studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cancer tag, Cancerbiology tag
+#
+# Krebs tag. Zellzyklus tag. Tumor Tag.
+# Cancer tag. Cancertag. Cantag. Can tag. oncology tag.
+#
+# Auch Viren die Krebs verursachen können mögen hier in dieser
+# Datei gespeichert werden.
+#
+# Auch manche Krebsmedikamente werden hier eingetragen.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Viruses are involved in about n% of all human cancers. A: 15–20% of all human cancers.
+- We can <one>trace and detect cancer cells</one> by their <two>uptake of radioactively labeled substances</two>, such as <three>FDG</three>. <four>FDG stands for ... </four>? <one>Fluorodeoxyglucose</one> (<two>Fluoro-deoxy-glucose</two>).
+- Wie können <one>Bluttplättchen</one> zu Tumoren beitragen? <one>Bluttplättchen</one> <two>können Tumore abschirmen</two>, so das natürliche Killerzellen nicht an die Tumore rankommen.
+- The <one>lifetime risk of cancers</one> of many different cell types is strongly correlated with the ... ? with the <one>total number of divisions of the normal self-renewing cells maintaining that tissue's homeostasis</one>.
+- Provide <one>three examples</one> for <two>cancer-causing agents</two> that can damage DNA. A: (1) <one>chemical carcinogens</one> such as <two>tobacco smoke</two> (2) <one>radiation</one>, such as <one>UV</one> (3) <one>viruses</one>
+- <one>Exogenous risk factors</one> <two>for cancer progression</two> can be grouped into which two classes? (1) <one>genotoxic</one> such as chemicals or irradiation (2) <one>non-genotoxic</one>
+- Was heißt <one>G1</one>? <one>First gap</one>.
+- Give <one>an example for a cancer</one> that <two>is found almost exclusively in children</two>. A: <one>Retinoblastoma</one>. []
+- Name <one>two eukaryotic DNA-replication initiation factors</one>. A: (1) <one>Orc1</one> (2) <one>Cdc6</one>
+- <one>Against which cancer</one> do we have hardly any therapy? Against <one>pancreatic cancer</one>.
+- If we <one>inhibit COX-2</one> in <two>mammary carcinomas</two>, what happens? <one>Apoptosis</one> <two>will be the outcome</two>.
+- Die <one>Aufrechterhaltung der Gewebshomöostase</one> <two>beruht auf</two> welchen drei grundlegenden Vorgängen? (1) Zellproliferation (2) Zelldifferenzierung (3) Apoptose
+- <one>Cellular Test Systems</one> have what major drawback? They do not represent human tumors.
+- Approximately <one>n percent of human cancer cells</one> <two>have defective Ras proteins</two>. A: About <one>25%</one> of human cancer cells have defective Ras Proteins. []
+- Name <one>two major starting points</one> for <two>molecular tumor therapy</two>. A: (1) Induction of apoptosis (2) Induction of differentiation
+- <one>Transforming growth factor beta</one> <two>belongs to which family</two>? To the <one>cytokines</one>.
+- Can <one>NF-kappa-B</one> <two>activate PDL1 expression in cancer cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- It is said that the enzyme <one>COX2</one> <two>promotes tumor formation</two>. <three>How so</three>? COX2 <one>produces prostaglandins</one>, which in turn stimulate vessel formation.
+- <one>Angiogenesis</one> <two>prevents which two problems</two> <three>for a cancer cell</three>? (1) <one>Hypoxia</one> (2) <one>Necrosis</one>
+- Ein <one>Gliom</one> <two>hat seinen Ursprung wo</two>? Ein <one>Gliom</one> stammt aus dem <two>zentralen Nervensystem</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliom []
+- <one>Which cells of the immune system</one> <two>participate in serial killing of tumor cells</two>? <one>Natural killer cells</one>. []
+- <one>Warum</one> ist es für einen Patienten schlecht wenn ein Melanom dick wird? Da es so auch resistenter gegenüber <one>radiotherapy</one> und <one>chemotherapy</one> wird.
+- Was sind <one>Kokanzerogene</one>? <one>Kokanzerogene</one> <two>können die krebserzeugende Wirkung anderer Substanzen verstärken</two>; sie sind aber nicht selbst in der Lage, Mutationen am Erbgut hervorzurufen.
+- <one>Chk1</one> or <one>Chk2</one> <two>can inactivate Cdc25</two>. What happens as a result? The cells are arrested in the G2 phase.
+- During <one>tumor initiation</one>, the DNA of the cell may be mutated by chemical or physical carcinogens. This can lead to the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes. Give one very common example of both such genes. A: (1) "Oncogene":           <two>K-ras</two>. (2) <one>Tumor-suppressor gene</one>: <two>p53</two>.
+- What was the first <one>tumor-suppressorgen</one> discovered? This was the <one>Retinoblastoma gene</one> (<two>Rb gene</two>).
+- Give another term for the word "oncovirus". A: A <one>tumor virus</one>.
+- Give another name for a <one>shrinking tumor</one>. A: <one>Tumor regression</one>. []
+- Name <one>three domains</one> that are <two>part of p53</two>. A: (1) transcription-activation domain (2) <one>DNA-binding domain</one> (3) <one>oligomerization domain</one>
+- What exactly is a <one>hepatoma</one>? A <one>liver carcinoma</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma []
+- Was ist mit dem <one>bystander effect</one> in der Tumorbiologie gemeint? Das auch benachbarte Zellen betroffen sind, zum Beispiel bei einer Ganciclovir-Therapie, und sterben können. Der Grund war das über die gap junctions auch Nachbarzellen gestorben sind. (Nicht replizierende Zellen waren jedoch nicht betroffen).
+- Warum ist die <one>Durchblutung</one> so wichtig in der Tumorbiologie? Die <one>Größe der Tumorzellen</one> wird zu einem grossen Teil von den Kapillaren, also der Blutversorgung, bestimmt.
+- The <one>Ames Test</one> <two>makes use of which bacterium</two>? <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one>. []
+- Name <one>the two main models of tumor growth</one>. A: (1) The <one>stochastic model</one>. (2) The <one>cancer stem cell model</one>.
+- Die <one>Bcl-2 Familie</one> im Menschen macht normalerweise was? <one>Bcl-2</one> <two>inhibiert Apoptose</two>.
+- Was ist <one>Chromothripsis</one>? Eine Art <one>Chaos auf zellulärer Ebene</one>. Abschnitte einzelner Chromosomen sind an unzähligen Stellen zerbrochen und werden quasi willkürlich wieder zusammengebaut. Manche Gene fehlen dadurch, andere sind vervielfältigt oder in falscher Orientierung eingebaut. Etwa 2% der Tumore weist dieses Muster auf.
+- What is <one>the best studied cancer</one> for <two>Multi-Step Tumorigenesis</two>? <one>Colon Cancer</one>. []
+- Name <one>which cyclins</one> can be found in the various cell cycle phases. A: (1) <one>G1</one>: has D1/E (2) <one>S</one>:  has D2 (3) <one>G2</one>: has <two>A</two> (4) <one>M</one>:  has <two>B</two>. Mnemonic: <three>D1E/D2/A/B</three>.
+- The majority of human tumors arises from ...? <one>Epithelial tissue</one>.
+- Was heißt <one>Bioaktivierung</one>? Substanzen die erst in der Zelle toxisch werden.
+- Name <one>one specific way</one> how tumors establish <two>vasculature</two> (=Blutgefässe). A: Myofibroblasts <two>release VEGF</two>.
+- <one>Mutations in the EGF-Receptor</one> <two>are important in which human cancer</two>? In the <one>glioblastoma</one> (<two>human brain tumor</two>).
+- <one>Which Ras Proteins</one> (or rather, their genes) exist in the human genome? <one>Four</one> of them: two K-ras, N-ras and <two>H-ras</two>.
+- <one>Tumour suppressor genes</one> <two>can prevent cancer</two>. Name two general strategies employed here. A: (1) They can <one>prevent cancer by blocking cell division</one>. (2) They can <one>prevent cancer by causing the suicide of the cell</one>.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Warburg-Effekt</one> gemeint? Dies ist die bei vielen Krebszellen beobachtete Veränderung des Glukose-Stoffwechsels, durch den die Zellen ihre Energie hauptsächlich durch die Glykolyse mit anschließender Ausscheidung von Laktat gewinnen.
+- We can claim that <one>inflammation is linked to cancer</one>, but <two>can we provide any evidence for such a claim</two>? (1) Inflammatory diseases increase the cancer risk (2) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the risk or cancer (3) signaling pathways involved in inflammation operate downstream of oncogenic mutations such as ras or myc (4) Inflammatory cells are present in the tumor microenvironment (5) Adoptive transfer of inflammatory cells promotes "tumor development"
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> mögen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Krebsentstehung besitzen? <one>Mesenchymale Zellen</one>.
+- The <one>most common human cancer</one> is ... ? <one>Basal cell carcinoma of the skin</one>.
+- Give <one>one popular explanation</one> of why cancer can be seen as a disease of old age. A: A lot of time is usually required for (several) mutations to occur.
