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data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology

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+# === Virologie tag                                          (Basic Virology)
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+# Vir tag. Virus tag. Vi tag. Viro tag. Viren tag.
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+# Vakzinierung/Impfung wird langfristig in eine eigene Datei ausgelagert.
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+- Name <one>three diseases</one> that are caused by <two>Adenoviruses</two>. A: (1) <one>conjunctivitis</one> (2) <one>respiratory diseases</one> (3) <one>infant diarrhea</one>
+- The <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one> <two>can lead to an infectious mononucleosis</two>. This is also called ... how? <one>Kissing disease</one>.
+- Nenne <one>fünf Retrotransposons</one> <two>in verschiedenen Organismen</two>. A: (1) <one>MoMLV</one> (2) Rous sarcoma virus (3) Ty1 in Yeast (4) <one>Copia</one> <two>in Drosophila</two> (5) L1 in humans
+- Nenne eine Virusgruppe, die den Menschen infizieren kann und das Phänomen der <one>Latenz</one> zeigen kann. A: Die <one>Herpesviren</one>. []
+- <one>INRS</one> stehen für <two>vier Drogen die gegen AIDS eingesetzt werden</two>. <three>Welche sind dies</three>? A: (1) <one>Indinavir</one> (2) <one>Nelfinavir</one> (3) <one>Ritonavir</one> (4) <one>Saquinavir</one>
+- If there is a <one>species barrier</one> <two>for viruses</two>, can we conclude something from this? That a human viral disease will rarely <one>originate from a zoonotic origin</one>.
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> produces two polyproteins, called <two>pp1a</two> and <two>pp1ab</two>. <three>How are the genes for these polyproteins called</three>? <one>ORF1a</one> and <one>ORF1b</one>.
+- Das <one>HPV L1-Protein</one> <two>besteht aus wievielen Untereinheiten</two>? <one>5</one> - es ist ein <two>Pentamer</two>.
+- Are <one>rabies viruses</one> <two>enveloped</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Wie werden allgemein die <one>Untereinheiten der (viralen) Capside</one> genannt? <one>Capsomere</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsomere []
+- Can <one>superantigens</one> <two>be found in viruses</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Nenne drei <one>Mechanismen</one> wie Viren evolvieren können. Gib jeweils ein Beispiel an. A: (1) <one>Mutation</one>:      <two>HIV-1</two> (2) <one>Recombination</one>: <two>Poliovirus</two> (3) <one>Reassortment</one>:  <two>Influenza</two>
+- Die <one>Baculoviren</one> <two>können wieviel Fremd-DNA aufnehmen</two>? Bis ca. <one>15 kb</one>.
+- Name <one>one important difference</one> between a <two>bacterial toxin</two> and a <two>virus</two>. A: A <one>virus can reproduce</one>.
+- Name <one>four specific diseases</one> caused by <two>Picornaviruses</two>. A: (1) <one>common cold</one> (2) <one>polio</one> (3) hepatitis A (4) foot and mouth disease
+- Compare the size of <one>polyoma</one> and <one>papillomavirus virions</one> (<two>their respective diameter</two>). A: (1) <one>Papillomavirus</one>: <two>50-55 nm</two> (2) <one>Polyomavirus</one>:   <two>40-45 nm</two>
+- The <one>rubella virus</one> <two>belongs to which family</two>? The <one>rubellavirus</one> belongs to the <two>Togaviridae</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella
+- Nenne eine Virusgruppe die <one>IRES</one> <two>verwendet</two>, inklusive einem Vertreter hierzu. A: Das <one>Picorna-Virus</one> (zum Beispiel <two>Poliovirus</two> als ein Vertreter hierzu).
+- <one>Warum</one> wird <two>Aspirin</two> <three>bei Virusinfektionen verwendet</three>? <one>Aspirin</one> wirkt als ein <two>entzündungshemmendes Schmerzmittel</two>.
+- <one>Durchmesser des Tabakmosaikvirus</one>, <two>in nm</two>? Etwa <one>15-18 nm</one>.
+- Das <one>Baltimore Scheme</one> <two>beginnt mit welcher Virusgruppe</two>? <one>dsDNA Viren</one>.
+- Das <one>SV40 Genom</one> kodiert für das <two>large-T Antigen</two>. <three>Wie beeinflusst dieses Protein die Apoptose</three>? Es <one>inhibiert die Apoptose</one>.
+- The <one>Hepatitis A virus</one> <two>belongs to which family</two>? The <one>Picornavirus family</one>.
+- The <one>HongKong 1968 Influenza strain</one> <two>had which H-N- composition</two>? <one>H3N2</one>. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1968-pandemic.html []
+- Does a <one>virus</one> <two>arise from a pre-existing virus</two>? <one>No</one> - at the least <two>never directly</two>.
+- Was genau ist die <one>Wurfgröße</one> in der Virologie? Die <one>durchschnittliche Anzahl</one> der pro infizierten Zelle freigesetzten Phagen.
+- The <one>ssDNA circoviruses</one> genome <two>codes for how many proteins</two>? For <one>two</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circovirus []
+- <one>Which advantages</one> may <two>segmented genomes</two> have? A <one>more rapid evolution</one>.
+- What does a virus <one>lose</one> <two>when it is effectively neutralized by an antibody</two>? Its <one>infectivity</one>. []
+- Im Jahre <one>2014</one> <two>kam welcher neue Influenza-Stamm auf</two>? <one>H5N8</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelgrippe_H5N8
+- <one>Auf welche Art</one> kann eine <two>aktive Immunisierung</two> <three>durchgeführt werden</three>? (1) <one>Lebendimpfstoff</one> (2) <one>Totimpfstoff</one>
+- <one>Welchen Genom-Typ</one> besitzen die <two>Potyviren</two>? <one>Potyviren</one> sind <two>Pflanzenviren</two> mit einem <three>ss(+)-RNA Genom</three>.
+- Bekanntester Vertreter der <one>Flaviviren</one>? Das <one>Gelbfiebervirus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelbfieber-Virus []
+- Name a plasmid with <one>dual personality</one>. A: The <one>P1 plasmid</one>. <two>It can remain as a plasmid, or act as a lytic virus</two>.
+- <one>Wieviele Viruspartikel</one> <two>des MKS-Virus</two> (Maul Klauenseuche) benötigen wir um ein Tier zu infizieren? Weniger als 10.
+- <one>Rabies virus</one> <two>tend to use which cellular receptor for attachment</two>? The <one>acetyl-choline receptor</one>.
+- The virions of <one>Adenoviruses</one> contain <two>spikes</two>. <three>How long can these spikes be</three>? Up to about <one>80 nm</one>.
+- The <two>foot-and-mouth disease virus</two> has <one>Lpro</one>. <three>What is meant with that</three>? <one>Lpro</one> is <two>the leader proteinase</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4931897/
+- Lateinisch für das <one>Rötelnvirus</one>? <one>Rubella</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6telnvirus []
+- When the <one>reverse transcriptase</one> <two>converts the viral RNA</two> (of a retrovirus infecting eukaryotic cells) into a proviral DNA, what is <three>lost</three>? The <one>poly-A tail</one>.
+- <one>Iridoviruses</one> <two>can cause which disease</two>? <one>African swine fever</one>.
+- Die <one>Rhinoviren</one> <two>binden an welchen zellulären Rezeptor</two>? An <one>ICAM-1</one> - auch als <two>CD54</two> bekannt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAM-1 []
+- Give three examples for <one>cellular receptors</one> that are structurally related to immunoglobulines. A: (1) <one>CD4</one> (2) <one>CD155</one> (3) <one>ICAM-1</one>
+- Das <one>M2-Protein</one> von <two>Influenza</two> <three>hat welche Funktion</three>? Das <one>M2-Protein</one> von Influenza agiert als <two>Protonenkanal</two>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Poliovirus</two> <three>zuerst isoliert</three>? A: <one>1908</one>, von <two>Karl Landsteiner</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus#Entdeckung_und_Geschichte
+- <one>Wie viele Nukleotide</one> <two>umfasst das</two> <three>Poliovirus-Genom</three>? A: <one>7500</one> bp.
+- Do <one>Coronaviruses</one> contain a <two>positive-sense</two> or a <two>negative-sense RNA genome</two>? <two>Coronaviruses</two> contain a <one>positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei verschiedene Ursprünge einer Mutation</one>. A: (1) <one>spontan</one> (2) <one>chemisch induziert</one> (3) <one>physikalisch induziert</one>
+- What does the term <one>virulence</one> mean, in regards to viruses? This describes <one>the</one> <two>capacity</two> of a virus to</one> <three>cause disease</three>.
+- The <one>Filoviridae</one> <two>virus particle</two> binds to a cell surface receptor. The uptake then happens via ... ? <one>Macropinocytosis</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macropinocytosis
+- Der <one>Durchmesser</one> eines typischen <two>Pox Virions</two> beträgt ...? <one>200nm</one>. []
+- <one>Rotaviruses</one> <two>belong to which family</two>? <one>Reoviridae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reoviridae
+- Das <one>E1A-Protein</one> <two>der Adenoviren</two> <three>bindet an welches Wirtsprotein</three>? An das <one>Rb-Protein</one>.
+- In addition to a <one>high mutation rate</one>, <two>many viruses also have a high ... </two>? A: They may have a <one>high rate of replication</one>.
+- Das <one>Sendai Virus</one> <two>besitzt was für ein Genom</two>? <one>ssRNA</one>.
+- <one>Welche Viren sind</one>, in etwa, <two>stäbchenförmig</two>? Die <one>Filoviridae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoviridae
+- Können <one>AAVs</one> in das <one>Wirtschromosom</one> <three>integrieren</three>? <one>Ja</one>.
+- In the <one>Baltimore scheme</one>, which virus classes use DNA? Class I, II and VII.
+- Does <one>HPV</one> <two>integrate into the genome</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Poxviruses</one> <two>are large DNA viruses that replicate in the cytosol</two>. <three>They express numerous proteins to subvert the host immunity</three>. Vaccinia virus A46 is especially important and can target different cytosolic adaptor proteins, such as MyD88, TRIF or TRAM. It can also suppresses the activation of NF-kappa-B. Which domain can we find in these cytosolic adaptors? A <one>TIR domain</one>.
+- What are <one>ca Influenza</one>? These are <one>cold-adapted</one> <two>influenza viruses</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10578119 []
+- Name four ways how a <two>human papilloma virus</two> can be transmitted (via <one>physical contact</one>). A: (1) <one>sexual contact</one> (2) <one>contact sport</one> (3) children's games (3) during birth, from the infected mother to her child
+- The <one>gp120 Protein of HIV</one> has <two>three faces</two>. Name them. A: (1) <one>silent face</one> (2) <one>neutralizing face</one> (3) non-neutralizing face
+- Nenne <one>drei Gründe</one> <two>wieso sich Viren eignen Evolutionsprozesse zu untersuchen</two>. A: (1) kurze Generationszeit (2) <one>große Zahl an Nachkommen</one> (3) <one>einfache Struktur</one>
+- When <one>HPV DNA</one> <two>becomes integrated into the cell's DNA</two>, how many of the affected people develop cancer such as cervical carcinoma, in %? About <one>0.8%</one>.
+- In Virology, we know the <one>M protein</one>. <two>What does M stand for in this context</two>? <one>M</one> stands for <two>matrix protein</two>.
+- In Virology: what is meant with the term <one>tropism</one>? The restriction of replication of specific viruses to certain tissues and cells.
+- The <one>highest mutation rate</one> <two>can be found in which genetic element</two>? In <one>viroids</one>.
+- <one>Wieviel Fremd-DNA</one> kann <two>in einen Retrovirus</two> hineingepackt werden? <one>8kb</one> an Fremd-DNA. []
+- <one>Leatherjackets</one> (<two>invertebrates</two>) may be infected with <two>invertebrata ... virus</two>? <one>Iridescent virus</one>. URL: https://www.trevorwilliams.info/Iridovirus.htm
+- Is the <one>adeno-associated virus</one> an <two>Adenovirus</two>? <one>No</one> - it is a <two>parvovirus</two>.
+- Wir haben einen <one>positiven Nachweis von Antikörpern bei einer Herde Rinder</one>. <two>Was mag dies bedeuten (2 Möglichkeiten)</two>? (1) Die Rinder wurden gegen einen Krankheitserreger geimpft (2) Es hat eine <one>Feldinfektion</one> stattgefunden
+- Are there <one>viruses with more than</one> <two>1000</two> <one>genes</one>? <one>Yes</one> - for example the <two>Mimivirus</two>.
+- Das <one>SARS-CoV-2 Genom</one> <two>ist wie groß</two>, in n kbp? <one>29 kbp</one>.
+- <one>1846</one> brach auf den <two>Faroe Islands</two> was aus? <one>Measles</one>, verursacht durch das <two>measles virus</two>.
+- Benötigt das <one>SV40 large-T Antigen</one> <two>ATP</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Dieses Protein besitzt eine <two>ATP-abhängige Helicase</two>-Aktivität.
+- Does <one>HIV</one> <two>insert its genome into DNA</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In <one>HIV</one> we can see a phase where there are, at best, only <two>minor symptoms</two>. <three>How do we call this phase</three>? This is the <one>asymptomatic phase</one>. []
+- Nenne die drei <one>bösartigen HPV-Viren</one>. A: (1) <one>16</one> (2) <one>18</one> (3) <one>32</one> []
+- Die <one>Bornaviren</one> <two>gehören zu welchem Typ von Viren</two>? A: <one>RNA-Viren</one>. []
+- There is the <one>ATV virus</one> (<one>Acidianus two-tailed virus</one>). <two>What is the trigger for the tail formation</two>? <one>High temperature</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei Vertreter der Minus-Strang-RNA-Viren</one>. A: (1) <one>Orthomyxoviren</one>: <two>Influenza</two> (2) <one>Paramyxoviren</one>:  <two>Masern</two> (3) <one>Rhabdoviren</one>:    <two>Rabiesvirus</two>
+- The <one>human rhinovirus</one> <two>has the capsid proteins VP4</two>/<two>VP3</two>/VP2/VP1. What is the successor of these? <one>P1</one>.
+- <one>How many receptors</one> <two>does a virion require</two>? At least the <one>main receptor</one>, often also a <two>co-receptor</two>. Binding to the main receptor often causes a conformational change in the virion that enables it to bind to the co-receptor.
+- <one>MERS</one> <two>occurred in which year</two>? <one>2012</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS-CoV
+- The <one>Influenza-virus</one> can <two>undergo antigen drift</two> - <three>but in which proteins</three>? (1) <one>hemagglutinin</one> (2) <one>neuraminidase</one>
+- What is <one>the prototype virus</one> of the <two>Herpesvirus-family</two>? The <one>Herpes simplex</one> virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus []
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> ist für <two>SV40</two> sehr wichtig <three>um die DNA Replikation zu starten</three>? Das <one>Large-T Antigen</one>. []
+- Was heißt <one>contagium vivum fluidum</one>? <one>Löslicher lebender Keim</one>.
+- The name <one>Papovavirus</one> <two>derives from ...</two>? (1) <one>Pa</one> for Papillomavirus. (2) <one>Po</one> for Polyomavirus. (3) <one>Va</one> for Vacuolating Agent (SV40).
+- <one>Amantadin</one> <two<kann gegen welchen Virus eingesetzt werden</two>? <one>Amantadin</one> <two>wirkt gegen</two> <three>Influenza-A-Viren</three>.
+- Trivialname für den <one>Norwalk virus</one>, <two>auf englisch</two>? <one>Winter vomiting virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus []
+- <one>dsRNA-Viruses</one> <two>can be recognized in the cytoplasma through</two> <three>RNA helicases</three>. <four>Give one example for such a RNA helicase that can achieve that</four>. A: <one>RIG-I</one>.
+- Durchmesser eines <one>Adenovirus</one> (<two>von</two>, <two>bis</two>)? A: <one>60 nm - 90 nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridae
+- Die meisten <one>Pflanzenviren</one> <two>besitzen was für ein Genom</two>? <one>ssRNA</one>. []
+- Give one example for <one>a chemical</one> <two>RNA mutagen</two>. A: <one>Ribavirin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribavirin
+- Das <one>Cytomegalie-Virus</one> <two>gehört zu welcher Virusgruppe</two>? Das <one>Cytomegalie-Virus</one> gehört zur Familie der <two>Herpesviridae</two>.
+- Was sind sogenannte <one>Clara-Zellen</one>? <one>Clara-Zellen</one> sind <two>sekretorisch-aktive Epithelzellen des Lungenkapillarnetzwerkes</two>.
+- How abundant are <one>marine viruses</one> in the seawater, per mL? 10 ** 7 virions / <one>mL</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>viral spikes</one>? <one>Peplomer</one> (plural: peplomers). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer
+- One of the most compelling <one>reasons why mankind is interested in viruses</one> is because ... ? Because <one>viruses</one> <two>cause diseases</two>.
+- The <one>diameter</one> of the <two>Pithovirus</two> virion is ... ? <one>500 nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithovirus
+- <one>How many orders</one> <two>exist for the Viruses</two>? <one>5</one>. []
+- Insbesondere <one>welcher HPV-Typ</one> ist mit <two>Cervikarzonima</two> assoziiert? <one>HPV 16</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humane_Papillomviren []
+- In Virology, the <one>Antigenicity of Influenza-Virus</one> (such as the strain H3N2), <two>is essentially determined how</two>? By the <one>structure</one> of hemagglutinin.
+- <one>Seit wann</one> ist <two>Azidothymidin</two> zur <three>Therapie von HIV</three> <four>zugelassen</four>? Seit dem Jahre <one>1987</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudin#Geschichte []
+- Why do <one>Reoviruses</one> have an '<two>O</two>' in their name? The '<one>O</one>' here indiciates an <two>orphan virus</two>.
+- Do <one>circular viral</one> <two>genomes exist</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Do <one>Archaea</one> <two>have viruses</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Nenne den <one>bekanntesten Vertreter der Lentiviren</one>. A: <one>HIV</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentivirus []
+- <one>Welche Funktion</one> haben die <one>inclusion bodies</one> der Poxviruses? Die <one>Virionen werden in diesen</one> <two>inclusion bodies</two> <one>assembliert</one>.
+- Can <one>viruses</one> <two>skip</two> the <three>extracellular state</three>? <one>Yes</one> - animal viruses such as the <two>polio virus</two> can skip the extraceullular stage when moving from cell to cell within the same organism.
+- <one>ITAFs</one> <two>are associated with IRES</two>. The abbreviation <one>ITAFs</one> stands for ... ? <one>IRES trans-acting factors</one>.
+- The <one>Picornavirus Virion</one> <two>contains how many mature proteins</two> (<three>from-to</three>)? <one>11-14</one>. []
+- Do <one>viruses</one> <two>arise from pre-existing viruses directly</two>? <one>No</one>, never. A <two>cell</two> <three>is required for their propagation</three>.
+- Can the <one>Herpes simplex virus</one> <two>evade the immune system</two>? <one>Yes</one>, by interference with MHC class I presentation of antigen.
