coli, with an optimum generation time of about 10 minutes. A: <one>Clostridium perfringens</one>. URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/bacteria/Growth-of-bacterial-populations#ref955453
+- Der <one>oriC locus</one> <two>besitzt Bindestellen für DnaA</two> aber es gibt in der Nähe noch einen weiteren locus der 5 DnaA Bindungsstellen hat. Wie heisst diese Locus? <one>datA Locus</one>.
+- Are <one>hydrogenosomes</one> <two>anoxic</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenosome []
+- Die <one>bakterielle DNA</one> ist um strukturelle Proteine gewickelt. Nenne 3 davon. A: (1) H-NS (2) IHF (3) <one>HU</one>
+- Is the eukaryotic protist <one>Paramecium</one> larger than <two>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</two>? <one>No</one>. <two>Epulopiscium fishelsoni is about 5x as large as Paramecium</two>, give or take. []
+- What does the abbreviation <one>S</one>/<one>V ratio</one> stand for? <one>Surface to volume ratio</one>. []
+- <one>Sarcina</one> bei Zellen <two>umfasst wieviele Zellen</two>? <one>8</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcina_(Bakterium) []
+- Name <one>a genus of bacteria</one> <two>able to cause</two> <three>bacterial dysentery</three>? The genus <one>Shigella</one>. []
+- What does <one>oxygenic photosynthesis</one> <two>produce</two>? <one>O₂</one>. []
+- The <one>first protein</one> <two>in bacteria</two> to move to the division site that will separate the two daughter cells, is ... ? <one>FtsZ</one>. []
+- In einer Bakterienzelle: <one>wie</one> wird <two>der verankerten Teil einer Geißel</two> genannt? Dies ist der <one>Basalkörper</one>. []
+- <one>Bakterien brauchen und verwenden Eisen</one>. <two>Durch welches Atom kann Eisen mitunter ersetzt werden</two>? <one>Mn²⁺</one> (<two>Mangan</two>). []
+- For <one>tmRNA rescue</one> to happen, <two>the tmRNA needs which protein</two>, in order to form a complex? <one>SmpB</one>.
+- Über welchen <one>intrazellulären Mechanismus</one> <two>erfolgt die Regulation der Glutamin-Synthase</two>? Über <one>Adenylierung</one>.
+- Can <one>a H⁺ proton</one> <two>diffuse through a bacterial membrane</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- Bei <one>E. coli</one>: <two>welchen Unterschied</two> gibt es zwischen dem Wachstum in Minimalmedium und dem Wachstum in einem komplexem Medium? Im Minimalmedium teilt sich Ecoli alle 24 Stunden einmal. Im komplexen Medium teilt sich Ecoli alle 20 Minuten.
+- <one>Dunaliella</one> sind <two>Flagellata</two>. <three>Warum sind sie bemerkenswert</three>? <one>Dunaliella</one> zeigen eine <two>aussergewöhnliche Salztoleranz</two>.
+- What does <one>axenic</one> mean? <one>Axenic</one> <two>describes the state of a culture in which only a single species is present</two>.
+- <one>Warum oder wann vor allem</one> wird die <two>Säurefestigkeits-Färbung</two> nach <three>Ziehl-Nelsen</three> eingesetzt? Um <one>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</one> nachzuweisen.
+- <one>Which proteins</one> <two>transport specific proteins</two> through the membranes of Bacteria? The <one>translocases</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>eine Gruppentranslokation</one>. A: Das <one>PTS</one>: <two>Phosphotransferasesystem</two>. URL:https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphotransferasesystem []
+- The <one>DnaA protein</one> <two>contains a domain called domain IV</two>. What is the role of this domain? This domain of 11 kDa in size, constitutes the <one>DNA-binding domain</one>.
+- Der beim <one>Ames-Test</one> <two>verwendete Mineralagar</two> enthält Spuren welcher, für diesen Test sehr wichtigen, <three>Aminosäure</three>? <one>Histidin</one>. []
+- <one>FtsZ proteins</one> <two>can assemble into a structure called ... </two>? a <one>Z-ring</one>.
+- The <one>cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria</one> is <two>about n nm thick</two> (from-to)? About <one>8-10 nanometers</one>.
+- Warum ist <one>Bdellovibrio</one> so besonders? <one>Bdellovibrio</one> <two>infiltriert gram-negative Bakterien</two>, indem es in das Periplasma wandert und dort Biopolymere verdaut.
+- <one>Wie viel Prozent der Photosynthese</one> (<two>von-bis</two>) auf der Erde werden durch die Cyanobacteria erledigt? <one>20-30%</one>.
+- The <one>cytoplasmic membranes of some bacteria</one> <two>are strengthened by</two> <three>sterol-like molecules called ... </three>? <one>hopanoids</one>. []
+- In der Mikrobiologie: <one>welches Medium</one> steht hinter <two>CMD</two>? <one>Cornmeal dextrose agar</one>.
+- Give another name for the <one>generation time</one> in bacteria. A: The <one>doubling time</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Reaktion</one> katalysieren <two>methanoxidierende Bakterien</two>? Diese Bakterien wandeln <one>Methan</one> in <two>CO₂</two> um. []
+- <one>Stromatolites</one> can be found at which bay in australia? At <one>Shark Bay</one>.
+- Bacteria created an environment that allowed plants and animals to ... ? <one>evolve</one>.
+- <one>Which two aminoacids</one> are very important in <two>two-component systems</two>? (1) <one>Aspartate</one> (2) <one>Histidine</one> []
+- A <one>medium</one> <two>that contains only the nutrients required by prototrophic bacteris is termed ... </two>? a <one>minimal medium</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_medium []
+- In bacteria: what can the <one>Fts protein</one> form? The <one>divisome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisome
+- <one>Welcher Sigmafaktor</one> <two>erkennt den</two> <three>Hitzeschock-Promotor</three> in Bakterien? <one>Sigmafaktor 32</one>.
+- Was ist <one>das wichtigste, strukturbestimmende Protein bei Prokaryoten</one>? <one>MreB</one>. []
+- <one>Welche chemische Reaktion</one> führt die ATPase durch? Die ATPase katalysiert die Reaktion von ATP -> hin zu ADP und einem freien Phosphat-Ion (Pi). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase
+- Give <one>an example for</one> an <two>AB exotoxin</two>. A: <one>Diphtheria toxin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin
+- Bacteria have form of adaptive immunity. Why has this evolved? This system evolved to provide a <one>highly phage-specific defense</one>. 
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat <two>MinE</two>? <one>MinE</one> <two>bringt den MinCD-Komplex an die Pole</two>; er agiert somit als eine Art Transporter.
+- The classic exemplar of aggregative multicellularity in bacteria is given by which bacterium? By <one>Bacillus subtilis</one>.
+- Do <one>green algae</one> require flagella? Yes. These are are essential to keep afloat on top of the ocean or lake, in order to gain energy from sunlight.
+- Die <one>Generationszeit von E. coli</one> <two>bei 37°C</two> <three>in einem Minimalmedium</three> beträgt ... n Minuten? 60-90 Minuten.
+- What are <one>symporters</one>? These are <one>transporters</one> (<two>co-transporters</two> actually) that transport a substance together with another molecule (usually a proton).
+- <one>Cell division in prokaryotes</one> is usually performed by ... ? <one>binary fission</one>.
+- <one>Magnetosome synthesis</one> <two>in bacteria</two> typically begins with ... ? The <one>insertion of magnetosome-specific proteins into the cytoplasmic membrane</one>, followed by invagination of the membrane to form a vesicle.
+- <one>Which bacteria</one> have a <two>S-layer</two>? <one>Gram⁺ bacteria</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> kann <two>FeMoCo</two> gefunden werden? In dem <one>Nitrogenase-Enzym</one>, in der Untereinheit I.
+- Are <one>uncultivated phyla</one> <two>the majority</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Nenne <one>eine chemische Substanz</one>, <two>mittels deren Hilfe bakterielle Zellen aufgebrochen werden können</two>. A: <one>Chloroform</one>.
+- <one>Volvox</one> <two>kann wieviele Zellen haben</two>? A: <one>20.000</one>.
+- The <one>fastest-growing bacterium known</one> has a doubling time of ... ? <one>6 minutes</one>.
+- <one>A bacterial cell</one> that is <two>spherical or ovoid</two> in morphology is called ... ? A <one>coccus</one>.
+- Bei einer <one>Verdünnungsreihe</one>: <two>welche Verdünnungsstufe hat die Originalprobe</two>? <one>Verdünnungsstufe 0</one>.
+- In Bacteria: what can be found in the <one>spacer</one> between <two>16S + 23S rRNA gene</two>? A <one>tRNA gene</one>.
+- Why is it so important for the cell to generate <one>acetate</one> from <two>pyruvate</two>? Because this <one>also generates ATP</one> when doing so.
+- Name <one>two bacteria</one> with more than one <two>chromosome</two>. A: (1) <one>Vibrio cholerae</one> (2) <one>Rhizobium meliloti</one>
+- Die <one>Sporangien</one> <tow>gehen woraus hervor</two>? Aus dem <one>Mycel</one>.
+- Unter <one>optimalen Wachstumsbedingungen</one> besteht <two>wieviel Prozent der bakteriellen Zellmasse aus Ribosomen</two>, <three>in etwa</three>? In etwa <one>25%</one>.
+- Metaphorically speaking: <one>Penicillium</one> looks like ...? A <one>house</one>, and a <one>garage</one>. The garage door is affected.
+- Das Wort <one>Enzybiotics</one> ist ein Mix aus ... ? <one>Enzyme</one> und <one>Antibiotics</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzybiotics
+- In Bacteria: <one>quorum sensing</one> <two>is mediated by ...</two>? <one>Farnesol</one>.
+- Are <one>group translocation systems</one> also <two>ABC transporters</two>? <one>No</one> they are not.
+- <one>Myxobacteria</one> <two>form what</two>? <one>Fruiting bodies</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei Hefen</one> die nicht nur im neutralen, sondern auch im sauren Milieu leben können. A: (1) <one>S. cerevisae</one> (2) <one>Candida Krusei</one> (3) <one>Pichia saitoi</one>
+- <one>Which bacteria</one> <two>changed the world</two>? All of them, but specifically the <one>cyanobacteria</one>: <two>they caused the Great Oxygenation Event, which ultimately allowed multicellularity to emerge</two>.
+- What are <one>cidal</one> agents? <one>Agents</one> <two>that kill organisms</two> - or in this case, bacteria.
+- <one>Warum</one> gibt es <one>Magnetotaxis</one> bei den Bakterien? <one>Zur Orientierung</one>. <two>Sie können so zum Boden des Teiches schwimmen</two>.
+- Name <one>a bacterium</one> <two>that attacks other bacteria</two> and thus uses them as <three>a bacterial prey cell</three>. A: <one>Bdellovibrio</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio
+- <one>Microbial diversity</one> is beyond practical ... ? <one>calculation</one>.
+- Aside from humans: name an organism that Listeria infects. A: <one>Amoebae</one>.
+- Wie werden Mikroorganismen genannt, die <one>saure Bedingungen für ihr Wachstum bevorzugen</one>? <one>Acidophile Mikroorganismen</one>.
+- <one>Warum</one> genau verwenden wir ausgerechnet <one>Leberenzyme</one> im Ames-Test? Um <one>die Chemikalien in ihre aktive, mutagene Form zu konvertieren</one>.
+- Most stringent <one>Biosafety Level</one>? <one>Level 4</one>.
+- Name <one>a bacterium with two chromosomes</one>. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae
+- Bei <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> während der <two>Aerotaxis</two>: <three>wie funktioniert das Protein HemAT</three>? Dieses Protein sendet über eine Signalkette Informationen an den <one>Motor der Schwimmgeißel des Bakteriums</one>. Zunächst bindet Sauerstoff an die Häm-Gruppe von HemAT (die sogenannte "sensorische Domäne"). Dadurch ändert die Struktur, und dies löst weitere strukturelle Veränderungen in HemAT aus, die letztendlich die Signal-Domäne des Proteins erreichen. Die Signal-Domäne überträgt dann die Information über die steigende Sauerstoffkonzentration an weitere Proteine in der Zelle. Diese Proteine leiten die Botschaft an den Motor der Schwimmgeißel weiter.
+- <one>MamK</one> <two>ensures the organization of m...</two>? <one>Magnetosomes</one>.
+- <one>When</one> - that is <two>in which phase</two> - are bacteria in general competent? During the <one>late phase of their growth cycle</one>.
+- Nenne die drei <one>Importer-Typen</one> in Bakterien. A: (1) <one>Antiporter</one> (2) <one>Symporter</one> (3) <one>Uniporter</one>
+- <one>DnaA assembly</one> <two>is incompatible with ...</two>? With <one>binding dsDNA</one>.
+- The <one>phosphotransferase system</one> consists of <two>a family of n proteins</two> that work in concert to transport any given sugar. A: <one>5 proteins</one>.
+- Die zwei in der Natur am weitesten verbreiteten <one>anorganischen Stickstoffverbindungen</one> sind? (1) Nitrat (NO3-) (2) <one>Ammoniak</one> (<two>NH4⁺</two>)
+- <one>CrcZ</one> <two>in Pseudomonads</two>, is what exactly? <one>CrcZ</one> is a <two>regulatory RNA</two>.
+- <one>DnaA</one> <two>has an intrinsic ... activity</two>. A: <one>DnaA</one> has an <two>intrinsic ATPase activity</two>.
+- <one>Peptidoglycan</one> <two>can be destroyed by ... </two>? <one>Lysozyme</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme
+- <one>The signature molecule of Bacteria</one>, if we can even define that there is a single such molecule, <two>would be</two> ... ? <one>Peptidoglycan</one>.
+- Eine einzelne <one>E. coli Zelle</one> besitzt <two>wieviele DnaA Moleküle</two>? Etwa <one>~1000</one>.
+- In which bacterium was topoisomerase first discovered? In <one>Escherichia coli</one>.
+- Nenne <one>eine Substanz</one> die von einigen extrem halophilen Bakterien synthetisiert wird. A: <one>Ectoin</one>, ein Derivat der zyklischen Aminosäure Prolin.
+- <one>Aliivibrio fischeri</one> <two>makes use of which enzyme</two> <three>in order to bioluminescence</three>? <one>Luciferase</one>.
+- <one>MreB</one> <two>can be found inside of a bacterial cell</two> in ... what form? <one>MreB</one> forms a helical filament inside the bacterial cell.
+- Does inserting supercoils into DNA require energy? <one>Yes</one>, via ATP. Releasing supercoils does not require energy.
+- Nenne <one>zwei allgemein unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten</one> <two>zwischen verschiedenen Mikroorganismen biochemisch im Labor zu unterscheiden</two>. A: (1) <one>Katalase-Reaktion</one> (2) <one>Oxidase-Reaktion</one>
+- Nenne einen <one>Unterschied</one> zwischen den <two>Basenanaloga</two> und den <two>alkylierenden Verbindungen</two>. A: Basenanaloga wirken nur in replizierender DNA, alkylierende Verbindungen wirken auch in nichtreplizierender DNA.
+- The <one>CRISPR system</one> provides a form of acquired immunity. How does it achieve this? <one>Short segments of foreign DNA</one> (= <two>spacers</two>) are incorporated into the genome between CRISPR repeats, and serve as a memory of past exposures.
+- <one>Staining</one> <two>is widely used in light microscopy</two>. <three>Name a disadvantage of staining, though</three>. A: <one>Staining often kills cells</one>; it can also distort their features.
+- Can <one>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</one> <two>grow at a pH below 2</two>? <one>Yes</one> - in fact <two>it thrives in such acidic conditions</two>.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium der green-sulfur-bacteria Art, das bei 2500 Metern Tiefe lebt. A: <one>GSB1</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei gebräuchliche Fluorophore</one> in der Mikroskopie bei Bakterien. A: (1) <one>FITC</one> (2) <one>DAPI</one> (4' 6-Di-amidino-2-phenylindol) (3) <one>Acridine orange</one>
+- Was ist die <one>durchschnittliche Generationszeit</one>? Dies ist <one>die Zeit</one>, <two>die eine aktiv wachsende Bakterienkultur zur Verdoppelung benötigt</two>.
+- <one>Zymomonas mobilis</one> ist <two>gram +</two> oder <two>gram -</two>? <one>Zymomonas mobilis</one> ist <two>gram -</two>, <three>so wie auch E. coli</three>.