+- <one>3 Ras-Gentypen</one> im Menschen? Mnemonic: <one>H</one><two>a</two>KuNa</one> (1) <two>H-Ras</two> (2) <two>K-ras</two> (3) <three>N-ras</three>
+- <one>p53</one> <two>bewirkt welche zwei Dinge in der Zelle</two>? (1) <one>Anhalten des Zellzyklus</one> (2) DNA-Reparatur oder Apoptose
+- The <one>Retinoblastoma</one> <two>loss of heterozygosity</two> <three>can be detected by what technique</three>? By <one>RFLP Analysis</one>.
+- Individuals with <one>BRCA2 mutations</one> are predisposed to breast cancers owing to ... ? <one>genome instability</one>.
+- Name <one>the top three most commonly seen cancer in men</one> (that is, in <two>male individuals</two>). A: (1) <one>prostate cancer</one> (2) <one>lung   cancer</one> (3) <one>colon  cancer</one>
+- Can <one>factors</one> in the tumor microenvironment suppress effector cells? <one>Yes</one>.
+- What are <one>pericytes</one>? These are supportive cells that attach to vessel walls and prevent vessel collapse (PDGF-dependent).
+- Name a <one>disadvantage of cancer cells experiments</one>. A: These experiments are <one>often very hard to reproduce</one>, largely because of cancer cells being so different to one another.
+- Genetic versus Environmental Factors: which of these two contribute more to cancer formation? Environmental Factors contribute more to cancer formation. Epidemiologists estimate that only about 25% of all cancers are caused by endogenous (genetic) factors, whereas 75% are induced by exogenous factors, such as smoking and eating habits. See: Trichopoulos et al., Scientific American 275:80-87, 1996.
+- <one>Cancer</one> is an ... problem. A: An <one>age-old problem</one>.
+- Aus Sicht der Krebsbiologie: bei immunsupprimierten Transplantat-Patienten gibt es welches Problem? Ein <one>deutlich gehäuftes Auftreten von Hauttumoren</one>.
+- The <one>p53 Protein</one> is <two>normally bound to which other protein</two>? <one>p53</one> is normally bound to <two>MDM2</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53 []
+- Give <one>four</one> (broad) examples of carcinogens. A: (1) chemicals (2) radiation (3) <one>viruses</one> (4) <one>chronic infections</one>
+- Name <one>three types</one> of <two>chromosome rearrangements</two> associated with cancer. A: (1) deletions (2) <one>inversions</one> (3) <one>translocations</one>
+- Name <one>four characteristic features</one> of cancer cells. A: (1) loss of "contact inhibition" (2) may "evade apoptosis" (3) may have an <one>altered energy metabolism</one> (4) they may <one>remain undifferentiated</one>
+- Welche <one>Dignität</one> haben Krebszellen? (1) <one>benign</one> (2) <one>malign</one>
+- <one>Colorectal cancer patients</one> <two>often have which additional cancer or cancer-related symptom</two>? <one>Liver metastasis</one>.
+- Name a <one>multi-kinase inhibitor</one>. A: <one>Sorafenib</one>.
+- The <one>retinoblastoma</one> <two>exists in which two forms</two>? (1) <one>familial</one> (2) <one>sporadic</one>
+- <one>Elevated HOTAIR lncRNA expression</one> <two>is associated with which two cancers</two>? (1) <one>human breast carcinomas</one> (2) <one>human colorectal carcinomas</one>
+- <one>Matrix metalloproteinases</one> (<two>MMPs</two>) consist of a multigene family of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling endopeptidases. They depend on what atom? <one>Zinc</one>.
+- Wie tragen allgemein <one>HIF-1</one> und HIF2-2Alpha zum Überleben von Tumorzellen bei? Beide sind Transkriptionsfaktoren, die bei Sauerstoffmangel induziert werden.
+- Is <one>Aspirin</one> <two>carcinogenic in regards to stomach cancer</two>? <one>No</one> - Aspirin it can even <two>cause a 40% reduction in stomach cancer</two>.
+- <one>Pharmafirmen</one> mögen <two>Retroviren</two> auch ... nennen? <one>Onkoviren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkovirus []
+- Why is the <one>Merkel cell polyomavirus</one> <two>considered dangerous</two>? A mutation can happen that truncates the T antigen. Thus, viral replication is eliminated, but it may still suppress the cellular function of RB1.
+- Nenne <one>ein Hemmprotein von p53</one>. A: <one>MDM2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdm2
+- <one>Wann</one> können <two>gutartige Tumore</two> problematisch/lebensbedrohend sein? <one>Durch ihre Lage</one> im Gewebe, Größe, sowie eventuelle Hormonproduktion (<two>Riesenwuchs</two>).
+- Does <one>loss of the enzyme</one> <two>Dicer</two> <three>lead to more cancer</three>? <one>Yes</one>, it can - <two>Dicer</two> is associated with <three>cancer progression</three>. []
+- For <one>detecting cancer</one>, <two>tracing glucose in glycolysis is often a somewhat useful indicator</two>. Name a substance that can be used to trace glucose here. A: <one>FDN</one>: <two>fludeoxyglucose</two>.
+- What are the <one>caretaker genes</one>? Proteins responsible for maintaining the cellular genome.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für einen <two>polyzyklischen, aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoff</two>. A: <one>Benzo(a)pyren</one>, in <two>Tabakrauch</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo%28a%29pyrene
+- Wie heißt <one>p53</one> im Menschen? <one>TP53</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53
+- <one>ras</one> <two>wird durch welches Molekül reguliert</two>? <one>GDP</one>/<one>GTP</one>.
+- Wieviele <one>E2F Proteine</one> gibt es in Säugetieren? <one>8</one>.
+- <one>Mice</one> <two>without Rag2 genes</two> show what? They can not create lymphocytes that trigger auto-immune diseases.
+- Name <one>five viruses</one> that can cause (or at least majorly contribute) to <two>human cancers</two>. A: (1) Epstein-Barr virus (2) hepatitis B virus (3) hepatitis C virus (4) human papillomaviruses (5) human T-cell leukemia virus type I
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Gene, die einen Schutzwall gegen die Krebsentstehung</one> darstellen? <one>Gatekeeper</one>, auch <two>Tumor-Suppressorgene</two> genannt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_gene []
+- In cancer biology: is it <one>easier to inhibit</one> or is it <two>easier to activate</two>? Usually it is <one>easier to inhibit</one>. []
+- <one>Myelomzellen in Kultur</one> <two>teilen sich solange ... </two>? Solange <one>ausreichend Nährstoffe zur Verfügung stehen</one>.
+- Give one specific example in how a <one>mutagenic component of food</one> can increase the risk of cancer. A: All <one>heterocyclic aromatic amines</one>. They are created when proteins are cooked, and thus act as "food mutagens".
+- In the human body: what does the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> cause? It <one>induces the killing of hepatocytes</one>.
+- The <one>large T</one> from the <two>SV40 virus</two> <three>can inactivate which cellular protein</three>? <one>Rb</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein
+- Das <one>BCR-Abl Fusionsprotein</one> kann allgemein mit Hilfe welcher Substanzen behandelt werden? Mittels <one>Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren</one> (<two>TKI</two>).
+- Is <one>PD-L1</one> <two>found on cancer cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pdl1-immunotherapy-tests/ []
+- <one>Aktiviertes p53</one> fördert die Transkription von <two>BAX</two> oder von <two>Bcl2</two>? Von <one>BAX</one>. []
+- The <one>incidence of cancer</one> <two>is a function of ...</two>? <one>Age</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für einen <one>benign tumor</one>? <one>Adenom</one>.
+- Both <one>Bcl2</one> and <one>BAX</one> <two>influence apoptosis as homodimers</two> How exactly? (1) BAX homodimer: <one>promotes apoptosis</one> (2) <one>Bcl2 homodimer</one>: <one>blocks apoptosis</one>
+- <one>Cancer induction</one> by <two>DNA-Tumorviruses</two> is primarily caused by what genetic mutation? The <one>inactivation of tumor-suppressorgenes</one>.
+- <one>Breast cancer</one> <two>often metastasizes to</two> ... which area in the body? The <one>brain</one>.
+- <one>k-ras</one> is dangerous when it is mutated. Normally, what exactly is k-ras though? K-ras is a <one>GTPase</one>, encoded by the "KRAS gene".
+- <one>Cancer cells</one> <two>are defined</two> by <three>which two heritable properties</three>? (1) they reproduce in defiance of the normal restraints on cell growth and division (2) they invade and colonize territories normally reserved for other cells
+- Ein Chirurg mag einen Tumor operativ entfernen; dieser Tumor mag jedoch wiederkehren. Dies wird auch <one>Rezidiv</one> genannt. <two>Nenne zwei verschiedene, mögliche Ursachen hierzu</two>. A: (1) unvollständige Entfernung (2) Tumorprogression aus schlummernden Tumorzellen
+- Name <one>a drug</one> that <two>preferentially kills</two> <three>transit-amplifying</three> cells. A: <one>Gleevec</one>.
+- Differ between <one>carcinomas</one> and <one>sarcomas</one>. A: <one>Carcinomas</one> are derived from endoderm or ectoderm. <one>Sarcomas</one> are derived from mesoderm.