+- Does the <one>Herpes simplex virus type 1</one> have a <two>tegument</two>? <one>Yes</one> it does. []
+- A. W. für die <one>FSME-Impfung</one>? <one>Zeckenimpfung</one>. TODO: MOve this into vaccines.
+- <one>RNA viruses</one> <two>in general deserve what reputation</two>? <one>RNA viruses</one> <two>deserve their reputation as</two> <three>Nature's swiftest evolvers</three>. []
+- The <one>SV40 large T antigen</one> <two>consists of how many subunits</two>? <one>6</one>; it is a <two>hexamer protein</two> (<two>hexamer</two>).
+- Welche <one>Genom-Klasse</one> <two>der Viren</two> kann direkt als mRNA fungieren? <one>Klasse IV Genome</one>.
+- What are <one>the two most popular modes of action for</one> <two>bacteriocin</two>? (1) <one>damaging the cell membrane</one> (2) <one>destroying nucleic acids</one>
+- <one>Wieviele Menschen</one> <two>sind weltweit mit dem</two> <three>Hepatitis-B-virus</three> <two>infiziert</two>? Etwa <one>350 Millionen</one>. []
+- <one>Wann</one> gelang erstmals der erste Nachweis eines tierpathogenen Virus? <one>1898</one>.
+- In <one>1957</one>, there was the <two>Asian Flu</two>, an Influenza strain. <three>Which H and N type did it have</three>? <one>H2N2</one>.
+- <one>Rimantadine</one> <two>wirkt gegen Influenza Virus</two>. Wie? Rimantadine verhindert wahrscheinlich das Uncoating der Virus-Hülle und des Capsids. Das virale <one>M2 protein</one>, ein Ionenkanal-Protein, wird wahrscheinlich durch Rimantadine inhibiert.
+- Name <one>the main surface protein</one> of <one>two</one>. A: <one>Hemagglutinin</one>.
+- <one>Worldwide</one>, <two>how many people are living with HIV</two>? About <one>36.9 million</one> (at the least in the year 2016).
+- <one>Which cancer</one> <two>can be caused - or made worse - by</two> <three>HPV</three>? <one>HPV</one> is <two>the primary etiological agent in</two> <three>cervical cancer</three>.
+- Beim <one>Corona-Virus</one>: wieso das Wort <two>Corona</two>? <two>Corona</two> steht für <one>Krone</one>. []
+- <one>Wann</one> gelang <two>die Kristallisation von TMV</two>? Bereits im Jahre <one>1935</one>.
+- Nenne je ein anderes Wort für <one>Klasse V</one>, <two>VI</two> und VII Virus-Genome. A: (1) <one>V minus-strand RNA</one> (2) <one>VI Retrovirus</one> (3) <one>VII Pararetrovirus</one>
+- Warum der Name <one>L-Protein</one> <two>bei Papillomaviren</two>, zum Beispiel bei den Proteinen L1 und L2? <one>L</one> steht hier für <two>Late</two>.
+- <one>Autographa california</one> <two>ist ein natürliches Pathogen einer ... </two>? Einer <one>Motte</one>, die sich von Luzerne ernährt.
+- <one>Wieviele Pflanzenviren</one> <two>sind bekannt</two>? Etwa <one>600 Arten</one>.
+- A <one>concentrated suspension of virions</one> <two>might contain n virions per ml</two>? About <one>10¹² virions per ml</one>.
+- <one>Influenza</one> <two>gehört zu welcher Gruppe</two>? <one>Influenza</one> gehört zu den <two>Orthomyxoviren</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae []
+- A <one>common cause of Gastroenteritis</one> <two>may be caused by which virus</two>? <one>Rotaviruses</one>.
+- Beim <one>MERS Coronavirus</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>MERS</two>? <one>Middle East respiratory syndrome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus
+- Bei der <one>HIV-Kombinationstherapie</one> <two>werden welche zwei Wirkstoffe eingesetzt</two>? (1) ein <one>Protease-Inhibitor</one> (2) ein <one>Reverse Transkriptase-Hemmer</one>
+- Das <one>MS2-Genom</one> <two>besitzt wie viele Nukleotide</two>? <one>3569 bp</one>.
+- A <one>pseudoknot</one> <two>usually occurs in ...</two>? <one>ssRNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoknot []
+- Name <one>a virus family</one> <two>that is similar, in name, to an old computer game</two>. A: The <one>pacmanviruses</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28446673/
+- Aside from <one>gag</one>, <one>pol</one> and <one>env</one> genes, <two>HIV may also have which other genes</two>? Name at the least three more. A: (1) <one>tat</one> (2) <one>rev</one> (3) <one>nef</one> (4) <one>vpr</one> (5) <one>vif</one> (6) <one>vpu</one>
+- Is <one>Ebola</one> <two>transmitted through semen</two>? <one>Yes</one> - even for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness.
+- The cellular molecule used by the <one>SV40 virus</one>, <two>for attachment</two>, is ... ? The <one>major histocompatibility complex class I molecule</one>.
+- <one>Rituximab</one> <two>interagiert wie mit seiner Zielzelle</two>? Über <one>CD20</one>.
+- <one>Woher</one> kommt der Name für die <two>Hantaviren</two>? Vom Fluss <one>Hantaan</one>, <two>in Südorea</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantaan_River_virus []
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> <two>uses which entry receptor</two> <three>in humans</three>? <one>ACE2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2 []
+- Infektion mit dem <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> führt oft zur <two>Progression zu HCC</two>. <three>Was ist damit gemeint</three>? <one>HCC</one>: <two>Hepatocellular carcinoma</two>
+- Der <one>Verlauf einer HIV Infektion</one> im Patienten lässt sich in <two>n Phasen</two> einteilen? <one>3</one>.
+- <one>Poliovirus</one> <two>belongs to which family</two>? <one>Picornavirus</one>.
+- <one>Rhinoviren</one> <two>verwenden den ICAM-1 Rezeptor</two>. Wie nennen wir diesen Rezeptor im CD System? <one>CD54</one>.
+- <one>Which virus</one> causes <two>shingles</two>? The <one>varicella-zoster virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus
+- <one>HIV gp160</one> <two>wird gespalten in ...</two>? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one>
+- <one>Retroviruses</one> <two>are adept at ... </two>? <one>Acquiring random pieces of a cell's genome</one>.
+- <one>Welche morphologische Form</one> weisen die <two>Baculoviren</two> auf? <one>Baculoviren</one> sind <two>stäbchenförmig</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculoviren
+- <one>How many people</one> die per year due to <two>influenza-related causes</two>? <one>36.000</one>.
+- <one>Lysis</one> (<one>of viruses</one>) in general <two>is facilitated by</two> which two type of proteins? (1) <one>endolysins</one> (2) <one>holins</one>
+- Angenommen ein Patient hat ein <one>Larynxpapillom</one>. <two>Wir möchten dieses entfernen</two>. Was könnten wir tun? Wir könnten <one>IFN-Alpha</one> und "IFN-Beta" injizieren.
+- Nenne drei Gründe warum <one>Viruspartikel</one> gebraucht werden. A: (1) schützt das Genom durch stabiles <one>Einpacken</one> (2) hat oft Adhäsionsstrukturen ("attachment molecules") und (3) kann Enzyme mitschleppen
+- <one>During which season</one> does <two>Influenza-A</two> and <two>Influenza-B</two> <three>cause disease</three>? During the <one>winter season</one> only.
+- Was zeigt <one>eine hohe</one> <two>Neopterin</two><one>konzentration im Blut</one> an? Das <one>eine Virusattacke stattfindet</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterin []
+- Does the <one>African swine fever virus</one> <two>virion</two> have an outer envelope? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Retroviren</one> besitzen eine RNA und eine DNA-Form. Vor allem die Enden sind hier unterschiedlich. Wie genau? (1) <one>RNA-Form</one>: hat U5 und U3, sowie jeweils R (2) <one>DNA-Form</one>: hat zusätzlich U5 bei U3 und U3 bei U5; nennt man hier dann LTR
+- <two>Where</two> do most <one>RNA viruses of eukaryotes</one> <three>replicate</three>? In the <one>cytoplasm of the cell</one>. []
+- What are <one>the host cells of papillomaviruses</one>? <one>Keratinocytes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillomaviridae []
+- Welche Person prägte den Begriff <one>Virus</one>? <one>Martinus Beijerinck</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck#Leben_und_Wirken
+- Does <one>poliovirus</one> <two>require a nucleus</two>? Not really - it <one>can replicate in enucleated cells</one>.
+- The <one>longest pandemic in humans is</one>, most likely ... ? The <one>HIV pandemic</one>.
+- Why does <one>SV40</one> <two>require the large T-antigen</two>? Because SV40 DNA replication is initiated by binding of large T-antigen to the origin region of the genome, hence the large T-antigen is required.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>reverse Transkriptase</one>? <one>Revertase</one>. URL: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28774
+- Nenne <one>zwei virale Genomvertreter</one> die <two>ambisense</two> sind. A: (1) <one>Geminiviruses</one> (<two>ssDNA</two>) (2) <one>Arenaviruses</one>  (<two>ssRNA</two>)
+- Die <one>Retrovirus gag-proteins</one> inkludieren <two>PR</two>. <three>Was ist damit gemeint</three>? Dies ist eine <one>Protease</one>.
+- <one>What happens</one> to the <two>herpesvirus</two> when it infects a cell? The linear herpesvirus genome becomes <one>circularized</one>.
+- The <one>first internal ribosome entry site to be discovered</one> was <two>found in which virus group</two>? In <one>poliovirus</one>, in the year 1988. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ribosome_entry_site#History []
+- <one>Rimantadine</one> <two>ist ein antivirales Medikament</two>. <three>Gegen welchen Virus wird Rimantadine eingesetzt</three>? <one>Influenza A</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimantadin
+- Has the <one>measles virus</one> <two>been eradicated from planet earth</two>? <one>No</one> - for example, they were noticed in Graz and also other parts of Austria in the year 2018 and 2019. []
+- The <one>Newcastle Disease Virus</one> (<two>NDF</two>) has become famous in 2002 for killing which animals? <one>Birds</one>. It killed - or otherwise caused the deaths - of about 3.16 million birds in the UK.
+- <one>Wo</one> (strukturell) findet man <two>IRES</two>? In der <one>5'-UTR</one>. []
+- Do we find <one>reverse transcriptase</one> <two>only in Retroviruses</two>? <one>No</one> - for example the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> also employs <two>reverse transcriptase</two>.
+- Can <one>viruses</one> <two>code for</two> <three>membrane channels</three>? <one>Yes</one> - the so called <two>viroporins</two>.
+- <one>HPV5</one> (<two>ein Papillomavirus</two>) ist assoziiert mit welcher interessanten Erkrankung? <one>Epidermodysplasia verruciformis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis
+- The <one>HSV1 genome</one> <two>contains n genes</two>? The <one>HSV1 genome</one> contains <two>70 genes</two>.
+- Do <one>viruses</one> <two>contain PAMPs</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- Name <one>an eukaryotic virus that does</one> <two>NOT</two> <one>polyadenylate its mRNA</one>. A: The <one>reoviruses</one>.
+- Der <one>Norovirus</one> <two>hat was für ein Genom</two>? Ein <one>(+)ssRNA Genom</one>.
+- Provide <one>two different examples</one> of <two>paramyxoviruses</two> that are <three>human pathogens</three>. A: (1) <one>mumps</one> (2) <one>measles viruses</one>
+- Was genau heißt <one>segmentiertes Genom</one>? Die <one>viralen Gene</one> sind <two>auf verschiedene RNA-Segmente verteilt</two>.
+- The <one>HPV E7 protein</one> <two>can interact with which cellular protein</two>? <one>pRB</one>. It will promote its destruction. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC114225/
+- <one>Vitravene</one> <two>is an antisense oligonucleotide</two> for the treatment of ... which <three>viral infection</three>? <one>Cytomegalovirus infection</one>.
+- <one>HIV-1 tat</one> (<two>transactivator of transcription</two>) will bind onto ...? A <one>stem-loop structure</one> at the 5' end of HIV-1 mRNA.
+- What is <one>the ultimate virus-host co-evolution</one>? When <one>the virus genome</one> becomes <two>permanently integrated into the genome of its host</two>. []
+- A subset of <one>coronaviruses</one>, such as the <two>betacoronavirus subgroup A</two>, <three>have a shorter spike-like surface protein</three> called <four>HE</four>, <five>which is an abbreviation for ... </five>? <one>Hemagglutinin esterase</one>.
+- <one>In which organism</one> can the <two>large T antigen</two> <three>be found</three>? In the <one>Simian virus 40</one> (<two>SV40</two>).
+- Who or what is the causative agent of <one>poliomyelitis</one>? The <one>Poliovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus []
+- Name four <one>side-effects of interferon treatment</one> <two>against viral infections</two>? (1) fever (2) tiredness (3) <one>muscle pains</one> (4) <one>sickness</one>
+- The <one>Bluetongue virus</one> <two>tends to infect which animal group</two>? <one>Sheep</one>. []
+- Does the <one>Simian Virus 40</one> (SV40) particle contain <two>histones</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> do <two>RNA viruses</two> <three>often employ segmented genomes</three>? Because this works to compensate for high error-rates. An error in a single-component genome would incapacitate the entire genome.
+- <one>Which</one> was <two>the first human disease shown to be</two> <three>viral</three> <two>in nature</two>? <one>Yellow fever</one> (or perhaps <two>Polio</two>, which was shown in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner to be viral in nature).
+- Dauer des Vermehrungszyklus des <one>Poliovirus</one> (<two>von-bis</two>)? <one>5-10 Stunden</one>.
+- In Virology: what is the <one>minimum infective dose</one>? The <one>minimum amount of virus</one> required for infection of a host.
+- The <one>abortive infection systems</one> <two>in bacteria</two> do what? They can cause premature bacterial cell death upon phage infection. This decreases the number of progeny particles and thus limits spread of viruses to other cells. The bacterial population is hence more likely to survive.
+- Für Viren: was sind oft <one>late transcripts</one>? Dies sind häufig <one>Capsid-Proteine</one>. []
+- <one>A virus can kill its host cell</one>. <two>How is this called scientifically</two>? <one>Cytolytic killing</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>burst size</one> in der Virologie? <one>Wurfgröße</one>. []
+- Give <one>an example for a virus</one> <two>whose virions contain ribosomes</two>. A: The <one>arenavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenavirus#Structure []
+- Name <one>two ways</one> how <two>Influenza A</two> <three>can change its antigenic properties</three>. A: (1) <one>antigenic drift</one> (2) <one>antigenic shift</one> []
+- Der <one>2017</one> entdeckte Large Virus <two>Klosneuvirus</two> <three>hat ein Genom, das wie groß ist</three>? <one>1.57 Mb</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Viren</one> die eine <two>Polymerase im Partikel</two> besitzen. A: (1) <one>Poxvirus</one>: repliziert im Cytoplasma und hat eine eigene Polymerase (2) <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>: kodiert für eine DNA polymerase
+- Sind <two>Viren</two> <one>haploid</one>? <one>Ja</one>, bis auf die <two>diploiden Retroviren</two>, die zwei fast idente Kopien des viralen Genoms besitzen.
+- Das <one>Tabakmosaikvirus</one> (<two>TMV</two>) <three>besitzt ein Genom aus ...</three>? <one>ssRNA</one> (<two>einzelsträngiger RNA</two>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus []
+- <one>Polioviren</one> <two>degradieren welchen Initiationsfaktor</two>? <one>eIF4G</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> (in seinem Genom) beginnt die Replikation des Retrovirus? Im 5' LTR Abschnitt.
+- Der <one>Pestivirus</one> <two>gehört zu welcher viralen Familie</two>? <one>Flaviviridae</one>.
+- <one>Antiviral wirkende Interferonpärparate</one> <two>wirken auch ... </two>? <one>Tumorhemmend</one>.
+- What are <one>fusion proteins</one>, <two>in regards to viruses</two>? These are <one>envelope glycoproteins</one> that have an external hydrophobic sequence that can be inserted into the target membrane.
+- Die <one>Schweinegrippe</one> <two>besitzt welchen Subtyp</two>? <one>H1N1</one>. []
+- Es existieren auch <one>komplexe Retroviren</one>. Ein Vertreter hiervon ist <two>HIV</two>. Nenne einen weiteren Vertreter der <three>komplexen Retroviren</three>. A: <one>HTLV</one>: <two>human T-cell lymphotropic virus</two>
+- <one>Influenza B</one> <two>only undergoes genetic drift, not genetic shift</two>. Why? Probably because Influenza B <one>lacks an animal reservoir</one>.
+- What is a <one>viremia</one>? These are <one>viruses</one> <two>in the blood</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viremia
+- <one>Amantadin</one> <two>hat welches molekulare Ziel in Influenza</two>? Das virale <one>M2-Protein von Influenza</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadin
+- What means <one>viral shunt</one>? This is <one>a hypothesis</one> in where viruses living in the ocean killing their microbial hosts redirect carbon and nutrients away from larger organisms and back toward other microorganisms.
+- A <one>delayed emergence of potato</one> <two>may be caused by what virus</two>? <one>Tobacco rattle virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_rattle_virus
+- The <one>Human metapneumovirus</one> (<one>HMPV</one>) <two>can cause significant upper and lower respiratory disease in all age groups worldwide</two>. Does this virus have a RNA genome or a DNA genome? This virus has a <one>RNA genome</one> (<two>ssRNA</two>; about 13.3 kb in size).
+- <one>Wieviele Serotypen von Adenovirus</one> sind bekannt? A: Mindestens <one>47</one> - mittlerweile (Jahr: 2023) aber bereits mehr. []
+- <one>Hämagglutinin</one> <two>hat eine hohe Affinität zu ...</two>? <one>Sialinsäureresten</one> <two>auf der Wirtszelloberfläche</two>.
+- Gehören die <one>Interferone</one> zu den <two>Cytokinen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- Allgemein: <one>welche Virusgruppen existieren</one>? Eine Unterscheidung kann anhand des Genoms vorgenommen werden: (1) ssDNA (2) <one>dsDNA</one> (3) <one>ssRNA</one> (4) <one>dsRNA</one>
+- In der Virologie: was bedeutet es wenn festgehalten wird, das das virale Capsid <one>Economy of Genetic Information</one> zeigt? Wenn <one>das Capsid nur aus einem Protein besteht</one>, brauchen wir auch nur ein Gen das dafür kodiert. Das ist effizient, wir können dieses eine Protein ja wiederverwenden.
+- The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> <two>has infected how many people</two>, globally? <one>170 million people worldwide</one>.
+- <one>Orthomyxoviren</one>, wie zum Beispiel die <two>Influenzaviren</two>, <three>haben was für eine Orientierung ihres Genoms</three>? Deren Genom ist in <one>Negativstrangorientierung</one> vorliegend.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Krankheiten</one>, die durch das <two>FSME-Virus</two> <three>verursacht werden</three>. A: (1) <one>Meningitis</one> (2) <one>Enzephalitis</one>
+- Können <one>Influenzaviren</one> <two>Myokarditis</two>, also eine Herzmuskelentzündung, verursachen? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>All viruses</one> <two>are parasites of ... </two><three>which machinery</three>? Of the <one>host protein synthesis machinery</one>.