+- <one>Polyketide</one> sind <two>Vorläufer welcher zweier Stoffe</two>? (1) <one>Griseofulvin</one> (2) <one>Tetracyclin</one>
+- What means <one>Diauxie</one>? <one>Growth on two different sugars</one>, such as <two>lactose</two> and <two>glucose</two>.
+- What is a <one>one-component regulatory system</one>? This is a system in where <one>a single protein detecs a signal and carries out a regulatory response</one>.
+- Bakterien stellen oft <one>Toxine</one>, aber auch <two>Antitoxine</two> her. Beides wird meistens von dem selben Toxin kodiert. Wieso kann das aber funktionieren? Das <one>Antitoxin</one> ist, im Gegensatz zum Toxin, <two>nur wenig stabil</two>. Wenn eine Zelle bei einer Teilung das Plasmid verliert, gehen beide Gene verloren. Da aber das Toxin stabiler ist als das Antitoxin und seine Wirkung deshalb länger vorhält, sterben solche Zellen ab. Somit stellen die Toxin-Antitoxin-Paare einen natürlichen Selektionsmechanismus dar, der dafür sorgt, dass nur diejenigen Zellen überleben, die das betreffende Plasmid behalten.
+- <one>Geobacter</one> <two>wächst bei n °C</two>? <one>121 °C</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobacter
+- <one>Welche Organismen</one> haben <two>Peptidoglycan</two>? Nur <one>Bakterien</one>.
+- Why does a lag phase occur in bacteria? Their metabolism has to speed up again from a lower ground state, which requires time.
+- Der <one>CRISPR locus</one> hat den <two>cascade complex</two>, der <three>welche Untereinheiten</three> hat? <one>CasA</one>, CasB, <one>CasC</one>, <one>CasD</one>, <one>CasE</one>.
+- <one>How old</one> is the <two>first evidence of microbial life</two>? A: About <one>3.45 billion years ago</one>.
+- <one>SecB</one> <two>gehört zu welchem Sekretionssystem</two>? <one>Type II secretion pathway</one>.
+- In regards to bacteria: what is meant with <one>planktonic growth</one>? This basically means that these bacteria will grow in suspensions.
+- Wie wird die <one>Luftkeimzahl</one> bestimmt? Mit Hilfe eines <one>Luftkeimsammlers</one>.
+- The <one>lux operons</one> encode proteins needed for bioluminescence. They are under control of the activator protein ... ? <one>LuxR</one>.
+- Does Pseudomonas aeruginosa make use of Ferredoxin? Yes.
+- What is meant with the awkward expression microbial dark matter? This refers primarily to uncultivated species.
+- <one>Resuscitation signals</one> for bacteria, to break through dormancy, are often ... released from the ... ? Muropeptides, released from the cell wall
+- Are <one>persister cells</one> in general more resistant against antibiotic treatment than regular cells? Yes.
+- Say that you have Micrococcus luteus on a solid plate but it will not grow. What may be the reason for this? Micrococcus luteus may need sulfated galactans, as inducers of growth.
+- <one>Chlorella</one> und <one>Scenedesmus</one> haben <two>was für eine Wand</two>? A: Eine <one>Cellulosewand</one>, mit <two>Sporopollenin-Einlagerung</two>.
+- Nenne vier Gründe an warum rRNA ein guter Chronometer ist! A: (1) Die rRNA Sequenz ist lange und hat viele hypervariable Regionen. (2) rRNA ist in praktisch allen Organismen vorhanden (3) funktionell ähnelt sich rRNA da alle Organismen in Proteinsynthese partizipieren müssen (4) rRNA Sequenzen ändern sich nur langsam (gut für Chronometer) und können so gut zwischen 2 Organismen verglichen werden.
+- The smallest mycoplasma coccus (in culture) that is still able to reproduce, has a diameter of ... n nm? <one>300 nm</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7637/#A2044
+- <one>Welches Bakterium</one> kann als leicht nachzuweisenden Indikatorkeim für fäkale Verschmutzungen herangezogen werden? <one>E. coli</one>.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium das caffeine abbauen kann. A: <one>Pseudomonas putida</one>.
+- The length of a <one>Paramecium</one> is roughly equivalent to the diameter of ... ? <one>a human hair</one>.
+- Name a bacterium with a fairly small genome, that is so specialized for infection that it shows no evidence of complete metabolic pathways. A: <one>Chromulinavorax destructans</one>. 
+- <one>Kokken</one> sind kugelig-runde bis leicht ovale Bakterien. Ihr Durchmesser beträgt in etwa ... ? <one>1 Mikrometer</one> (<two>1 µm</two>).
+- Do <one>halophiles</one> <two>require a high concentrations of salt to survive</two>? <one>Yes</one> indeed they do.
+- <one>Welche allgemeine Aufgabe</one> übernimmt NAD/NADH? Die <one>Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide</one> fungieren als <two>Elektronenüberträger bei Redoxreaktionen</two>.
+- <one>Which four aminoacids</one> can be found in the <two>glycan tetrapeptide</two>? (1) <one>L-alanine</one> (2) <one>D-alanine</one> (3) <one>D-glutamic acid</one> (4) <one>L-lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)</one>
+- Wie werden Mikroorganismen gennant, die bei tiefen Temperaturen gedeihen? <one>Psychrophil</one>.
+- Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) in Escherichia coli occurs primarily at which level? It occurs primarily at the transcriptional level.
+- Nenne <one>zwei ATP-hydrolysierende Proteasen</one> in E. coli, die mit dem Buchstaben C respektive L beginnen. A: (1) <one>Lon</one> (2) <one>Clp</one> 
+- Es gibt außer <one>O₂</one> auch alternative Elektronenakzeptoren. Nenne drei energiereiche davon. A: (1) <one>Fe3+</one> (2) <one>NO3⁻</one> (3) <one>NO₂</one>
+- The intracellular response of prokaryotic cells to environmental change is mediated by which <one>two signalling circuits</one> in general? (1) <one>phosphorylation-dependent signalling circuits</one> (2) <one>methylation-dependent signalling circuits</one>
+- Was ist <one>Skotophobotaxis</one>? Dieser Begriff kann mit <one>Taumeln bei Dunkelheit</one> übersetzt werden. Ein phototrophes Bakterium schwimmt aus dem beleuchteten Gesichtsfeld in die Dunkelheit.
+- The <one>anammoxosome</one> is surrounded by a membrane containing ... <two>which particular lipid</two>? The <one>ladderane</one>.
+- Instead of sterols, many bacterial membranes contain ... ? <one>hopanoids</one>.
+- <one>ParM</one> in bacteria mediates p ... s ... A: <one>plasmid segregation</one>.
+- If the <one>MreB proteins</one> are mutated, how may the shape of the affected bacterium be? They will be round/roundish, thus rounded cell - a coccus shape will be the result.
+- Where inside of a cell may the protein <one>FtsZ</one> be found normally? FtsZ would normally form a ring <one>in the middle of the cell</one>.
+- Bacteria may require energy in order to perform mechanical work. What is meant with this? This refers primarily to <one>motility</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> do bacteria employ <two>Phenazines</two>? These aromatic compounds are helpful <one>for bacteria forming biofilms</one>.
+- In der Biologie: <one>wo</one> finden wir <two>fluid-filled channels</two> auf makrozellulärer Ebene (Eukarya exkludiert)? In einem <one>Biofilm</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> does <two>attenuation</two> occur in the laboratory? These attenuated bacteria may grow faster than the more virulent strains.
+- Wie sah die <one>frühe Atmosphäre</one> aus, auf dem Planeten Erde? A: <one>Kein Sauerstoff</one> - aber <two>viele Sulfide dank der Reserven</two>.
+- In microbiology: <one>why</one> are <two>sulfa drugs</two> employed? <one>Sulfa drugs</one> are growth factor analogs that can inhibit the growth of bacteria.
+- <one>How many microbial cells exist on earth</one>, roughly? About <one>2 * 10³⁰ microbial cells</one> exist on Planet Earth.
+- About <one>n% of a microbial cell's wet weight</one> is taken up by water? About <one>75%</one>.
+- <one>S. simulans</one> tötet <two>S. aureus</two> mit Hilfe welchen Toxins? <one>Lysostaphin</one>.
+- <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> besitzt einen <two>Typ-IV Pilus</two>? Die gram-negativen Bakterien.
+- Was ist der wichtigste Punkt bei der <one>Sec-abhängigen Proteinsekretion</one> in Bakterien? Die <one>Proteine sind ungefalten</one> während sie durch die cytoplasmatische Membran transloziert werden.
+- Name <one>two</one> <two>environment-sensitive molecular elements</two> that may provide (genetic) cues for microorganisms. A: (1) <one>transposable elements</one> (<two>TEs</two>) (2) <one>epigenetic components</one> (<two>ECs</two>)
+- Nenne <one>die drei Grundstrukturen</one> bei einem bakteriellen <two>Filament</two>. A: (1) <one>Basalkörper</one> (2) <one>Haken</one> (3) <one>Filament</one>
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat der <two>datA Locus</two>? Der <one>datA Locus</one> <two>fischt überflüssige DnaA Proteine weg</two>.
+- Name <one>two key regulatory proteins</one> of the <two>SOS response</two>. A: (1) <one>LexA</one> (2) <one>RecA</one>
+- In bacteria: sites of <one>Dam methylation</one> are typically ...? Sequences of <one>GATC</one>, aka <two>GATC sites</two>.
+- <one>Why</one> do bacteria use <two>gas vesicles</two>? So that these bacteria can <one>float</one>.
+- Most bacteria are <one>monomorphic</one>. <two>What does this mean</two>? This means that these bacteria <one>maintain a single shape</one>; they do not occur in more than a single shape (aka <two>pleomorphic</two>).
+- <one>Wann</one> kommt es in <two>E. coli</two> zur sogenannten <three>stringenten Kontrolle</three>? Zum Beispiel bei einem <one>Aminosäuremangel</one>.
+- <one>Temperaturrekord</one> (<two>Hitze</two>) für Bakterien? <one>121 °C</one>.
+- <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one> produziert welche <two>phenolische Siderophore</two>? <one>Enterobactine</one>.
+- Nenne ein oder zwei <one>sehr hitzebeständige Organismen</one>. A: (1) <one>Pyrolobus fumarii</one> (2) <one>Strain 121</one>
+- What are <one>Bacteriocins</one>? Bacterially produced, <one>small heat-stable peptides</one> that are active against other bacteria.
+- Der <one>oriC</one> besitzt wieviele <two>GATC Sequenzen</two>? <one>11</one>.
+- Unterschiede folgende Begriffe: <one>Monotrichous</one>, <one>Lophotrichous</one>, <one>Amphitrichous</one>, Peritrichous. A: Eingeisselig, <one>Vielgeisselig</one>, <one>Bigeisselig</one>, <one>Vielgeisselig</one>.
+- <one>In which bacteria-group</one> could we find <two>axial filaments</two>? In the <one>spirochete</one> group. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaete
+- <i>Chloroflexus aggregans</i> was <one>originally isolated from ... </one>? <one>hot springs</one> <two>in Japan</two>.
+- <one>Typische Größe von Bakterien</one> (von, bis)? 1 bis 5 Mikrometer.
+- <one>Who</one> was <two>the first person</two> to report having seen a microorganism? <one>Robert Hooke</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke#Microscopy
+- Anderes Wort für die <one>eiskristallbildende Bakterien</one>? <one>Pseudomonas syringae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae
+- <one>How</one> does <two>Myxococcus</two> <three>kill bacteria</three>? <two>Myxococcus</two> will kill and lyse bacteria through a strategy of <one>cooperating swarms of single cells</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Schwefelbakterium</one>. A: <one>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Alkanhefe</one>? A: <one>Candida</one>.
+- Die Familie von E. coli ist ... ? <one>Enterobacteriaceae</one>.
+- <one>Warum</one> eigentlich können Mikroorganismen bei zu niedrigen Temperaturen nicht mehr wachsen? <one>Die Membran erstarrt</one> → <two>Transportprozesse verlangsamen</two>.
+- Der <one>aw-Wert</one> beeinflusst das mikrobielle Wachstum. <two>Ab wann sehen wir das kein Wachstum mehr möglich ist</two>? Bei einem <one>aw-Wert unter 0.6</one>.
+- Im <one>Glyoxylat-Zyklus</one>: was geschieht mit <two>Isocitrat</two>? <one>Isocitrat</one> wird gespalten in Succinat (4C Körper, für Biosynthesis) und Glyoxylate (2C).
+- Is <one>Treponema pallidum</one> <two>a bacterium</two>? <one>Yes</one>, it is.
+- Bacteria tend to use make use of <one>storage granules</one> such as <two>PHB</two> (poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid). The monomer of PHB is <two>hydroxybutyrate</two>. How many C-atoms does <two>hydroxybutyrate</two> contain? <one>Four</one>.
+- <one>NlpD in Bakterien</one> ist <two>ein Divisom-assoziierter Faktor</two>. <two>Was kann er aktivieren</two>? <one>Amidasen</one>.
+- Wieviele <one>Ascomyceten</one>-Arten sind bekannt? ca. <one>60.000 Arten</one>.
+- <one>How many bacteria</one> exist on Earth? <one>10³⁰</one>.
+- What is <one>Adenylylation</one>? This is <one>a posttranslational modification</one>, involving a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group of the molecule undergoing adenylylation and the phosphate group of AMP.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Funktionen</one> der <two>Peptidoglykanschicht</two>. A: (1) gibt dem Bakterium seine Form und Stabilität (2) schützt das Bakterium vor osmotischen Lyse
+- How did <one>Horowitz</one> define <two>life</two>? Life possesses the properties of (1) replication (2) <one>catalysis</one> (3) <one>mutability</one>
+- <one>Which microorganism</one> has <two>the largest prokaryotic genome known</two>? <one>Sorangium cellulosum</one>, at a genome size of <two>13,033,779 base pairs</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorangium_cellulosum
+- <one>Welches</one> ist <two>das wichtigste Modell</two> um <three>bakterielle Membranen</three> zu beschreiben und wer hat es aufgestellt? Das <one>Fluid Mosaic Model</one>. Aufgestellt wurde es von <two>Singer und Nicholson</two>.
+- Warum sind <one>Salterns</one> (=<two>Hypersaline Water</two>) rot? A: Aufgrund des <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one>.
+- Wie unterscheidet sich <one>CW</one> und <one>CCW</one> Bewegung der Bakterien voneinander? A: <one>CCW</one> bewegt die Zelle zu einem attractant (<two>forward</two>), CW veranlasst die Zelle die Richtung zu ändern (<two>change</two>). Also wie bei einem 400 Meter Lauf bei Olympia.
+- Are <one>MCPs</one> <two>important in phototaxis</two>? <one>No</one> - they are <two>replaced by a light sensor protein</two>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>green non-sulfur bacteria</one>. A: <one>Chloroflexi</one>.
+- The <one>hyperthermophiles</one> <two>contain which unique enzyme</two>? <one>Reverse DNA gyrase</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> do eukaryotic microbes reach stationary phase sooner than Bacteria? They are bigger - that is why.
+- <one>Acetic acid bacteria</one> such as <i>Acetobacter</i>, <two>can create vinegar</two>, by using alcohol. Energy for this is taken from ... ? <one>ATP</one>.
+- Nenne einen konkreten Vorteil wenn <one>P. aeruginosa</one> <two>signal molecules</two> verwendet. A: Die <one>Biofilm community</one> ist widerstandsfähiger gegenüber PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).
+- In Microbiology: what is <one>Volutin</one>? <royalblue>Volutin</royalblue> granules are intracytoplasmic granules complexed, inorganic polyphosphate. It is <two>a storage form</two>.
+- Name <one>two different</one> <two>cocci-form</two> of bacteria. A: (1) <one>diplococci</one> (2) <one>streptococci</one>
+- Bei der <one>Auslösung der Sporulation</one> in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> - <two>wieviele Sensorkinasen kommen zum Einsatz</two>? <one>4</one> (<two>KinA</two>, <two>KinB</two>, <two>KinC</two>, <two>KinD</two>). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1221893/
+- How is <one>growth</one> defined in microbiology? An increase in the number of cells.
+- Name <one>a stain</one> that is used for <two>M. tuberculosis</two>. A: The <one>Ziehl-Neelsen stain</one>.
+- Why is <one>Thiomargarita</one> so big? <one>It needs a large nitrate container</one>, to last out the intervals between storms. About 98% of its volume is storage space, allowing it to hoard large reserves of nitrate under a thin layer of cytoplasm.
+- <one>Wie</one> ist <two>das bakterielle Chromosom</two> in der Zelle organisiert? In Form von <one>superhelikalen Schleifen</one>, die durch Proteine wie HU stabilisiert werden.