+- Do <one>DNA tumor virus oncogenes</one> <two>have a cellular counterpart</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- <one>How</one> are <two>accidental somatic mutations</two> in cancerous cells called? <one>Passengers</one> or <one>passenger mutations</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_evolution_in_cancer
+- <one>How</one> may <two>alcohol</two> contribute to liver cancer? <one>Alcohol</one> may <two>cause inflammation of the liver</two>.
+- During <one>tumor promotion</one>: which general natural reaction contributes to it significantly? <one>Inflammation</one>. Several cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), can "promote the growth of a tumour".
+- <one>How</one> are <two>mice without B- and T-cell called</two>? These are the <one>RAG2 knockout mice</one>.
+- Why is <one>the START point</one> so important in cancer biology? START controls entry into S phase. If it is dysfunctional, a cell may always re-enter the S-phase.
+- Name <one>two cellular proteins</one> to which the <two>SV40 large T antigen</two> can bind to. A: (1) <one>p53</one> (2) <one>pRB</one>
+- Name <one>a famous cellular anti-apoptotic factor</one> other than p53. A: <one>Bcl2</one>.
+- What does <one>neoplasm</one> mean? <one>New growth</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm []
+- If we <one>methylate a promotor</one>, <two>may this lead to the inactivation of tumorsuppressor genes</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Wieviele Menschen</one> (Stand: 2014) erkranken in Österreich jährlich an Krebs? Etwa <one>38.000</one>. URL: https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/gesundheit/krebserkrankungen/
+- <one>Microenvironmental cues</one> <two>may prevent the infiltration of effector immune cells into a tumor</two>. <three>How is this called in general</three>? <one>Immune-excluded tumor</one>.
+- Sind Zellen in der <one>G0-Phase</one> <two>metabolisch aktiv</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Attachment of pericytes to Microvessels</one> <two>depends on ...</two>? <one>PDGF</one>.
+- <one>Wer oder was</one> ist das wichtigste <two>caretaker protein</two> in einer eukaryoten Zelle? <one>p53</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53 []
+- <one>Human cancer cells</one> may behave most similar to which human cells? To the cells of an early embryo.
+- Can <one>p53</one> easily become a <two>tumor-promoting contributor</two>? <one>Yes</one>: <two>a point mutation may be enough</two>. <three>p53</three> is a <four>tumor suppressor gene</four>.
+- Wieso müssen große Tumore <one>Angiogenese</one> betreiben? Sie <one>stellen dadurch Ressourcen</one>/<one>Nährstoffen sicher</one> - <two>und natürlich Sauerstoff</two>.
+- Der Virus <one>MLC</one> (Moloney-Maus-Leukämie) erzeugt wann nach Infektion die ersten Tumore? 4-6 Monate nach der Infektion.
+- What is the <one>overriding concern</one> for any company developing an <two>antiviral drug</two>? <one>Safety</one>.
+- Nenne <one>sechs verschiedene Ursachen für Krebs</one>. A: (1) <one>Viral</one> (2) Bakteriell (3) Physikalisch wie UV-Strahlung (4) Chemisch (5) Mykotoxine (6) <one>Hormone</one>
+- <one>Which experiment</one> <two>found out</two> that tumor suppressor genes are recessive? <one>Experimental fusion of cells</one> experiment.
+- <one>Mit welchen Verfahren</one> lassen sich eine Amplifikation eines Gens oder eine vermehrte Expression eines Genprodukts an histologischen Schnitten nachweisen? Mit Hilfe von <one>FISH</one>.
+- The <one>chronic myelogenous leukemia</one> (<two>CML</two>) <three>is associated with which chromosome</three>? <one>Chromosome 22</one>.
+- The <one>intrinsic pathway</one> of <two>inflammation</two> <three>can contribute to the formation of cancer</three>. Name a specific, important enzyme that contributes to this. A: The <one>protein tyrosine kinase RET</one>.
+- Are <one>benign tumors</one> <two>harmless</two>? <one>Not always</one>: they could still <two>release high levels of hormones</two>, such as with <three>thyroid adenomas</three>, leading to <four>hyperthyroidism</four>.
+- <one>... development</one> a major cause for cancer deaths. A: <one>Resistance development</one>.
+- <one>Which virus</one> is associated with the <two>Kaposi's sarkoma</two>? <one>Herpesvirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma []
+- The <one>reverse Warburg effect</one> <two>was discovered (or postulated) in which year</two>? <one>2009</one>.
+- <one>Cancer</one> is a collection of diseases that share which common trait? <one>out-of-control cell division</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>Warburg effect</two> discovered? In the year <one>1924</one>.
+- Was ist die entscheidende Aberration aller Krebszellen? Der <one>Verlust über die Kontrolle des Zellwachstum</one>.
+- Name <one>one model of Tumor Progression</one>. A: The <one>Rip-Tag Model</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5644377/
+- <one>Inherited Cancer Syndromes</one> <two>are usually caused by ... </two>? <one>Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes</one>.
+- Give a famous example for <one>oncogenic drivers</one>, a gene as target. A: <one>BCR-ABL</one>.
+- Is <one>a single mutation</one> <two>sufficient to cause cancer</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- Name <one>two domains</one> that can be found in the <two>BRCA1 gene</two>. A: (1) <one>Ring domain</one> (2) <one>BRCT domain</one>
+- What is the <one>prototype for the multi-hit model of cancer induction</one>? The <one>progression</one> of the <two>colon cancer</two>.
+- The rate of <one>clonal evolution</one> <two>depends on ...</two>? The frequency with which new mutations arise.
+- How can we quickly identify <one>melanome metastases</one>, to some degree of certainty, in mice? These carcinomas have a very <one>distinctive, dark pigmentation</one>.
+- What is <one>the role of the extracellular matrix</one>? It holds cells together and maintains the three-dimensional structure of the body.
+- <one>The first anti-cancer drug targeting an immune checkpoint</one> was <two>ipilimumab</two>, in <three>2011</three>. <four>It blocks what exactly</four>? <one>CTLA4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_inhibitor
+- The <one>majority of human tumors</one> arises from ... ? <one>Epithelial tissues</one>.
+- Warum können wir in Zusammenhang mit Krebs von einem <one>mutator phenotype</one> sprechen? Normale Zellen haben sehr selten Mutationen - Krebszellen haben hingegen sehr häufig Mutationen.
+- <one>Metastatic tumors</one> <two>often secrete ... </two>? <one>Proteases</one>, which can degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix.
+- Give <one>the most decisive evidence</one> for the monoclonal origin of cancers. A: The <one>pattern of X chromosome inactivation</one>.
+- <one>CHK1 activation</one> is somehow associated with DNA repair. It depends on ATR and on ATM. But what is the role of CHK1 in the S-phase and the G2-M checkpoint? It phosphorylates CDC25A and CDC25C.
+- Name <one>the three most common cancer</one> in men and women each. A: (1) <one>men</one>:   <two>prostate</two>, <two>colon</two>, <two>lung cancer</two> (2) <one>women</one>: breast, colon, <two>lung cancer</two>
+- Give another name for <one>chemotherapy</one>. A: <one>Anti-cancer drugs</one>.
+- What is usually stated to be the main reason why cancer is more common in older people? The journey from a normal cell to a cancer cell takes time for these mutations to accumulate, which is more likely to occur in older people.
+- <one>Wieso</one> kann es zum <two>bystander Effekt</two>, also den Tod von anderen Zellen, im Zuge einer Therapie kommen? Die <one>toxischen Moleküle</one> können über die "gap junctions" verbreitet werden.
+- In oncology: what is the <one>Warburg effect</one>? This is the observation that <one>most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol</one>.
+- <one>Proto-oncogenes</one> <two>encode what</two>? <one>Transcription factors</one>.
+- In cancer therapy: we <one>can disrupt ATP levels</one> (in order to preferentially kill cancer cells) by using what substance? <one>3 bromo biruvate</one>.
+- Name a big <one>difference</one> between <two>v-src</two> and <two>c-src</two> in chicken cells. A: The <one>v-src</one> <two>contain introns</two>.
+- Was ist ein <one>Insulinom</one>? Ein Insulinom ist <one>ein Tumor der Beta-Zellen des Pankreas</one>. Es kommt zu einer unkontrollierten Produktion und AUsschüttung von Insulin, mit dem Effekt das eine pathologische Hypoglykämie entsteht.
+- In cancer biology: what means <one>heterotypic signaling</one>? This type of communication occurs between dissimilar cell types. It is used to encourage proliferation.
+- In the <one>Cancer-Immunity Cycle</one>, <two>at the first step</two>, <three>cancer cell antigens are released</three>. <four>How may we alternatively call such antigens</four>? <one>Neoantigens</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> is pancreatic cancer so lethal? It has <one>a propensity</one> to <two>spread rapidly to the lymph nodes</two>.
+- <one>LGR5</one> belongs to <two>which signaling pathway</two>? <one>LGR5</one> belongs to the <one>Wnt signaling pathway</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> are <two>nude mice</two> used in cancer research? These hairless mutant mice <one>lack a thymus</one>, and <two>are therefore immunocompromised</two>.