+- A <one>viral polymerase</one> <two>typically consists of how many subunits</two>? Just <one>one</one>; <two>viral polymerases tend to be active as a single protein</two>. []
+- The <one>parechovirus</one> <two>can cause which disease</two>? <one>Diarrhoea</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea
+- Das <one>Vogelgrippe-Virus</one>, aka <two>Influenza H5N1</two>, <three>gelang wie von Asien nach Europa</three>? Über <one>Zugvögel</one>. []
+- <one>Erkennen</one> <two>Antikörper</two> den HIV-Virus (also dessen Virion)? <one>Ja</one>.
+- Given the <one>SV40 genome</one>: if we have to group this genome into two general areas, which ones could we use? The <one>early</one> part; and the <two>late</two> part of the genome.
+- Das Medikament <one>Zovirax</one> <two>wirkt gegen welchen Virus</two>? <one>Zovirax</one>, auch als Aciclovir bekannt, wirkt gegen den <two>Herpes-simplex virus</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir
+- Das Genom von <one>SV40</one> <two>umfasst</two>, in etwa, <two>wieviele Basenpaare</two>? Etwa <one>5000bp</one>.
+- <one>DNA Viren</one> <two>bevorzugen normalerweise</two> <three>welche Phase des Zellzyklus ihrer Wirtszelle</three>? Die <one>S-Phase</one>. []
+- <one>Ribavirin</one> <two>is used against which virus</two>? <one>Ribavirin</one> is used against the <two>hepatitis C virus</two>.
+- Das <one>Nepovirus</one> <two>wird wodurch übertragen</two>? A: Durch <one>Nematoden</one>. (Mnemonic: <two>Ne</two> ... <two>Nematoden</two>)
+- <one>Which viruses</one>, in general, employ <two>extrusion through the cell surface</two>? <one>Filamentous phages</one>.
+- If we see a virus able to persist in a healthy individual, what can we conclude from this? That <one>this virus must somehow have strong defensive or evasive capabilities</one>.
+- The <one>poliovirus</one> uses <two>n different VP-proteins</two>? About <one>4</one>. []
+- Was heißt das <one>MNPV</one> in <two>Autographa californica MNPV</two>? <one>Multivirion Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus</one>.
+- The <one>SV40 large T antigen</one> codes for a <two>dominant-acting oncoprotein</two>. In particular, it can "induce malignant transformation" of a variety of cell types. It will <two>modify which two cellular proteins</two>? (1) <one>retinoblastoma</one> (<two>pRb</two>) (2) <one>p53 tumor suppressor</one>
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Adenovirus</two> <three>erstmals isoliert</three>? Im Jahre <one>1953</one>.
+- Name a <one>Satellite virus</one> that infects <two>ameba</two>. A: <one>Sputnik</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_virophage
+- Name <one>the prototype representative</one> of the <two>human parvovirus</two>. A: The <one>AAV</one> (<one>Adeno-associated virus</one>), a <two>dependoparvovirus</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeno-associated_virus
+- Nenne <one>zwei verwandte Folgekrankheiten</one> des <two>HBV</two>. A: (1) <one>Leberkarzinom</one> (2) <one>Leberzirrhose</one>
+- Was heißt <one>pleomorph</one>? <one>Keine definierte Form</one>.
+- Can <one>humans</one> become infected by the <two>african swine fever</two> causing virus? <one>No</one>.
+- Why may the presence of <one>grazers</one> <two>stimulate viral proliferation</two>? There is an increased availability of nutrients and other growth substrates available when bacteria die.
+- <one>Interferon-alpha</one> <two>could be used to treat which viral infection</two>? <one>Hepatitis B infection</one>, for example.
+- <one>HIV</one> contains the <two>Vpr</two> gene/gene product. <three>What does Vpr stand for</three>? <one>Vpr</one> stands for <two>Viral Protein R</two>.
+- <one>How many different classes</one> of <two>viral fusion proteins</two> have been identified to date (2015)? <one>3 different classes</one>.
+- Nenne zwei kleine DNA-Viren. A: (1) Polyomaviren (2) <one>Papillomaviren</one>
+- Nenne <one>drei Beispiele</one> für Sekundärstrukturen viraler RNA. A: (1) <one>pseudoknot</one> (2) <one>bulge</one> (3) <one>loop</one>
+- Give <one>two examples</one> of <two>endocytotic mechanisms</two> <three>used by viruses</three>. A: (1) <one>caveolin-mediated endocytosis</one> (2) <one>clathrin-mediated endocytosis</one>
+- <one>Wieviele Viren</one> waren <two>im Jahr ~2014</two> mindestens bekannt? Mindestens <one>5000</one>.
+- Der Wirkstoff <one>Zanamivir</one> <two>wirkt gegen welchen Virus</two>? <one>Zanamivir</one> wirkt gegen das <two>Influenza</two> Virus.
+- In der Virologie werden <one>Zellkulturen</one> verwendet. <two>Welche zwei Typen können hier unterschieden werden</two>? (1) primäre Zellen (2) kontinuerliche Zellinien
+- Ein <one>Picornavirus</one> <two>kodiert normalerweise für wieviele Proteine</two>? Zwischen <one>11</one> und <one>14</one>.
+- <one>How many</one> <two>Influenza B Virus subtypes</two> have been described? <one>None</one> - <two>there are no subtypes</two>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Beispiele</one> für Viren mit <two>segmented genomes</two>. A: (1) der <one>Influenza Virus</one> (2) der <one>Brome Mosaic Virus</one>
+- The <one>Hong Kong outbreak of 1997</one>, <two>Influenza A</two>, had which combination of H + N? <one>H5N1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_spread_of_H5N1
+- Das <one>HTLV Tax-Protein</one> <two>interagiert</two> mit <three>welchen zwei Faktoren</three>? (1) <one>NF Kappa Beta</one> (2) <one>CREB</one>
+- Das <one>env-gene product</one> <two>von Retroviren</two> wird während der Maturation in welche Produkte geschnitten? (1) <one>transmembrane domain</one> (2) <one>surface domain</one>
+- <one>Welche zwei Gruppen an Substanzen</one> können unterschieden werden, die <two>die Genomvermehrung der Viren hemmen</two>? (1) Nucleosidanaloga (2) nicht nucleosidische Hemmstoffe
+- The <one>seasonal flu</one> <two>kills how many people per year globally</two>, taken together? About <two>650.000 per year</two> (primarily due to <one>respiratory causes</one>).
+- <one>Where</one> do <two>HSV-1</two> and <two>HSV-2</two> <three>hide in the (human) body</three>, from the immune system? They hide in the <one>cell bodies of neurons</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> does <two>Influenza</two> require a low pH? Because <one>a low pH causes a conformational change in HA</one>.
+- <one>HIV-2</one> <two>ist womit nahe verwandt</two>? Mit dem <one>SIV</one> von <two>Mangabey-Affen</two>.
+- Ist der <one>Poliovirus</one> umhüllt? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Most <one>Merkel cell carcinomas</one> <two>are caused by ... </two>? The <one>Merkel cell polyomavirus</one>.
+- <one>Subacute sclerosis panencephalitis</one> <two>can arise through which viral infection</two>? Through a <one>measles infection</one>.
+- Wieso ist es <one>schwierig</one> <two>Therapien gegen Viren zu etablieren</two>, verglichen mit Bakterien? Weil Viren den <one>zellulären Stoffwechsel</one> verwenden müssen.
+- Bei den <one>Influenza-Viren</one>: <two>wieviele Subtypen</two> an HA und NA gibt es jeweils? A: (1) <one>HA</one>: <two>18 Typen</two>. (2) <one>NA</one>: <two> 9 Typen</two>.
+- The <one>HIV Vpr protein</one> <two>can induce cell cycle arrest</two>, in which stage? In <one>G2</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Medikament</one> das gegen das Uncoating eines Virus vorgeht. A: <one>Amantadin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadin
+- <one>HIV-2</one> <two>entwickelte sich aus ...</two>? Dem <one>Simian Immunodeficiency Virus</one> (sooty mangabey).
+- What is an <one>emergent virus</one>? An <one>emergent virus</one> is a virus that has adapted and emerged as a new disease, with attributes facilitating pathogenicity in a field not normally associated with that virus.
+- <one>Papillomaviren</one> wie HPV binden an <two>Heparansulfate</two>. <three>Welches virale Protein ist hier für diese Viren wichtig</three>? Das <one>L1-Protein</one>.
+- <one>Togaviruses</one> typically contain <two>two ORFs</two>. <three>What do these two ORFs encode in general</three>? One encodes structural proteins, the other one encodes non-structural proteins.
+- <one>Which disease</one> can the <two>feline parvovirus</two> <three>cause in cats</three>? <one>Panleukopenia</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> genau replizieren <two>Flaviviren</two> <three>intrazellulär</three>? An der Membran des endoplasmatischen Reticulums.
+- <one>Viruses</one>, in general, <two>can exist in which phases</two>? (1) <one>extracellular</one> (2) <one>intracellular</one>
+- The <one>most characteristic feature of a virion</one> is ... A: It is <one>metabolically inert</one>.
+- Is the <one>Poliovirus</one> <two>enveloped</two>? <one>No</one>; the Poliovirus is a <two>non-enveloped RNA virus</two>.
+- Können <one>Röteln</one> <two>gefährlich sein</two>? Ja, für <one>Schwangere</one>. Es kann hier zu <two>Embryopathien</two> kommen.
+- Das <one>Kaposi-Sarkom Virus</one> <two>ist was für ein Typ</two>? <one>Herpesvirus Typ 8</one>.
+- The drug <one>Ribavirin</one> <two>is used to treat what</two>? The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one>, a ssRNA virus, in combination with Interferon Alpha.
+- The concept of <one>quasispecies</one> <two>was established when</two>? In <one>1978</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für einen Virus der <one>überlappende Leserahmen</one> verwendet und den Menschen infizieren kann. A: <one>Hepatitis-B-Virus</one>.
+- <one>Influenza-C-Viren</one> besitzen als <two>rezeptorzerstörendes Enzym</two> keine Neuraminidase sondern ... ? Eine <one>Esterase</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Nachteil</one> des <two>ELISA-Tests</two> <three>für den Virennachweis</three>. A: Anti-Virus Antikörper lassen sich erst nach Wochen in nachweisbaren Mengen nachweisen.
+- Nenne <one>drei Vertreter der Flaviviridae</one>. A: Mnemo: Flavi... f ... fever, two fever. (1) <one>Yellow Fever Virus</one> (2) <one>Dengue-Fever</one> (3) <one>FSME</one> (<two>tick-borne encephalitis</two>)
+- <one>Wohin wandern</one> <two>Herpesviren</two> intrazellulär? Intraaxonal zu <one>sensorischen Ganglien</one>.
+- <one>Unterschied</one> zwischen der Genom-Struktur von Retroviren und Ty1 Elementen? A: Ty1 fehlt die env Gruppe. Ansonsten sind die Strukturen sehr ähnlich.
+- <one>Which poliovirus type</one> <two>has been eradicated</two>? <one>Type 2 poliovirus</one>.
+- Ausser möglicher Krankheitssymptome bei der <one>aktiven Immunisierung</one>, nenne einen weiteren möglichen Nachteil. A: Die aktive Immunisierung dauert einige Zeit, und muss daher <one>zeitkonform</one> durchgeführt werden.
+- <one>How many documented species of viruses</one> <two>have been described</two>, in 2016? About <one>3000</one>.
+- Das <one>Influenza-Genom</one> hat am <two>3' Ende</two> <three>welche drei Proteine komplexiert</three>? (1) <one>PB1-Protein</one> (2) <one>PB2-Protein</one> (3) <one>PA-Protein</one>
+- What does <one>virus interference</one> mean? This is <one>a phenomenon</one> in which infection with one virus interferes with subsequent infection by another virus.
+- Are <one>Langerhans cells</one> <two>activated by HPV capsid entry</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- <one>Which protein</one> from the <two>Influenza virus</two> limits the Interferon-production? The <one>NS1-protein</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Zelltypen</one> die der <two>Herpes simplex virus 1</two> (HSV-1) infiziert. A: (1) <one>Epithelzellen</one> (2) <one>Neuronen</one>
+- Andere (systematische) Bezeichnung für das <one>Epstein-Barr Virus</one>? <one>Human Herpesvirus 4</one> (<two>HHV4</two>).
+- In <one>icosahedral viruses</one>: <two>how does the genome enter the procapsid</two>? <one>Through a channel</one> located at a site that will become one of the vertices of the icosahedron.
+- In der klinischen Virologie: <one>wie mögen wir eine Reinfektion mit Poliovirus bemerken</one>? Durch einen <one>Wiederanstieg der Antikörperkonzentration</one>.
+- Give <one>two specific examples</one> where viruses are employed as <two>pestizides</two>. A: (1) <one>Baculoviren</one>:  control <two>insects</two>. (2) <one>Myxoma virus</one>: control <two>rabbits</two>.
+- <one>Every</one> <two>RNA</two> <one>virus</one>, no matter how small its genome is, <three>must always encode for which particular protein</three>? For a <one>RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase</one>.
+- Name <one>two satellite viruses</one> that <two>can be found in animals</two>. A: (1) <one>Hepatitis delta virus</one> (2) <one>Adeno-associated virus</one>
+- <one>How</one> can some <two>viruses</two> attach to microtubules? They have sequences that allow them to attach to microtubules.
+- <two>Where</two> may we find <one>HIV-2</one>? In <one>western Africa</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV#HIV-2
+- <one>An eukaryotic virus</one> <two>must attach to a cell surface molecule</two>. <three>How do we usually call this molecule</three>? The <one>cellular receptor</one>.
+- Why the name <one>ambiviruses</one>? Because <one>their genome is a</one> <two>ssRNA</two> <one>genome</one>, half of which is in the plus-orientation, and the other half being in the minus orientation.
+- The <one>first IRES sequence</one> was discovered in 1988, in the lab of Nahum Sonenberg. Which viral RNA contained this sequence? The <one>Poliovirus RNA</one>.
+- Was ist das <one>Virioplankton</one>? <one>Alle im Wasser schwebenden Viren</one>. In der Ökologie spricht man von allen Viren in aquatischen Ökosystemen. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC98987/
+- Which five <one>Virus-Orders</one> exist? (1) <one>Caudovirales</one> (2) <one>Herpesvirales</one> (3) Mononegavirales (4) <one>Nidovirales</one> (5) <one>Picornavirales</one>
+- In einem Milliliter Meerwasser finden wir wieviele Viruspartikel? Etwa <one>10 Millionen</one> (<two>10 ** 1⁰</two>).
+- <one>Welches zelluläre Gen</one> trägt ein <two>Flavivirus</two>? Das <one>Gen für die Synthese von Ubiquitin</one>.
+- A <one>virus</one> is an organism with two phases. What is meant with this? (1) a Virion, which is <one>the infectious particle</one> (2) an infected cell, which is used for the virus to replicate
+- Are <one>Arboviruses</one> a <two>polyphyletic group</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbovirus
+- Give another name for <one>viral sex</one>. A: <one>Genetic reassortment</one>.
+- Why is the <one>3'-ntr</one> required in the <two>Poliovirus</two> genome? This area is necessary for the <one>synthesis of negative-strand RNA</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir die <one>Ausbeute</one> in der normalen Virusproduktion? <one>Burst size</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_Size
+- Bezogen auf das <two>HI-Virus</two>: was heisst <one>CFRs</one>? <one>Circulating recombinant forms</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6378278/
+- Welche <one>drei mögliche Orientierungen</one> kann <two>ein virales Genom</two> haben? (1) <one>positiv</one> (2) <one>negativ</one> (3) <one>ambisense</one>
+- The French microbiologist <one>Charles Chamberland</one> invented <two>the Chamberland filters</two>, which had pore sizes smaller than bacteria, thus we could filter away bacteria. Since what year? Since the year <one>1884</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Vertreter</one> der <two>Filoviridae</two>. A: (1) <one>Ebola virus</one> (2) <one>Marburg virus</one>
+- In order to <one>treat hepatocellular carcinoma</one>, we use <two>sorafenib</two>. What type of drug is it? It is a <one>multi-kinase inhibitor</one>.
+- There exists an ongoing debate as to <one>whether viruses are living or non-living</one>. Can we give another example, also from biology, that may provide additional cues for the answer to this question? Yes - <one>bacterial spores</one>. These are <two>metabolically inert</two>, yet are not considered to be nonliving.
+- The <one>eclipse phase of a virus</one> includes <two>two important periods</two>. Name them. A: (1) the <one>adsorption period</one> (2) the <one>maturation period</one>
+- <one>Warum</one> gelten <two>rekombinante Baculoviren</two> als sicher? Da sie ihre Gene nicht in andere als in Invertebraten-Zellen integrieren können.
+- <one>Durchmesser</one> der <two>Rhinoviren</two> (von-bis)? <one>25-30nm</one>.
+- <one>Largest RNA viruses in bp</one> + Example? <one>32.000 bp</one>, found in <two>coronaviruses</two>, like the SARS virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus
+- Give an example for <one>a viral protein that can inhibit p53</one>. A: <one>HPV E6</one>.
+- <one>Delavirdin</one> wirkt gegen <two>HIV</two>. Wie schafft es dies? <one>Delavirdin</one> bindet an die große Untereinheit der reversen Transkriptase, und hemmt dadurch deren Aktivität.
+- The <one>human rhinovirus genome</one> contains <two>how many basepairs</two>? This ssRNA virus has approximately <one>7.200 bp</one>.
+- Nenne drei Mitglieder von Flavivirus. A: (1) <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> (2) yellow fever virus (3) tick-borne encephalitis virus
+- The <one>Herpes simples virus type I</one> (<two>HSV-1</two>) makes use of which cellular molecule for attachment? <one>Heparan sulphate</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparan_sulfate
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>live</one> und <one>killed</one> virus particles? (1) <one>live</one>   = infectious (2) <one>killed</one> = <two>non-infectious</two>
+- <one>Human Rhinoviruses</one> belong to which genus? They belong to the <one>genus Enterovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterovirus
+- Wie nennen wir den <one>Impfvirus</one> und den <one>Wildtypvirus</one> lateinisch? (1) <one>Impfvirus</one>:    <two>virus fixe</two> (2) <one>Wildtypvirus</one>: <two>virus de rue</two>
+- The <one>Rhinovirus</one> belongs to which genus? It belongs to the genus <one>Enterovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterovirus
+- Wieviele <one>Influenza HA-Subtypen</one> sind bekannt? <one>18</one>. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/influenza-a-virus-subtypes.htm
+- The <one>diameter of coronaviruses particles</one> is about <two>n nm</two>? About <one>120 nm</one>.