+- <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> has a protein called <two>CFS</two>. This abbreviation stands for ... ? <one>Competence and sporulation factor</one>.
+- When we can finally see <one>a colony on an agar plate</one>, <two>how many individual cells will be part of that colony</two>? <one>10⁷ cells</one>.
+- Warum braucht der Wasserfarn <one>Azolla</one> das Cyanobakterium <two>Anabaena azollae</two>? <one>Anabaena azollae</one> <two>versorgt den Farn mit Stickstoff</two>.
+- Im Zuge der Gramfärbung: <one>welche Farbe</one> haben <two>gram positive Bakterien</two> und <one>welche Farbe</one> haben gram negative Bakterien? <one>Gram positive Mikroorganismen</one> <two>erscheinen violett</two>. <one>Gram negative Mikroorganismen</one> <two>erscheinen rot</two>.
+- In the <one>DnaA protein</one>: which domain is the <two>DNA-binding domain</two>? <one>Domain IV</one>.
+- <one>Conjugation</one> depends on ...? The <one>F factor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation
+- Are <one>bacteria</one> with <two>polar flagella</two> restricted to polar flagella? Not necessarily so. For instance, <i>R. centenum</i> normally is polarly flagellated, but under certain growth conditions they can form - and use - peritrichous flagella.
+- Name a big <one>biosynthetic difference</one> between <two>Archaea</two> and <two>Bacteria</two>. A: The <one>archaeal lipids</one> have an L-glycerol while bacteria and eukaryotes have a D-glycerol. This is strong evidence for a different biosynthetic pathway.
+- <one>Bacteria can sense their environment</one>, and changes within the environment. Give four short examples for this. A: (1) temperature (2) nutrient availability (3) <one>osmolarity</one> (4) <one>cell density</one> (<two>quorum sensing</two>)
+- <one>Which enzyme</one> is <two>required for making new bacterial cell wall</two>? <one>Autolysin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolysin
+- <one>What states</one> does <two>the initiator protein DnaA</two> have? An <one>active ATP-bound form</one> and an <one>inactive ADP-bound form</one>.
+- <one>ABC Transporters</one> (<two>in bacteria</two>) are powered by ... ? <one>ATP</one>.
+- <one>Spirilla</one> have <two>what shape</two>? <one>Spiral-shaped</one>.
+- Name a <one>Protozoa</one> that has <two>multiple nuclei</two> within each single cell. A: <one>Paramecium</one>.
+- <one>Which</one> <two>two important factors</two> - other than pH and temperature - can be controlled in a chemostat? (1) Growth Rate (2) Cell density of the culture
+- Vibrio fischeri was originally called ... ? <one>Photobacterium fischeri</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> können <two>Phthiocerole</two> gefunden werden? In der <one>äußeren Hülle bei Mycobakterien</one>.
+- How does <one>Epulopiscium</one> reproduce? <one>Epulopiscium</one> reproduces exclusively through <two>an unusual form of sporulation</two>.
+- Warum mag die Alge <one>Dunaliella</one> rot erscheinen? <one>Dunaliella</one> hat <two>viel Carotinoid</two> in der Zelle. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunaliella
+- <one>Welche Domäne</one> <two>im DnaA Protein</two> <three>bindet ATP</three>? <one>Domain III</one>.
+- Serratia marcescens produces a red pigment. Is this a pigment? Not really - it is actually an antibiotic.
+- Serratia marcescens produces a red pigmented antibiotic, but only if the temperature is below ... ? <one>Below 30°C</one>. Then they will be colourless; otherwise red.
+- Was ist die <one>Anhydrobiose</one>, <two>wo</two> finden wir sie? <one>Anhydrobiose</one> ist <two>Leben ohne Wasser</two>. Wir finden sie bei den Tardigrada (den Bärtierchen).
+- Name a bacterium that produces  a red pigmented antibiotic called <one>prodigiosin</one>. A: <one>Serratia marcescens</one>.
+- Give an example used in transmission electron micrography to <one>reveal the capsule of a bacterium</one>. A: Use <one>ruthenium red</one>.
+- <one>Mutations</one> in the <two>ftsZ gene</two> block ... ? <one>Septum formation</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905991/
+- How do we call organisms with an optimal pH at 5.5 - 7.9? <one>Neutrophils</one>.
+- <one>Arginine biosynthesis</one> begins with ...? Condensation of Glutamate mit Acetyl-CoA.
+- Können <one>Bakterien</one> ihre <two>Fluidität anpassen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen werden Phospholipide mit unterschiedlicher Länge der Fettsäureresten mit oder ohne Doppelbindung eingebaut.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>kugelförmige Bakterien</one>? <one>Kokken</one>.
+- In <one>E. coli</one>: was ist <two>DnaC</two> und was ist <three>DnaB</three>? (1) <one>DnaC</one> ist der <two>Helicase loader</two>. (2) <one>DnaB</one> ist die <two>Helicase</two> (als Hexamer).
+- Nenne <one>vier</one> <two>Mechanismen zur Resistenzentwicklung bei Bakterien</two>. A: (1) Verhinderung der Aufnahme: Antibiotikum wird nicht mehr aufgenommen (2) Efflux: Efflux-Pumpen pumpen das Antibiotikum wieder heraus (3) Modifikation: Antibiotikum wird modifiziert, z.B. durch Acetylierung (4) Inaktivierung: Antibiotikum wird gespalten und damit inaktiviert
+- <one>Wann</one> wenden wir die <two>Gassterilisation</two> (chemische Sterilisation) an? Bei <one>hitzelabilen Gegenständen</one>.
+- How is <one>microbial growth</one> defined? Microbial growth can be defined as an <one>an increase in the number of cells in a population</one>.
+- Was macht die <one>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase</one>? A: Katalysiert die <one>oxidative Decarboxylierung</one> <two>von Pyruvat</two>. Dabei entsteht <three>Acetyl-CoA</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase
+- Name a <one>classification system</one> based on <two>cell wall properties</two>. A: (1) <one>mycoplasma</one> (2) <one>gram+</one> (3) <one>gram-</one>
+- <one>Wo</one> vor allem finden wir <two>Fimbrien</two>? Fimbrien findet man vor allem bei <one>gram-negativen Bakterien</one>.
+- <one>Die optimale Wachstumstemperatur für E. coli</one> beträgt ... ? <one>37°C</one>.
+- <one>Bakterielle Gasvesikel</one> bestehen aus welchen 2 Proteinen? GvpA und <one>GvpC</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>conformational protection</one> in microbiology. A: The <one>nitrogenase</one> in <i>Azotobacter</i> is protected from oxygen inactivation by complexing with a specific protein.
+- Wie gleicht <one>Dundiella</one> den <two>externen, osmotischen Wert</two> aus? A: Durch <one>interne Anreicherung an Glycin</one>.
+- In microbiology: what means <one>amensalism</one>? This is <one>a relationship</one> in which the product (or action) of one organism has a negative effect on another organism. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction#Amensalism
+- Nenne die vier wichtigen Schritte beim <one>Gram-Staining</one> (inklusive Angabe der Zeit!). A: (1) <one>Crystal Violet</one>: <two>für 1 Minute</two> (2) <royalblue>Iodine</royalblue>:         für eine Minute (3) Alcohol Acetone: für einige Sekunden (4) <one>Safranin Stain</one>:  für <two>1 Minute</two>
+- Was nimmt der <one>SRP Komplex</one> als Energie? <one>GTP</one>, da er eine GTPase-Aktivität hat.
+- <one>Mikroben</one> halten <two>wie viel Prozent des biologischen Stickstoff</two> auf der Erde? <one>90%</one>.
+- Kommen <one>Magnetosomen</one> <two>in Eukaryoten</two> vor? Ja. In <one>Algen</one>.
+- Es gibt <one>spezifische Tetrapeptide in der bakteriellen Zellmembran</one>. Dabei ist vor allem die Diaminopimelinsäure wichtig für die Quervernetzung, die an ... welcher Aminosäure erfolgt? An die Carboxygruppe des terminalen D-Alanins des benachbarten Peptids.
+- In bacteria: <one>proteins are exported by ... </one>? <one>Translocases</one>.
+- Was produziert der mikrobielle <one>ANAMMOX Prozess</one>? <one>N₂</one>.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium mit <one>drei Chromosomen</one>. A: <i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinorhizobium_meliloti
+- <one>Antibacterial agents</one> can be classified into which 3 classes? (1) bacteriostatic (2) <one>bacteriocidal</one> (3) <one>bacteriolytic</one>
+- Nenne <one>drei mögliche Nachteile</one> die Proteine aufweisen können wenn sie in Bakterien (für Eukaryoten) produziert werden. A: (1) Instabil (2) keine biologische Aktivität und (3) eventuell verunreinigt trotz sorgfältiger Reinigung
+- Ist <one>Pseudomonas</one> <two>gram-positiv</two> oder <two>gram-negativ</two>? <one>Pseudomonas</one> ist <two>gram-negativ</two>, so wie auch E. coli.
+- In microbiology: give an example for a <one>differential plate</one>. A: The <one>MacConky Plate</one>. It <two>uses lactose</two> to differentiate one bacteria from another.
+- <one>Sigmafactor RpoS</one> has <two>which cellular task</two>? <one>Adaptation to environmental stress</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Mikroorganismen</one> in denen <two>echte Denitrifikation</two> erfolgt. A: (1) <one>Pseudomonas stutzeri</one> (2) <one>Paracoccus denitrificans</one>
+- The <one>diphteria toxin</one> can add a <two>ADP-Ribose</two> to the eukaryotic translation elongation factor <three>EF-2</three>. To which particular amino acid there? To a <one>histidine</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Beispiele</one> für <two>Proteinglykosylierungen</two>. A: Verknüpfung von Zuckerresten (=Glykosylierung) über eine <one>Sauerstoffbrücke</one> bei Serin und Threonin, oder über eine <one>Stickstoffbrücke</one> über Asparagin.
+- In der Mikrobiologie setzen wir die sogenannte <one>Ziehl-Neelsen-Färbung</one> ein. Wieso tun wir dies? Wir können so <one>säurefeste</one> Bakterien, wie die <two>Mykobakterien</two> und die <one>Nocardien</one>, von den sogenannten nicht "säurefesten" Bakterien, unterscheiden.
+- Does <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> <one>employ siderophores</one>? <one>No</one>. The causative agent of gonorrhea does not use siderophores - it simples employs receptors on its surface that can bind human iron complexes, such as transferrin or lactoferrin, and wrest the iron from them.
+- Give an example for <one>a bacterium that divides asymmetrically</one>. A: <one>Caulobacter</one>.
+- <one>Bacteria</one> communicate with each other to build elaborate multicellular reproductive structures. <two>Provide two examples for these</two>. A: (1) <one>fruiting bodies</one> (2) <one>complex multispecies biofilms</one>
+- <one>Wo</one> bindet <two>Arg399</two> des DnaA-Proteins am oriC allgemein? In die minor groove der DNA - aber nur wenn die DNA negativ superspiralisiert ist.
+- A <one>single cell of Escherichia coli</one> <two>weighs</two> about n g? About <one>10⁻¹² g</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für die <one>Nitratatmung</one>? <one>Denitrifikation</one>.
+- In <one>quorum sensing</one>: <two>how does induction of the lux genes work</two>? They are turned on only when the bacterium is close to other bacteria.
+- Was machen <one>Penicillin-bindende Proteine</one> (PBPs) normalerweise? Sie katalysieren die Polymerisation von NAG und NAM (Transglycosylierung) sowie die Verknüpfung zwischen den Peptidbrücken (Transpeptidierung).
+- Give <one>two reasons</one> for <two>why a bacterium may wish to form a calcium-dipicoline acid complex</two>. A: (1) binds water thus helps dehydrate the Endospore (2) intercalates DNA, thus protects it against heat denaturation
+- What can be found in <one>Carboxysomes</one>? A lot of the enzyme <one>RuBisCO</one> (<two>Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase</two>).
+- Name <one>four risks</one> of <two>newly emerging diseases</two>. A: (1) zoonotic pathogens from wildlife (2) drug-resistant pathogens (3) zoonotic pathogens from non-wildlife (4) vector-borne pathogens
+- Definiere den Begriff <one>Ribozyme</one>. A: <one>Ribozyme</one> sind RNAs, die als Enzyme (RNA-Enzyme) katalytisch wirksam sind.
+- <one>Welches Mineral</one> (die Summenformel) finden wir in <two>bakteriellen Magnetosomes</two>? <one>Fe₃O₄</one> - aka <two>Magnetit</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit
+- Can <one>Rickettsia prowazekii</one> <two>grow in chicken embryo fibroblasts</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- <one>Helix-Turn-Helix</one> has <two>which two distinct helices</two>? (1) <one>recognition helix</one> (2) <one>stabilizing helix</one>
+- <one>Wie</one> wird die <two>Dipicolinsäure</two> <three>quervernetzt</three>? Über <one>Ca²⁺ Ionen</one>.
+- <one>Wie lange</one> dauert <two>Flash Pasteurization</two>? <one>15 Sekunden</one>.
+- What do we mean with <one>Transduction</one>? <one>Transduction</one> refers to <two>when viruses pick up fragments of host DNA and carry them to another host cell</two>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei keulenförmige Bakterien</one>. A: (1) <one>Bifidobakterien</one> (2) <one>Corynebakterien</one>
+- Was sind <one>kompatible Solute</one>? Osmolyte, die auch bei hohen cytoplasmatischen Konzentrationen nicht mit dem Zellstoffwechsel interferieren.
+- <one>FtsK</one> hält einen Rekord. <two>Welchen</two>? <one>FtsK</one> ist die schnellste bekannte <two>DNA-Pumpe</two>.
+- The <one>mycoplasma genitalium</one> genome contains n genes? <one>525 genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_genitalium#Genome
+- Die <one>light-harvesting systems</one> der <i>Cyanobacteria</i> haben <two>statt dem Chlorophyll was</two>? <one>Phycobilins</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein sehr kälteliebendes Bakterium</one>, das auch <two>bei Temperaturen von -10°C noch herumschwimmen kann</two>. A: <i>Colwellia psychrerythraea</i>. URL: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Colwellia_psychrerythraea
+- Does <i>E. coli</i> contain a glycerol transporter? Yes.
+- In Bacteria, we can find a process termed <one>RIDA</one>. <two>What does this process do</two>? <one>RIDA</one> means <two>regulatory inactivation of DnaA</two>. It can inactivate DnaA-ATP into DnaA-ADP, with help from the proteins Hda, DnaA and DNA-loaded beta-clamp proteins.
+- Was verändert sich in einer Batch-Kultur nicht? Das <one>Medium</one>.
+- <one>ABC Transporters</one> require ATP, but why specifically is energy in the form of ATP required? Because these transporters have an ATPase activity in one of the component. This component is responsible for opening the membrane channel.
+- <one>Qualitative Zusammensetzung der Zellen</one>: Unterschied zwischen Prokarya und Eukarya? (1) Prokarya: mehr RNA. (2) <one>Eukarya</one>:  <two>höherer Proteingehalt</two>.
+- <one>Bacteria</one> can <two>import nutrients</two> against their <three>natural concentration gradients</three> - but why or where is this critically important? In <one>aquatic habitats</one>, where nutrient concentrations are generally low.
+- <one>Microbial communities</one> can be <two>shaped by predation</two>. Name four influencing factors for these, that is, <three>predators</three>. A: (1) <one>viruses</one> (2) bacterial predators (3) <one>protozoa</one> (4) <one>microfauna</one>
+- We can not culture the so-called 'phantom microbes'. Why do we know about them, though? Because we can <one>use modern genomic techniques to expose their existence</one>.
+- Im <one>sec-abhängigen Weg</one> bei Bakterien: <two>nenne die drei Schritte</two>. A: (1) <one>Targeting</one> (2) Translokation (3) Freisetzung
+- One (simple) factor <one>limiting microbial growth</one> is ... ? The <one>finite supply of nutrients</one>.
+- <one>Welcher Genus</one> zeigt einen <two>Hydroxypropionate pathway of CO₂ incorporation</two>? <one>Chloroflexi</one>.
+- A medium that lacks an essential nutrient, such as a medium lacking leucine, is called ... ? A <one>selective medium</one>.
+- Welches ist <one>die größte Untereinheit von Pol III</one>? Die <one>Alpha Untereinheit</one> mit etwa 140.000 Dalton.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>fraktionierende Sterilisationsmethode</one>? <one>Tyndallisieren</one>.