+- <one>Who</one> can degrade p53? <one>MDM2</one>.
+- <one>Imatinib</one> <two>wirkt gegen welche Krebsform</two>? Gegen die <one>Chronisch Myeloische Leukämie</one> (<two>CML</two>).
+- What means <one>stratification</one> <two>in cancer treatment</two>? <one>Stratification</one> means that <two>the type and stage of cancer are defined, which determines an efficient treatment</two>.
+- <one>Ganciclovir</one> ist <two>ein Analog zu Aciclovir</two>, <three>mit welchem strukturellen Unterschied</three>? <one>Ganciclovr</one> hat eine extra hydroxymethylene group (-CH2-OH).
+- <one>How many percent</one> of all human tumors worldwide are caused by viruses? <one>15%</one>.
+- <one>Inflammatory responses</one> and (usually <two>bacterial</two>) <two>infections</two>, <three>are linked to how many percent of deaths from cancer worldwide</three>? About <one>15-20%</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> is the <two>Guardian of the Genome</two>? The <one>tumor suppressor</one> <two>p53</two>.
+- Will the <one>immune system</one> respond against an oncolytic virus? Yes, of course, as it is recognized as foreign.
+- What does the <one>Cancer Immunosurveillance</one> theory <two>from 1957</two> state? <one>Lymphocytes</one> <two>act as sentinels</two> in recognizing and eliminating nascent, transformed cells. This decreases cancer rates through <three>inhibition of carcinogenesis</three>.
+- <one>Human papillomavirus</one> <two>are associated with</two> <three>which skin cancer</three>? <one>Epidermodysplasia verruciformis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis
+- What can happen if <one>a promoter</one> <two>is methylated</two>? This <one>can block the binding of transcription factors</one> to this promoter.
+- Was meinen wir wenn wir von einer <one>Mutator-DNA-Polymerase</one> sprechen? Dies sind <one>Mutationen in DNA-Polymerasen</one>, die dadurch eine geringere Genauigkeit aufweisen.
+- Name <one>a liquor</one> that <two>can decrease the risk of liver cancer</two>. A: <one>Coffee</one>.
+- Die <one>Proliferationskapazität von Zellen</one> <two>ist stark wovon abhängig</two>? Vom <one>Differenzierungsgrad dieser Zellen</one>.
+- <one>In which tumor(s)</one> does <two>a translocation event</two> bring the Myc gene under the control of sequences that normally drive the expression of antibody genes in B lymphocytes? In <one>Burkitt's lymphoma</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkitt's_lymphoma
+- <one>Which vaccine</one> was the first vaccine that has been established to prevent cancer? The <one>hepatitis B vaccine</one>.
+- The <one>Retinoblastom-Gene</one> <two>is found on which chromosome</two>? <one>13</one>.
+- Can <one>eIF4E</one> be considered to be <three>an oncogene</three>? <one>Yes</one> - but it is <two>a fairly weak one</two>.
+- <one>Cancer typically originates from a single cell</one>. <two>How is this cell typically called</two>? This is <one>the cancer founder cell</one>.
+- What is an <one>osteosarcoma</one>? An <one>osteosarcoma</one> is <two>a cancerous tumor in a bone</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma
+- Which is the most frequently mutated oncogene in humans? <one>KRAS</one>.
+- One of the biggest problems in immunotherapy is ... ? the <one>immune recognition of cancer</one>.
+- Die primäre Funktion von <one>p53</one> ist nicht der Zellzod sondern ... ? Die Verzögerung des Zellwachstums, so das Reparatursysteme verstärkt wirken können.
+- <one>Which two forms</one> of the <two>Retinoblastoma</two> can be distinguished? (1) <one>familial</one> (2) <one>sporadic</one>
+- Some papers distinguish between a <one>cold tumor</one> and a <one>hot tumor</one>. <two>What is meant here in regards to the temperature label</two>? The <one>cold tumor</one> shows a low inflamed state, whereas a hot tumor is highly inflamed. In addition to that, the hot tumor is CD8+ T cell rich - has plenty of such T cells.
+- <one>How</one> is <two>the Ras-protein</two> normally activated? It is activated by <one>phosphorylation of its GDP</one>.
+- <one>What is more carcinogenic</one>: <two>Aflatoxin</two> or <two>Benzidin</two>? <one>Aflatoxin</one>.
+- Name one possible factor that relates to immune escape. A: The <one>lack of strong cancer antigens or epitopes recognized by T cells</one>.
+- The <one>oncogene v-ErbB</one> is related to the EGC receptor, except that it has a deletion ... where? In its <one>N-Terminal domain</one>.
+- <one>TPA</one> (<two>12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</two>) <three>can cause what cancer</three>? <one>Skin cancer</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
+- <one>Wieviel % der Krebserkrankungen</one> haben eine <two>erbliche Komponente</two>? <one>2%</one>.
+- Nenne einen allgemeinen Weg wie man zu einem <one>Mutator Phänotyp</one> gelangen kann. A: Inaktivierung oder Deletion von <two>DNA Reparaturgenen</two>.
+- For <one>colon cancer</one>: <two>which gene is very important</two>? The <one>APC gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli
+- <one>When</one> do we say that a tumor is <two>malignant</two>? When cells <one>detach</one> from it and <two>invade surrounding tissues</two>.
+- Warum sind <one>Mikrotumore</one> <two>eher klein</two>? Weil Zellen oft keine Möglichkeit haben, Nährstoffe zu erlangen.
+- Das <one>Hämangiosarkom</one> ist ... ? <one>ein Tumor der Blutgefäße</one>.
+- The <one>clonal diversification</one> that can be seen in cancer cells is due to ...? <one>High mutation rates</one>.
+- What is <one>the most frequently mutated gene in human tumors</one>? The <one>p53 gene</one>.
+- Name <one>a common, instrinsic factor that acts as a tumor promoter</one>. A: <one>Inflammation</one>.
+- What is <one>Immunoediting</one>? This is <one>a process by which a person is protected from cancer growth and the development of tumour immunogenicity by their immune system</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>Knudson hypothesis</two> established? In the year <one>1971</one>.
+- <one>PD-L1</one> is induced by ... ? By <one>inflammatory cytokines</one>, including IFN.
+- <one>SIRT6</one> ist <two>was für ein Enzymtyp</two>? <one>SIRT6</one> ist eine <two>Histone deacetylase</two>. URL: http://www.jbc.org/content/288/43/31357
+- In <one>50% der Tumore</one> sind Mutationen des p53-Gens betroffen. Wo genau liegen die meisten Mutationen hierbei innerhalb des p53-Gens? <one>95% liegen in der DNA-Bindungs-Domäne</one>, und sind vor allem <two>Punkt-Mutationen</two>.
+- The <one>Hallmark of Cancer</one> was critisized in 2010, in Nature Reviews Cancer, as benign tumours also showed five of the hallmarks. Which hallmark was exempt from this? The <one>ability to invade and metastasize</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für <one>Umwandlungen</one> in der Tumorbiologie? <one>Metaplasien</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>tumor suppressor gene</one>. A: <one>anti-oncogenes</one>.
+- <one>Azathioprin</one> wird in der Krebstherapie eingesetzt. Wieso? <one>Azathioprin</one> stört die DNA-Synthese.
+- In <one>cancerbiology</one>: what is meant with the expression <one>oncogene addiction</one>? Cancer cells are quite complex, but can often be <one>impaired by inactivation of a single oncogene</one>. This provides a rationale for <two>molecular targeted therapy</two> and <three>we may wish to find such a weakness in a cancer</three> - the <four>Achilles heel</four>.
+- <one>Which two cell cycle classes of proteins</one> are very important? (1) <one>cyclins</one> (2) <one>cyclin-dependent kinases</one> (the <two>cdks</two>)
+- Aside from the HeLa cell lines, name a cell line that is extensively used in <one>cancer biology</one>, starting with the letter <two>N</two>. A: The <one>NIH 3T3 cell line</one>.
+- Why the name <one>poly-oma</one>? It can induce the development of <one>many type of tumors</one> (the polyomavirus).
+- Name the two major characteristics of <two>malignant tumors</two>. A: (1) <one>invasiveness</one> (2) <one>spread</one>
+- Die meisten Krebsformen haben ihren <one>Ursprung</one> in ... ? <one>Stammzellen</one>.
+- <one>Adenom</one> ist eigentlich eine Abkürzung für ... ? <one>Adenokarzinom</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenokarzinom
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Immortalisierung</one>? <one>Unbegrenzte Proliferation</one>.
+- Name <one>a drug</one> that can bind the <two>Bcr-Abl Fusionprotein</two>. A: <one>Gleevec</one> (<two>Imatinib Mesylate</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imatinib
+- The <one>Hallmarks of Cancer</one> was <two>written by which two researchers</two> (family name is sufficient)? (1) <one>Robert Weinberg</one> (2) <one>Douglas Hanahan</one>
+- Was ist der <one>Warburg-Effekt</one> beziehungsweise die <two>Warburg-Hypothese</two>? Dies ist eine von Otto Warburg entwickelte <one>Hypothese zur Krebsentstehung</one>. Bei seinen Beobachtungen an Krebszellen stellte er ungewöhnlich hohe Laktatwerte in Krebszellen fest - Milchsäure ist jedoch ein typisches Gärungsprodukt. Er folgerte daher, das Krebszellen bevorzugt ihre notwendige Energie aus der anaeroben Vergärung (Milchsäuregärung) von Traubenzucker gewinnen und daher Sauerstoff nicht unbedingt für das Krebswachstum notwendig sei.