+- Beschreibe kurz die <one>Aufgabe</one> von <two>Hämagglutinin</two> und <two>Neuraminidase</two> bei Influenza. A: (1) <one>Hämagglutinin</one> heftet das Virus an den zellulären Rezeptor (2) <one>Neuraminidase</one> hilft bei der Freisetzung des Virus aus der Zelle
+- Sometimes <one>a virion may include enzymes</one>. Some of these enzymes are necessary for the virus life-cycle, but another group of enzymes that is quite important, is tasked with ... ? Modulation of cellular physiology and the cellular immune system.
+- The <one>HIV-1 Vpr protein</one> has <two>how many amino acids</two>? The <one>Vpr protein</one> contains <two>96 amino acids</two>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Gründe</one> wieso das Leben der Virologen schwerer ist als das der Bakteriologen. A: (1) Viren sind obligate, intrazellulare Parasiten, daher ist der Nachweis von Viren oft schwieriger. (2) Zudem sind Viren <one>kleiner</one> als Bakterien.
+- Welche Zellen infiziert <one>HSV-1</one> (<two>Herpes simplex virus 1</two>)? (1) <one>Epithelzellen</one> (2) <one>Neuronen</one>
+- Name <one>three problems of antiviral therapy</one>. A: (1) viral infection is detected too late in the course of disease (2) there is a massive proliferation and an overwhelming intervention by viruses (3) <one>viruses can evolve rapidly</one>, due to the high mutation rate of viral nucleic acid polymerases
+- Finden wir in jedem <one>Cervixkarzinom</one> ein Papillomavirusgenom in integrierter Form? Nein; <one>zumindest nicht in einer nachweisbaren Form</one>.
+- Der <one>Hepatitis-B-Virus</one> hat <two>n verschiedene Genotypen</two>? <one>8</one>; <two>A-H</two>.
+- In regards to the <one>Ebola Virus</one>: <two>how are humans infected</two>? This is a classic zoonosis: there is typically <one>contact with an animal carcass</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>a viral gene with lots of introns</one>. A: <two>Gene K15</two> of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesivurs. This gene contains <one>has 7 introns</one>.
+- Why does <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> have <two>a lipoprotein coat</two>? This coat is useful for <one>entry into hepatocytes</one>.
+- <one>Welches adenovirale Protein</one> dient während des Zusammenbaus der Hexon-Capsomere als Scaffold-Protein? Das adenovirale Protein <one>L4-100KD</one>.
+- <one>David Vetter</one>, the famous <two>bubble-boy</two>, died due to which virus ultimately? The <one>Epstein-Barr</one> virus.
+- How many people die per year in the USA because of <one>Influenza</one>? <one>36.000</one>.
+- Name a virus group with a <one>brick-shaped virion</one>. A: <one>Poxviridae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poxviridae
+- <one>Which virus</one> causes the <two>Kaposi sarcoma</two>? A <one>herpesvirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma#Cause
+- Nenne <one>zwei endozytotische Mechanismen</one> von Viren und jeweils einen Vertreter hierzu. A: (1) <one>Caveolin</one> mit <two>SV40</two> als Vertreter (2) <one>Clathrin</one> mit <two>Adenovirus</two> als Vertreter.
+- What is <one>the average diameter of a parvovirus</one> (give only one value)? <one>20nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvoviridae#Unterfamilie_Parvovirinae
+- Name <one>a virus-centric database</one> that begins with the letter <two>'V'</two>. A: The <one>VIPER database</one>.
+- Das <one>Maul-und-Klauenseuche-Virus</one> (<two>foot and mouth disease</two>) gehört zu welcher Familie? <one>Picornaviridae</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maul-und-Klauenseuche-Virus
+- In virology: what is the <one>CFR</one>? This is the <one>Case Fatality Rate</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate
+- Name a specific virus that can cause <one>viral hemorrhagic fevers</one> in humans. A: The <one>Marburg virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_virus
+- <one>In welcher Phase</one> liegen extrazellulär keine infektiösen Viren vor? In der <one>Latenzperiode</one>.
+- Name <two>one common complication</two> seen in people affected by <one>influenza</one>. A: <one>Pneumonia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia
+- Aside from <one>influenza</one>, name <two>four viruses</two> that can be transmitted from animals to humans. A: (1) <one>yellow fever virus</one> (2) <one>tick-borne encephalitis virus</one> (3) <one>rabies virus</one> (4) <one>ebola virus</one>
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>TCID</one>? <one>Tissue Culture Infectious Dose</one>. URL: https://www.zeomic.co.jp/en/glossary/virus/71
+- <one>When</one> was <two>smallpox</two> eradicated? In <one>1977</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#History
+- Provide <one>two examples</one> for a <one>satellite virus</one> in small viruses. A: (1) <one>hepatitits delta virus</one> (2) <one>adeno-associated virus</one>
+- The <one>Hepatitis delta virus</one>, <two>as a satellite virus</two>, requires which other virus as its helper virus? The <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>.
+- <one>Dendritic cells</one> can <two>process protein antigens</two> by <three>which two pathways</three>? (1) <one>exogeneous</one> (2) <one>endogeneous</one>
+- Why the name <one>Pandora</one> in Pandoravirus? They are from the <one>Pandora box</one>, which is not a box but a flask; and the Pandoravirus are <two>flask-like in shape</two>.
+- Say that we can observe <one>a random, helical animal virus</one>. What can we further assume about such a virus, structure-wise? That this virus will most likely have <one>a lipid envelope</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> in etwa wurde das <two>Influenza-Virus</two> entdeckt (+/- 5 Jahre sind ok)? Im Jahre <one>1933</one>.
+- Name <one>three viruses</one> that <two>can cause long-term infections</two>, aside from the HI-Virus. A: (1) Hepatitis B virus (2) Hepatitis C virus (3) Herpes simplex virus type I
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>einfachen Retroviren</one>. A: Das <one>avian leukosis virus</one>.
+- <one>Picornaviruses</one> contain <two>n protomers</two> and <two>n structural proteins</two>? <one>60 Protomers</one> and <two>4 structural proteins</two> (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4).
+- Give a strong example of <one>a human virus able to cause a specific cancer</one>. A: The <one>human papillomaviruses</one>, which can cause <two>cervical cancer</two>.
+- In virology: <one>BSL4</one> stands for ... ? <one>Biosafety Level-4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4
+- Name a <one>DNA-virus with a circular genome</one>. A: The <one>DNA hepatitis B virus</one>.
+- <one>CoV</one> (Coronavirus) may contain <two>PRRAR</two> in their genome. What does this stand for? <one>Polybasic cleavage site</one>.
+- Bei <one>Influenza</one>: welche zwei <two>Hämagglutinin-Subtypen</two> sind die Erreger der klassischen Geflügelpest? <one>H5</one> und <one>H7</one>.
+- Why might we conclude that <one>dHerelle</one> was not the brightest scientist? Because he favoured the hypothesis that <one>only one phage attacked all bacteria</one>.
+- Name a virus with an <one>internal lipid membrane</one>. A: <one>Iridovirus</one>.
+- Most <one>HPV virions</one> appear to enter the cell via a ... endocytic mechanism. A: <one>Clathrin-dependent endocytic mechanism</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>viruscodiertes Enzym</one> beginnend mit dem Buchstaben <two>T</two> ...? Die <one>Thymidinkinase</one>.
+- <one>Herpesviren</one>: Durchseuchungsrate (des Menschen), in Prozent? <one>95%</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>cryptic virus</one>? This refers to <one>a virus that has lost the ability to leave its host genome</one>.
+- How does <one>HIV gp120</one> <three>protect itself against antibodies</three>? (1) <one>glycan shield</one> (2) <one>molecular occlusion</one> (3) <one>conformational masking</one>
+- Was bedeutet der Begriff <one>Quasispecies</one> in der Virologie? Die Nachkommen eines RNA-Virus sind <one>eine Population aus sehr nahe verwandten Sequenzen</one>, die aufgrund mangelnder Proofreading-Aktivität entstehen.
+- <one>The first discovery of a coronavirus</one>, <two>IBV</two> (Avian coronavirus), occurred in which year? <one>1931</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_coronavirus
+- <one>Which person</one> coined the term <two>bacteriophage</two>? <one>Felix d'Herelle</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_d%27H%C3%A9relle
+- Name one cellular molecule used by the <one>rabies virus</one> for attachment. A: <one>Acetyl-choline receptor</one>.
+- Das <one>Hepatitis-Delta-Virus</one> Genom umfasst n Nucleotide? ~1700.
+- Woher kommt der Name <one>Norovirus</one>? Vom <one>Norwalk Virus</one>, der auch zugleich der einzige Vertreter in diesem Genus ist.
+- The <one>smallest, nondefective animal virus genome</one> can be found in which virus? <one>Circovirus</one>.
+- Das <one>West-Nil-Virus</one> ist seit welchem Jahr bekannt? <one>1937</one>.
+- Name a <one>multicellular change</one> that may be induced by/after a viral infection. A: <one>Syncytium formation</one> - aka <two>fusion of cell</two> events.
+- Name a major difference between <one>bacterial</one> and <one>animal viruses</one>. A: <one>Animal viruses</one> have <two>a longer growth cycle</two>, at about 5-15 hours for completion.
+- What is <one>the most important requirement for a virion</one> (aside from containing the genome)? A virion must be a <one>stable structure</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>DNA Transposons</one>? <one>Class 2 Transposons</one>.
+- Gibt es einen allgemeinen Unterschied zwischen <one>DNA Viren</one> und <one>RNA Viren</one>, mit Ausnahme der Genom-Grösse? <one>DNA-Viren</one> verwenden häufig <two>zelluläre Polymerase</two>, <one>RNA-Viren</one> kodieren häufig für ihre <one>eigene Polymerase</one>.
+- Wieso mutagenisieren wir einen Virus bei genau <one>32 Grad Celsius</one>? Weil wir hier auf <one>temperatur-sensitive Viren</one> selektieren, die im oberen respiratorischen Trakt, aber nicht im unteren respiratorischen Trakt wachsen können.
+- Are <one>viruses</one> killers? Not quite so; <one>they have not made their hosts extinct after all</one>.
+- Nenne 6 <one>Übertragungsmechanismen der Viren</one> (primär zwischen Menschen)! A: (1) <one>oral-fäkal</one> (2) <two>Mutter-Kind</two> (3) respiratorisch (4) Hautbarriere durchbrechen (5) Kontakt mit Urin (6) allgemein Körperkontakt zu anderen Menschen
+- Nenne <one>eine Virusgruppe</one> die fäkal-oral übertragen wird und die zu schweren Durchfallerkrankungen führen kann. A: Die <one>Noroviren</one>.
+- <one>Which virus</one> is described as the <two>winter virus</two> typically? The <one>Influenza virus</one>.
+- Which <one>body fluids</one> are important for viruses? (1) <one>blood</one> (2) <one>semen</one> (3) <one>saliva</one> (4) <one>respiratory fluids</one> (5) <one>feces</one>
+- The <one>poliovirus genome</one> contains the <two>VPg protein</two>, at which of its ssRNA-end? At its <one>5' end</one>.
+- Können <two>Viren</two> <one>vergesellschaftet</one> sein? Ja, das <one>Mimi-Virus</one> hat einen Satelliten-Virus der nur 1/10 so gross ist wie das Mimi-Virus und <two>Sputnik</two> genannt wird.
+- The <one>Tobacco mosaic virus</one> (TMV) capsid is constructed using a single type of <two>protomer</two>. How many amino acids does this <two>protomer</two> have? <one>159 amino acids</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_597750.1
+- Nenne einen Nucleotidanalogen Hemmstoff der <one>HIV-Revertase</one>. A: <one>Aciclovir</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Maul und Klauenseuche Virus</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1896</one>.
+- Nenne ein Medikament das gegen den <one>Herpes simplex virus</one> eingesetzt werden kann. A: <one>Acyclovir</one> (auch <one>Aciclovir</one> genannt). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir
+- <two>An welchem Virus</two> wurde <one>das Phänomen der Interferenz</one> entdeckt? <one>Gelbfiebervirus</one>.
+- <one>Welche Person</one> entwickelte das <two>Konzept der Viren</two>? <one>Martinus Beijerinck</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck
+- Welchen Vorteil hat das CRISPR-System gegenüber RNAi in der <one>natürlichen Umgebung</one>? RNAi funktioniert nur gegen RNA-Viren, CRISPR hingegen funktioniert sowohl gegen RNA- als auch DNA-Viren.
+- In <one>sea water</one>: how many virions may we find per millileter? About <one>9x 10 ** 8 virions per milliliter</one>.
+- The <one>semliki forest virus</one> belongs to which group? The semliki forest virus belongs to the <one>Togaviruses</one>.
+- Wieso wirkt <one>Ganciclovir</one> gegen Herpesviren? <one>Herpesviren</one> besitzen eine <two>Thymidinkinase</two>, die Ganciclovir phosphoryliert.
+- Name <two>three different diseases</two> caused by the <one>Picornaviruses</one>. A: (1) <one>Polio</one> (2) <one>foot-and-mouth disease</one> (3) <one>common cold</one>
+- Die bei <one>Rindern</one> tödlich verlaufende Krankheit <two>mucosal disease</two> wird von welchem Virus hervorgerufen? Von einem <one>Flavivirus</one>.
+- Warum wollen wir bei einer <one>Tier-Herde</one> immer den gesamten Bestand impfen? Da wir so den <one>Infektionsdruck</one> senken können.
+- <three>Wann</three> wurde erstmals gezeigt das <one>Warzen</one> durch infektiöse Agenzien hervorgerufen werden können, wie zum Beispiel durch <two>Papillomaviren</two>? Im Jahre <one>1894</one>, durch Variot. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299882055_Genitale_Infektionen_mit_humanen_Papillomviren_HPV_und_genitale_Tumoren_Diagnostische_Uberlegungen
+- <two>Biosafety Level 4</two>: nenne einen Virus hier, der mit dem Buchstaben <one>L</one> beginnt. A: Das <one>Lassa virus</one>.
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>membrane fusion</two> used by viruses. A: (1) pH-independent fusion (2) acid triggered fusion
+- What do we mean with an <one>acute infection</one>? This refers to a rapid production of infectious virions, followed by rapid elimination of the infection.
+- Give an example for a <one>Togavirus</one>. A: The <one>Rubella virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella
+- Das <one>VPg bei Poliovirus</one> hat n AA? <one>22 AA</one>.
+- Historic name for <one>rabies</one>? <one>Hydrophobia</one> (<two>fear of water</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde die Struktur des <two>Influenza HA-Komplexes</two> durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt? <one>1981</one>.
+- Name <one>a plant virus</one> that has a DNA genome. A: <one>Cauliflower mosaic virus</one>.
+- What exactly are <one>arboviruses</one>? These are viruses that have a life cycle alternating between an <one>insect vector</one> and a <one>vertebrate host</one>.
+- The <one>HPV capsid</one> consists of <two>how many different structural proteins</two>? <two>Two</two>: the <one>major protein L1</one> and the <one>minor capsid protein L2</one>.
+- Give <one>a term for RNA viruses</one> that explicitly exclude the <two>retroviruses</two>. A: <one>Riboviruses</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboviria
+- <one>Wo</one> innerhalb der Zelle replizieren die <two>Rhabdoviren</two>? <two>Rhabdoviren</two> <one>replizieren innerhalb des Cytoplasmas einer Zelle</one>.
+- Give two specific examples, where the <one>hammerhead ribozyme</one> could be found. A: (1) In <one>plant viroids</one> (2) In <one>satellite RNAs of plant RNA viruses</one>
+- Name <one>two viruses that are released from lesions</one>. A: (1) the <one>herpes simplex virus</one> (2) the <one>food and mouth disease virus</one>
+- The sequence <one>Gly-Asp-Asp</one> in a virus may indicate ...? <one>RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity</one>.
+- Die <one>cre-Rekombinase</one> aus <two>P1</two> bindet an? <one>loxP Sequenzen</one>.
+- <one>Prionen</one> sind vermutlich Erreger der ... ? <one>Spongiformen Encephalopathien</one>.
+- <one>Which virus</one> can provoke a <two>Burkitts lymphoma</two>? The <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one>.
+- What is a <one>tegument</one>? This is <one>a cluster of proteins</one> that lines the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid, of all <two>herpesvirus</two>. URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Viral_Tegument.svg
+- Nenne <one>drei Anforderungen an ein Vakzin</one>. A: (1) Hervorrufen höchstens milder Symptome (2) Stimulation einer effektiven und lang andauernden Immunität (3) <one>genetische Stabilität</one>
+- <two>Durchmesser</two> des <one>Influenza-Virions</one>, in etwa? <one>100 nm</one>.
+- Name one famous theory of <one>capsid design</one>. A: The <one>Caspar-Klug theory</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Caspar
+- Name two cellular molecules used by viruses to enter a eukaryotic cell. A: (1) <one>ICAM-1</one> (Intracellular adhesion molecule 1) by human rhinoviruses (2) Integrins, used by the <two>foot-and-mouth disease virus</two>
+- The genome of the <one>Influenza A virus</one> encodes for <two>n genes</two>? <one>11</one>.
+- Give an example in <one>E. coli</one> of a two-component abortive infection system. A: The <one>Rex system</one>.
+- What are <one>simple retroviruses</one>? These are retroviruses that have a fairly simple lifestyle, characterized by the presence of at most one coding region in addition to those encoding the common virion proteins encoded by gag, pro, pol, and env.
+- <two>Wann</two> konnte <one>Iwanowski</one> indirekt TMV nachweisen? <one>1892</one>.
+- Why does <one>Herpes simplex</one> virus code for its own <two>thymidine kinase</two>? The virus cannot grow in neural cells because they are not proliferating (not making DNA). Although purine/pyrimidines are present, levels of phosphorylated nucleosides are low. Allows virus to grow in cells that are not making DNA. "Thymidine kinase" is a misnomer - the name should actually be <one>Deoxynucleoside kinase</one>.
+- <two>Wann</two> gab es <one>in Deutschland das erste Impfgesetz</one>? <one>1874</one>.
+- Was für ein Genom haben die <one>Flaviviridae</one>? <one>(+)ssRNA</one>, <two>linear</two>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Poliovirus</two> erstmals (künstlich) synthetisiert? <one>2002</one>.
+- Vergleiche wieviel Energie von einer Zelle ein Phage, und ein Tiervirus wie Influenza, von dieser Zelle abzieht, in Prozent. Erkläre den Unterschiede hierbei. A: Tierische Zellen produzieren mehr Energie, und sind auch grösser, somit ziehen die Viren nicht so viel Energie ab, in %, verglichen zu einer bakteriellen Zelle. (1) <one>Bakteriophagen</one>:    40-50% der Energie der Zelle. (2) <one>Influenza</one>:     <two>1% der Energie der Zelle</two>.
+- Zu welcher Familie gehört das <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>? Zur <one>Hepadnavirus-Familie</one>.
+- What is the <one>host range of a virus</one>? The host range of a virus is <one>the spectrum of host cells that virus can infect</one>.
+- <two>Adults</two> infected with <one>Hepatitis A</one> usually develop ... ? <one>Jaundice</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice
+- Warum sind <one>WT Retroviren</one> gefährlich? Sie <one>können in Gene inserieren</one>.