+- In Bacteria: give another term for <one>a dormant state</one>. A: <one>Spores</one>.
+- Name <one>one very large prokaryote</one>. A: <one>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epulonipiscium#Naming_and_discovery
+- Nenne ein möglichst einfaches Kriterium, an dem man messen kann ob es einer Mikrobe gut geht. A: <one>Fortpflanzung</one> / <one>Fortpflanzungserfolg</one>.
+- <one>Welche Atome</one> finden wir in einer <two>Hydroxamate Group</two>? <one>N-OH-C=O</one>.
+- In the <one>phosphotransferase system</one>: <two>which component phosphorylates the substance that is taken up</two>? The <one>Enzyme IIc</one> component. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169766/
+- <one>Schlüsselenzym</one> bei der Sulfatreduktion? <one>ATP-Sulfurylase</one>.
+- <one>Maximum temperature of growth</one> for <two>Pyrobolus</two>? <one>113°C</one>.
+- Für die praktische Isolierung von Mutanten können wir <one>welche zwei Arten von Mutationen</one> unterscheiden? (1) selektierbare und (2) <one>nicht selektierbare Mutationen</one>.
+- Angenommen wir <one>entziehen einem Bakterium Glucose</one>. Was geschieht intrazellulär? Der intrazelluläre <one>cAMP Gehalt steigt</one> an, da die Adenylat-Cyclase aktiver wird.
+- Give an example for <one>positive control in Bacteria</one>. A: <one>Maltose Catabolism</one> in E. coli.
+- <one>Welche Person</one> erfand <two>das Ausstreichen von Bakterien auf Agarplatten</two>? <one>Robert Koch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch
+- <one>Wo</one> innerhalb der Biologie mag <two>Dipicolinsäure</two> gefunden werden? Dies ist eine Substanz, die während der Sporulation von Mikroorganismen gebildet wird.
+- The <one>SRP</one> interacts with <two>which Fts component</two>? <one>Fts Y</one>. URL: https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/947978.html
+- <one>Glycogen</one> is <two>a storehouse for ... </two>? (1) <one>carbon</one> (2) <one>energy</one>
+- Wie nennt man, auf englisch, den Zustand eines Bakterium, welches künstlich so präpariert wurde, das sie ihre <one>Oberflächenstrukturen abwirft</one>? <one>shaven</one>, in other words: <two>agitated to lose surface structures</two>.
+- What is <one>Hydrotaxis</one>? <one>Hydrotaxis</one> refers to movement towards or away from water - thus, water acts as the stimulus for the movement. See at URL: https://www.answers.com/topic/hydrotaxis
+- In the <one>phosphotransferase system</one>: which enzyme class is called the <two>specific components</two>? <one>Enz IIa</one> and <one>Enz IIb</one>.
+- What is meant with a <one>peritrichous cell</one>? This is <one>when the flagella are randomly distributed around the bacterial cell</one>.
+- <one>Bdellovibrio</one> is <two>gram-positive</two> or <two>gram-negative</two>? <one>Bdellovibrio</one> is gram-negative like E. coli. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio
+- <one>Genomic studies of motile Archaea</one> revealed that <two>the archaellum</two> did have a structural counterpart in Bacteria. <two>Which one is that</two>? The <one>type IV pilus</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> findet man den <two>Fenna-Matthews-Olson Complex</two>? Bei <one>Photolithoautotrophs</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei phototrophe Mikroorganismengruppen</one>. A: (1) <one>Cyanobacteria</one> (2) <one>Purpurbacter</one> (3) <one>Helicobacter</one>
+- What are the <one>haloalkaliphiles</one>? These are <one>alkaliphiles</one> that require high salt content to survive.
+- <one>Which aminoacid</one> is used to connect to <two>m-diaminopimelic acid</two>? <one>D-alanine</one>.
+- <one>Säurefeste Bakterien</one> wie <two>Mycobacterium</two> oder "Nocardia" sind nicht gram-differenzierbar. Nenne eine weitere Gruppe an Bakterien, die nicht gram-differenzierbar sind. A: Die <one>coryneformen Bakterien</one>.
+- Warum sind <one>dormante Mikroorganismen</one> im Boden so wichtig? Dormante Mikroorganismen reduzieren die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Aussterbens eines Mikroorganismus.
+- <one>Chemolithotrophs</one> <two>obtain their carbon how</two>? From <one>CO₂</one>.
+- Nenne fünf <one>Komponenten eines Lichtmikroskops</one>. A: (1) <one>Okular</one> (2) <one>Objektiv</one> (3) <one>Objektträger</one> (4) <one>Kondensor</one> (5) <one>Beleuchtungsspiegel</one>
+- Name the <one>three major functions</one> of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria. A: (1) the cytoplasmic membrane <one>prevents leakage</one> (2) the cytoplasmic membrane anchors proteins (3) the cytoplasmic membrane conserves energy
+- How would a <one>batch culture</one> be defined? No fresh medium is added during incubation, thus nutrient concentration decline and waste products accumulate during growth.
+- <one>Wo</one> kann die <one>meso-Diaminopimelinsäure</one> gefunden werden? In <one>gram-negativen Bakterien</one>, wie zum Beispiel <two>E. coli</two>.
+- Name <one>the three classes of transport systems in Microbiology</one>. <two>How are they functionally different from one another</two>? We have <one>simple transport</one>, <one>group translocation</one> and <one>ABC transporters</one>. Only <two>group translocation</two> results in a chemical modification, though.
+- Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen <one>Cyanobacteriota</one> und <one>Bakterien</one>. A: Erstere besitzen <one>Chlorophyll a</one>.
+- Was ist <one>der Angriffspunkt des Lysozym</one>? Lysozym hydrolyisert "Beta-1,4-glykosidische Bindungen" zwischen N-Acetylmuraminsäure- (NAM) und N-Acetylglucosaminresten (NAG), in Peptidoglykanen.
+- Wieso wirkt <one>Isopropanol</one> besser als <two>Ethanol</two> gegen Bakterien? Isopropanol kann die bakterielle Membran leichter überwinden.
+- Bei Bakterien: <one>wie</one> unterscheiden sich <two>Kapsel</two> und <three>Schleimhülle</three> voneinander? Die <one>Kapsel</one> ist mit der Zellwand fest verankert, die Schleimhülle nicht.
+- What is the <one>Thermosome</one>? The <one>Thermosome</one> is <two>a chaperonin protein complex that functions in archaea</two>.
+- Aus Sicht der <one>mikrobiellen Physiologie</one>: <two>welche zwei Funktionen</two> haben <three>Stoffwechselwege</three>? (1) Bereitstellung von Vorstufen (2) Energie für Synthesen und andere Energie-verbrauchende Prozesse bereitzustellen
+- Nenne eine Bedingung damit man den <one>Ames-Test</one> durchführen kann. A: Die ursprüngliche Mutation muss eine <one>Punktmutation</one> sein.
+- <one>Which bacteria</one> are notorious for forming <two>'blooms'</two> in lakes? <one>Cyanobacteria</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>reproductive parasite</one>. A: The bacterium <one>Wolbachia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolbachia
+- <one>Signaltransduktion</one> in Bakterien wird typischerweise implementiert durch die Bindung eines Signalmoleküls an einen Rezeptor. <two>Dieser Rezeptor ist meistens was für ein Typ</two>? Die Rezeptoren sind hier primär <one>Sensorkinasen</one>.
+- In <one>Helicobacter</one> we can see <two>dark granules</two>. What are these for? A: These store <one>polyphosphate</one>.
+- Nenne ein Protein in dem wir <one>Pantothensäure</one> finden mögen. A: <one>Acylcarrierprotein</one>.
+- Define the term <one>Bacteremia</one>. A: <one>Bacteremia</one> is the <two>presence of bacteria in the bloodstream</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstream_infections
+- <one>Wie lange dauert</one> <two>eine Replikationsrunde in E. coli</two>? <one>40 Minuten</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>log-phase</one>? <one>Exponentielles Wachstum</one>.
+- Gasvesikel: Das <one>GvpA-Protein</one> macht <two>wieviel Prozent im Gasvesikel</two> aus? <one>97%</one>.
+- Is <one>ATP</one> available in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria? No.
+- Durch <one>welche zwei verschiedenen Prozesse</one> wird ATP generiert? A: (1) <one>Substratkettenphosphorylierung</one> und (2) Electron-Transport generation.
+- Was sind <one>xerophile Mikrorganismen</one>? Das sind <one>Organismen, die trockene Lebensräume bevorzugen</one>.
+- When <one>a bacterium divides</one>: <two>how do we call the thing that forms right between them, before the septum emerges</two>? The <one>Z-ring</one>.
+- What is <one>the most famous domain</one> <two>in the DnaA protein</two>? The <one>AAA+ domain</one>.
+- Was sind <one>atriche Zellen</one>? <one>Zellen ohne Flagellen</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>positive regulators of transcription</one> in bacteria. A: <one>Activator proteins</one>.
+- The <one>"Sulfur pearl of Namibia"</one>, also known as the <two>giant sulfur-eating microbe</two>, refers to which bacterium specifically? <one>Thiomargarita namibiensis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis
+- Wir sehen einen eukaryotischen Mikroorganismus mit <one>Hydrogenosomes</one>. Was können wir hier über diesen Mikroorganismus mutmassen? Dieser Mikroorganismus wird wohl keine Mitochondrien besitzen.
+- Durchmesser eines <one>F-Pilus</one>? <one>8 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilus
+- Was bedeutet <one>Serovar</one>? Das sind unterscheidbare Variationen innerhalb der Subspezies von Bakterien oder Viren.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>chemolithotrophe Bakterien</one>. A: <one>Nitrifikanten</one>.
+- Welche zwei <one>faces</one> finden wir am <two>Tus-Protein</two>? (1) <one>nonpermissive face</one> (2) <one>permissive    face</one>
+- In der Mikrobiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Fts</one>? <one>Filamentous temperature sensitive</one>.
+- Im bakteriellen <one>OriC</one> gibt es AT-reiche 13bp Sequenzen, die man auch <two>13mers</two> nennt. Nenne ein weiteres, anderes Wort für diese Elemente. A: <one>DNA unwinding element</one>.
+- Name one reason <one>why microorganism fix nitrogen</one>, from an ecological point of view. A: Being able to fix nitrogen frees them from depending on fixed nitrogen in its environment - and thus confers a significant ecologiy advantage.
+- Bei der <one>Sulfatreduktion</one> gibt es assimilatorischen und dissimilatorischen Weg. <two>Welche Substanz wird hierbei jeweils verwendet</two>? (1) <one>PAPS</one> im ass. (2) <one>APS</one> im dissimilatorischen Weg.
+- Bei <one>gram- Bakterien</one>: <two>wie</two> ist der Lipid-A Anteil mit dem <three>core polysaccharide</three> verknüpft? Mittels <one>glucosamine phosphat</one>.
+- Erkläre den Unterschied in <one>quorum sensing</one> zwischen <two>gram+</two> und <two>gram-</two> Bakterien. A: gram- Bakterien verwenden acyl-homoserine lactone, gram+ verwenden kurze Peptide die oft chemisch modifiziert sind.
+- <one>Pili</one> ... pilus... was heisst eigentlich pilus? <one>Haar</one>.
+- What <one>structure</one> defines the existence of a bacterial cell? The <one>cell membrane</one>.
+- In der Mikrobiologie: was ist eine <one>Transaminase</one>-Reaktion? Das Verschieben einer NH₂-Gruppe von einer Aminosäure auf eine organische Säure.
+- Name a bacterium that <one>can survive the conditions inside of a lysosome</one>. A: <one>Salmonella</one>.
+- <one>Bacteria that lack flagella</one> are also called ... ? <one>Atrichous</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atrichous
+- The microbiological process of forming minerals is called ... ? <one>Biomineralization</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralization
+- <one>Zellschrumpfung</one> und <one>Plasmolyse</one>. Ordne diese Begriffe jeweils gram-positiven oder gram-negativen Zellen zu. A: (1) <one>Plasmolyse</one>:      <two>gram-positive Zellen</two>. (2) <one>Zellschrumpfung</one>: <two>gram-negative Zellen</two>.
+- In der Mikrobiologie: was sind <one>ETEC-Stämme</one>? <one>Enterotoxische E. coli Stämme</one>.
+- Der Schwefeloxidierer <one>Thiomargarita namibiensis</one> kann wie gross werden (in Mikrometer)? Bis zu <one>750 Mikrometer</one> (<two>0.75 mm</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis
+- Name <one>a siderophore</one> expressed by <two>P. aeruginosa</two>. A: <one>Pyoverdine</one> + ADD URL.
+- <one>Wer</one> hat das <two>Cholera-Bakterium</two> entdeckt? <one>Robert Koch</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch
+- Nenne <one>sterol-like molecules</one> in bakteriellen Membranen. A: <one>Hopanoids</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> do Bacteria store <two>polyphosphat</two> in granules? These PO43⁻ granules can be used to lateron generate ATP and can also be used for nucleic acid synthesis.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium das <one>PHB-Granula</one> enhält. A: <one>Rhodovibrio sodomensis</one>.
+- Wieviele <one>DNA-Polymerasen</one> werden für die Synthese des Folgestrangs benötigt? <one>2</one>.
+- <one>Hitzeschockproteine</one>, zumindest in E. coli, haben oft mit <two>welchem Areal der bakteriellen Zelle zu tun</two>? Mit der <one>Zellmembran</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>a microbe with three replication origins</one>. A: <one>Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolobus_acidocaldarius
+- For bioterrorism: which bacterium is considered to be <one>very useful</one>? <one>Bacillus anthracis</one>.
+- Name <one>six important proteins</one> that can be found at the <two>oriC locus</two>. A: (1) DnaA (2) DnaB (3) DnaC (4) HU (5) <one>Gyrase</one> (6) <one>SSB</one>
+- Give another term for a <one>dormant, microbial subpopulation</one>. A: <one>Persister cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persister_cells
+- In der Mikrobiologie: nenne einen anderen Begriff für <one>Septum</one>. A: <one>Partition</one>.
+- <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> is <two>gram⁺</two> or <two>gram⁻</two>? <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> is <two>gram⁺</two>, unlike E. coli.
+- Nenne <one>3 Taxien</one> die wir in Bakterien finden können. A: (1) "Aerotaxis" (2) <one>Chemotaxis</one> (3) <one>Phototaxis</one>
+- Wie verhindert <one>Chlorella lophophora</one> die Verdauung durch das Phagosom von Paramecium? <one>Durch Produktion des Lektins Concanavalin A</one>, sowie besonderer Oberflächenstrukturen.
+- <one>Wo</one> findet man <two>Lectine</two> bei Bakterien wie E. coli? Auf den <one>Pili</one>.
+- Aside from stopping ribosome-biosynthesis, the <one>stringent response</one> in bacteria also inhibits the initiation of ... ? <one>DNA-replication</one>.
+- Was ist <one>methicillin</one>? A <one>semisynthetic penicillin</one>, discovered in 1960. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin
+- Welche Gene im Bakterium sorgen dafür das das <one>Septum</one> <two>richtig lokalisiert</two> ist? Die Gene im <one>Min-System</one>.
+- Es gibt die attachment organelle, den <one>stalk</one>. <two>Was sekretiert dieser</two>? <one>Adhesion factors</one> die man <two>holdfasts</two> nennt.
+- <one>Wie dick</one> sind <two>Fimbrien</two>, in nm? Etwa <one>30nm - 40nm</one>.
+- Do <one>prokaryotes</one> <two>have proteins associated with their DNA</two>? Yes.
+- In <one>E. coli</one>: <two>welche zwei Proteine</two> sind verantwortlich für das Abschneiden der 3' Ende der mRNA wenn die RNA-Polymerase stehen bleibt? <one>GreA</one> und <one>GreB</one>.
+- Name a microbial species that lacks the TCA cycle. A: <one>Treponema pallidum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidum
+- <one>ABC transporters</one> in molecular biology, as well as in bacteria, <two>require energy derived from ...</two>? <one>ATP</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>ein bakterielles ABC-Transportsystem</one>. A: Das <one>ABC-System</one> <two>für Maltose</two> in E. coli.
+- Nenne <one>die zwei verbreitesten Differenzierungsfärbungen</one>. A: (1) <one>Gram-Färbung</one> (2) <one>Säurefestigkeitsfärbung</one>
+- Nenne die zwei Klassen der <one>Mikroalgen</one>. A: (1) "eukaryotische Grünalgen" (2) <one>prokaryotische Cyanobakterien</one>
+- In regards to <one>the salt requirement of a microorganism</one>, there are <two>four different groups</two>. Name them. A: (1) Halotolerant (2) Halophile (3) Extreme halophile (4) <one>Nonhalophile</one>
+- Bakterien können wie schnell, gemessen an ihrer Körperlänge, schwimmen? Bis zum <one>50-fachen ihrer Körperlänge</one>.