+- Name <one>two ways</one> how a <two>tyrosine kinase</two> can be deactivated. A: (1) by a <one>Tyrosine Phosphatase</one> (2) degradation by the 26S proteasome
+- <one>Welche Cycline</one> dominieren <two>in G1-S-G2-M</two> jeweils? <one>D-E-A-B</one>.
+- Ist <one>p53</one> <two>ein essenzielles Gen</two>? <one>Nein</one> - Mäuse ohne p53 können leben, etwa 200 Tage lange.
+- List three evidences for <one>Multi-Step Tumorigenesis</one>. A: (1) Cancer is a disease of age (2) All Action-Reaction relationship can take a considerable amount of time (3) Tumor progression can be separated into distinct steps
+- The <one>seed and soil</one> hypothesis developed by the surgeon <two>Stephen Paget</two> is fairly old. <three>In which year was it suggested</three>? In the year <one>1889</one>.
+- The <one>k-ras</one> gene, or more accurately, <two>its protein product, is involved primarily in regulating cell division</two>. Name a signaling pathway in which this protein is involved normally. A: The <one>RAS</one>/<one>MAPK pathway</one>.
+- The <one>three E's in cancer therapy</one> <two>describe which three mechanisms</two>? (1) Elimination (2) Equilibrium (3) <one>Escape</one>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Tumore</one>? <one>Neoplasie</one>.
+- In the <one>cancer immunoediting concept</one>, at the equilibrium stage: this is purely a function of innate immunity or adaptive immunity? It is purely a function of adaptive immunity only.
+- Ist eine strikte Einteilung in <one>caretaker</one> und <one>gatekeeper</one> sinnvoll? Nicht wirklich - <one>p53</one> ist sowohl ein <two>caretaker</two>, als auch ein <two>gatekeeper</two>.
+- <one>Welche Proteine</one> wirken allgemein als <two>Tumorsuppressoren</two>? <one>Reparaturproteine</one>.
+- <one>p53</one> is <two>a dominant negative mutation</two>. <three>What does this mean</three>? This means that <one>the mutant protein can inactivate the normal protein</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> (systemisch betrachtet) <two>in einem CML-Patienten</two> finden wir das BCR-ABL Fusionsprotein? In den <one>weißen Blutzellen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukozyt
+- <one>COX-2</one> <two>may play a role in tumor formation</two>. <three>Name a fairly simple way how to inhibit it</three>. A: <one>Aspirin</one> <two>can inhibit COX-2</two>.
+- In Cancerbiology: what means <one>targeted therapy</one>? The target correlates with a specific therapeutic effect.
+- <one>Who</one> established the <two>seed and soil</two> Hypothesis? The surgeon <one>Stephen Paget</one>, in 1889.
+- How are the protein products of <one>tumor suppressor genes</one> called? <one>Gatekeepers</one>.
+- Manche Tumorzellen werden <one>CTCs</one> genannt, englisch. <two>Wofür steht diese Abkürzung</two>? <one>Circulating tumor cells</one>.
+- What is <one>c-abl</one>? This is a <one>tyrosine kinase</one>, involved in many signaling pathways, and tighly regulated.
+- The <one>Wnt protein</one> binds to ...? To <one>frizzled receptors</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway
+- <one>Welche Rolle</one> haben <two>Cycline</two>? <one>Cycline</one> sorgen dafür, das die cyclin-abhängigen Kinasen aktiv werden können.
+- The <one>tumorigenic process</one> that leads from a normal cell to cancer can be divided into which three phases? (1) <one>tumor initiation</one> (2) <one>tumor promotion</one> (3) <one>tumor progression</one>
+- <one>Which Cyclin</one> drives the cell into the S-phase? The <one>E-Cdk2 complex</one>.
+- If we compare <one>benign</one> to malign tumors, what is the most characteristic, additional attribute of a <two>malign tumor</two>? Its ability to metastasize, that is, to "invade into adjacent tissues".
+- Welchen <one>unmittelbaren Effekt</one> hat der Ausfall des Proteins pRB? Eine <one>unregulierte Zellproliferation</one> ist die Folge.
+- A. W. für <one>multiple-hit hypothesis</one>? <one>Knudson hypothesis</one>.
+- <one>Which dangerous cells</one> have <two>no GO phase</two>? <one>Cancer cells</one>.
+- <one>Camptothecin</one> <two>can work against cancer cells</two>. <three>How does it work</three>? It interferes with topoisomerase I. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptothecin
+- Give another term for: <one>high level of genomic instability in cancer cells</one>? <one>Mutator phenotype</one>.
+- <one>Rapamycin</one> binds to which protein in a cell? <one>FKBP12</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für "Gehirntumor"? <one>Glioblastom</one>.
+- What makes a <one>malignant tumor</one> <two>evil</two>? Its ability to <one>metastasize</one> (the spreading and migration).
+- In the <one>seed and soil</one> hypothesis: what is meant with the <two>soil</two> exactly? The <one>specific organ microenvironment</one>.
+- In Cancer Biology: give a specific example for a <one>landscaper molecule</one>. A: The <one>PTEN</one> <two>phosphatase and tensin homolog</two>. Caretakes influence the surrounding of a cell by regulating the secretion of growth factors.
+- What happens to <one>knockout-mice that lack p53</one>? They <one>develop cancer very early</one> - <two>and die</two>.
+- Individuals with a <one>mutant RB1 gene</one> have only a high chance of developing retinoblastoma? <one>No</one> - they <two>also have a high chance for developing other cancers</two>.
+- Warum ist es für einen Tumor so wichtig <one>p53</one> zu mutieren? Da diese Mutation eine Defizienz in der Fähigkeit zur DNA-Reparatur bedeutet. Dies erhöht das Risiko für weitere Mutationen und beschleunigt damit die Progression zur Malignität.
+- <one>In what general population</one> may we find an <two>increased risk of cancer</two>? In <one>immunocompromised patients</one>.
+- In general: <one>when</one> may we see <two>tumor-associated antigens</two>? When a cancer cell was killed. 
+- How is a <one>cellular checkpoint</one> defined? This is a mechanism that halts progression through the cell cycle until a critical process such as DNA synthesis is completed.
+- <one>Compare</one> the cellular architecture of a normal cell and a cancer cell. A: <one>Tumor cells</one> are usually <two>less organized</two> compared to the architecture seen in normal cells.
+- From a chromosomal biology point of view: what may be dangerous for a person's proto-oncogenes? <one>Gene amplification</one>, leading to additional copies of a proto-oncogene.
+- Unterschied zwischen <one>Krebs</one> und <two>anderen genetischen Erkrankungen</two>? <one>Krebs</one> geht selten aus einer Einzelmutation hervor und häufiger aus einer Anhäufung vieler Mutationen.
+- In Cancer Therapy: what is the so called <one>Antitumor suicide gene therapy</one>? It is <one>a strategy against cancer</one>. This strategy consists of the introduction into cancer cells of a gene capable of converting a nontoxic prodrug into a cytotoxic drug.
+- <one>Rituximab</one> can be used for the treatment of which cancer? <one>B Cell Leukemias</one>.
+- Name <one>one theory</one> associated with <two>oncogene addiction</two>. A: <one>Oncogenic Shock Theory</one>. It says that in normal cells, there are pro-growth signals and pro-apoptotic signals. Upon activation of an oncogene, all the other pathways are marginalized or not used anymore. The reason is that when many mutations occur, several other pathways become dysfunctional due to mutations accrued in their genes.
+- The <one>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</one> <two>increases susceptibility to cancer</two>. <three>Which gene is mutated</three>? The <one>TP53 tumor suppressor gene</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Varianten von ras</one>. A: (1) K-ras Onkogen (2) N-ras Onkogen
+- Give another name for the <one>Boder-Sedgwick syndrome</one>. A: <one>Ataxia telangiectasia</one>.
+- What are <one>passenger mutations</one>? These are mutations that are "carried along for the ride".
+- Was bedeutet die Abkürzung <one>v-onc</one>? Ein <one>Onkogen</one> das von einem Retrovirus getragen wird.
+- What is the primary goal for any <one>anticancer immune response</one>? To effectively kill cancer cells.
+- Was ist der <one>Hauptunterschied</one> zwischen <two>Metaplasie</two> und <two>Anaplasie</two>? (1) Metaplasie ist eine <one>reversible Zellumwandlung</one>. (2) <one>Anaplasie</one> ist eine <two>irreversible Zellumwandlung</two>.
+- The <one>HNSC cancer</one>: <one>HNSC</one> <three>is an abbreviation for ... </three>? <one>Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma</one>.
+- <one>When</one> were <two>The Hallmarks of Cancer</two> first published? In the year <one>2000</one>.