+- We may encounter <one>hydrophobic sequences</one> in a given <two>virus</two>. This may indicate? <one>Membrane association</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>nicht-umhüllten RNA Virus</one>. A: Der <one>Poliovirus</one>.
+- Why may it be <one>harder</one> to work with <two>plant viruses</two> than with <two>animal viruses</two>? Their study sometimes requires the whole plant.
+- Gibt es einen <one>Impfstoff</one> gegen das Epstein-Barr Virus? Nein.
+- Can <one>AAV</one> infect <two>non-dividing cells</two>? Yes. <one>It can infect neurons in the brain</one>, for instance.
+- <one>When</one> are both viral and bacterial transcripts made (+ specific example)? In a <one>nonlytic-bacteriophage</one> such as <two>M13</two>.
+- What was <one>the fatality rate of Variolation</one>, in percent? <one>1-2%</one>.
+- Nenne einen grundsätzlichen Unterschied im <one>Virenbefall</one> zwischen <two>Prokaryoten</two> und <two>Eukaryoten</two>. A: Das Virusgenom dringt in die bakterielle Zelle ein, die Proteinhülle bleibt außerhalb des Wirts. Bei den Viren, die eukaryote Zellen befallen, wird das gesamte Virus durch Endocytose aufgenommen. Die Trennung von der Proteinhülle findet im Wirt statt.
+- <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde das <two>Tabakmosaikvirus</two> zuerst entdeckt? <one>1892</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus#Geschichte
+- The <one>poliovirus</one> uses which cellular receptor? <one>CD155</one>.
+- Was ist ein <one>kryptisches Virus</one>? Dies ist <one>ein Virus welches die Fähigkeit verloren hat, seine Wirtszelle verlassen zu können</one>.
+- What is the basic statement that the <one>error threshold</one> concept postulates, in virology? <one>Too many mutations lead to a non-viable virus</one>.
+- Warum war es mitunter tragisch das die PCR-Methode zu empfindlich war, im Zuge der <one>SARS-Epidemie</one> in Hong Kong? Da einige Personen gesund waren - <one>sich im Krankenhaus jedoch mit dem SARS Virus infizierten</one>.
+- Minimale und maximale Virion-Grösse (Angabe in nm)? (1) <one>Min</one>: <two>Parvovirus</two>  <three>18 nm</three>. (2) <one>Max</one>: <two>Mimivirus</two>  <three>400 nm</three>.
+- Wie behandeln wir <one>Herpes-simplex</one>? Mittels <one>Aciclovir</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir
+- Was ist Influenza-C <one>HEF</one>? Das ist ein <one>Hämagglutinin-Esterase Fusionsprotein</one>.
+- Die mit einer <three>HPV-Erkrankung</three> verbunden örtliche Verdickung der Haut bei einer <one>Warze</one>, ist worauf zurückzuführen, klinisch betrachtet? Auf die <one>Induktion lokaler Zellproliferationen</one>.
+- Was demonstrierte <one>Andre Lwoff</one> in Paris? Die Existenz eines viralen Genoms in einem Prophagen.
+- What is <one>scrapie</one>? A disease of sheep and goats that has been known since a long time.
+- Name the most famous virus that can be used to <one>fuse eukaryotic cells</one>. A: The <one>Sendai Virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_respirovirus
+- The genome of the <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> is ... ? A <one>positive ssRNA genome</one> (<one>+ssRNA Genome</one>).
+- <one>AIDS</one> hat man, per Definition, bei ... ? Weniger als <one>200 T-Helferzellen pro Mikroliter Blut</one>.
+- The <one>Picornavirus</one> belong to what Baltimore class? IV.
+- Which protein of the <one>Sendai Virus</one> is responsible for the fusion process? The <one>F protein</one>.
+- Name the <one>most prominent virus</one> that has a <two>thymidine kinase</two> gene. A: The <one>herpes simplex</one> virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus
+- Nenne einen <one>Virus</one>, der nur beim Menschen gefunden werden kann. A: Das <one>Masernvirus</one>.
+- Name <one>two viruses</one> that <two>can cause hemagglutination</two>. A: (1) the <one>Influenza Virus</one> (2) the <one>measles virus</one>
+- <one>Who</one> is the governing body für the Taxonomy of Viruses? The <one>ICTV</one>, the <two>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses
+- The <one>mammalian hepadnavirus</one> uses which sequence for its <two>polyadenylation signal</two>? <one>TATAAA</one> (which is also a TATA box!).
+- <two>Wo</two> repliziert ein <one>Viroid</one>? Im <one>Zellkern der Wirtszelle</one>.
+- Wann wurde das <one>Tabakmosakivirus</one> erstmals <two>kristallisiert</two>? Im Jahre <one>1935</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus
+- <one>An Icosahedron</one> has <two>n axis of rotational symmetry</two>? (1) <one>5-fold</one> (2) <one>3-fold</one> (3) <one>2-fold</one>
+- What means the term <one>RNA Quasispecies</one>? <one>RNA from inaccurate reproduction</one> is NOT an ensemble of identical molecules!
+- What does the abbreviation <one>PP2A</one> stand for? <one>Protein phosphatase 2A</one>.
+- Nenne drei verschiedene Möglichkeiten der <one>viralen Veränderung</one>. A: (1) <one>Mutationen</one> (2) <one>Rekombination</one> (3) <one>Reassortment</one>
+- <one>HPV16</one> and HPV18: name two cancers associated with these two serotypes. A: (1) <one>cervical carcinoma</one> (2) <one>anal     carcinoma</one>
+- The <one>Sendai virus</one> uses which initiation codon? <one>ACG</one>.
+- Is <one>successful entry of a virion</one> the most important step? No, the virus could be inactivated still, before replication, through <one>lysosomal enzymes</one> for instance.
+- <one>How many people worldwide</one> are infected with <two>Hepatitis B</two>? About <one>two billion people</one>.
+- Name an <one>antiviral mechanism</one> that can be found in both animals and plants. A: RNA interference (RNAi). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference
+- Give two examples for which viral nucleic acid does not code for. A: (1) <one>mitochondria</one> (2) <one>ribosomes</one>
+- Unterscheidung der <one>ssRNA-Viren</one>? <one>+ Strang</one> und <one>- Strang</one>.
+- Was ist das <one>Post-Polio Syndrom</one>? Symptome die erst <one>15-40 Jahre</one> nach der ursprünglichen Polioerkrankung auftreten.
+- Die häufigsten Verursacher von Magen-Darm-Erkrankungen bei den Viren, insbesondere beim Dünndarm, ist/sind ... ? Die <one>Noroviren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus
+- Name <one>three different enzymes</one> that could be found in a <two>retroviral virion</two>. A: (1) <one>reverse transcriptase</one> (2) <one>integrase</one> (3) <one>protease</one>
+- <one>Oseltamivir</one> kann gegen welchen Virus eingesetzt werden? Gegen den <one>Influenza virus</one>.
+- What does the term <one>orphaned virus</one> mean? When a virus can no longer find susceptible host cells, usually because these host cells are no longer existing, perhaps even extinct.
+- Provide <two>5</two> examples for <one>body fluids</one> where we can find viruses and give one example each. A: (1) blood: hepatitis B virus (2) faeces: poliovirus (3) semen: HIV-1 (4) <one>respiratory droplets</one>: <two>Influenza A</two> (5) <one>saliva</one>: <two>Eppstein-Barr virus</two>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für das <one>Warzenvirus</one>? <one>Papovaviren</one>. Stimmt aber wohl nicht ganz, das wurde getrennt in <two>Papillomaviridae</two> und <two>Polyomaviridae</two>.
+- <one>Wo</one> im menschlichen Körper vermehren sich <two>Polioviren</two>? Im lymphatischen Gewebe des Darms.
+- An <one>icosahedron</one> contains <two>how many pentamers</two>? <one>60</one>.
+- Why do we require <one>two injections of killed viruses</one>? So that they provide <one>a primary</one> and then <one>a secondary immune response</one>.
+- The genome size of the <one>African swine fever virus</one> is about ... ? About <one>170-190 kbp</one>.
+- Nenne einen Virus der <one>transovarial transmission</one> verwendet. A: Der <one>yellow fever virus</one>, in Mosquitos.
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> has sufficient affinity to <two>ACE2</two> receptors. <two>ACE2</two> stands for ... ? <one>Angiotensin converting enzyme 2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Virus, bei dem wir <one>negrische Einschluss-Körperchen</one> sehen mögen. A: Bei den <one>Rhabdoviren</one>.
+- Name the <two>two distinct infectious particles</two> of the <one>Poxvirus</one>. A: (1) the <one>intracellular mature virion</one> (MV) (2) the <one>extracellular virion</one> (EV)
+- What does <one>Rubella</one> mean? It comes from latin and means <one>little red</one>.
+- Besitzen <one>Flaviviren</one> eine IRES Struktur? Nein.
+- Die <one>Oberfläche eines Stecknadelkopfes</one> bietet n Rhinoviren Platz? <one>Fünfhundert Millionen</one> (<one>500 Millionen</one>).
+- Wer genau besitzt <one>v-onc Gene</one>? <one>Akut transformierende Retroviren</one>.
+- Name one <one>inhibitor of Neuraminidase</one>. A: <one>Tamiflu</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir
+- The <one>NDV virus</one> is ... ? The <one>Newcastle Disease Virus</one>.
+- In general, what is meant with the term <one>satellite virus</one>? These are <two>viruses that are unable to replicate</two>, unless the host cell is also infected with a so-called <one>helper virus</one>.
+- Name <one>a virus that is transported via microtubules</one>. A: The <one>Vaccinia virion</one>.
+- We have <one>isolated a new viruse</one> and now we wish to determine whether this virus is a <two>RNA virus</two> or a <two>DNA virus</two>. How can we proceed? We can employ a <one>ribonuclease</one> and a <one>deoxyribonuclease</one>, and thus <two>test the susceptibility of our material at hand to these enzymes</two>.
+- Wer oder was überträgt am häufigsten <one>Gelbfieber</one> - also das <one>Gelbfiebervirus</one>? <one>Mosquitos</one>.
+- The genome of <one>Rubella-virus</one> is? A <one>ssRNA of positive polarity</one> (enclosed by an <two>icosahedral capsid</two>).
+- Name <two>a virus</two> that has a <one>Cyclophin</one>. A: The <one>HI-Virus</one>.
+- Schlussfolgerung: Ein Virus der im test tube <one>self-assembly</one> zeigt ... A: ... wird dies wahrscheinlich auch in der Zelle zeigen (<one>in-vivo</one>).
+- Name the three known subtypes of <one>human influenza viruses</one>. A: (1) <one>H1N1</one> (2) <one>H1N2</one> (3) <one>H3N2</one>
+- A <one>viral genome</one> can be in which of 3 (physical) forms? Give an example for each. A: (1) <one>circular</one>: Polyoma (2) "linear":    Adeno (3) "segmented": Influenza
+- Name the <one>four possible types of polymerases</one>. A: (1) <one>RNA-dependent DNA polymerases</one> (2) <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerases</one> (3) <one>DNA-dependent DNA polymerases</one> (4) <one>DNA-dependent RNA polymerases</one>
+- Das <one>HPV-Genom</one> kodiert für das <two>E1 Protein</two>. Dieses Protein hat Ähnlichkeiten zu welch anderem viralen Protein? Zum grossen T-Antigen von SV40.
+- Beschreibe den <one>Lebenszyklus eines Retrovirus</one>. A: Beginn: Infektion der Wirtszelle. Danach erfolgt die Produktion einer DNA Kopie des RNA Genoms mit Hilfe der RevTranskriptase, Transport viraler DNA in den Zellkern, Integration der viralen DNA in das Wirtsgenom (ziemlich random), Transkription der viralen DNA in mRNA, gesteuert von einem starken Promoter in der 5 Strich LTR Sequenz, Translation von gag,pol env im Ctyoplasma, Produktion des Capsids das mit 2 RNA Strängen und einigen Molekülen RevTranskriptase, beladen wird, Freisetzung der Virionen durch <two>budding</two>.
+- Für die Entstehung von Krebs bei <one>HTLV-Infektionen</one> ist welches HTLV Protein wichtig? Das HTLV-1 Protein <one>Tax</one>.
+- What is the <one>human virome</one>? The <one>human virome</one> is the collection of <two>all the viruses in the human body</two>.
+- Die <one>Thogotoviren</one> besitzen n Genomsegmente? <one>6</one>.
+- Name an <one>awful virus</one> that attacks rabbits. A: <one>Myxomatosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxomatosis
+- <two>Wo</two> in einer Zelle replizieren die <one>Pockenviren</one>? Diese <two>DNA-Viren</two> replizieren <one>im Cytoplasma</one>.
+- Why are <one>nucleoside analog drugs</one> given in non-phosphorylated form? So that we can <one>get these drugs across the membrane</one>.
+- Der <one>Reovirus</one> besitzt n Gene? <one>22</one>.
+- The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> belongs to which Family? The <two>Hepatitis C virus</two> belongs to the <one>Flaviviridae</one>.
+- Name a <one>drug</one> that could be used against the influenza virus. A: <one>Tamiflu</one> - aka <two>seltamivir</two>.
+- Nenne einen Virus, der in zwei verschiedenen Wirten repliziert. A: Der <one>Alphavirus</one>: dieser Virus repliziert in <two>Mammalia</two> und in <two>Insekten</two>.
+- Für einen <one>pathogenen Virus</one>: welche 4 grundlegenden Wechselwirkungen sind mit dem Wirt möglich? Gib jeweils ein Beispiel an. A: Der <one>LACP Slogan</one>: (1) <two>latent</two>: <three>Herpes</three> (2) <two>akut</two>: <three>Masern</three> (3) chronisch: Hepatitis B (4) persistierend: Poliovirus
+- <one>Cidofovir</one> wird wo eingesetzt? Zur Behandlung von <two>Cytomegalie-Retinitis</two>, <one>bei AIDS-Patienten</one>.
+- The <two>satellite tobacco mosaic virus capsid</two> is about <one>n nm in diameter</one>? <one>17 nm</one> in diameter.
+- The <one>Russian Flu</one> occurred in which year, roughly? <one>1889</one>.
+- What are <one>metastabile particles</one>? These are particles that <one>have not yet reached their lowest energy level</one>.
+- In Virology: what do we mean with a <one>dead-end host</one>? This is a host where the virus can not continue its life-cycle. When this term is applied to humans, this means that in this case there will be no human-to-human transmission of said virus. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394705/
+- Why is the <one>smallpox virus</one> called <two>small</two>? So that it could be distinguished from the <one>great pox</one> (aka <two>syphilis</two>).
+- <one>Wieviele Pflanzenviren</one> wurden beschrieben? Etwa <one>1000</one>.
+- The receptor for the <one>Ebola Virus</one> is ...? <one>TIM-1</one>.
+- In der Virologie: wieso die Bezeichnung <one>Negativ-Färbung</one>? Weil hier <one>der Hintergrund eingefärbt wird</one>, und das Virus selbst relativ unberührt bleibt.
+- Name three ways/targets how a virion may become inactivated, by <one>damage to a particular component</one>. A: (1) surface protein (2) nucleic acid (3) internal protein
+- Die <one>HPV</one>/<one>Papillomaviren</one> haben das <two>L1-Protein</two> und das <two>L2-Protein</two>. Gib jeweils ein anderes Wort für diese beiden Proteine. A: (1) <one>L1-Protein</one>: <two>major capsid protein</two> (2) <one>L2-Protein</one>: <two>minor capsid protein</two>
+- Der <one>Influenza - GAU</one> wurde durch welchen Subtyp verursacht? <one>H5N1</one>.
+- What may be the relevance of <one>pseudoknots</one> found in some viruses? (1) <one>enzyme activity</one> (2) <one>ribosomal frameshifting</one>
+- The <one>largest known DNA viruses</one> <two>infect</two> <three>which target cell</three>? <one>Acanthamoeba</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoeba
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Patient-0</one>? Dies ist der erste Mensch der bei einer Epidemie ein Virus in sich trägt und auch sein direktes Umfeld ansteckt.
+- Minimaler Durchmesser der <one>Circoviren</one>? <one>16 nm</one>.
+- The <one>human papillomaviruses</one> use how many genome strands for transcription? Only <one>one</one>.
+- If <one>a pigeon</one> may walk in circles or look at the sky (<two>stargazing</two>), which viral infection may be the cause for this erratic behaviour? An infection with a <one>paramyxovirus</one>. URL: http://www.pigeon-aid.org.uk/pa/html/paramyxovirus__pmv_.php
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Reassortment</one> bei Viren? <one>Virus Sex</one>.
+- Why do many <one>DNA viruses</one> encode for a gene which influences the cell cycle? Because <one>a virus needs the S-phase for reproduction</one>, and most animal cells are in G1 or G0 phase.
+- <one>Human rhinovirus</one> consists of a single gene whose translated protein is cleaved by <two>virally encoded proteases</two>, into how many different proteins? <one>11</one>.
+- Merkslogan der 9 Genera bei den <one>Picornaviridae</one>? Entero, Rhino, Cardio, Kobu, Tescho, Aphtho, Parecho, Hepato, Erbo.
+- Ab wann sprechen wir, klinisch betrachtet, von <one>AIDS</one>? Ab einer Konzentration von <one>weniger als 400 Helferzellen pro ml Blut</one> (400 / ml).
+- Wie kann man <one>Tierviren quantifizieren</one>? Durch Bestimmen der <one>lethal dose</one>.
+- Beim <one>AIDS-Test</one>: was wird hier getan? Zuerst erfolgt ein ELISA, dann ein Western-Blot. Beide weisen Antikörper gegen HIV-Proteine nach.
+- <one>Wieviele Eckpunkte</one> hat ein <two>Adenovirus-Capsid</two>? <one>12</one>.
+- <one>Influenza</one> besitzt das <two>NEP</two>-Protein NS2. Was heisst <two>NEP</two>? <one>Nuclear Export Protein</one>.
+- Warum wird eine <one>chronische Infektion</one> häufiger bemerkt als eine <one>persistierende Infektion</one>? A: <one>Persistierende Infektionen</one> haben meistens einen niedrigeren Titer als die <two>chronischen Infektionen</two>.
+- Nenne ausser den <one>Influenza-A-Viren</one> noch eine weitere Virusgruppe die <two>Reassortanten</two> bildet. A: Die <one>Reoviren</one>.
+- Wie geht die <one>NLS-Sequenz</one> des <three>SV40 virus</three>? <one>P-P-K-K-K-R-K-V</one> - hence <two>eight aminoacids</two>.
+- First step of <one>HIV-1 entry</one>? Binding of the <one>gp120 surface molecule</one> to its receptor, the CD4 molecule.
+- <one>HIV</one> hat eine Lipidschicht mit zwei Glykoproteinen. Welches davon durchspannt die Membran? <one>gp41</one> <two>durchspannt die Membran</two>.
+- <one>Amantadin</one> wurde früher gegen welchen Virus eingesetzt? Gegen <one>Influenza-A Viren</one>. Es verhinderte das <two>Uncoating</two>.