+- <one>Which domain of DnaA</one> <two>changes upon binding of ATP</two>? The <one>AAA+ domain</one>.
+- Nenne <one>eine Methan-produzierende, anaerobe Archaea</one>. A: <one>Methanococcus jannaschii</one>.
+- How do <one>diplococci</one> arise? When cocci divide and remain together.
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>Photoorganoheterotrophs</one>. A: <one>Chloroflexus</one>.
+- <one>Welches Enzym</one> wirkt an <two>GATC Sequenzen</two>? Die <one>Dam-Methylase</one>, die an der Adeninstelle methyliert.
+- Nenne und beschreibe <one>die aussergewöhnlichste Fortpflanzungsstrategie eines Bakteriums</one>. A: <one>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</one> reproduziert sich ähnlich wie in der Sporulation durch meistens zwei, manchmal aber auch bis zu zwölf neue Tochterzellen in der Mutterzelle heran. Letztere löst sich danach auf und gibt die neuen Individuen frei. Diese Tochterzellen sind, im Gegensatz zur Sporulation, aktive Zellen.
+- <one>E. fishelsoni</one> ist sehr gross, aber es gibt mind. noch ein grösseres Bakterium. Welches? <one>Thiomargarita namibiensis</one>. 1997 entdeckt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis
+- How do we <one>control cell density</one> in a <two>chemostat</two>? We can <one>limit a nutrient</one>, just as in a batch culture.
+- Give one famous example for <one>pathogenic bacteria</one> that has <two>a capsule of protein</two>, and another example for <two>a capsule of polysacharide</two>. A: (1) <one>capsule of protein</one>:       <two>Bacillus anthracis</two> (2) <one>capsule of polysacharide</one>: <two>Streptococcus pneumoniae</two>
+- Was sind <one>barophile Mikroorganismen</one>? Diese Mikroorganismen <one>benötigen einen hohen Druck</one>.
+- In der Mikrobiologie: was heissen <one>Fts-Proteine</one> und <two>was machen sie</two>? <one>Fts</one> ... filamentös temperatur empfindlich. Dies sind Zellen die, wenn sie mutiert sind, Schwierigkeiten haben sich zu teilen.
+- In microbial systematics: what does the abbreviation <one>MLST</one> stand for? <one>Multilocus sequence typing</one>.
+- Was binden die <one>selektiven Siderophore</one> bevorzugt? <one>Dreiwertiges Eisen</one> (<two>Fe³⁺</two>).
+- Wie ermitteln wir die <one>spezifische Wachstumsrate (k)</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Sie entspricht der <one>Steigung der Geraden</one>.
+- Warum ist <one>das Rippentierchen</one> <two>Aspidisca</two> <three>ein Nitratindikator</three>? Zum Einen dadurch das <one>die Rippen umso höher liegen je mehr Nitrat im Wasser vorhanden ist</one>. Zum Anderen durch die blosse Anzahl- <two>je mehr Rippentierchen, umso mehr Nitrat</two>.
+- <one>Woraus</one> besteht <two>Thiomargarita namibiensis</two> zu 98%? Aus einer <one>Vacuole</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis
+- If a bacterium lacks a cell well, such as the <one>mycoplasmas</one>, what can we assume from this be the case, out of necessity alone? That these cells will contain <one>unusually tough cytoplasmic membranes</one>, which is indeed the case.
+- Nenne die fünf <one>Key Genera</one> des Phyla Spirochaetes in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: (1) Borrelia (2) Cristispira (3) Leptospira (4) Spirochaeta (5) <one>Treponema</one>
+- <one>Welche besondere Proteine</one> findet man in der Zellwand von Pilzen? <one>Mannoseproteins</one>.
+- In the <one>phosphotransferasesystem</one>: <two>which enzyme parts are nonspecific</two>? (1) <one>Hpr</one> (2) <one>EnzI</one>
+- <one>Hydroxamate group</one> <two>complexes which atom</two> (be precise!)? <one>Fe³⁻</one>.
+- How do we call <one>cocci</one> that divide in three planes and still remain attached to one another in cubelike groups of eight? <one>Sarcina</one>. URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/coccus-bacterial-shape#ref44969
+- There are bacteria called <one>mollicutes</one>. Why that name? <one>Mollis</one> is <two>soft</two>, <two>cutis</two> is <three>skin</three>. These are bacteria without a cell well.
+- Wie lange dauert der <one>ames-Test</one>? Mindestens <one>eine Nacht</one>.
+- Was gibt der <one>BSB5-Wert</one> an? Den <one>biochemischen Sauerstoffbedarf in 5 Tagen</one> <two>unter Standardbedingungen</two>.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium das die beiden cell types <one>motile</one> und <one>stationary</one> besitzt. A: <one>Caulobacter</one> (ein gram-negatives Bakterium).
+- Durchmesser der kleinsten Bakterien in Mikrometer? <one>200 Mikrometer</one>.
+- <one>Welche Bakterienfamilie</one> ist berühmt für ihre <two>Antibiotika-Synthesewege für Polyketide</two>? Die <one>Actinomyceten</one>.
+- <one>Which microorganism</one> grows on <two>burnt trees</two>? <one>Neurospora</one>.
+- In Bacteria, what happens right before <one>septum formation</one>? <one>Cell elongation</one>.
+- In order to <one>yield H₂</one>, starting from Pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme <two>Hydrogenase</two>, we need ...? The iron-sulfur protein <one>Ferredoxin</one>.
+- <one>Caulobacter</one> has been used to <two>study which molecular phenomenon</two>? The <one>cell division process</one>.
+- Die <one>DNA in Bakterien wird an der Zellmembran verankert</one>. <two>Dies verhindert die Neuinitiation am oriC</two> und die Promoteraktivierung am dnaA-Gen. Welches Protein sorgt für diese Verankerung? Das Protein <one>SeqA</one>.
+- Die meisten der <one>nitrifizierenden Prokaryoten</one> gehören zu den? <one>Proteobacteria</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria
+- Was sind <one>kryptische Plasmide</one>? Dies sind Plasmide, die der Wirtszelle keine neuen Eigenschaften verleihen.
+- <one>Enterobactine</one> sind <two>Derivate von ...</two>? A: Der aromatischen Verbindung <one>Catechol</one>.
+- <one>How</one> does <two>Actinomycin</two> work? <one>Actinomycin</one> inhibits RNA synthesis by combining with DNA and blocking RNA elongation.
+- What is the main purpose of <one>Salmonella SPI2</one>? So that <one>Salmonella can grow within macrophages</one>.
+- <one>MinE</one> inhibiert ...? <one>MinCD</one>.
+- Movement of bacteria toward or away from oxygen is called ... ? <one>Aerotaxis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis#Classification
+- From an <one>anatomical</one> point of view, is there something interesting to note about the <two>origin of replication</two> in a bacterial cell? Yes - the origin is attached to the cell envelope at about the cell's equator, about halfway between the two poles of that cell.
+- Was ist <one>Snowmax</one> und wozu wird es verwendet? Snowmax sind <one>Frostbakterien</one>, die künstlichen Schnee produzieren können.
+- In Bakterien gibt es die <one>DNA-Helikase DnaB</one>. Wieviele Untereinheiten hat dieses Protein? <one>DnaB</one> ist ein Hexamer; besitzt somit 6 Untereinheiten.
+- Aus Sicht einer bakteriellen Zelle: <one>wo</one> kann das <two>ComP Protein</two> gefunden werden? Dieses <one>sensor protein</one> ist <two>in der Membran verankert</two>.
+- Give an example for a bacterium that is <one>multicellular</one>. A: <one>Magnetoglobus</one>.
+- What is <one>the main protein</one> to induce sporulation in <two>Bacillus subtilis</two>? <one>Spo01</one>.
+- Beim <one>SeqA-Protein</one>: warum der Name <two>Seq</two>? <one>Seq</one> steht hier für <two>Sequestration</two>, also Trennung. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeqA_protein_domain
+- <one>Which bacteria</one> have the <two>sortase</two>? The <one>gram-positive bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortase
+- Give an example for <one>a bacterium with more than one chromosome</one>. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
+- <one>Fusarium graminearum</one> verursacht was genau und wo? A: <one>Wurzelfäule</one>, <two>bei Weizen</two>.
+- Durchmesser des <one>Nucleus</one>, von-bis? <one>5-10 Mikrometer</one>.
+- Why do bacteria make use of <one>fimbriae</one>? <one>Fimbriae</one> <two>enable cells to stick to surfaces</two>.
+- <one>Glucosamine 6-phosphate</one> is <two>a precursor in what synthetic pathway</two>? In the <one>peptidoglycan synthesis</one> pathway.
+- Was ist die <one>Salt-in</one> Strategie bei Mikroorganismen? Die <one>Aufnahme anorganischer Salze in das Cytoplasma</one>.
+- <one>Welche drei Abteilungen</one> unterscheidet man innerhalb der Bacteria? (1) <one>Cyanobacteriota</one> (2) <one>Negibacteriota</one> (3) <one>Posibacteriota</one>
+- Nenne einen Eukaryoten mit einem <one>Pan-Genom</one>. A: Die Kalkalge <one>Emilliania huxleyi</one>.
+- The Protein <one>SeqA</one> shows <two>an affinity for</two> ...? <one>Hemimethylated origins</one>.
+- Innerhalb einer Zelle: was ist der zentrale Punkt in der <one>NH4⁺ Übertragung</one>? Die <one>Glutamin Synthase</one>.
+- <one>Bakterienzellen</one> können vor allem <two>welche Proteinmodifikation</two> nicht durchführen? <one>Glykosylierungen</one>.
+- What dictates the <one>upper limits</one> for the size of prokaryotic cells? Problems related to <one>nutrient uptake</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Bakterium das Dextran bildet</one>. A: <one>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</one>.
+- Where does <one>Bdellovibrio</one> replicate? In the <one>periplasmic space</one> of the prey cell.
+- Give another term for <one>non-moving cells</one>, in regards to bacteria. A: <one>Sessile cells</one>.
+- <one>What is the main task</one> of the bacterial <two>ZipA Protein</two>? <one>ZipA</one> is an anchor that connects the FtsZ ring to the cytoplasmic membrane.
+- Nenne <one>vier Enzyme</one> die bei der <two>Denitrifikation</two> eine Rolle spielen. A: (1) Nitratreduktase (2) Nitritreduktase (3) Stickstoffmonoxid-Reduktase (4) Distickstoffmonoxid-Reduktase
+- Do <one>gram-positive bacteria</one> have <two>ABC transport systems</two>? Yes.
+- Which <one>two types</one> of <two>random movement</two> are available to bacteria? (1) <one>runs</one> (2) <one>tumbles</one>
+- Was sind die sogenannten <one>H-Antigene</one>? <one>Oberflächenorganellen</one> wie Geißeln / <two>Flagellen</two>.
+- Woher bezieht das <one>Tat-Export System</one> die Energie für die Translokation von Proteinen? Durch die <one>PMF</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Pilz</one> der <two>Phenole abbauen kann</two>. A: <one>Trichosporon cutaneum</one>.
+- Name the three <one>archaeal promoter elements</one>. A: (1) <one>INIT</one> (2) TATA-box (3) BRE: B recognition element
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Organismus der <one>Ammonium degradieren</one> kann. A: <one>Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans</one>.
+- Die <one>Bakteriengeissel</one> wächst wo aus? Von der Spitze ausgehend.
+- <one>Eine einzelne E. coli Zelle</one> besitzt in etwa <two>wieviele Ribosomen</two>? <one>200.000</one>.
+- <one>Bacteria</one> can have <two>alter egos</two>? Yes, in form of <one>pathogenic strains</one>.
+- Definiere den Begriff <one>Dehalogenierung</one>. A: Dies bezeichnet das <one>Abspalten der Halogensubstituenten</one> <two>aus organischen Verbindungen</two> (durch Mikroorganismen in diesem Kontext).
+- What <one>dual-role</one> may bacterial proteins such as <two>H-NS</two> or <two>HU</two> have? (1) they can <one>bind DNA</one> (2) tehy can also <one>regulate gene expression</one>
+- Eine bakterielle Zelle hat <one>wieviel Prozent Protein-Anteil</one>? <one>55%</one>.
+- Was sind <one>Mixotrophe</one>? Dies sind <one>Chemolithotrophe</one>, die mit einer organischen Kohlenstoffquelle und einem anorganischen Elektronendonor wachsen.
+- Was ist eine <one>Coenocyte</one>? Eine <one>Coenocyte</one> ist eine multinucleate cell, bei dem sich das Cytoplasma von einem Nuclei zum nächsten erstreckt. So ein Organismus ist somit <two>vielkernig</two>.
+- Why does <one>Halobacterium salinarum</one> (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum) <two>require Bacteriorhodopsin</two>? It produces ATP under <one>anoxic conditions</one> and thus supports slow growth.
+- Can <one>mycoplasma</one> <two>reproduce outside of living host cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Some <one>Archaea</one> may grow up to about 120°C, but there is also at the least one bacterium that can grow in hot springs at about 90°C. <two>Name this bacterium</two> (or another one with such a high temperature range). A: <one>Thermotoga maritima</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotoga_maritima
+- <one>Woraus</one> kamen die <two>Plastiden</two> und die <two>Mitochondrien</two> jeweils? <one>Plastiden</one> aus <two>Cyanobakterien</two> (→ https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobakterien), <one>Mitochondrien</one> aus <two>Proteobakterien</two>.
+- Name <one>two prokaryotes without a cell wall</one>. A: (1) <one>Mycoplasma</one> (2) <one>Thermoplasma</one>
+- <one>Where</one> does the <two>deep sea</two> start? At <one>water depth greater than 1000m</one>.
+- Is <one>Bacillus stearothermophilus</one> <two>a slow grower</two>? <one>No</one>, its <two>generation time</two> is only <three>11 minutes</three>.
+- <one>Thermophiles</one> haben was für einen Membrantypus? A: <one>Rigid</one> - haben also <one>eher starre Membranen</one>.
+- Hängt die <one>Gram-Färbung</one> vom Alter der Bakterien ab? <one>Ja</one>, zum Teil: <two>ältere Bakterien-Kolonien lassen sich allgemein schlechter einfärben als junge Bakterien</two>.
+- <one>Actinomycetes</one> produzieren <two>lange Filamente</two>, die wie genannt werden? <one>Hyphae</one>.
+- Ist <one>Thermus aquaticus</one> ein Bakterium oder eine Archaea? Ein <one>Bakterium</one>.
+- Besitzen die gramnegativen <one>Rhizobien</one> <two>Flagellen</two>? Ja.
+- How to find <one>enzymes that function at high salinity</one>? We can look at <one>halophiles</one>.
+- <one>Welche Bakterien</one> zeigen einen <two>metallischen Glanz</two>? <one>E. coli</one>.
+- Wie speichern Bakterien, wie zum Beispiel die <one>Pseudomonaden</one>, <two>lösliche Phosphate</two>? Sie speichern sie in Form von <one>Polyphosphat</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> theorized in the early 1970s that <two>Earth behaves like a superorganism</two>? <one>James Lovelock</one>.
+- What is the <one>dilution rate</one>? This is the rate at which fresh medium is pumped in and spent medium is removed.
+- Wie sieht eine <one>ethanolamine group</one> aus? <one>H3N+ - CH₂ - CH₂ - O</one>.
+- Aufgabe der <one>Autolysine</one>? Machen Löcher in die Bakterienwand. Dort werden dann neue Zellwandstrukturen eingelagert.
+- Angenommen wir geben <one>Cycloheximid</one> zu <two>Archaea</two> und <two>Eukarya</two>. Welchen Effekt mögen wir hierbei sehen? <one>Eukarya</one> sind <two>sensitiv gegenüber Cycloheximid</two>, das als <three>Translationshemmer</three> wirkt.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Inokulum</one>? <one>Kleine Menge</one>.
+- Name <one>a particularly effective drug</one> against <two>gram-negative bacteria</two>. A: <one>Gentamicin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicin
+- Vergleicht man <one>Rickettsia prowazekii</one> mit anderen Bakterien-Genomen fällt einem was auf das besonders ist? <one>24% nicht codierender DNA-Anteil</one>; dies ist ein hoher Wert für Bakterien.