+- What happens if <one>poly-ubiquitin</one> <two>is added</two> to <three>p53</three>? <one>p53</one> will be <two>degraded</two>.
+- <one>Wo</one> wurden <two>Onkogene entdeckt</two>? In <one>Viren</one>.
+- What are <one>proto-oncogenes</one>? These are <one>genes</one> that, <two>when activated, promote cancer initiation and progression (= oncogenes)</two>.
+- Was heißt der Wortstamm <one>-om</one>? <one>Geschwulst</one>.
+- <one>Which protein</one> is <two>the normal antagonist of p53</two>? <one>Mdm2</one>.
+- <one>Warum</one> ist das <two>Fusionsprotein BCR-ABL</two> ein Problem? Es kann die Zelle zur <one>ständigen Proliferation</one> stimulieren.
+- In cancer, the <one>p53 gene</one> is most commonly mutated. Which gene is the second most commonly mutated one? A <one>PI3K kinase activation mutation</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> did <two>HeLa cells</two> become cancerous? They were infected with <one>HPV18</one> (<two>human papilloma virus 18</two>).
+- Ein wichtiges Antitumormittel ist <one>FdUMP</one>. <two>Wofür steht diese Abkürzung</two>? <one>Fluordesoxyuridylat</one>.
+- Bei <one>Krebs</one>: was genau bezeichnet der Begriff <two>Tumor-Promotion</two>? Ein normaler Wachstumsreiz stimuliert präferentiell das Wachstum von (prä-)neoplastischen Zellen.
+- Name <one>a simple way for most people</one> to <two>reduce the risk for colon cancer</two>. A: <one>Physical activity</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel für einen nicht soliden Tumor</one>. A: Das <one>Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom</one>.
+- Was ist der <one>Kanzerogen-Spender Nummer 1</one>? <one>Tabak</one> (beziehungsweise <two>Tabakrauch</two>).
+- Nenne <one>ein Protein</one>, <two>das an den Transkriptionsfaktor E2F binden kann</two>. A: Das <one>pRB</one> Protein.
+- <one>How</one> can we value carcinocity? With the aid of the <one>Ames Test</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>liquid tumor</one>. A: <one>Lymphomas</one>.
+- What is <one>the last step</one> of the <two>invasion-metastasis cascade</two>? <one>Colonization</one>.
+- Wie können wir das <one>HER2-Level</one> (also HER2-Rezeptoren) an der Oberfläche von Krebszellen bestimmen? Mit Hilfe der <one>IHC</one> (<two>Immunhistochemie</two>).
+- Name <one>the six hallmarks of cancer</one>. A: (1) <one>cancer cells stimulate their own growth</one> (2) they resist inhibitory signals that might otherwise stop their growth (3) they resist their own programmed cell death (apoptosis) (4) they stimulate the growth of blood vessels to supply nutrients to tumors (angiogenesis) (5) they can multiply forever (immortality) (6) they invade local tissue and spread to distant sites (metastasis)
+- If the level of <one>p53</one> increases, what other level also increases? The levels of the <one>p21 protein</one>.
+- <one>80% of the human tumors</one> are classified as ...? <one>Carcinomas</one>.
+- Name <one>four types of malignant tumors or cancers</one>. A: (1) carcinomas (2) sarcomas (3) <one>lymphomas</one> (4) <one>leukemias</one>
+- Boundary for a <one>benign tumor</one> is ...? A <one>fibrous capsule</one>.
+- <one>Which person</one> first described the <two>Burkitt lymphoma</two>? <one>Denis Burkitt</one>.
+- What is <one>v-src</one>? A <one>protein kinase</one> <two>carried by a retrovirus</two>, able to insert into the plasma membranes of infected cells.
+- <one>How many percent</one> of human cancers carry mutation in the <two>p53 gene</two>? <one>50%</one>.
+- The <one>Human Papillomavirus</one> <two>is implicated in the development of which cancer</two>? Of <one>cervical carcinoma</one>.
+- In cancer biology: for a transcription factor to show <one>pleiotropy</one>, what does this mean? This is when such a transcription factor may simultaneously orchestrate the expression of a large cohort of responding genes that, together, proceed to create major components of the particular cancer cell phenotype at hand.
+- Nenne die drei Stufen der Kanzerogenese. A: (1) "Initiation" (2) "Promotion" (3) <one>Progression</one>
+- Worldwide, how many of the human cancers were caused by a virus? <one>11.9%</one> - so about <one>12%</one>.
+- Beim <one>Warburg-Effekt</one> betreiben Krebszellen nicht nur vermehrt Glykolyse, sondern scheiden auch verstärkt welche Substanz aus? <one>Laktat</one>.
+- What does the <one>mutator phenotype hypothesis</one> postulate? The mutation rate in the early stages of tumor development must be significantly greater than that of normal somatic cells.
+- Die <one>deacetylase SIRT6</one> fungiert als ein Corepressor von welchen zwei Genen? (1) HIF-1a (2) <one>MYC</one>
+- <one>When</one> were <two>cell-cycle phases</two> first recognized? In the year <one>1882</one>.
+- <one>Cancer</one> <two>causes n% of deaths in the United States</two>? About <one>22.5%</one>.
+- <one>Small-cell lung carcinomas</one> can often be seen in ... <two>which people</two>? <one>Tobacco users</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma
+- Paradebeispiel für einen <one>Gatekeeper</one>? Das <one>Retinoblastoma-Protein</one>.
+- Was bewirken <one>landscaper molecules</one>? Landscaper molecules regulieren die <two>extrazelluläre Matrix</two>, also die Umgebung der Zelle - daher der Name "Landscaper".
+- <one>Welcher Virus</one> verursacht das <two>Kaposi-Sarkom</two>? <one>Herpesvirus 8</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus
+- Name a famous hypothesis of <one>genomic instability</one>. A: The <one>Goldilock Hypothesis</one> of Genomic Instability.
+- <one>CHK2</one> is mainly activated by DNA-strand-breaks via the ATM pathway. It phosphorylates CDC25 phosphatases. What effect does this have? This results in <one>cell cycle arrest</one>.
+- The <one>RB protein</one> binds to which transcription factor in the cell? <one>E2F</one>.
+- Is <one>metastasis</one> <two>a random process</two>? Not at all. Specific tumors do happen to spread into specific target organs. Both tumor cell and target organ contribute to the choice of site.
+- Was kommt vor der <one>Dysplasie</one>, bei der Tumorprogression? Die <one>Hyperplasie</one>.
+- A ... usually delineates the extent of a <one>benign tumor</one>. A: <one>Fibrous capsule</one>.
+- Give <one>three examples</one> for small, oncogenic DNA-viruses. A: "pap mnemonic". (1) papillomaviruses (2) adenoviruses (3) polyomaviruses
+- Name a simple way how to <one>study DNA methylation patterns</one>. A: Treat the DNA with bisulphite.
+- Why was the name <one>p53</one> chosen? Because its molecular weight is <one>53 kilodaltons</one>.
+- The <one>retinoblastoma protein pRB</one> <two>coimmunoprecipitates</two> with which viral oncoprotein? With the Adenovirus <one>E1A</one> oncoprotein.
+- Name <one>something</one> that can turn a <two>proto-oncogene</two> into an "oncogene"? A <one>point mutation</one>.
+- <one>c-myc</one>, als Ursache, <two>finden wir bei welchem Krebs-Typ</two>? Im <one>Burkitt Lymphom</one>.
+- What is the cause for <one>Burkitt's lymphoma</one>? Reciprocal translocation between chromosome 8 and chromosome 11 (or another chromosome, not sure).
+- What usually delineates the extent of a benign tumor? A <one>fibrous capsule</one>.
+- Is <one>alcohol</one> or HBV infection more dangerous in order to develop hepatocellular carcinoma? <one>HBV-Infection</one>.
+- <one>Tamoxifen</one> is <two>used in therapy against which cancer</two>? Against <one>breast cancer</one>, in pre-menopausal women.
+- <one>Melanoma</one> derive from ... ? From a pigmented cell in the skin.
+- The <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one> <two>can cause what cancer</two>? It can cause <one>Burkitt's Lymphoma</one>.
+- In <one>liver carcinogenesis</one>: name a chemical that we can use to give rise to more <two>neoplastic hepatocytes</two>. A: Exposure to <one>phenobarbital</one>.
+- What does <one>NSAID</one> mean in cancer biology? <one>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug</one>.
+- The <one>stromal microenvironment</one> in which tumor cells develop profoundly influences many steps of tumor progression. Name 3 influences found thereof. A: (1) It affects the efficiency of tumor formation (2) It affects the rate of tumor growth (3) It affects the extent of invasiveness and metastasization
+- Was macht der <one>START checkpoint</one>? Er entscheidet ob einer Zelle in die S Phase gehen darf oder nicht.
+- <one>Cancer terminator viruses</one> <two>belong to which virus family</two>? <one>Adenovirus</one>.
+- <one>H-ras mutations</one> cause production of ... by Tumor Cells? H-ras Mutations cause production of IL-6 by Tumor Cells.
+- In cancerbiology: what does <one>vascularization</one> mean? Vascularization means that the cancer cells proliferate and clump up. During that process, they also form blood vessels to nourish themselves, which is called "vascularization".