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>class I Baltimore Viren</one>. A: <one>Feline parvovirus</one>.
+- Name <one>two different viruses</one> that have the name <two>thread</two>. A: (1) <one>Filovirus</one> (2) <one>Closterovirus</one>
+- Name <one>three hypotheses</one> explaining the origin of viruses, without explaining these hypothesises. A: (1) Regressive hypothesis (2) Cellular origin hypothesis (3) <one>Coevolution hypothesis</one>
+- The <one>poliovirus</one> requires n days to begin before it infects the central nervous system? About <one>3 full days</one>.
+- <one>Pandoravirus</one> holds what record? The Pandoravirus has <one>the largest genome of any viral genus</one>.
+- Können Retroviren in das Virusgenom ihrer Wirtszelle integrieren? Ja.
+- In <one>Influenza</one>, such as the H1N1 'swine flu' variant, which segment is primarily responsible for shutting off the immune system? The <one>NS1 segment</one>.
+- <one>Coronaviruses</one> typically tend to cause diseases in <two>which two eukaryotic groups</two>? (1) <one>birds</one> (2) <one>mammals</one>
+- What does it mean to find a <one>pandemic virus</one>? That a virus occurs in many nations simultaneously world wide.
+- Wer entwickelte den <one>Totimpfstoff</one>? Jonas <one>Salk</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polioimpfstoff#Inaktivierter_Polioimpfstoff_.28Salk.29
+- <one>Genom-Typ</one> des MKS-Virus (Maul und Klauenseuche)? Das Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus ist ein <two>ss(+)RNA Virus</two>.
+- In Virology: <two>when</two> may we speak of a <one>chronic infection</one>? When the infected host continues to release viral progeny over a longer period of time, perhaps even over several generations (when bacteria are infected).
+- Bei Viren: was heisst <one>VPg</one>? <one>Viral priming protein</one> beziehungsweise <two>Virus Protein, genome linked</two>.
+- Name one common mechanism how <one>metastabile particles</one> are produced. Give one example in viruses. A: By <one>proteolysis of a viral protein</one>. Influenza HA0 protein becomes HA1 + HA2.
+- <one>How many</one> major types of CRISPR systems exist? 3.
+- Was war das erste <one>Onkogen</one>, das entdeckt wurde? <one>src</one>, aus dem <two>Rous Sarkomvirus</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virus#Src_gene
+- <two>Viruses</two> were actually discovered in the year <one>1892</one>, by which person? <one>Dimitri Ivanowski</one> (a Russian botanist).
+- Name a virus, other than Adenovirus, that is <one>able to cause diarrhea</one>. A: <one>Rotavirus</one>. (Another good answer would be the <two>Norovirus</two>.)
+- It was quite simple to understand the gene expression patterns of the <one>polyomaviruses</one>. Why was it much harder to study <two>papillomaviruses</two>? It was very difficult to grow these viruses in cell culture systems.
+- What is <one>the most important clinical characteristic of a herpesvirus infection</one>? <one>Latency</one>.
+- The diameter of the <one>HPV capsid</one> is <two>n nm</two>? <one>55 nm</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Pocken</one>? <one>Variola</one>.
+- Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für Viren mit <one>teilweise doppelsträngigem DNA-Genom</one>. A: Die <one>Hepadnaviren</one>.
+- Die <one>Inkubationszeit</one> (von-bis) beim Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus, beträgt <two>n Tage</two>? <one>2-3 Tage</one>.
+- Viruses that belong to <one>Baltimore class I</one> have what kind of genome? They have a <one>dsDNA genome</one>.
+- Was ist die <one>Passive Immunisierung</one>? Dies ist <one>die Zuführung körperfremder Antikörper</one> zur Bekämpfung einer akuten Infektion. Dies mag auch als eine kurzfristige <two>Urlaubs-Immunisierung</two> seine Verwendung finden.
+- Name a <one>dsDNA virus</one> that replicates through an <two>RNA intermediate</two>. A: The <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>. It carries a <two>virally encoded reverse transcriptase</two>.
+- Where in/on a <one>picornavirus</one> can we find <two>VP4</two>? VP4 lies on the inside of the virus particle.
+- Name one advantage for a virus to make use of a <one>vector</one>, in natural systems? They can <one>cross a strong membrane</one> due to the vector, such as a plant cell.
+- How can we <two>easily detect</two> the <one>mosaic disease of tobacco plants</one>? By the distinct <one>discoloration of the leaves</one>.
+- <one>HIV</one> hat eine Strukturelement im Genom, genannt <two>TAR</two>. Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? Diese Abkürzung steht für <one>tat responsive element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_(HIV)
+- Nenne zwei Vertreter der <one>PicoRNA Viren</one>. A: (1) <one>Poliovirus</one> (2) <one>Foot and mouth disease virus des Aphthovirus-Genus</one> (URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease)
+- Nenne einen Virus der die Blutgefäße zerstören kann. A: Das <one>Ebola-Virus</one>.
+- <one>TMV</one> hat n identische UE? <one>2130</one>.
+- Das <one>gp120-Protein</one> von HIV bindet an welchen Rezeptor? An den <one>CD4-Rezeptor</one>.
+- <two>Which two proteins</two> determine the <one>antigenic properties of Influenza A</one>? A: (1) <one>Hemagglutinin</one> (2) <one>Neuraminidase</one>
+- Der erste Wirkstoff gegen <one>Herpes</one> war ... ? <one>Aciclovir</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir
+- Was können wir über die Chromosomen von <one>small viruses</one> sagen? Deren Chromosomen sind <one>single-stranded</one>.
+- Was heisst virale <one>RDRP</one>? <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</one>.
+- The <one>sole members</one> of the <two>Baltimore class VI</two> are ... ? The <one>Retroviruses</one>.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie der <one>physiologische Level an Interferon</one> hochgehalten werden könnte. A: Durch <one>häufige Virusinfektionen</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>viral kodierten Transkriptionsfaktor</one>. A: <one>HSV VP16</one>.
+- Durchmesser eines <one>Parvovirus</one> (von-bis)? <one>18 - 28 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus
+- Beim <one>Piercing</one> und bei <one>Tätowierungen</one> kann <two>welches Virus</two> übertragen werden? Das <one>Hepatitis C-Virus</one>.
+- In the <one>SV40 genome</one>, we can find a <two>small-T</two> and a <two>large-T</two>. The Large-T antigen - does it belong to the <three>early</three> or to the <three>late</three> transcription stage? It belongs to the <one>early genes</one> that are transcribed.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>pleomorphen Viruspartikeln</one>? Dies sind <one>Viruspartikel die sich hinsichtlich Größe und Form stark voneinander unterscheiden</one>.
+- If we pick a <one>random virus</one> from anywhere, is it more likely that said virus will infect <two>bacteria</two> or <two>eukarya</two>? <one>Eukarya</one>.
+- Salk und Sabin-Impfstoff. Einer ist ein Totimpfstoff, der andere ein Lebendimpfstoff. Wie kann man sich das merken? "Happy Saby"! (1) <one>Sabin</one> ist der <two>Lebendimpfstoff</two>. (2) <one>Salk</one> ist der <two>Totimpfstoff</two>.
+- Name <one>two viruses</one> that are transmitted via the <two>respiratory route</two>, aside from rhinoviruses. A: (1) <one>influenza A virus</one> (2) <one>measles virus</one>
+- <one>Influenza</one> repliziert wo? Im <one>Zellkern</one> einer eukaryoten Zelle.
+- Was bewirkt <one>Aciclovir</one>? Strangabbruch bei der Replikation des viralen Genoms.
+- How can we define <one>giant viruses</one>? These viruses are <one>visible by light microscopy</one>.
+- In <one>marine viral ecology</one>: what means <two>DOM</two>? <one>Dissolved organic matter</one>.
+- By what <one>transmission route</one> does the Influenza virus spread? By the <one>oral-fecal route</one>.
+- Welcher Virus wurde 2012 in Deutschland bekannt da er über Lebensmittel übertragen wurde? Der <one>Norovirus</one>. Man vermutet das Noroviren relativ hitzestabil sind.
+- Was sind <one>SRS-Viren</one>? <one>Small, round-structured viruses</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8133807/
+- Is <one>SV40</one> a dangerous virus? Yes, for monkeys, as it can cause cancer.
+- Durchmesser eines <one>Papillom-Virus</one>? <one>55 nm</one>.
+- What is the <one>virosphere</one>? The virosphere is all those places where viruses are found or in which they interact with their hosts.
+- Manche Viren lassen sich nicht in Icosahedral oder helical einteilen, das sind die <one>komplexen Viren</one>. Nenne <two>zwei Familien</two> dazu. A: (1) <one>Poxviridae</one> (2) <one>Retroviridae</one>
+- Most virions are too small to be studied with a light microscope, so why is this microscope still used in virology? Because we could still observe <one>cytopathic effects</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathic_effect
+- Some virus families make use of a single large protein (<one>polyprotein</one>), which is then cleaved by proteases into the individual proteins. Which virus family in particular is known to do so? The <one>positive stranded RNA viruses</one> (<two>+ssRNA viruses</two>).
+- Welche Besonderheit des Genoms weisen <one>Papillomviren</one> auf? Papillomviren besitzen <one>histonähnliche Proteine</one>, die mit der DNA assoziiert sind und dem Chromatin eukaryoter Zellen ähneln.
+- Give one specific example for <one>viral footprints</one>. A: <one>Inclusion Bodies</one>.
+- What does <one>viral recombination</one> allow the virus? It <one>allows viable virus to be generated from two defective genomes</one>.
+- The <one>Hepadna Family</one> has how many members? <one>5</one>.
+- <one>Slow virus</one> Infektionen wirken sich vor allem wo im Körper aus? Im <one>zentralen Nervensystem</one>.
+- Das <one>TMV-Genom</one> besitzt <two>n Nukleotide</two> (+/- 100 reicht als Antwort)? <one>6395</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus
+- The order of the <one>Caudovirales viruses</one> is also known as ... ? The <one>tailed bacteriophages</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudovirales
+- Name <one>a virus</one> that has, at the least, two distinct (and different) life cycles. A: <one>Arboviruses</one> - they have both insects and vertebrates as hosts.
+- The <one>HPV particle</one> interacts with the cell surface via interaction of its major capsid protein (L1) with ... which target? It interacts with <one>heparan sulfate proteoglycans</one>.
+- Give an example for the unusual <one>dsRNA virus group</one> among the animal viruses. A: The <one>Reoviruses</one> (example: rotavirus).
+- Nenne <one>zwei raffinierte Wege eines Virus zu überleben</one>. A: Als (1) <one>Teil der DNA</one> und (2) als <one>trojanisches Pferd in Immunzellen.</one>
+- Name two possible causes for <one>antigenic shift</one>. A: (1) <one>Recombination</one> (2) <one>Reassortment</one>
+- Was heisst <one>hämatogene Verbreitung</one>? Eine <one>Streuung über den Blutweg</one>.
+- Der Wirkstoff <one>AZT</one> kann die <two>reverse Transkriptase hemmen</two>. Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>AZT</one>? <one>Azidothymidin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine
+- <one>Herpesvirus</one> can not only <two>cause liver tumors</two> but also ... ? The <one>Kaposi's sarcoma</one>.
+- Give an example for a virus that has a colour as part of its name. A: The <one>Bluetongue virus</one> (<one>BTV</one>), which infects sheep. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetongue_disease
+- Wieviele verschiedene <one>humane Papillomavirustypen</one> (HPV) sind heute in etwa bekannt? Weit <one>über 100</one>.
+- Nenne einen Virus der <one>tRNAs</one> im Virion besitzt. A: Die <one>Virionen der Retroviren</one>.
+- Do <one>viruses</one> exist that code for <two>tRNA</two>? Yes, <one>T4</one> and <one>phycodnaviruses</one> do.
+- Durchmesser des <one>Phi X174</one>? <one>27 nm</one>.
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>Alphaviren</one>. A: Das <one>Sindbis-Virus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindbis-Virus
+- The <one>SV40 virus</one> has a protein called <two>large T antigen</two>. Why the <three>T</three> there? <one>T</one> ... stands for <one>Transplantation</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6175086
+- <one>Retrovirus-Partikel</one> haben welche <two>gp-Proteine</two>? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_glycoprotein_GP120
+- <one>Plant viruses</one> have usually which form/morphology? Plant viruses are typically <one>of helical symmetry</one>.
+- <one>Human rhinoviruses</one> have how many groups? <one>3</one> (<two>A</two>/<two>B</two>/<two>C</two>).
+- Nenne einen Virus der <one>ICAM-1</one> verwendet. A: Das <one>Rhinovirus</one>.
+- What do <one>Viroids</one> lack? <two>Viroids</two> lack a <one>protein coat</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid
+- Give an example of the <one>error threshold concept</one> being applied in order to treat a specific viral disease. A: The compound <one>ribavirin</one> is used to treat <two>hepatitis C virus</two> infection (which is a RNA-virus).
+- <one>Who</one> <three>discovered viruses</three>? <one>Dmitry Ivanovsky</one> in 1892. Martinus Beijerinck then gave them the name <two>viruses</two>, though.
+- Nenne einen Virus, ausgenommen Influenza, dessen <one>Genom segmentiert vorliegt</one>. A: <one>Reovirus</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein zelluläres Enzym</one>, welches durch <two>Ribavirin</two> gehemmt wird. A: Die zelluläre <one>Guanylyltransferase</one>.
+- Nenne einen Vorteil eines <one>Peptidimpfstoffes</one>. A: Ein Peptidimpfstoff ist frei von Nucleinsäuren.
+- Der erste potente Wirkstoff gegen <one>Herpes-Viren</one> war ...? <one>Aciclovir</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir
+- In Virology: what is a <one>minichromosome</one>? SV40 DNA with bound nucleosomes.
+- Nenne eine virale Krankheit, die über einen <one>Arthropoden-Vektor</one> übertragen wird. A: <one>Gelbfieber</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelbfieber
+- Was sind die meisten <one>mystery viruses</one>? Viren die <one>Respirationsprobleme verursachen</one>.
+- Nenne zwei konkrete, endozytische Mechanismen von Viren mit jeweils einem spezifischen Beispiel hierzu. A: (1) <one>Caveolin</one> mit <two>SV40</two> (2) <one>Clathrin</one> mit <two>Adenoviren</two>
+- Die <one>HIV-Protease</one> ist eine ...? <one>Aspartatprotease</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-Protease
+- The <one>human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I</one> belongs to which family? It belongs to the <one>retrovirus family</one>.
+- Name <one>a virus that clusters in a rosette</one>. A: <one>SSV</one> (<two>Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus</two>).
+- Nenne ein zelluläres Protein das von <one>Papillomaviren</one> im Capsid mitverpackt werden kann. A: <one>Zelluläre Histonproteine</one>.
+- The <one>Filoviridae</one> bind to the <two>NPC1 protein</two> (Niemann-Pick disease type C integral membrane protein), which can be found where inside of a cell? NPC1 is exposed in the <one>endosomal lumen</one>.
+- Name a very important <one>viral evasin</one> that can block antigen presentation by preventing peptide movement through the TAP peptide transporter. A: <one>US6</one>.
+- What is <one>viraemia</one>? Viraemia refers to <one>the presence of viruses in the blood</one>.
+- What is a <one>peplomer</one>? A glycoprotein spike on a viral capsid or viral envelope. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer
+- Why the name <one>adeno-associated virus</one>? Because this virus <one>depends on a helper virus</one> (i.e. adenovirus) for its replication.
+- Name <one>the three types of capsid symmetry</one>. A: (1) <one>helical</one> (2) <one>icosahedral</one> (3) <one>complex</one>
+- What is the job of the <one>HIV protease</one>? It cleaves an HIV precursor protein, necessary in <one>virus maturation</one>.
+- <one>HIV</one> can bind to CD4 because of ... ? <one>gp120</one>.
+- Für einen <one>antigen shift</one>, in <two>Influenza</two>, muss welches Ereignis eintreten oder geschehen? Eine <one>Doppelinfektion einer Zelle</one>.
+- <one>Welche Krankheit</one> wird durch das <two>Epstein-Barr-Virus</two> verursacht? Das <one>Pfeiffersche Drüsenfieber</one>.
+- The <one>Rhinovirus</one> belongs to <three>which viral family</three>? The <two>Rhinovirus</two> belong to the <one>Picornaviridae family</one>.
+- Family of the <one>Human papillomaviruses</one> (<one>HPVs</one>)? The <one>Papovaviridae family</one>.
+- Warum lösen <one>manche Retroviren</one> <three>Krebs</three> aus? <one>Retroviren</one> tragen ein <two>virales Onkogen</two>, das ein Protein kodiert, das an der <three>onkogenen Transformation</three> beteiligt ist.
+- The <one>main host cells</one> for the Epstein-Barr-virus (in Humans) are ... ? <one>B-cells</one>.
+- Die <one>Norovirus-Virionen</one> sind wie groß (<two>von, bis</two>)? ca. <one>25nm-35nm</one>.
+- Das Immunsystem bekämpft eine <one>Hepatitis B Virus Infektion</one> vor allem über ... ? <one>Cytotoxische T-Zellen</one>.
+- Erweiterungen des <one>Kochschen Postulats</one>? Das <one>Evans Postulat</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2595276/
+- Kann <one>HIV-1</one> beim Stillen von der Mutter auf das Kind übertragen werden? Ja.
+- <one>Who</one> defines the <two>nomenclature for viruses</two>? The <one>International Committee Taxonomy of Viruses</one>, the <two>ICTV</two>. URL: https://talk.ictvonline.org/
+- Das <one>T antigen</one> findet sich wo? Im <one>Monkey Virus SV 40</one>.
+- Woraus besteht das <one>Nucleocapsid</one>? <one>Capsid</one> + <one>virales Genom</one> (== <two>viral head</two>).
+- What means <one>species specificity</one> in Virology? Different species of animals show different susceptibility to various viral infections.
+- Nenne ein spezifisches Beispiel für eine <one>virale, vertikale Übertragung</one> beim Menschen. A: Das <one>Rötelnvirus</one> → <two>schwangere Frau</two> → <three>Übertragung auf das Baby</three>.
+- Das <one>Influenza-Nucleocapsid</one> besteht vor allem aus dem <two>NP-Protein</two>. Welche Aminosäuren finden wir hier vor allem? <one>Arginin</one> - also <two>eine basische Aminosäure</two>.
+- What is <one>viral uncoating</one>? The complete or partial removal of the capsid in order to release the viral genome.
+- Was ist die Methode der <one>Kokultivierung</one> in der Virologie? Dies ist die Zugabe von Indikatorzellen zu Gewebekulturen, die durch Auftreten eines <one>cytopathischen Effekts</one> die erfolgte Replikation eines Virus anzeigen.
+- <one>HIV Tat</one> stands for? <one>Trans-Activator of Transcription</one>.
+- Bei <one>Gelbfieber</one> entwickeln die betroffenen Personen nicht nur <two>Gelbsucht</two>, sondern haben oft noch welch anderes Problem? <one>Blutungsneigungen</one>.