+- <one>Rickettsia Prowazekii</one> hat wie viele bp im Genom? <one>1.1 Mio bp</one>.
+- Name <one>the two most famous members</one> of the <two>Euryarchaeota</two>. A: (1) the <one>halophiles</one> (2) the <one>methanogens</one>
+- Wer oder was fungiert als <one>Glucosesensor</one> in Bakterien? Die <one>Adenylat-Cyclase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase
+- Einige Bakterien verwenden <one>welche Alternative zu Ubichinon</one>? <one>Menachinon</one>.
+- In the <one>gram-positive</one> bacterium <two>Staphylococcus aureus</two>, its interbridge consists of ... ? <one>Five glycines</one>.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium mit <one>linearen Plasmiden</one>. A: <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Giemsa Färbung</one>? <one>Trypsin-G Färbung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa-F%C3%A4rbung
+- <one>Bacteria</one> contain small <two>porin</two> molecules in their cell wall. The diameter of the hole of a porin is about <two>n nm</two>? About <one>1 nm in diameter</one>. Very small molecules can travel through this gap.
+- Nenne einen Mikroorganismus der sowohl <one>Butanol</one> als auch <one>Aceton</one> herstellen kann. A: <one>Clostridium acetobutylicum</one>.
+- Beim <one>bakteriellen Phosphotransferasesystem</one> zur Aufnahme von Glucose: <two>welches Enzym ist membrangebunden</two>? Das Enzym <one>IIc</one>.
+- Unterscheide <one>high affinity DnaA binding sites</one> von <two>weak affinity DnaA binding sites</two>. A: Eine "weak affinity DnaA binding sites" kann nur DnaA binden wenn es auch ATP gebunden hat; an die <two>high affinity DnaA binding sites</two> hingegen kann DnaA binden mit aber auch ohne gebundenem ATP.
+- Viele Bakterien produzieren EPS. Dies steht für ... ? <one>Extrazelluläre polymere Substanzen</one>.
+- <one>Bakterielle Langstäbchen</one> haben welche typische Länge? Etwa <one>8 µm</one>.
+- <one>What special structure</one> does <two>Bdellovibrio</two> have? <one>A spherical structure</one> called the <two>bdelloplast</two>.
+- The all-time champion radiation-resistant microorganism is ... ? <one>Deinococcus radiodurans</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans
+- Was sind <one>Magnetosome</one>? Intrazelluläre Kristallpartikel des Eisenminerals <one>Magnetit</one> (<two>Fe₃O₄</two>).
+- Does <one>penicillin</one> destroy <two>peptidoglycan</two>? <one>No</one> - penicillin simply blocks a key step in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan.
+- <one>Welcher Organismus</one> produziert <two>Tetracycline</two> und wie wirken sie? Tetracycline werden von "Streptomyceten" gebildet und binden an die 30S UE der Ribosomen.
+- Die <one>Dipicolinsäure</one> besitzt <two>wieviele N-Atome</two>? <one>1</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipicolins%C3%A4ure
+- Wer entdeckte die <one>Archaea</one>? <one>Carl Woese</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Woese
+- Is <one>Bacillus</one> <two>gram-positive</two> or <two>gram-negative</two>? <one>Bacillus</one> is <two>gram-positive</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus
+- In Bakterien wie zum Beispiel <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> - was passiert wenn das <two>SpoOA Protein</two> phosphoryliert wird? Die Phosphorylierung des <one>response regulators SpoOA</one> führt zur Expression der Sporulationsgene; und damit zur <two>Endosporen-Bildung</two>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/092325089190061E
+- <one>When</one> do we use the <two>KOH Test</two>? We use this quick, inexpensive test as <one>a fungal test-system</one>. For instance, to find out whether Candida albicans has infected the skin or not.
+- Wissenschaftliche Bezeichnung für die <one>Schlauchpilze</one>? <one>Ascomycetes</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlauchpilze
+- What is the task of <one>transport proteins</one>? Transport proteins accumulate solutes against a concentration gradient.
+- <one>Golgi Staining</one> wurde <two>wann erfunden</two>? <one>1873</one>.
+- <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> is <two>gram-positive</two> or <two>gram-negative</two>? Streptococcus pyogenes is <one>gram-positive</one>.
+- Give one example for <one>a marine ammonia-oxidizing bacteria</one>. A: <one>Nitrosococcus</one>.
+- Why the name <one>proteo</one> in <two>Proteorhodopsin</two>? It refers to <one>Proteobacteria</one>.
+- Um <one>NADPH</one> herzustellen verwenden <two>Purple Bacteria</two> was? Einen <one>external electron donor</one> (hydrogen, sulfur, sulfite) to feed electrons into a reverse electron transport chain.
+- Wie kann man experimentell zwischen <one>azi S</one> und "azi R" unterscheiden? Durch Verwendung von <one>sodium azide</one>.
+- Give a specific example for <one>anoxygenic phototrophs</one>. A: <one>Purple bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_bacteria
+- Nenne einen Inhibitor von <one>Bactoprenol</one>. A: <one>Bacitracin</one>. (Mnemonic: B und B)
+- Das Bodenbakterium <one>Ktedonobacter racemifer</one> hat <two>wieviele Protein-kodierende Gene</two>? <one>11_453</one>.
+- Mittels <one>Photometer</one> können wir die Bakteriendichte messen, aber das hat einen Nachteil (ausgenommen der Tatsache das wir auch tote Zellen zählen mögen). Welchen? Die Messung hat nur einen kleinen Bereich, in dem sie linear verläuft.
+- Nenne eine Bakterienart die <one>Rhamnolipide</one> erzeugt. A: <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>mikrobiellen Eisenchelatbildner</one>. A: <one>Hydroxamat</one>.
+- Bei der <one>DNA Replikation</one>: was genau macht das <two>Tur protein</two>? Es hält die DnaB Helikase an der Ter-Stelle auf.
+- <one>Pleomorphic bacteria</one> can have many shapes. <two>Give two specific examples for such bacteria</two>. A: (1) <one>Corynebacterium</one> (2) <one>Rhizobium</one>
+- Nenne ein Bakterium das ohne Insertionssequenzen auskommt. A: <one>Bacillus subtilis</one>.
+- In most bacteria, the SRP consists of an RNA molecule (<one>4.5S</one>) and ... which protein? The <one>Ffh protein</one>.
+- In Bacteriology: name <one>two plot-types</one>. A: (1) <one>logarithmic plot</one> (2) <one>arithmetic  plot</one>
+- <one>Welches Bakterium</one> erzeugte <two>Lysostaphin</two>? <one>Staphylococcus staphylolyticus</one>.
+- Hat <one>Acinetobacter</one> eine Kapsel? Ja.
+- Say that you see a <one>rod-shaped bacterium</one> that has <two>type IV pili</two>. <three>Where may these pili be most likely to be found on that particular bacterium</three>? Such pili are <one>present only at the poles of the bacterium</one>.
+- Wo findet man <one>H-Antigene</one>? Bei <one>bakteriellen Flagellen</one>.
+- Name <one>two</one> (more or less natural) ways how <two>microbial growth</two> <three>can be halted</three>. A: (1) when nutrients are exhausted (2) accumulation of toxic waste products
+- Haben <one>halophile Organismen</one> einen <two>Nachteil</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Sie stellen ihr Wachstum ein oder sterben, wenn die Salinität unter eine bestimmte Schwelle sinkt.
+- Are <one>gas vesicles</one> in bacteria <two>permeable to water</two>? No, they are <one>impermeable to water</one>.
+- We can find <one>D-aminoacids</one> in bacterial cell walls - but name another area in bacteria, where we may be able to find D-aminoacids. A: In some <one>peptide antibiotics</one>, such as in <two>actinomycin D</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycin_D
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Zip A</one>? <one>FtsZ-Anker</one>.
+- Was geschieht in den <one>Heterocysten</one> der Cyanobakterien? <one>Stickstofffixierung</one> - hier wird molekularer Stickstoff (N₂) in Ammonium (NH₄⁺) umgewandelt.
+- What is an <one>oligotroph</one>? This is <one>an organism that grows best at very low concentration of nutrients</one>.
+- <one>Which bacteria</one> use <two>scotophototaxis</two>? The <one>phototrophic purple bacteria</one>.
+- Why are so many copies of the <one>Epulopiscium</one> genome necessary? Epulopiscium is <one>a huge cell</one> and requires so many copies to support the translational needs of the cell.
+- Name a bacterium that is <one>spiral shaped</one>. A: <one>Spirilla</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirillum
+- Wie mag man <one>type I fimbriae</one> erkennen? Sie sind <one>uniform an der Oberfläche der Zelle</one> verteilt.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Bakteriengruppen</one> die <one>anoxygene Photosynthese</one> betreiben. A: (1) <one>Schwefelbakterien</one> (2) <one>Purpurbakterien</one>
+- Name a microorganism used for <one>chlortetracycline production</one>. A: <one>Streptomyces aureofaciens</one>.
+- Is a <one>capsule</one> in <two>Bacteria</two> part of its cell wall? No.
+- Many <one>prokaryotic cells</one> can exchange genes with neighboring cells. <two>How is this process called in general</two>? <one>Horizontal gene transfer</one>.
+- The largest known bacterium can reach about 2cm in length. Its name is ... ? <one>Thiomargarita magnifica</one>. URL: https://www.science.org/content/article/largest-bacterium-ever-discovered-has-unexpectedly-complex-cells
+- In microbiology: the <one>most common staining procedure</one> is ... ? The <one>Gram stain</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_stain
+- Wann wurde <one>Helicobacter pylori</one> erstmals kultiviert? <one>1982</one> - also erst relativ spät.
+- Die <one>Nitrogenase</one> verwendet welche zwei Metalle? <one>Eisen</one> und <one>Molybdän</one>.
+- <one>FAD</one> is derived from ...? A: The Vitamin <one>Riboflavin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin
+- Wie nennen wir die <one>Vorstufe von Protoplasten</one>? <one>Sphäroplasten</one>.
+- Why does the <one>Epulopiscium cell</one> require so many copies of its genome? Because the volume of that cell is so large.
+- <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> mag <two>Axialfilamente</two> besitzen? Zum Beispiel die <one>Spirochäten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroch%C3%A4ten
+- Was entsteht neu bei der bakteriellen Reduktion von Nitrat zu Nitrit? <one>H₂O</one>.
+- Die wichtigste Voraussetzung für <one>bakterielle Magnetotaxis</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Magnetosom</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosom
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>Kieselalge</one>. A: <one>Stephanodiscus</one>.
+- <one>Welche funktionelle Gruppen</one> finden wir bei <two>Ethanolamin</two>? <one>-O-CH₂-CH₂-NH₃</one> <two>+1</two>.
+- <one>Growth of lichens</one> per year? <one>1mm</one> / <one>year</one>.
+- Nenne eine <one>methylotrophe Hefe</one>. A: <one>Pichia pastoris</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichia_pastoris
+- <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> unterscheidet sich von der <two>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</two>. Welches der beiden Moleküle ist grösser und komplexer? <one>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</one>.
+- What is the <one>nucleoid occlusion factor</one>? <one>SImA</one>.
+- Do <one>Entamoeba histolytica</one> have <two>mitochondria</two>? No.
+- <one>Puromycin</one>, an <two>aminonucleoside antibiotic</two>, has been derived from which bacterium? From <one>Streptomyces alboniger</one>.
+- Porins (in bacteria) are transmembrane proteins composed of ... how many identical polypeptides? Three. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porin_(protein)#Diversity
+- If we see a <one>microbial eukaryote</one> that contains a hydrogenosome, what can we say about its metabolism? This eukaryote will, most likely make use of a <one>strictly fermentative metabolism</one>.
+- <one>Which bacteria</one> occur in three dimensional cubes? <one>Sarcina</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcina
+- Wie lang, in etwa, ist ein einzelnes, durchschnittliches E. coli Bakterium? <one>2-3 Mikrometer</one>.
+- Nenne einen Organismus der das <one>LucCDABE-Operon</one> exprimiert. A: <one>Vibrio fischeri</one>.
+- Was passiert wenn wir den <orange>datA Locus</orange> deletieren? Dies führt zu einer <one>deregulierten (also asynchronen) Initiation der Replikation</one>.
+- Anderes Wort für <one>Zip1</one>? <one>FtsZ Anchor</one>.
+- Bakterien besitzen das <one>DnaA Initiatorprotein</one>. Dieses kann an DnaA-Boxen binden, aber nur wenn welche Kondition erfüllt ist? Der Bereich an den das DnaA Protein binden soll, muss <one>negativ superspiralisiert</one> vorliegen.
+- Welches Bakterium ist mit <one>D50S</one> gemeint? <one>Deinococcus radiodurans</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>Symporter</one>. A: Lac Y-Permease.
+- Nenne einen Weg wie man nach <one>Karzinogenen</one> suchen ('screenen') kann. A: Man kann den <one>Ames-Test</one> verwenden.
+- What is <one>the key intermediate</one> in <two>acetate production</two>? <one>Acetyl-CoA</one>.
+- Der <one>Glyoxylatzyklus</one> ermöglicht es welche Kohlenstoffquelle zu verwenden? <one>Acetat</one>.
+- Does <one>group translocation</one> move nutrients against a concentration gradient? Yes.
+- The fastest organism is a microorganism, which is ... ? <one>Methanocaldococcus</one>.
+- How many Bacteria may exist on planet earth? 5 x 10 ** 30.
+- Mit Hilfe des <one>Kligler-Agar</one> kann man in der mikrobiologischen Diagnostik was genau nachweisen? <one>Gramnegative Bakterien</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>auxotrophe Bakterien</one>. A: <one>Mangelmutanten</one>.
+- <one>Welche Ladung</one> trägt <two>Ethanolamin</two>? <one>+</one>.
+- What is <one>the first protein in a bacterial two-component system</one>? The <one>sensor kinase</one>.
+- Ich möchte <one>FtsI</one> inhibieren. Was könnte getan werden? <one>Penicillin</one> zugeben.
+- Give another name for the <one>generation time</one> for cells in culture. A: The <one>doubling time</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubling_time
+- The <one>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</one> is widely distributed among? The <one>pseudomonas</one> group. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas
+- Bei Mikroorganismen: nenne die spezifische Gruppe und die Abbauschritte ausgehend (und inklusive) von <one>Benzaldehyd</one>. A: Benzaldehyd hat eine -CHO Gruppe, danach kommt Benzoesäure mit -COOH und schliesslich Brenzcatechin mit 2-OH Gruppen.
+- Was heisst der <one>Anstieg</one> bei einem Wachstumsgraphen in einer Bakterienpopulation auf englisch? <one>Slope</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> in a bacterial cell can <two>cardiolipins</two> be found? In patches called <one>domains</one> near the <two>cell poles</two>.
+- <one>Acidophile Bakterien</one> mögen wozu dienen in der Industrie? A: Extraktion von Metallen.
+- Was für ein Typ ist das <one>Bacteriohopanetetrol</one>, das man in manchen Membranen finden kann? Ein <one>Hopanoid</one>.
+- <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> 'produziert' <two>Schwefel</two>? Die <one>Purpurschwefelbakterien</one>.
+- Welches Bakterium wird auch <one>"Conan the barbarian"</one> genannt? <one>Deinococcus radiodurans</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans
+- Was sind <one>Endomycetes</one>? <one>Sprosspilze</one>.
+- When we compare <one>archaeal flagella</one> to <two>bacterial flagella</two>: what is the most easily noticable difference? Archaeal flagella are significantly thinner than bacterial flagella.
+- Give a specific example for <one>quorum sensing</one>. A: <one>Pathogenic bacteria</one>. The coordinated expression of a toxin may successfully cause disease.
+- Are <one>Streptomyces</one> bacteria? <one>Yes</one> - they are the largest genus of the <two>Actinobacteria</two>.
+- What means <one>lophotrichous</one>? When several flagella appear only at the same (one) pole.
+- What is the <one>counterstain</one> used in gram staining? <one>Safranin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safranin
+- What molecule inhibits the synthesis of cyclicAMP? Glucose.
+- In Bacteria: do <one>type IV pili</one> rotate? No, they do not rotate.
+- Why the name <one>defined media</one>? Because we know the exact composition of the (defined) medium.
+- Name an important reason why some bacteria make use of gas vesicles. A: <one>Phototrophic bacteria</one> benefit from gas vesicles. They allow these bacteria to adjust their vertical position in a water column, by sinking or rising to regions where the light intensity is optimal for photosynthesis.
+- Define <one>selective medium</one> in Microbiology. A: A <one>selective medium</one> contains compounds that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms, but not others.