+- <one>Which cancer</one> is associated with the VHL gene? <one>Pheochromocytoma</one>.
+- The <one>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</one> effectively does what onto a human patient? It <one>greatly increases the susceptibility to cancer</one>.
+- Give another name for a <one>primary tumor</one>. A: <one>Founding tumor</one>.
+- Contrast the <one>differentiation</one> of normal cells with cancer cells. A: Cancer cells are usually less well differentiated than normal cells (or benign tumor cells).
+- Give an example for <one>indirect viral oncogenicity</one>. A: For example, <one>chronic nonspecific inflammation</one> occurring over decades of infection, such as is the case for "HCV-induced liver cancer".
+- Name a protein that is important in cancer-biology, that can be described as an <one>anti-pausing protein</one>. A: <one>Myc</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myc
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>Zink-Transkriptionsfaktor</one> der oft eine Rolle bei Tumoren spielen mag. A: <one>AP1 jun</one> / <one>fos Proteine</one>.
+- <one>Which gene</one> is very often responsible for <two>pancreatic carcinoma</two>? The <one>K-ras oncogene</one>.
+- The <one>k-ras gene</one>, from the point of view of tumor biology, belongs to a class of genes known as ... ? <one>Oncogenes</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>carcinomas of the liver</one>. A: <one>Hepatomas</one>.
+- <one>Which factor</one> initiates the G2→M transition? The <one>maturation promoting factor</one> (<two>MPF</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturation_promoting_factor
+- Name <one>the four most important exogenous risk factors</one> <two>for cancer progression</two>. A: (1) Workplace (2) Tobacco smoke (3) Nutrition (4) Living environment: geographical factors; migration studies
+- <one>How many cell divisions</one> occur in a human lifetime? <one>10 ** 16</one>.
+- What are <one>driver mutations</one>? These are mutations that give a growth advantage to a tumor cell.
+- In <one>east asia</one>, <two>hepatocellular carcinoma</two> are often associated with which virus? With <one>chronic hepatitis B virus</one>.
+- Finden wir <one>Apoptose</one> <two>bei Pflanzen</two>? Ja, in der <one>hypersensitives response</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitive_response
+- Was ist die <one>Krebsprävalenz</one>? Dies ist die Anzahl an Personen, die an Krebs erkrankt und zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt noch am Leben sind.
+- Why may even one mutant allele of p53 act as a dominant spoiler? <one>p53</one> exists <two>in the nucleus</two> as a <three>homotetramer</three>. Thus, one mutant can interfere with polypeptides created from the normal wild-type allele.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>Warburg effect</one>? This term describes the observation that cancer cells exhibit glucose fermentation even when enough oxygen is present. In other words, "cancer cells ferment".
+- <one>Conventional Chemotherapy</one> exploits ...? It exploits the <one>mitotic catastrophe</one>.
+- <one>Benz[a]pyrene</one> besitzt wieviele Ringe? <one>5</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene
+- In cancer biology, in the human body: what do we mean when we mention the abbreviation <one>TAMs</one>? <one>Tumor-associated macrophages</one>.
+- Melanoma, Melanoma, Melanoma ... aber was heißt <one>melas</one>? <one>Schwarz</one> (black).
+- Do <one>cancer cells</one> become progressively genetically more diverse? Yes.
+- What is the job of the <one>Cdc20</one>? Cdc20 is an activator of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C).
+- <one>Cancer cells</one> may have which primary <two>motivation</two>? Making more copies of themselves.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>checkpoint-theory</two> established? In <one>1988</one>.
+- The <one>pRB</one> (<two>retinoblastom protein</two>) <three>controls which checkpoint</three>? The <one>G1</one>/<one>S cell cycle checkpoint</one>.
+- Name <one>a protein that can inactivate Mdm2</one>. A: <one>ARF</one>.
+- Is it possible to <one>sequence a tumor's complete sequence</one>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Give one example for an <one>endogenous chemical agent</one> that might cause cancer. A: <one>Oxygen radicals</one>.
+- In cancer biology: name another word for <one>Angiogenesis</one>. A: Changing of the micro-environment.
+- In cancer biology we can <one>induce Apoptosis</one>. <two>Name two basic strategies therein</two>. A: (1) Use of small molecular weight compounds (2) Monoclonal antibodies
+- <one>Fibrom</one> ist eigentlich eine Abkürzung für ... ? <one>Fibrosarkom</one>.
+- <one>When</one> did <two>Alfred Knudson</two> propose his <three>multistep model of cancer</three>? In the year <one>1971</one>.
+- <one>p53</one> is phosphorylated by ... ? <one>ATM-ATR</one>.
+- What means <one>cell transformation</one>? Conversion of a "normal cell" into a <two>tumor cell</two>.
+- Die <one>Chinolonreduktase</one> kann <two>anti-kanzerös wirken</two>, jedoch nur wann? Nur wenn es durch Glucosinolat aktiviert wird.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>monoclonality of tumor cell populations</two> first demonstrated? In <one>1965</one>.
+- <one>How many people die per week of cancer</one> <two>in the USA</two>? More than <one>10.000</one>.
+- How is <one>the process</one> called that ensures that normal cells in a cell culture only give rise to monolayers? <one>Contact inhibition</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_inhibition
+- What is a <one>leukemia</one>? A <one>cancer of white blood cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia
+- What is meant with the term <one>cancer-critical genes</one>? These are all genes whose alteration contributes to the causation or evolution of cancer by driving tumorigenesis.
+- <one>Neurofibromin</one> is a <two>tumor suppressor protein</two> that is a negative regulator of ...? Of the <one>Ras kinase pathway</one>.
+- <one>Irinotecan</one> wird bei der Behandlung welcher Krebsart eingesetzt? <one>Irinotecan</one> findet Verwendung bei der Behandlung von <two>colon carcinoma</two>.
+- Is <one>Gardasil</one> or <two>Cervarix</two> better? <one>Gardasil</one> is better, as it is <two>quadrivalent</two> and protects against HPV 6/11/16/18; <three>Cervarix</three> protects only against HPV 16/18 which <four>Gardasil</four> already does as well.
+- The most common cancers in humans, at about 80%, are the ... ? <one>Carcinomas</one>.
+- <one>Wie lange</one> dauert die <two>M-Phase</two> in Säugetieren? Etwa <one>eine Stunde</one>.
+- What does <one>Rb</one> prevent? It <one>prevents entry into the S-Phase</one> - and thus works as a <two>tumor suppressor</two>.
+- There was <one>the Hanahan-Weinberg model of carcinogenesis</one>, first published in 2000 and then updated in 2011. It has 9 elements. Name them. A: (1) self-sufficiency in growth signals (2) insensitivity to antigrowth signals (3) evasion of programmed death i.e. evasion of apoptosis (4) endless replication potential (5) tissue invasion and metastasis (6) sustained angiogenesis (7) inflammatory microenvironment (8) genetic instability (9) altered metabolism
+- A <one>melanoma</one> arises from ... ? <one>Pigment producing cells</one> - aka a pigment cell in the skin.
+- What is the main consequence of the <one>Warburg effect</one>? That <one>a cancer cell must import large amounts of Glucose</one>.
+- What means <one>anchorage independence</one> and why is this important in cancerbiology? <one>Anchorage independence</one> is the ability to proliferate in semi-solid medium. This is a good predictor of the ability of these cells to form tumors in-vivo.
+- <one>How many women</one> die per year due to <two>breast cancer</two>, in Europe? About <one>130.000</one>.
+- Nenne eine andere Bezeichnung für die <one>personalisierte Onkologie</one>. A: Die <one>Individualisierung von Krebstherapien</one>. 
+- The <one>Human herpesvirus B</one> <two>can cause which cancer</two>? <one>Kaposi's sarcoma</one>.
+- How do we call <one>the cellular homologues of viral oncogenes</one>? <one>Proto-oncogenes</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichung für den englischen Begriff <one>caretaker</one>? <one>Wächter des Genoms</one>.
+- Wann steigt die Konzentration an p53 an? Wenn ein DNA-Schaden auftritt.
+- In an update published in 2011 to "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation", Weinberg and Hanahan proposed which two new hallmarks? (1) abnormal metabolic pathways (2) <one>evading the immune system</one>
+- Name the <one>four emerging Hallmarks</one> of cancer that were published in 2011. A: (1) Deregulating cellular energetics (2) Genome instability and mutation (3) Avoiding immune destruction (4) Tumor-promoting inflammation
+- In cancer biology: what do we mean when we use the word <one>immunoevasion</one>? Tumor cells develop mechanisms to escape attacks from the immune system.
+- What is <one>the second most common cancer in women worldwide</one>? The <one>cervical cancer</one>.
+- Why the name <one>LGR5</one>? <one>Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5</one>.
+- Was für ein Typ ist das <one>retinoblastoma protein</one> (pRB)? pRB ist <one>ein Tumor-Suppressorgen</one>.
+- How many people will <one>suffer from cancer in their lifetime</one>? <one>1 in 3</one>.