+- Wann war <one>ein Vakzin</one> für das <two>Yellow Fever Virus</two> erhältlich? <one>1935</one>.
+- What is the <one>RNA-Bullet</one>? That is the <one>Rhabdovirus</one> (like <two>Rabies virus</two>).
+- Which <one>novel virus</one> caused severe respiratory disease in Saudi-Arabia in 2012/2013? The <one>MERS-Virus</one>.
+- <one>HIV</one> zerstört was? <one>T-Helferzellen</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was <two>AIDS</two> first revealed? In the year <one>1981</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS
+- What are the <one>largest animal viruses</one> (<three>metazoa</three>)? The <one>Poxviruses</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poxviridae
+- What does the <one>herpes simplex</one> virion host shutoff protein do? It <one>reduces the stability of mRNAs in infected cells</one>.
+- The <one>Filoviridae</one> are released by ... ? <one>budding</one>.
+- The <one>Influenza pandemics</one> were caused by which H-subtypes only? (1) <one>H1</one> (2) <one>H2</one> (3) <one>H3</one>
+- In Virology: define the term <one>multipartite virus</one>. A: A <one>multipartite viruses</one> has its genomes fragmented into two or more segments, each packed into a separate capsid. Such viruses require complementation, because each genomic segment must be complemented with the rest of segments in order to produce viable viral offspring.
+- Viruses could be used to <one>act as a pesticide</one>, e. g. to <two>control a rabbit population</two>. Name one such virus group that could be used for this. A: <one>Myxoma virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma_virus
+- Was sehen wir oft wenn ein Virus einen neuen Wirten befällt? Der Virus ist oft <one>viel virulenter im neuen Wirt</one>, verglichen mit dem alten Wirt.
+- Name one constraint of the <one>reverse transcriptase</one>. A: This enzyme <one>requires a primer</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>re-emerging virus</one>. A: Das <one>Hantavirus</one>.
+- Woran bindet das <one>Hämagglutinin</one> von Influenza? An endständige <one>N-Acetyl-Neuraminsäurereste</one> komplexer Oligosaccharide.
+- Lateinisch für <one>Wildtypvirus</one> und <one>Impfvirus</one>? (1) <one>Wildtypvirus</one>: <two>virus de rue</two> (2) <one>Impfvirus</one>:    <two>virus fixe</two>
+- <one>Most viruses on planet earth</one> have DNA or RNA genomes? The vast majority of viruses have <one>RNA genomes</one>.
+- The <one>large T-Antigen of SV40</one> binds to ..? To the ori region of SV40.
+- Nenne <two>zwei Hemmstoffe</two> die das aktive Zentrum der <one>HIV-Revertase</one> (=reverse Transkriptase) blockieren. A: (1) <one>Delavirdin</one> URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delavirdin (2) <one>Nevirapin</one>
+- <one>Influenza</one> makes use of <two>cap snatching</two>. Where inside of the cell does this happen for Influenza? Inside the <one>nucleus</one>.
+- The <one>B genes</one> of the HSV1 genome are important for ... ? DNA replication of this virus. URL: https://jvi.asm.org/content/86/11/6371
+- Give an example for a virus that may make use of a <one>macropinosome</one>. A: The <one>Ebola Virus</one>.
+- <two>Which virus</two> causes <one>smallpox</one>? <one>Variola major</one>.
+- In January 2021, <one>which EU-country</one> suffered from a new breakout of the African swine fever virus? <one>Romania</one>.
+- Wer verursacht <one>Warzen</one>? Das <one>Papilloma-Virus</one>.
+- In <one>helikalen Viren</one>: wovon hängt die Länge der <three>helical capsid</three> ab? Von der Länge der Nukleinsäure die darin zu finden ist.
+- Give another name for a <one>virales Genom</one>. A: <one>Viral recipes</one>.
+- Is the <one>Polio virion</one> stable at an acid of pH 3? Yes.
+- Which <one>Influenza virus</one> infects only humans? The <one>Influenza B Virus</one>.
+- <one>Alle Grippeviren vom Typ Influenza A</one> hatten ihren <two>Ursprung</two> in ...? <one>Wasservögeln</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelgrippe_H5N1
+- Nenne einen konkreten Virus der einen <one>Decoy-Mechanismus</one> verwendet. A: Der <one>Hepatitis B virus</one>.
+- Unterschied zwischen <one>HIV-1B</one> und <one>HIV-1A</one>? HIV-1B infiziert sehr spezifisch Zellen in der Darmschleimhaut.
+- What is meant with the term <one>sylvatic transmission</one>? This mostly refers to the natural transmission cycle of a pathogen, referring to <one>the involvement of wild animals in regards to transmission of the virus at hand</one>.
+- The <one>major host</one> for the <two>ASF virus</two> (African swine fever) is ... ? The <one>warthogs</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus
+- In general, for humans: do <one>RNA viruses</one> or <one>DNA viruses</one> present <two>a greater disease burden</two>? <one>RNA viruses</one>.
+- The <one>first papillomavirus to be studied</one> in detail was ... ? <one>BPV</one> (<two>bovine papillomavirus type 1</two>).
+- What do we mean with the term <one>The capsid paradox</one>? That <one>the capsid has a dual role</one>: <two>protection</two> and <two>delivery</two>.
+- Nenne den bekanntesten Virus der ein <one>Flavivirus</one> ist, und dessen Name auch mit dem Buchstaben <two>F</two> beginnt. A: Der <one>FSME-Virus</one> (im englischen <two>TBEV - tick-borne encephalitis virus</two> genannt).
+- The <one>vector</one> in sylvatic transmission of <two>African Swine Fever</two> is ... ? A <one>tick</one>.
+- In <one>Virology</one>: what do we mean when we speak about a <three>zoonosis</three>? This is <one>a virus that is transmitted from an animal to a human</one>.
+- Genes shared among the <one>herpesviruses</one> are important how, usually? They are important in <one>viral reproduction</one>.
+- Allgemein: wie können wir Viren aufbrechen? Mit Hilfe von <one>chaotropen Agenzien</one>.
+- Was genau finden wir in <one>Picornavirus</one> innen? (1) <one>VPg</one> (2) <one>ssRNA</one>
+- The <one>capsid-size of the Poxviruses</one>, in nm (<two>max</two>)? <one>360nm</one>.
+- The human body produces <one>antibodies against which Influenza protein</one> in particular? Against the <one>major surface protein</one> - <two>hemagglutinin</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin
+- Ein <one>virales Vakzin</one> muss was bewirken können? Es muss Schutz vor einem pathogenen Virus induzieren können ohne selbst die Krankheit auszulösen.
+- <two>Wieviele Menschen</two> sterben in Deutschland jährlich an <one>Influenza-A</one>? Etwa <one>10.000</one>.
+- Welche <one>zwei Typen von Membranfusionen</one> existieren bei Viren? Gib auch jeweils ein Beispiel. A: (1) acid-triggered fusion, wie bei Influenza. (2) <one>ph-independent</one>, wie beim <two>Herpesvirus</two>
+- Name two representatives (genus) of the <one>Sendai virus</one>. A: (1) <one>Morbillivirus</one> (2) <one>Rubulavirus</one>
+- The <one>Filoviridae</one> <two>L protein</two> codes for ... ? The <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Spumaviren des Affen</one>? <one>Simian-Foamy Virus</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>viral penetration</one>. A: <one>Viral entry</one>.
+- Name <one>two viruses</one> that could be called early model organisms for research. A: (1) the <one>T phage</one> (2) the <one>lambda phage</one>
+- An <one>Adenovirus</one> contains <two>how many capsomeres</two>? <one>252</one>.
+- What is <one>transovarial transmission</one>? Transmission into the next generation through an egg.
+- Name a super-simple way for a virus to protect itself against <one>UV inactivation</one>, aside from being integrated into the host cell genome. A: Simply increase the amount of G+C in its genome.
+- What is the <one>morbidity</one>? This is the relative incidence of a particular disease.
+- Give two examples for <one>complex retroviruses</one>. A: (1) <one>lentiviruses</one> (2) <one>spumaviruses</one>
+- Length of the <one>Pithovirus</one>? <one>1.5 µm</one>.
+- Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel bei Viren wo <one>alternative Splicing</one> zum Einsatz kommt. A: Beim <one>SV40 T-Antigen</one>.
+- Das <one>Tollwut-Virus</one> ist ein ... ? Ein <one>Rhabdovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdoviridae
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>Satellite Virus</one>. A: Das <one>Hepatitis delta virus</one>.
+- <one>Which virus</one> do <three>HeLa cells</three> include in their genome? <one>HPV-18</one>. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/6605671
+- The viral glycoprotein of <one>Filoviridae</one> is cleaved by <two>endosomal cysteine proteases</two>, such as ... ? The <one>cathepsins</one>.
+- Are <one>polioviruses</one> single or double stranded? They are single stranded (<one>+ssRNA</one>).
+- Die <one>Filoviridae</one> besitzen allgemein <two>n Gene</two> in ihrem Genom? <one>7</one>.
+- Was fehlt den <one>LTR-Retrotransposons</one>? Die <one>env-Region</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTR_retrotransposon
+- Nenne einen <one>Virus</one> bei dem eine geringe infektiöse Dosis ausreicht damit eine Krankheit manifest wird. A: Das <one>Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus</one>.
+- <one>SV40</one> requires which protein for its replication? The <one>large T antigen</one>.
+- Zu welcher <one>Baltimore-Gruppe</one> gehören die <two>Flaviviridae</two>? Zur <one>Baltimore Gruppe 4</one>.
+- In Virology: what do we mean with <one>binal symmetry</one>? This is <one>a phage</one> with a head that resembles an icosahedron, and additionally a tail that is helical.
+- Infektionen mit <one>Cytomegaloviren</one>, die gegen Ganciclovir resistent geworden sind, werden womit behandelt? Mit <one>Cidofovir</one>.
+- In <one>viral therapy</one>: <two>ACV</two> (<two>Acyclivor</two>) acts in which three different ways? (1) competes with GTP (2) <one>chain terminator</one> (3) <one>remains bound</one>
+- Why does <one>the Influenza genome</one> <two>require a cell nucleus</two>? Because their genomes absolutely require the <one>cell splicing marchinery</one>.
+- When was the first virus purified by <one>differential centrifugation</one>"? In <one>1933</one>, by Schlessinger.
+- Trivialname für <one>aktive Immunisierung</one>? <one>Schutzimpfung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impfung
+- Nenne <one>eine Erkrankung</one> die durch ein <two>Flavivirus</two> hervorgerufen werden kann. A: Das <one>virale hämorrhagische Fieber</one>.
+- The <one>African swine fever virus</one> (ASFV) belongs to the <two>Asfarviridae family</two>. Is its genome RNA-based or DNA-based? It is <one>DNA-based</one>.
+- <one>SSPE</one> (<one>Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</one>) is <two>caused by which virus</two>? By the <one>measles virus</one>.
+- Beim <one>Influenza A virus</one>: welches Protein bildet den <two>ion channel</two>? Das <one>M2 Protein</one>.
+- Schön geflammte Tulpen durch welchen Virus? <one>Poty Virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potyvirus
+- Was ist die <one>Tenazität</one>? Das ist die <one>Widerstandsfähigkeit</one>.
+- Der <one>Chikungunya-Virus</one> ist <two>ein Vertreter welcher Virusfamilie</two>? Der <one>Togaviridae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya
+- What is the genome size of <one>human rhinoviruses</one>? About <one>7.200 ssRNA</one>.
+- Give an example for a virus that is <one>a cap snatcher</one>. A: <one>Influenza</one>.
+- Are <one>positive-stranded RNA viruses</one> or <one>negative-stranded RNA viruses</one> <two>more widespread</two>? <one>Negative stranded RNA-Viruses</one> are <two>more widespread</two>.
+- <one>Introns</one> were discovered where? In <one>Adenoviruses</one>.
+- Name <one>a virus of rabbit-tumors</one>. A: The <one>myxoma virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma_virus
+- In Virology: what are <one>antimutators</one>? These are mutations located in genes encoding viral polymerases that <one>reduce the frequency of incorporation errors</one>.
+- Why is <one>Ribavirin</one> so useful to treat certain viruses? <one>Ribavirin</one> <two>can raise</two> the <three>viral mutation rates</three> over the error threshold.
+- Wie lässt sich eine <one>Rhinovirusinfektion</one> verhindern? Durch <one>Gabe von Interferon</one>.
+- Wer sollte allgemein immer zuerst geimpft werden? Risikogruppen.
+- Das <one>MERS-Virus</one> ... wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>MERS</two>? <one>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus
+- Die Influenza-<one>Schweinegrippe</one> von <two>2009</two> hatte welche Konstitution? <one>H1N1</one>.
+- What is the most common vector of <one>plant viruses</one>? <one>Aphids</one>.
+- Das berühmteste <one>Rhabdovirus</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Rabiesvirus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabiesvirus
+- Was heisst <one>virus de rue</one>? <one>Wildtypvirus</one>.
+- In Virology for the <two>Herpesviridae</two>: what does the greek word <one>herpein</one> mean? <one>To creep</one>. This refers to the latent, recurring infections typical for this group of viruses.
+- How is the <one>poliovirus VPg</one> <two>modified</two>? It is <one>uridylated</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPg
+- Nenne einen recht alten und einfachen Test zum Virusnachweis. A: Den <one>Hämagglutinationstest</one>.
+- <one>Wieviele Basenpaare</one> finden wir im Genom der <two>Polyomaviren</two>? Etwa <two>5000 Basenpaare</two> (genauer: <one>5291 bp</one>).
+- Die <one>Asfarviridae</one> sind Viren, deren Mitglieder vornehmlich Schweine infizieren. Als Genom haben diese Viren <two>RNA</two> oder <two>DNA</two>? <one>DNA</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asfarviridae
+- <one>Which virus</one> was the first human virus ever isolated, in the year <two>1902</two>? The <one>yellow fever virus</one>.
+- Das <one>HIV-Vakzin</one> aus dem Jahre 2005 basierte auf welchem Virus? <one>Adenovirus</one>.
+- Der <one>Measel Virus</one> verwenden welchen Zellrezeptor? A: <one>CD150</one>.
+- Was ist <one>HTLV I</one>? Ein <one>menschliches Retrovirus</one>.
+- Wer ist der <one>Hauptwirt für Ebola</one>? Der <one>Nilflughund</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilflughund
+- To <two>which family</two> does the <one>vesicular stomatitis virus</one> belong to? To the <one>rhabdovirus family</one>.
+- How can we, <two>from a practical point of view</two>, differentiate between <one>Influenza A</one> and <one>Influenza B</one>? We can use <one>Antisera</one>.
+- How is the <one>major virus capsid protein</one> in <two>adenovirus</two> called? The <one>hexon protein</one>.
+- In Virology - what does <one>HERV</one> stand vor? <one>Human endogenous retroviruses</one>.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit, wie <one>Herpesviren</one>, die bereits eine Zelle infiziert haben, wieder aktiv werden können. A: Zum Beispiel durch einen <one>Sonnenbrand</one>.
+- Die <one>klassische Virusdiagnostik</one> beruht auf ... ? Dem <one>Nachweis von Antikörpern</one>, die der Patient infolge der Infektion gegen das Virus bildet.
+- <one>How many viruses</one> have been described in detail so far? At the least <one>5.000</one>.
+- The <one>tobacco rattle virus</one>: what is its genome type? It is a <one>+ssRNA virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_rattle_virus
+- In der (medizinischen) Virologie: was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Vektorkontrolle</one>? Dies ist die Kontrolle durch <one>Überträger von Viren wie bestimmten Arthropoden</one> (Gelse, Zecke, Sandfliege etc..).
+- In virology: what is meant with a <one>permissive cell</one>? This is <one>a cell that will permit the replication of the virus</one>.
+- Was ist das <one>Virioplankton</one>? Dies sind <one>alle im Wasser vorkommenden Viren</one>.
+- Name <one>a Neuraminidase inhibitor</one> against <two>Influenza</two> beginning with the letter <three>P</three>. A: <one>Peramivir</one>.
+- Nenne einen Virus, der ein <one>S-förmiges Capsid</one> besitzt. A: Das <one>Pockenvirus</one>.
+- <one>Chamberland filter diameter</one> is ... (from, to)? <one>100 nm -500 nm</one>.
+- In <one>wasps</one>: what is the <two>PDV virus</two>, the abbreviation? <one>Symbiotic polydnaviruses</one>.
+- Durchmesser der <one>Rotaviren</one> (von-bis)? <one>70nm - 80nm</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel eines Virus das <one>Negrische Einschlusskörperchen</one> zeigte. A: <one>Rhabdoviren</one>.
+- In der Virologie: <two>wo</two> vor allem finden wir <one>segmentierte Genome</one>? In den Genomen der <one>dsRNA Viren</one>.
+- Nenne eine Virusgruppe die mindestens <one>2 ORFs</one> verwenden. A: Die <one>Togaviren</one>.
+- Gibt es das <one>Quasispezies Konzept</one> auch bei DNA-Viren? Ja.
+- Das <one>Cauliflower mosaic virus</one>-Genom ist ... ? Ein <one>dsDNA-Genom</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil der HIV-Detektionssysteme. A: Das <one>diagnostische Fenster</one>. Patienten in einem sehr frühen Infektionsstadium werden nicht erkannt.
+- Vergleiche allgemein die <one>Mutationsraten</one> von <two>DNA Viren</two> mit <two>RNA Viren</two>. A: DNA Viren haben allgemein eine niedrigere Mutationsrate als RNA Viren; dies erlaubt auch <one>größere Genome</one>.
+- Do we have <one>antiviral therapies</one> against <two>human rhinoviruses</two>? No.
+- The <one>SV40 large T antigen</one> binds <two>how many p53 molecules</two>? <one>6</one>, as it is a <two>homohexamer</two>.
+- Wann kam die <one>HAART Treatment of AIDS</one> auf? <one>1997</one>.
+- <one>Retroviruses</one> can be divided into <two>simple</two> and <two>complex</two>. This distinction is based on what? It is based on the <one>organization of their genomes</one>.
+- <one>Hepatitis B</one> is a viral infection that attacks ... what part of the body? The <one>liver</one>.
+- How do we call the <one>self-assembly of the TMV virus</one>? <one>Scaffold-assisted assembly</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Durchfallviren</one>? <one>Noroviren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus
+- Name a virus that <one>can snatch caps from cellular mRNA</one>. A: The <one>Bunyavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyavirales
+- <one>What form</one> does <two>the Reoviruses capsid</two> have? They have an <one>icosahedral capsid</one>.
+- In Virology: what can we achieve with <one>Disoxaril</one>? We can <one>inhibit the uncoating of Poliovirus</one>.
+- How many microbes in the Earths ocean are detroyed each day by viruses (in percent)? About <one>20%</one>.
+- <one>Influenza</one> belongs to which family? The <one>Orthomyxovirus family</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae
+- Was sind <one>ambisense</one> Genome? Genome deren ORFs in beide Richtungen abgelesen werden können. Es gibt daher einen Mix von + und - Polarität innerhalb des Genoms.