+- Warum wachsen die <one>Mycobakterien</one> so langsam? Ihre wichtige <one>Lipidschicht behindert den Nährstoffaustausch</one>. Sehr viel Energie wird für für die Synthese dieser Lipide verwendet.
+- <one>Acetogenese</one> versus <one>Methanogenese</one>. Wer liefert mehr Energie? Die Methanogenese liefert mehr Energie.
+- Give an example for a <one>lactic acid bacterium</one> that begins with the letter <two>L</two> and builds a <three>slime layer</three>. A: <one>Leuconostoc</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuconostoc
+- What exactly is the <one>FtsK</one> in a bacterium? <one>FtsK</one> is a septum-located <two>DNA translocase</two>.
+- Is there <one>a well-defined microbial species concept</one>? No.
+- In der Mikrobiologie: was sind <one>EHEC-Stämme</one>? <one>Enterohämorrhagische E.coli Stämme</one> (begleitet von <two>blutigem Durchfall</two>).
+- Was heisst <one>Desinfektion</one>? <one>Keimreduzieren</one>.
+- Is the <one>SIM Medium</one> used to detect <two>gram-positive</two> or <two>gram-negative</two> bacteria? The <one>SIM Medium</one> is used to detect <two>gram-negative</two> bacteria.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>Proteorhodopsin</two> erstmals entdeckt? Im Jahr <one>2000</one>.
+- Just about the <one>most common, natural inclusion body</one> in prokaryotic organisms is ... ? <one>PHB</one>: <two>poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid</two>.
+- Name <one>five parameters</one> that affect the growth of microorganisms. A: (1) Temperature (2) pH (3) Water activity (== Humidity) (4) Salt (Osmolarity) (5) Oxygen supply
+- Why do bacteria make use of a <one>capsule</one>? This helps as a defence against the immune system. The immune cells can not recognize pathogens as foreign thanks to the bacterial capsule.
+- Bacterial <one>capsules</one> are readily visible by light microscopy if these cells are treated with ... ? <one>India ink</one>.
+- Is a <one>capsule</one> the same as a <one>slime layer</one>, in Bacteria? No. For instance, a capsule is <one>tightly attached</one> to the cell wall, which is a difference to a <one>slime layer</one>.
+- Name a fairly common protein in bacteria that can be found as part of the outer membrane. A: The <one>porins</one>.
+- In microbiology: what is the role of the protein called <one>MinE</one>? MineE directs the formation of the <two>FtsZ ring</two>.
+- Was machen Mikroben mit <one>D-Aminoacids</one>? Sie verwenden diese für <one>nonprotein-structural molecules</one>.
+- Name a problem of proteins destined to the periplasm. A: They are <one>delivered unfolded</one> and thus <two>require a set of chaperones</two>.
+- How does <one>a bacterial cell</one> <two>know</two> that <three>the competence pheromone comes from other cells</three>? By cutting out the peptide as a larger protein as it passes through the membrane of the cell in which it is synthesized.
+- How do we call <one>four rod-shaped bacteria attached to one another in a linear manner</one>? <one>Streptobacilli</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptobacillus
+- Nenne einen typischen <one>Einschluss</one> in <two>E. coli</two>. A: <one>Glykogeneinschlüsse</one>.
+- In bacteria: what do we mean with <one>a dim domain</one>? This is <one>a dimerization domain</one>; thus, it is important for dimerization.
+- What is <one>decontamination</one>? The treatment of a surface to make it safe to handle.
+- Nenne ein <one>Vitamin</one>, das <two>Neurospora crassa</two> benötigt. A: <one>Biotin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin
+- What is the name of the <one>nucleoid occlusion factor</one>? <one>SImA</one>.
+- Why the name <one>penicillin-binding protein</one>? These proteins are inhibited by penicillin.
+- What is <one>Chlamydia</one>? <one>Chlamydia</one> is <two>an intracellular bacterial parasite</two>.
+- What is <one>sterilization</one>? The killing or removal of all viable organisms.
+- <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> verwendet die <two>Aminopeptidase</two>? <one>Gram-negative Bakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopeptidasen
+- Name <one>an unusual contributor to a mycoplasma cell wall</one>. A: <one>Sterols</one>.
+- Das <one>Lipopolysaccharid</one> bei <two>gram-negativen Bakterien</two> hat eine äquivalente Funktion zu ... von <three>gram-positiven Bakterien</three>. A: <one>den Teichonsäuren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichons%C3%A4uren
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>peritriches Bakterium</one>. A: <one>Proteus sp</one>.
+- <one>Wie lang</one> kann <two>Spirulina</two> werden? A: Einen halben Millimeter (<lightgreen>0.5 mm</lightgreen>).
+- Name <one>an organism</one> that <two>can replicate asymmetrically</two>. A: <one>Hyphomicrobium</one>.
+- Was kann man mit dem <one>Phenolrot Boullion Test</one> nachweisen? <one>Zuckerfermentation</one>.
+- Define the term <one>glycocalyx</one>. A: A Glycocalyx is a polymer secreted by a microorganism that coats the surface of the microorganism.
+- <one>Wie viele Chromosomen</one> hat <two>Dictyostelium discoideum</two>? <one>6</one>.
+- What does the <one>LuxS gene</one> produce? <one>Autoinducer AI-2</one>.
+- The <one>competence master regulator</one> in bacteria is ... ? The <one>ComK-protein</one>.
+- Give another name for the <one>gram-negative cell wall</one>. A: <one>Cell envelope</one>.
+- What does the word <one>PRION</one> stand for? <one>Proteinaceous infectious agent</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> findet die <two>bakterielle Sporulation</two> statt? Wenn das Wachstum zum Stillstand gekommen ist (Trigger: ein limitierender Faktor)
+- In nature: <one>microbial cells</one> typically live in groups called ... ? <one>Microbial communities</one>.
+- In microbiology: which <one>two (technical) means of fixation of bacteria</one> are commonly employed in the laboratory? (1) <one>heat    fixation</one> (2) <one>chemical fixation</one>
+- In <one>welche zwei Teile</one> kann man den Stoffwechsel einteilen? (1) Energiestoffwechsel (2) <one>Leistungsstoffwechsel</one>
+- The <one>sensor kinase</one> typically interacts strongly with which other protein, in a <two>bacterial two-component system</two>? With a <one>response regulator</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_regulator
+- <one>FtsW</one> hat was für eine Aufgabe? Es bringt <one>FtsI</one> an den Z-Ring.
+- The <one>proton motive force</one> in bacteria is analogous to .... which technical innovation of mankind? The potential energy present in <one>a charged battery</one>.
+- In der Mikrobiologie: was ist die <one>Generation</one>? Die Zeiteinheit die eine Zelle benötigt um zwei Zellen zu bilden.
+- Was ist <one>NodM</one>? Eine <one>Glucosaminsynthetase</one>, die an der Nod-Faktor Synthese beteiligt ist.
+- Wer widerlegte die <one>Urzeugungstheorie</one>? <one>Louis Pasteur</one>.
+- What is a <one>regulon</one>? When more than 1 operon is under the control of a single regulatory protein.
+- Was können <one>Methanobacterien</one>? <one>CO₂</one> zu Methan reduzieren.
+- Was ist der <one>assimilatorische Stickstoffwechsel</one>? Die Verwendung von <one>NO3⁻</one> SO4 2-, CO₂.
+- Why can we use <one>Isoniazid</one> against <two>Mycobacterium</two>? <one>Isoniazid</one> interferes with the synthesis of mycolic acid, a mycobacterial cell wall component.
+- Give a specific example for a <one>global response</one> widespread in all 3 domains of life. A: The <one>heat shock response</one>.
+- <one>How much ATP</one> is <two>required</two> <three>per fixed N₂</three>? <one>16 ATP</one>.
+- <one>FtsZ</one> is a homolog towards? <one>Tubulin</one>.
+- <one>Welche Person</one> hat erstmals Bakterien (mit einem Mikroskop) sehen können? <one>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>die Sequenzierung von S. pneumonia</two> abgeschlossen? <one>2001</one>.
+- Name a bacterium that is used in <one>denitrification</one>. A: <one>Pseudomonas stutzeri</one>.
+- <one>Bacillus subtilis</one> kodiert für <two>n verschiedene Sigmafaktoren</two>? <one>18</one>.
+- Name a <one>halophilic archaeon</one>. A: <one>Haloarcula Marismortui</one>.
+- Wofür steht der Name <one>ABC transport systems</one>? <one>ABC</one> steht für <two>ATP-binding cassette</two>. Diese Struktur kann also ATP binden.
+- Salopp formuliert, was machen <one>Integrons</one>? Sie fangen Gene aus anderen Quellen ein; sind Bestandteil einiger Transposons.
+- What is the <one>archaellum</one>? <one>A whip-like structure</one> on the <two>cell surface of many archaea</two>.
+- Was heisst <one>Fts KOPS</one>? <one>FtsK Oriented Polar Sequences</one>. Die Sequenzfolge lautet: <two>GGGNAGGG</two>.
+- The cytoplasmic membrane is usually called a <one>lipid bilayer</one>; but may sometimes be called a <two>unit membrane</two>. Why? Because each phospholipid <one>leaf</one> <two>forms half of the unit</two>.
+- Wozu dient dem Bakterium <one>Alcaligenes eutrophus</one> das aus Zucker erzeugte PHB (Polyhydroxybutyrat)? Als <one>Energiespeicher</one>.
+- Why does <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one> produce pili? Because these pili are required in order for Neisseria gonorrhoeae to attach to the <one>urogenital epithelium</one>.
+- The <one>major cellular function</one> of the <two>cytoplasmic membrane</two> is ... ? <one>Selective permeability</one>.
+- Besitzen <one>Hefezellen</one> <two>Vakuolen</two>? Ja.
+- <one>Welches Bakterium</one> <two>sieht aus wie ein gekrümmtes Stäbchen</two>? <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
+- In Bacteria, <one>type IV pili</one>, aside from <two>facilitating twitching motility</two>, they have which other, important property? They help pathogenic bacteria to attach to their host tissues.
+- <one>Xenophyophores</one> are <two>amoeba-like, single-celled organisms</two> that <three>live exclusively</three> where? They live in the <one>deep ocean</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>bacterial pheromones</one>. A: <one>Autoinducers</one>.
+- Was machen <one>Methanobacteriae</one>? Konvertieren <one>CO₂</one> zu <one>Methan</one>.
+- Do <one>insects</one> <two>love</two> <two>Wolbachia</two>? Sort of! Without Wolbachia, some can not reproduce or even survive.
+- Name a <one>DNA-bridging protein</one> <two>in Bacteria</two>. A: <one>H-NS</one>.
+- <one>SIM-Agar</one>: was heisst <two>SIM</two>? <one>Sulfide</one>, <one>Indole</one>, <one>Motility</one>.
+- Name a bacterium where no septum formation occurs upon cell division. A: <one>Caulobacter</one>.
+- <one>The smallest bacteria</one> are n micrometer in diameter? About <one>0.3 Micrometer</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Sequestrierung des dnaA Gen Promoters</one>? Das dieser Promoter an die Zellwand geheftet wird.
+- Give an example for a <one>gliding myxobacterium</one>. A: <one>Myxococcus xanthus</one>.
+- <one>Chemolitotrophs</one> use <two>which substance as their carbon source</two>? <one>CO₂</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>mordant</one>. A: <one>Binding agent</one>.
+- Name <one>three responses in bacteria</one> controlled by <two>quorum sensum</two>. A: (1) Virulence factor secretion (2) Biofilm formation (3) <one>Sporulation</one>
+- What does <one>Glycocalyx</one> mean, literally? <one>Sugar coat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocalyx
+- Was sind die <one>F-Antigene</one>? Das sind die Proteine der Fimbrien.
+- What is the main statement of the <one>GAIA Theory</one> from <two>James Lovelock</two>? Life on Earth functions as a single organism which actually defines and maintains environmental conditions necessary for its survival.
+- Name <one>the main structural motif</one> of <two>membrane-spanning transporters</two> in Bacteria. A: <one>12x Alpha-Helices</one>.
+- Längeres Wort für <one>Alarmone</one>? <one>Alarmsubstanzen</one>.
+- <one>Beggiota</one> belongs to which general group? Beggiota belongs to <two>chemolitotrophic organisms</two> that feed solely on inorganic minerals.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>thermotoleranten Organismen</one>? Dies sind <one>Organismen</one>, die <two>bis zu 50°C</two> noch zu wachsen vermögen.
+- Define <one>Attenuation</one>. A: <one>Attenuation</one> is <two>the decrease or loss of virulence of a pathogen</two>.
+- Formel für das <one>Wachstum der Bakterien</one>? <one>2 ** n</one>, wobei n die Generation ist. Generation 10 ist also 2 ** 10.
+- Bakterien können ihre <one>Membranzusammensetzung verändern</one>, vor allem mittels <two>Fettsäuren</two>. Vergleiche niedrige und hohe Temperatur. A: Wächst das Bakterium bei niedriger Temperatur so hat es mehr ungesättigte Fettsäuren in der Membran. Bei hoher Temperatur haben die Phospholipide mehr gesättigte Fettsäuren.
+- Für die <one>DNA Replikation in Bakterien</one> gibt es <two>ein Protein</two> das <three>DiaA</three> benannt wurde. Was heisst <three>DiaA</three>? <one>DnaA initiator-associating protein</one>.
+- What is the <one>evolutionary rate</one>? This is <one>the number of nucleotide changes per site per year</one>.
+- <one>Chemolithotrophic bacteria</one> <two>obtain their carbon</two> <three>from</three> ... ? <one>CO₂</one>.
+- <one>Sergei Winogradsky</one> observed that ... <two>which bacterium</two> would not grow on the rich nutrient media used by Koch? <one>Beggiatoa</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> wurden die <two>Volutinkörner</two> entdeckt? In <one>Spirillum volutans</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirillum_volutans
+- Name <one>a bacterium</one> that has a <two>phage-inducible chromosomal island</two>. A: <one>Staphylococcus aureus</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> ist die Erde entstanden? Vor etwa 4.5 Mrd Jahren.
+- <one>Bei welchen Bakterien</one> verwenden wir <two>Karbolfuchsin</two>? Bei <one>gram-negativen Bakterien</one>.
+- Was sind <one>Protoplasten</one>? <one>Zellwandlose Bakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplast
+- <one>The best known gliding bacteria</one> are ... ? The <one>filamentous cyanobacteria</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123858764000049
+- What happens structurally if <one>the AAA+ domain of DnaA</one> binds ATP? In the <one>ADP-bound state</one> the <two>base</two> and the <two>lid</two> adopt a closed conformation. This conformation will rearrange to a more open state in the presence of ATP, and will thus permit binding of a second subunit.
+- Can <one>bacteria</one> make <two>coloured antibiotics</two>? Yes.
+- The <one>SimA dimer</one> can bind what exactly? Two FtsZ protofilaments.
+- <one>Which bacteria</one> are renowned for their many vitamin requirements? <one>Lactic acid bacteria</one>.
+- What does <one>bacilli</one> mean, translated? <one>Little staffs</one>.
+- What type is <one>FtsA</one>? <one>FtsA</one> is an <two>ATPase</two>.
+- Explain <one>bridging DnaA</one>? Yes. The DiaA tetramer can bind multiple molecules of DnaA, and thus serves as a bridge to bring two DnaA molecules together.
+- In Bacteria: what do the <one>Rsb proteins</one> activate? The <one>stress sigma factor Sigma B</one>.
+- The <one>mycoplasma</one> belong to which genus? They belong to the <one>Mollicutes</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> can we find an <two>interbridge</two> among the Bacteria? In the <one>cell wall of gram-positive bacteria</one>, like <two>Staphylococcus aureus</two>.
+- Was macht das Enzym <one>ATP-Sulfurylase</one>? Heftet Sulfation an ein Phoshphat an ATP. Es entsteht APS DAS IST NOCH NICHT PERFEKT HIER.
+- <one>Wo</one> genau finden wir das Protein <two>RelA</two>? Es ist assoziiert mit der 50S Untereinheit des Ribosoms.
+- <one>Where</one> could <two>marine snow</two> be found? In the <one>deep ocean</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_snow
+- <one>Which bacteria</one> have a <two>periplasm</two>? Only <one>gram negative bacteria</one>.
+- Was ist der <one>Aw-Wert</one>? <one>Activity of Water</one>. Die Wasseraktivität ist ein Mass für frei verfügbares Wasser in einem Material (p / p0). Wichtig ist er wegen der Haltbarket von Lebensmitteln.