+- <one>Malign tumors</one> gain an additional characteristic compared to benign tumors. Which one is it? They can invade into <one>adjacent tissues</one>.
+- What exactly are <one>oncogenes</one>? These are <one>cancer-causing genes</one>.
+- Name the four Hallmarks of Cancer that were listed as <one>The Next Generation</one>, by using just one word each. A: (1) cloaking (2) burning (3) mutating (4) <one>chaos</one>
+- In Cancer Biology: what means <one>GWAS</one>? <one>Genome-wide association study</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study
+- Why may <one>cellular motility</one> be important in cancer biology? This <one>allows cancer cells to spread</one> through tissues and migrate to distant organs.
+- What is a "retinoblastom"? A (rare) <one>childhood cancer of the retina</one>.
+- Compare oncogene to tumor suppressor genes in regards to the distribution of missense mutation and truncating mutations. A: In an oncogene, missense mutations dominate. In a tumor suppressor gene, truncating mutations predominate.
+- Give a specific example for an "inherited cancer syndrome", affected by <cadetblue>p53</cadetblue>. A: The <one>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</one>.
+- Tumors may constitute from different cells. In such a tumor we may find "CAF cells". What does CAF mean? <one>Cancer-associated fibroblast</one>.
+- Nenne eine <cadetblue>CML-Therapie</cadetblue> (das Medikament hierzu). A: <one>Gleevec</one>.
+- Can "transcription factors" cause a <one>demethylation of CpG-islands</one>? Yes.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Dysplasie</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet <one>sich abnormal teilende Zellen</one>.
+- In Cancer-biology, what means "HNPCC"? <one>Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer</one>.
+- Breast cancer can be caused by mutations in "BRCA1" and "BRCA2", but what is their normal role? They function in <one>DNA repair</one>.
+- What happens if we knock out both RB genes in a mouse? They <one>die during embryonic development</one>.
+- Name an oncogene carried by the <cadetblue>Rous sarcoma virus</cadetblue>. A: <one>v-Src</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Src
+- Nenne ein Problem das betroffene Personen beim <one>multiplen Myelom</one> zeigen mögen. A: Knochenabbau, und dadurch bedingt, <cadetblue>Knochenbrüche</cadetblue>.
+- Why may low level of miRNAs be associated with cancer? <one>miRNAs may control oncogenes</one>; if less miRNAs are made then these oncogenes may become active.
+- Wieviel Prozent der Tumore haben exogene Ursachen? Etwa <one>75%</one>, angeführt durch <cadetblue>Tabakkonsum</cadetblue> (30%).
+- What is the immediate, visible result of apoptose? <one>Apoptotic, spherical bodies</one>.
+- Wie können wir <one>COX-2</one> inhibieren? Mittels <one>Aspirin</one>.
+- Wieviele "Bronchialkarzinom-Todesfälle" gibt es pro Jahr in Österreich? <one>3000</one>.
+- Name a human cancer that is caused by a polyomavirus. A: The <one>Merkel cell carcinoma</one>.
+- How can <violet>p53</violet> be protected from destruction by Mdm2? p53 can be phosphorylated.
+- Die <one>breast cancer mouse</one> wurde wann von Harvard patentiert? <one>1989</one>.
+- Name a bacterium that can increase the risk of some types of cancer. A: <one>Helicobacter pylori</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori
+- What are "Reed-Sternberg cells"? These are large connective tissue cells found in lymphatic tissue indicative of <one>Hodgkins disease</one>.
+- Wie bekämpft das Immunsystem <one>Krebszellen</one>? Mittels <one>TNF-Produktion</one> - je größer der Tumor umso mehr TNF.
+- Some tumor cells may be able to take over MHC I-receptors from ... ? <orange>Platelets</orange>.
+- Bei etwa 50% der Melanom-Patienten (mit malignem Melanom) sind Mutationen im welchen Onkogen nachweisbar? Im <one>BRAF Onkogen</one>.
+- Give another term, in cancer biology, for "highly abnormal". A: "Dysplasis / Dysplasia". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia
+- Metastases in the liver often arise in patients with ... what type of cancer? In patients with "colon carcinoma".
+- What role in cancer may the "palladin gene" have? When it is mutated, it contributes to the "spread of pancreatic cancer".
+- Nenne einen einfachen Beweis, das Krebszellen klonaler Natur sind? Das "Muster der X-Chromosomeninaktivierung".
+- Name the four biggest risk factors for prostate cancer. A: (1) age (2) race / ethnicity (3) geographical location (4) family history
+- Cigarette smoke is rich in a variety of mutagenic carcinogens, including 3-MC. What does 3-MC mean? "3-Methylcholanthrene".
+- Worldwide, at the least in the year 2015, what was the most common cause of cancer deaths? "Lung cancer", with about 1.6 million deaths.
+- Es gibt in einer Zelle "Phosphothreonine", "Phosphoserine" und "Phosphotyrosine". In welchem Prozentsatz? Mnemonic: S,T,Y (1) Phosphoserine:    "90%" (2) Phosphothreonine: "10%" (3) Phosphotyrosine: "0.05%" (jedoch erhöht sich dies auf 1-3% während einer Transformation durch onkogene Viren.
+- Ist die Bezeichnung "onko-gen" oder "proto-onko-gen" besser? Proto-Onkogen. Sie wirken "proliferationsfördernd" sobald sie zum Onkogen werden.
+- What does the "Knudson hypothesis" postulate? That cancer is the "result of accumulated mutations to a cell's DNA".
+- Give another name for <one>stratified</one>. A: <one>Multilayered</one>.
+- Was passiert genetisch betrachtet wenn "caretaker-Gene" inaktiviert werden? Das respektive Genom wird instabil.
+- Say that you see some cells that do happen to have a mutated k-ras. What may be the implication clinically for such an affected individual? This individual may be more likely to have "colorectal cancer". 
+- k-ras is usually tethered to the cell membrane. How can this be possible though? Because k-ras has an "isoprene group" on its C-terminus.
+- Why should we be sceptical for "cancer diets"? There is not sufficient evidence to state that they can cure cancer, which means that it can become harmful if people assume that it may help them.
+- Why is a mutant Ras protein a problem? Because it transmit signals into the nucleus constantly, leading to "uncontrolled cell division" - the hallmark of cancer.
+- Was ist die biologische Grundlage der hyperthermischen Behandlung von Tumoren? Temperaturen über 42.5°C sind cytotoxisch für die Tumorzellen.
+- What do we mean with the term "tumor progression"? This is when an initial mild disorder evolves into cancer.
+- Was bezeichnen wir mit "Grading" bei einem Tumor? Den Differenzierungsgrad des Krebsgewebes. 
+- What do we mean with the term LOH ("loss of heterozygosity")? This is a gross chromosomal event that results in loss of the entire gene and the surrounding chromosomal region.
+- pRB can stall the cell cycle in the G1-phase. How? Through its negative interaction with E2F transcription factor.
+- COX 2 is one target of NF-Kappa Beta. What effect does this have in a human body? It leads to Prostaglandin and NO Production.
+- What means "de-differentiation"? Give an example of a cancer where we may find that. A: This means that a functional cell loses its functional role partially. Prostate cancer is an example for that.
+- In Cancer Biology, what is the "CGH-Technique"? This is "Comparative Genomic Hybridization".
+- In DNA-Repair, at double strand breaks, MRE11 and RAD50 bind to these sites. RAD50 acts as Dimer, then comes MRE11 in between, and one more molecule. What is its name? NBS1.
+- What is the biggest difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? Benign tumors do not metastasize.
+- What does the term <one>unilateral retinoblastoma</one> mean? This term refers to <one>a retinoblastom that affects only a single eye</one>. []
+- Are <one>mouse cells</one> <two>more cancer-prone</two> than human cells? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Bei <one>Krebserkrankungen</one>: <two>welches Gen</two> <three>ist häufig mutiert</three>? Das <one>p53</one> Gen. []
+- Gegen <one>HPV</one>: ist <two>Gardasil</two> oder <two>Cervarix</two> besser geeignet? <one>Gardasil</one>, da es <two>quadrivalent</two wirkt, und zwar gegen <three>HPV 6</three>/<three>11</three>/<three>16</three>/<three>18</three>, wohingegen Cervarix nur bivalent ist, und gegen HPV 16/18 wirkt. []
+- What is <one>the most common cancer type</one> <two>in men</two>, in <three>Austria</three>? <one>Prostate cancer</one>. []
+- Does <one>Rapamycin</one> <two>inhibit</two> <three>cancer cell growth</three>? <one>Yes</one>, <two>it can</two>. []
+- Was heißt <one>sarkos</one>? <one>Fleisch</one>. []
+- <one>Who or what</one> <two>causes</two> <three>chicken sarcoma</three>? The <one>Rous sarcoma virus</one> (<two>RSV</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virus []
+- Besitzt das menschliche Genom <one>akute, transformierende Retroviren</one>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- <one>Which</one> <two>amino acid</two> <three>is crippled in its biosynthesis in the bacterium used for the</three> <four>Ames test</four>? The <one>histidine operone</one>. []
+- What are <one>the three categories of tumorsuppressors</one>? (1) caretaker (2) gatekeeper (3) landscaper