+- Wie funktioniert die <one>reverse Transkriptase</one>? Dieses Enzym synthetisiert von einer einzelsträngigen RNA einen RNA-DNA-Hybridstrang mittels einer RNA-abhängigen DNA-Polymerase-Aktivität. Danach bauen sie den RNA Anteil ab über die RNase H Aktivität. Anschliessend erfolgt die Konvertierung der ssDNA zur dsDNA durch eine DNA-abhängige DNA-Polymerase.
+- Which Virus has the <one>largest genome</one>? The <one>Pandoravirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoravirus
+- The <one>spanish flu</one>, aka <three>the 1918-pandemic influenza strain</three>, had which H-N designate? <one>H1N1</one>.
+- Name <one>a virus that is shaped like a bullet</one>. A: The <one>Rabies virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virus
+- What is the general goal in <one>viral chemotherapy</one>? <one>Stopping the virus without killing the cell</one>.
+- Can a virus <one>induce apoptosis</one>? Yes, some viruses can.
+- In general - a virus modifies the intracellular environment of its host ... why? So as to <one>enhance the efficiency of its replication process</one>.
+- Mnemonic für die Genuse der <one>Picornaviren</one>? <royalblue>RACHE</royalblue> - <two>R</two><one>hino</one>, <two>A</two><one>phtho</one>, <two>C</two><one>ardio</one>, <two>H</two><one>epato</one>, <two>E</two><one>ntero</one>.
+- Name <one>a virus that can attack (and damage) the central nervous system</one>. A: The <one>herpes simplex virus</one>.
+- In virology: what is meant with the expression <one>prolate shape</one>? This is essentially the shape found in bacteriophages such as T2, where these phages have an icosahedral head and a long tail filament.
+- The <one>HIV-1 pol gene</one> encodes ... ? A <one>reverse transcriptase</one>.
+- Bei der <one>chemischen Desinfektion, gegen Viren</one>: unterscheide <two>viruzid</two> und <two>begrenzt viruzid</two>. A: Letzteres meint nur behüllte Viren.
+- What are the primary cell targets for the <one>influenza virus</one> in humans? The epithelial cells in the upper and lower respiratory tract.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>segmented ssRNA Virus</one> A: <one>Influenza</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
+- Nenne ein Virus mit <one>ikosaedrischer Symmetrie</one>. A: Das <one>Poliovirus</one>. URL: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/4/44/Pv_structure.jpg/250px-Pv_structure.jpg
+- Der <one>HI-Virus</one> hat das gp160 Protein. In welche 2 Teile wird es gespalten? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one>
+- In der Virologie: was genau heisst <one>IRES</one>? <one>Internal ribosome entry site</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRES_%28Biologie%29
+- <one>Retroviral-virions</one> have a complex between their 2 RNAs. How is that complex called? The <one>kissing-loop complex</one>.
+- Warum waren <one>well-characterized cell cultures</one> so wichtig in der Virologie? Sie erlaubten die Identifizierung von Viren wie Adenovirus, die keine Tierwirte hatten.
+- Nenne einen <three>wichtigen Unterschied</three> zwischen <one>Viren</one> und <one>Plasmiden</one>. A: Viren besitzen eine <one>extrazelluläre Form</one>, Plasmide hingegen nicht.
+- Welche Viren produzieren <one>occlusion bodies</one>? Die <one>Baculoviren</one>.
+- Give two examples for <one>Flaviviridae</one>. A: (1) <one>West Nile Virus</one> (2) <one>Hepatitis C Virus</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviviridae
+- Name one <one>structural parameter</one> that may limit the evolution of a virus. A: The <one>viral capsid</one> almost always limits the size of nucleic acid that can be packaged.
+- <one>Ribonucleaseaktivität</one> bei den Retroviren finden wir wo? In der <one>reversen Transkriptase</one>, bei der <two>RNase H</two>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>umhüllten RNA Virus</one>. A: <one>HIV-1</one>.
+- Name <one>two picoRNA-viral virulence factors</one>. A: (1) <one>FMDV Lb pro</one> (2) <one>HRV2 2A pro</one>
+- Where do most <one>animal viruses</one> replicate intracellular? In the <one>nucleus</one>.
+- The <one>human cytomegalovirus</one> produces a protein called <three>VL18</three>. This protein is homologous to ... ? <one>HLA class I molecules</one>.
+- Das <one>Adenovirus-Capsid</one> besteht aus <orange>n Hexonen</orange>? <one>240</one>.
+- Wo mögen wir die <one>Geschichte von Virusattacken</one> finden? In <one>Introns</one>.
+- Was sind <one>virulente Viren</one>? Dies sind <one>Viren, die eine Zelle nur lysieren können</one>.
+- Kodieren <one>Viroide</one> für ein Protein? Nein.
+- Give one example for an <one>enveloped DNA virus</one>. A: <one>HSV-1</one>.
+- The <one>Sin Nombre</one> virus actually refers to ... ? The <one>hantavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus
+- Nenne zwei Vertreter der <one>Togaviruses</one>. A: (1) <one>sindbis virus</one> (2) <one>rubella virus</one>
+- Das <one>gp160</one> von HIV wird gespalten in gp120 und gp41, <three>durch welche Protease</three>? <one>Furin</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774724
+- The <one>HIV-1 Tat-Protein</one> binds to ..? <one>TAR-Elements</one> at the viral 5'-mRNA region. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-activation_response_element_(TAR)
+- Aside from HIV, name <one>a human retrovirus</one>. A: The <one>Hepatitis B Virion</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Flavivirus</one>. A: The <one>yellow fever virus</one>.
+- Give an example of a virus showing <one>multiple infections</one>. A: <one>Varicella zoster virus</one>.
+- <one>Wie attenuierte Pasteur</one> seine <two>Viren</two>? Er <one>entfernte Rückenmark des Hasen</one> und liess dieses <two>altern</two>.
+- Name two disadvantages if we wish to detect <one>negatively stained virions</one>. A: (1) high cost of equipment (2) limited sensitivity
+- If a drug would block the <one>Influenza NA</one> component, what would we expect to see happen? The <one>newly formed viruses could not escape from the host cells</one>. Thus, <two>viral spread to other cells is inhibited</two>.
+- Wann wurden die <one>IRES</one> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1988</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ribosome_entry_site
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>m.o.i</one>? <one>Multiplicity of infection</one>.
+- Das <one>HIV-Virus</one> bindet nur an Zellen die welches Oberflächenprotein besitzen? <one>CD4</one>.
+- <one>Which phage</one> relies on a thymine-less DNA containing uracil rather than thymine? The <one>bacteriophage PBS 1</one>/<one>2</one>.
+- Was ist die <one>Eklipsephase</one>? Der Zeitraum vom Beginn der Infektion bis zum Ende der Synthesephase.
+- Are the <one>coronaviruses</one> <three>enveloped</three>? Yes.
+- Das Medikament <one>Relenza</one> wirkt gegen welchen Virus? <one>Relenza</one> wirkt gegen den <two>Influenza-Virus</two>.
+- Historically, <one>viruses were classified according to</one> ... ? According to people observing their effects, e. g. by <one>studing human diseases caused by viruses</one>.
+- Wie sieht das <one>5' Ende von Picornaviren</one> aus? Keine Cap, aber das <one>Vpg protein</one>.
+- Which virus has <one>two protein coats</one>? The <one>Rotavirus</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil von <one>Ganciclovir</one> gegenüber <one>Acyclovir</one>. A: Ganciclovir kann in zelluläre DNA eingebaut werden, Aciclovir hingegen nicht.
+- Aside from the giant viruses like the Mimi-virus, name a non-giant virus that can be seen with a light microscope. A: The <one>Poxvirus</one>.
+- Gibt es <one>lysogene Viren in Hefen</one>? Nein.
+- What <one>orientation</one> does the <three>Retrovirus genome</three> have? It is in the <one>plus (+) orientation</one>.
+- Wann wurde das <one>Poliovirus</one> <three>erstmals de-novo synthetisiert</three>? Im Jahre <one>2002</one>.
+- What are the <one>two most important criteria used for classification of viruses</one>? (1) <one>phage morphology</one> (2) <one>nucleic acid properties</one>
+- Give an example for a <one>complex retrovirus</one>. A: The <one>human immunodeficiency virus</one>.
+- In an <one>early HIV infection</one>, what symptoms may we see, if we see any at all? We may see <one>fever-like symptoms</one>.
+- Nenne einen gewichtigen <one>Vorteil eines Lebendimpfstoffes</one>. A: Lebendimpfstoffe aktivieren sowohl das humorale als auch das zelluläre Immunsystem.
+- Welche <one>drei virale Hauptreplikationsorte</one> gibt es <three>im menschlichen Körper</three>? (1) <one>Mucosale Oberflächen</one> des respiratorischen Trakts und des GI Trakts. (2) Infektion in mucosalen Oberflächen gefolgt von systemischer Ausbreitung über Blut, Lymphe und/oder Neuronen, um dann in die Organe zu gelangen (3) Direkte Infektion der Blutbahn über Nadel oder Bisse mit folgender Ausbreitung in die Organe
+- In welchem Tier finden wir <one>Isaviren</one>? Bei <one>Lachsen</one>. (Merkschema: <two>Lachse in der Isar</two>).
+- What is the <one>Virosphere</one>? <one>The world of all viruses on the planet</one>.
+- Die <one>Adenoviridae</one> umfassen wieviele Subgenera? <one>6</one> - und zwar A bis F.
+- <one>Welcher Virus</one> verursacht den normalen <three>Schnupfen</three>? <one>Rhinovirus</one>.
+- What does the term <one>fitness landscape</one> in Virology mean? Each sequence of a RNA Virus (or for any other combination of sequences) has a <one>specific reproduction rate</one>, which is another term for <two>fitness</two>.
+- Nenne einen viralen Erreger, der ein <one>Virusakanthom</one> hervorrufen mag. A: <one>HPV</one> (<two>Humane Papillomviren</two>).
+- Was heisst <one>SV40</one> und zu <three>welcher Familie</three> gehört dieser Virus? <one>Simian Virus 40</one>, member of the <two>polyomavirus family</two>.
+- Which <one>virus family</one> has <three>gapped DNA</three>? The <one>Hepadnaviridae</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>pleomorphe ssRNA-Virus Familie</one>. A: Das <one>Paramyxovirus</one>.
+- What do we mean with <one>v-fos</one>? <one>Viral fos gene</one>.
+- Which general <one>taxonomic groups</one> are missing for viruses? (1) <one>class</one> (2) <one>phylum</one>
+- Warum treten Mutationen meist häufiger bei <one>RNA Viren</one> auf? RNA Viren besitzen <one>keine Proofreading-Funktion</one>.
+- Does <one>antigen shift</one> more often occur for <two>neuraminidase</two> or for <two>hemagglutinin</two>, <three>in Influenza</three>? It occurs more often in <one>hemagglutinin</one> (<two>HA</two>).
+- What is <one>the definitive characteristic of transducing retroviruses</one>? The presence of <one>cellular oncogenes</one>.
+- Nenne die zwei <one>Unterfamilien der Retroviridae</one>. A: (1) <one>Spumavirinae</one> (2) <one>Orthoretrovirinae</one>
+- The <one>Influenza avian virus</one> bind to what exactly? To sialic acids attached to galactose in an Alpha-2,3 linkage. This is different to human cells, and thus thought to be the basis for the very inefficient transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans.
+- What is the goal of <one>virus maturation</one>? It <one>prepares the virus for infection of the next cell</one>.
+- Gegen welchen Virus kann <one>Cidofovir</one> eingesetzt werden? Gegen den <one>Cytomegalovirus</one>.
+- The <one>HPV genome</one> is surrounded by ... ? An <one>icosahedral capsid</one> (<two>T = 7</two>).
+- Name <one>two constraints</one> why viruses ought try to keep their genome small. A: (1) Must fit into the capsid (2) larger genome requires more time to replicate
+- The <one>kissing disease</one> is caused by which virus? By a <one>herpes virus</one> called <two>EBV</two> (<two>Epstein-Barr Virus</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
+- Give one example for a <one>ssRNA virus genome of positive sense</one>. A: The <one>Poliovirus</one>.
+- Bei der <one>Negativ-Färbung</one> färbt man was ein? Den <one>Hintergrund</one>. Das Virus selbst hingegen lässt man relativ unberührt.
+- <one>HIV</one> zielt auf welche Zellen ab? Auf <one>TH Zellen</one> die einen <two>CD4⁺ Rezeptor</two> besitzen.
+- Name <one>a major difference</one> between retroviruses and other viruses with RNA as their genetic material. A: The retroviruses also have a <one>DNA intermediate</one> step in their replication cycle.
+- What means <one>lysosomotropic</one>? A <one>drug</one> that is able to penetrate the lysosomes of cells.
+- Nenne zwei Viren beziehungsweise virale Krankheiten die durch <one>Gelsen</one> übertragen werden. A: (1) Das <one>Gelbfieber Virus</one> (von den Affen auf den Menschen) (2) Das <one>Dengue Virus</one> (von Menschen auf den Menschen)
+- Anderer Begriff für das <one>Pockenvirus</one>? <one>Variola-Virus</one>.
+- Was sind <one>Enzymbiotics</one>? Dies sind zum Beispiel <one>phage endolysins</one>.
+- People in <one>rural areas</one> may, in general, be more vulnerable to which types of infection? <one>Zoonotic infections</one>.
+- Give one specific example of a <one>DNA virus</one> of eukaryotes that replicates in the cytoplasm. A: The <one>Iridovirus</one>.
+- Was sind <one>hitchhiking mutations</one>? Dies sind Mutationen, die den Virus keinen direkten Vorteil verschaffen, aber auch nicht nachteilig sind. So mögen langfristig neue Viren entstehen.
+- Anderer Begriff für die <one>virale Proteinhülle</one>? <one>Capsid</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid
+- Bei den <one>Picornaviren</one>: was heisst <three>VPGL</three>? <one>Viral Protein Genome linked</one>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für virale, <one>morphologische Einheiten</one>? <one>Capsomere</one>.
+- The <one>herpesvirus genome max length</one> is ... ? <one>230kb</one>.
+- Was sind die <one>SRS-Viren</one>? <one>Small-round-structured virus</one>.
+- Beim <one>Poliovirus</one>: wie lange ist dessen <three>VPg Protein</three>? <one>22 Aminosäuren</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>Mimivirus</one>? A: <one>Microbe Mimicking Virus</one>.
+- What is <one>cap snatching</one> in Virology? This is <one>a transcription initiation process</one>. A sequence between 10 and 20 nt in size is cleaved away from the 5-prime end of host mRNAs, by an endonuclease activity - i.e Influenza RdRp.
+- Welches <one>keyword</one> ist mit dem <three>SV40 T-Antigen</three> assoziiert? <one>Alternative Splicing</one>.
+- <one>Adenovirus</one> bind to which primary receptor, via their fibers? <one>CAR</one>: <two>Coxackie and Adenovirus Receptor</two>.
+- Was sind <one>pleomorphe Virionen</one>? <one>Viruspartikel</one> die in Größe und Form stark unterschiedlich sind.
+- Can viruses degrade the <one>MHC I</one>? Yes.
+- What means <one>structural plasticity</one> in Virology? This refers to virions that can tolerate many amino acid substitutions in their structural proteins - and <one>still remain infectious</one>.
+- The (major) <one>surface protein of HIV</one> is? <one>gp120</one>.
+- Give an example each for a <one>transmissible spongiform encephalopathy</one> (TSE), in sheep and in humans. A: (1) <one>scrapie</one>: in sheep (2) <one>Kuru</one>:    in humans
+- Name a major difference between the <one>retroviruses</one> and <three>other +ssRNA viruses</three>. A: The retrovirsues use a special protein called <one>reverse transcriptase</one>.
+- The <one>Ebolavirus</one> belongs to ... which family? It belongs to the <one>Filoviridae</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Enzym</one>, das an der <two>Virusfreisetzung</two> beteiligt ist. A: Die <one>Neuraminidase</one>.
+- Viruses can change their host-range, in order to enter a different species. Give an example for this. A: SIV virus moving into the human species, aka HIV-1.
+- Name <one>three different examples for</one> <two>subviral agents</two>. A: (1) <one>Prions</one> (2) <one>Viroids</one> (3) <one>Satellites</one> []
+- <one>What concept</one> limits the RNA Length of RNA viruses? The <one>error-threshold concept</one> limits RNA length. []
+- Gibt es Viren die <one>kleiner</one> sind als ein Ribosom? Ja. []
+- Nenne einen Virus, der <one>ACG</one> als Initiationscodon verwendet. A: Das <one>Sendai-Virus</one>. []
+- <one>Leatherjackets</one> können durch welche Viren besonders infiziert werden? Durch <one>Tipula-Viren</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/10490 []
+- <one>Welcher Bereich im</one> <two>Adenovirus-Genom</two> ist für die Virusreplikation verantwortlich? Die <one>E1 Region</one>. []
+- In <one>HIV</one>: does its <one>gp120</one> <two>first bind to</two> <three>CCR5</three> or to <three>CD4</three>? <one>gp120</one> <two>first binds to</two> <three>CD4</three>. []
+- Is the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> <two>more infectious than</two> the <three>HIV</three> virus? <one>Yes</one> it is. []
+- Wofür steht das <one>T</one> in <two>T7</two>? <one>Type</one>. []
+- Do <one>people affected by</one> the <two>Ebola disease</two> <three>show a symptom of a sore throat</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Given <one>HSV-1</one> and <one>HSV-2</one>: which one of these two families produce most of the <two>genital herpes</two>? <one>HSV-2</one>. []
+- Das <one>SV40-Genom</one> umfasst <two>wieviele Gene</two>? <one>6</one>. []
+- Nenne einen Virus der auch <one>Ribosomen</one> <two>besitzt</two>. A: Das <one>Arenavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenavirus []
+- Englischer Begriff für die <one>Virusausschüttung</one>? <one>Virus shed</one> or rather <one>viral shedding</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_shedding []
+- Ist <one>HIV</one> ein <two>DNA-Virus</two>? <one>Nein</one> - <two>HIV</two> ist ein <three>RNA-Virus</three>. []
+- <one>Viren</one> können über ein <two>Durchbrechen der Hautbarriere</two> <three>in den Menschen gelangen</three>. <four>Nenne hierzu drei verschiedene Möglichkeiten</four>. A: (1) ein <one>Arthropode</one> als Vektoren (zum Beispiel eine <two>Gelse</two>) (2) <one>Injektion</one>, zum Beispiel über eine Spritze (3) <one>Piercings</one> []
+- Kann das <one>Pocken-Virus</one> mit dem Lichtmikroskop erkannt werden? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> <two>is what kind of virus</two>? <two>SARS-CoV2</two> is a <one>coronavirus</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 []
+- <one>What disease</one> is <two>typically caused by</two> a <three>rhinovirus</three>? The <one>common cold</one>. []
+- Does the <one>bird flu</one> <two>infect humans</two>? <one>Usually not</one>. []
+- <one>Wieviele Aminosäuren</one> besitzt <two>Vpg</two>? A: <one>22</one>. []