+- Der <one>Erreger der Kreuzlähme bei Pferden</one> ist ... ? <one>Trypanosoma equinus</one>.
+- In microbiology and microscopy: give an example for a <one>basic dye</one> that begins with the letter <two>s</two>. A: <one>Safranin</one>.
+- Nenne eine <one>kristallbildende Bakterienart</one>. A: <one>Pseudomonas syringae</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae
+- Give another word for <one>Bioluminescent colonies</one> of the bacterium Photobacterium. A: <one>Light-emitting colonies</one>.
+- What is <one>aerotaxis</one>? <one>Movement towards or away from oxygen</one>. Aerobic bacteria show positive aerotaxis, anaerobic bacteria show negative aerotaxis.
+- <one>GvpA</one> macht wieviel Prozent des Gasvesikels aus? <one>97%</one>.
+- Wieso besitzen <one>Protisten</one> eine kontraktile Vakuole? Sie scheiden damit aufgenommenes überschüssiges Wasser aus. Protisten leben im Süßwasser.
+- What is the <one>thermal death zone</one>? The time it takes to kill all cells at a given temperature.
+- Give another name for <one>microorganisms</one>. A: <one>Microbes</one>.
+- What are the <one>Alkaliphiles</one>? The <one>Alkaliphiles</one> are a class of extremophilic microbes capable of survival in alkaline environments, with an optimal pH of about 10, and a preferred pH range of 8.5-11.
+- Nenne ein chemisches Gift für die meisten <lightgreen>Pilze</lightgreen>. A: <one>Phenol</one>.
+- <one>Pneumococcus</one> besitzt wie viele <two>smooth capsid-types</two>? <one>3</one>.
+- Give a specific example for <one>group translocation</one> in Bacteria. A: The <one>Phosphotransferase System</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEP_group_translocation
+- What exactly is a <one>RNA Thermosensor</one>? A <one>RNA Thermosensor</one> is typically stable at low temperatures, unstable at high temperatures.
+- Nenne einen <one>bakteriellen Lipidcarrier</one>. A: <one>Bactoprenol</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenol
+- Is <one>E. coli</one> smaller than a <two>human platelet</two>? Yes.
+- Welche <one>3 Aminosäuren</one> werden im <two>3-Phosphoglycerate Weg</two> synthetisiert? Mnemonic: In 3-Phosphoglycerate kommt s, g und c vor, ergo -> (1) <one>Serin</one> (2) <one>Glycin</one> (3) <one>Cystein</one>
+- What is the role of the <one>thumb</one> of the DNA-Polymerase? This thumb binds the DNA as it exits the enzyme - this is important for processivity.
+- The <one>DNA synthesis initiator</one> <two>DnaA</two> contains <three>how many domains</three>? <one>4</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Organismus, in dem wir <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one> finden können. A: <one>Halobacterium</one>.
+- <one>Zymogene Bodenorganismen</one> sind <two>bei höherer Stoffzufuhr</two> <three>kompetitiver</three> oder <three>weniger kompetitiv</three> als andere Populationen? Zymogene Bodenorganismen sind <one>bei höherer Stoffzufuhr kompetitiver als andere Populationen</one>.
+- What are <one>phenazines</one>? Phenazines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
+- Why should we prefer the term <one>poly-Beta-hydroxyalkanoate</one> rather than <two>poly-Beta-hydroxy-butyric acid</two>? Because butyric acid implies C4, whereas there can be C3 up to C18 C-Atoms instead.
+- <one>FtsA</one> ähnelt welch anderem Protein? <one>Actin</one>. (Mnemo: A ... Actin) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FtsA
+- <one>Photocyanins</one> absorb what? <one>Longer-wavelength red light</one>.
+- What is the <one>key property of living organisms</one>? A: They <one>carry an internal description of themselves</one>.
+- Name a bacterium that can form a structure within a cell used as a factory to creating more of that bacterium. A: The <one>Chlamydia reticulate body</one>.
+- Definiere den Begriff <one>Infektion</one>. A: Jede Situation in der ein Mikroorganismus auf oder in einem Wirt Fuß fassen und sich vermehren kann, unabhängig davon ob der Wirtsorganismus dadurch geschädigt wird.
+- Was heisst <one>HOSCH-Filter</one>? Hochleistungs-Schwebstoff-Luftfilter.
+- Give one example for a <one>peptide siderophore</one>. A: <one>Aquachelin</one>.
+- The <one>neutral theory of evolution</one> follows a ...? A <one>stochastic approach</one>.
+- In der Mikrobiologie: was geht der <one>septum formation</one> voraus? <one>Cell elongation</one>.
+- Aufgrund des <one>pH-Werts</one> können wir grob welche 3 Gruppen an Mikroorganismen unterscheiden? (1) <one>acidophile</one> Mikroorganismen (2) <one>alkalophile</one> Mikroorganismen (3) <one>neutrophile</one> Mikroorganismen
+- Welche herausragende Eigenschaft hat <one>Pyrolobus fumarii</one>? <two>Pyrolobus fumarii</two> ist <one>sehr hitzeresistent</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii
+- What are <one>extremozymes</one>? Extremozymes are Enzymes that <one>function at environmental extremes</one>, such as high or low temperature, or pH.
+- The largest phylum of bacteria can be found among the ... ? The <one>Proteobacteria</one>.
+- Was hat <one>Bacteriochlorophyll</one> im Zentrum? <one>Mg</one> (<one>Magnesium</one>).
+- Name two molecules that are able to <one>trigger a stringent response</one>. A: (1) <one>ppGpp</one> (2) <one>pppGpp</one>
+- Was weiss man allgemein wenn man <one>petite</one> colonies sieht? Die <one>Wachstumsrate dieser Bakterien ist verlangsamt</one>.
+- Define the term <one>Progenote</one>. A: This is <one>the last universal common ancestor</one>.
+- <one>n %</one> der marinen Organismen können biolumineszieren? <one>75%</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> do Bacteria use the <three>carbon catabolite repression</three> system? It allows them to swiftly adapt to "changing nutrient supplies".
+- What is a <one>Barophile</one>? Also provide a general example for this term. A: A <one>barophile</one> is an organism which thrives at high pressures, such as "deep sea bacteria".
+- Why is the <one>Winogradsky column</one> employed? The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms.
+- Das <one>Mesosom</one> entspricht was? Gar nichts. Es sind Artefakte, siehe URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosome
+- In molecular biology: what is the <one>pan-genome</one>? This is the full complement of genes in a species. It is the union of the gene sets of all the strains of this species.
+- Where exactly does <one>transpeptidation</one> occur? Outside the cell, where ATP is unavailable.
+- Briefly differ between the tasks of class I und class II <one>bacteriocins</one>. A: (1) class I Bacteriocins blocks the transport of units for peptidoglycan and forms a pore. (2) class II Bacteriocins makes leakage in membrane.
+- What is <one>codon bias</one> and does it correlate with anything? Certain codons for the same amino acid are more frequently transcribed rather than others. Apparently these codons are preferred over others that encode the same amino acid. Codon bias is correlated with <one>a corresponding bias in the concentration of different tRNA molecules</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für eine <one>osmotisch inerte Form</one>? <one>Wasserunlöslich</one>.
+- Why the name <one>permissive face</one> for the Tus-Protein? Because when the replisome makes contact with it, the Tus protein dissociates from the DNA.
+- What is the <one>major shape-determining protein</one> in prokaryotes? <one>MreB</one>.
+- Name <one>a bacterial protein capable of producing Alarmones</one>. A: <one>RelA</one>.
+- Welche Person gilt als <one>Begründer der modernen Mikrobiologie</one>? <one>Robert Koch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch
+- Allgemein: wie ist <one>DNA in einer bakteriellen Zelle</one> <three>angeordnet</three>? In <one>loops</one>, die <two>domains</two> genannt werden.
+- When a plasmid belongs to the same <one>Inc group</one>, what does this mean? That this plasmid can not replicate in the same cell as other plasmids with the same Incompatibility group.
+- Do <one>bacterial chaperones</one> also <three>help assemble multiprotein complexes</three>? Yes they do.
+- Beim <one>Tyndallisieren</one> setzen wir welchen Temperaturbereich ein (von, bis)? <one>70 - 100 °C</one>.
+- Input, Output bei den <one>Nitrifiers</one>? (1) <one>Input</one>: <two>NH4+</two>. (2) <one>Output</one>: <two>NH3-</two>.
+- Welche zwei Metalle finden wir in <one>Ferredoxin</one>? <one>Eisen</one> + <one>Schwefel</one>.
+- Give an example for a bacterium which may show <one>cannibalism</one>. A: Sporulating <one>Bacillus subtilis</one>.
+- The bacterium <one>Wolbachia</one> infects in particular ... ? <one>Arthropods</one>.
+- In microbiology: what is a <one>pure culture</one>? A pure culturei is a culture containing only a single kind of microorganism.
+- Name a <one>developmental process</one> in bacteria. A: <one>Sporulation</one>.
+- How many different <one>Type secretion systems are known in Bacteria</one>? <one>6</one>.
+- Name a bacterium that employs a <one>twitching motility</one>. A: <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa
+- Was bringt eine <one>Rodacplatte</one>? Diese <one>Abklatschplatte</one> erlaubt es uns die Keimbelastung an einer Oberfläche zu beurteilen.
+- Is <one>Arthrobacter luteus</one> gram-positive or gram-negative? It is a species of <one>gram-positive bacteria</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>a green, nonsulfur bacterium</one>. A: <one>Chloroflexus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus
+- Das <one>Propionibacterium</one> ist <two>gram-positiv</two> oder <two>gram-negativ</two>? <one>Gram-positiv</one>.
+- Was sind die <one>Gallionella</one>? Dies sind die <one>Eisenbakterien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallionella
+- Who is <one>the most abundant prokaryote in the ocean</one>? <one>Pelagibacter</one>.
+- Wie unterscheiden sich <one>Typ I Topoisomerasen</one> von <one>Typ II Topoisomerasen</one>? (1) <one>Typ I Topoisomerasen</one> machen einen <two>Einzelstrangbruch</two>. (2) <one>Typ II Topoisomerasen</one> hingegen einen <two>Doppelstrangbruch</two>.
+- Nenne eine ungewöhnliche Gruppe von Bakterien die <one>Sauerstoff zum Wachstum</one> benötigt. A: <one>Mikroaerophile Bakterien</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microaerophile
+- Name two major types of <one>cell movement for bacteria</one>. A: (1) <one>gliding</one> (2) <one>swimming</one>
+- Warum ist die <one>Diaminopimelinsäure</one> so wichtig für die Struktur einer Bakterienzelle? Die Zellwand der Bakterien hat spezifische Tetrapeptide, die direkt miteinander verbunden sind. Die Aminogruppe der Diaminopimelinsäure des einen Peptids ist mit der Carboxygruppe des terminalen D-Alanins des benachbarten Peptids verknüpft.
+- Nenne einen <one>Aflatoxin-Bildner</one>. A: <one>Aspergillus flavus</one>.
+- Im <one>Phosphotransferasesystem</one>: was heisst <two>Hpr</two>? <one>Histidine-rich protein</one>.
+- Name an enzyme that <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one> lacks. A: <one>Phosphofructokinase</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>monopolar monotriches</one> Bakterium. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
+- The <one>Primase</one> forms a complex with ...? <one>Helicase</one>.
+- The <one>polymerized Fts Z molecules</one> attract which two other <two>divisome proteins</two>? (1) <one>Fts A</one> (2) <one>Zip A</one>
+- Wie erkennen wir ob das Enzym <one>Katalase</one> bei Bakterien aktiv ist? Durch <one>Entwicklung von Gasbläschen</one>.
+- Name a technique that <one>Beijerinck</one> has developed. A: The <one>enrichment culture technique</one>.
+- Give a specific example for a <one>two-component regulatory system</one> in bacteria. A: The "ComP/ComA" regulatory system. It is composed of: (1) the sensor histidine kinase <lightgreen>ComP</lightgreen> (2) and the response regulator <lightgreen>ComA</lightgreen>
+- Definiere <one>bacteriostatic agents</one>. A: These are <one>agents that inhibit bacterial growth</one>.
+- Allgemein formuliert: <one>Darmbakterien</one> sind <two>besonders resistent</two> gegenüber welchen <three>Säuren</three>? <one>Gallensäuren</one>.
+- Was macht <one>RelA</one>? It adds <royalblue>two phosphate groupe from ATP</royalblue> to either GTP or GDP, thus producing <one>pppGpp</one> or ppGpp.
+- How is the <one>cholera toxin</one> exported? Through a type II secretion system.
+- In microbiology: what is <one>a viable cell</one>? One that is able to divide and form offspring.
+- Langer Name für <one>Bactoprenol</one>? <one>Undecapenoldiphosphate</one>.
+- Name a bacterium that can grow near pH0. A: <one>Ferroplasmum</one>.
+- Was sind <one>Spiroplasmen</one>? Schnelle, spiralförmige Bakterien.
+- Warum benötigen die Bakterien das Enzym <one>Katalase</one>? Für <one>aerobes Wachstum</one>.
+- Nenne ein Bakterium, das <one>Granulose</one> enthält. A: <one>Clostridium butyricum</one>.
+- <one>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</one> is not only very large, but has what other curious feature? It <one>contains multiple copies of its genome</one>.
+- Der <one>datA Locus</one> hat 5 hochaffine DnaA Bindungsstellen. Wozu? Dies hilft die freie Menge an DnaA Proteinen zu titrieren, ausserhalb des oriC Locus.
+- What is a <one>viable bacterial organism</one>? This is <one>a bacterium capable of replicating</one>.
+- Formel für die <one>durchschnittliche Generationszeit</one> bei Bakterien? g = t / n
+- Die <one>Zellwand der Hefe</one> besteht aus? <one>Chitin</one> und <one>Hemicellulose</one>.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Antibiose</one> gemeint? Wenn die Vermehrung phytopathogener Bodenkeime durch andere Mikroben unterdrückt wird.
+- Lebenszyklus der <one>Rickettsia</one>? Dies sind <one>Parasiten</one>.
+- Die <one>bakterielle DNA-Polymerase III</one> besteht aus <two>n Untereinheiten</two>? <one>10</one>.
+- Which <one>two phyla</one> are part of the <two>Archaea</two>? (1) <one>Euryarchaeota</one> (2) <one>Crenarchaeota</one>
+- In Bacteriology: where do we find <one>nucleoid occlusion</one>? Around the nucleoid.
+- Was geschieht im <one>Hydrogenosom</one>? Die Oxidation von Pyruvat zu Acetyl-CoA, CO2 und H2.
+- Difference between a <one>batch culture</one> and a <one>continuous culture device</one>? (1) A batch culture is a closed system. (2) A continuous culture is not closed.
+- The <one>initiator</one> (of DNA synthesis) binds to ...? The <one>replicator</one>.
+- Name one organism that <one>produces red pigments</one>. A: <one>Serratia marcescens</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia_marcescens
+- Der <one>Zellertrag durch Bakterien</one> ist, biochemisch betrachtet, <two>direkt proportional der</two> ...? A: Der <one>produzierten ATP Menge</one>.
+- Nenne einen Organismus, der eine <one>parakristalline S-Schicht</one> besitzt. A: <one>Thermoproteus</one>.
+- Which two main techniques are widely used for bacterial transformation? (1) electroporation (2) treat cells with calcium ions and use a brief heat shock to pulse DNA into cells
+- What means "morphology" in microbiology? Cell shape.
+- Sind Mycobakterien bei der Gram-Färbung eher gram-negativ oder gram-positiv? Gram-positiv.
+- Name two differences of pili, compared to fimbriae, in bacteria. A: (1) Pili are typically longer than fimbriae (2) There is usually only one Pili on the surface to be found
+- Welche Energie verwendet FtsZ? GTP.
+- Name an antibiotic that "Serratia marcescens" can produce. A: "prodigiosin".
+- Was ermöglicht der <one>Chemostat</one>? Er ermöglicht es das eine Kultur von grossen Bakterienmengen bei konstanten Bedingungen wachsen kann.
+- In dem zellulären Stoffwechsel wird NAD/NADH und NADP/NADHPH eingesetzt. Wie genau allgemein? NAD für katabole Prozesse, NADP für anabole Prozesse.
+- The "S. aureus" colonization of abiotic surfaces depends on ..? The charge of its teichoic acid.
+- Was macht Beggiota mit H2S? Oxidiert es zu H2SO4.
+- <one>Brucella abortus</one> <two>seeks which sugar in the placenta</two>? <one>Erythritol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythritol []