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data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Genomik tag.
+#
+# Genomics tag. Genomic tag. G tag. Genome tag.
+#
+# Inkludiert auch das menschliche Genom sowie mikrobielle
+# Genomplastizität.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- If we compare the genome between mammoths and africa elephants: the percent sequence identity between these two is at ... ? At <one>98.5%</one> - thus, there is a 98.5 percent sequence identity between these two species.
+- <one>Cyanobakterien</one> haben in etwa n Gene im Genom? Knapp 3200 Gene.
+- The <one>human chromosomes</one> <two>are ordered</two> accordingly from 1 to 22 (excluding X-chromosome and Y-chromosome) <two>based on size</two>. So, the first chromosome is larger than, say, chromosome 10. But there is one exception to this: which one is it? <one>Chromosome 21</one> <two>is</two> actually <two>smaller</two> than <three>Chromosome 22</three>. []
+- Das <one>Dystrophingen</one> <two>enhält n Introns</two>? <one>78</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Protein</one>, das als <two>Insulator im Genom</two> wirken kann. A: <one>CTCF</one>.
+- Besitzt <one>das humane Genom</one> <two>mehr Alu-Sequenzen als</two> <three>das Genom von Schimpansen</three>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- The <one>Alu family members</one> <two>in the human genome</two> make up n % of the human DNA there? At the least <one>10% of human DNA</one>.
+- Do <one>genes encoding regulatory RNAs</one> <two>outnumber</two> <three>protein-coding genes in humans</three>? <one>Yes</one>, vastly.
+- Das <one>menschliche Genom</one> besitzt wieviele Kopien von <two>Mariner</two>? <one>14.000</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tc1/mariner
+- Craig Venter gründete welche Firma? <one>Celera Genomics</one>.
+- Bei der Sequenzierung des Humangenoms wollte man eine maximale Fehlerrate von 1 in n bp erreichen? <one>1 in 10_000 bp</one>.
+- Im humanen Genom, bei den kurzen Armen der Chromosomen 13p, 14p, 15p, 21p und 22p: was genau finden wir hier? Hintereinanderliegend je (etwa) 50 Kopien von rRNA-Genen.
+- Beim humanen Genom: welche Bereiche wurde generell zuerst sequenziert? <one>Euchromatische Abschnitt</one> im Genom.
+- <one>Functional genomics</one> <two>is aimed at ... </two>? understanding gene function.
+- Nenne drei funktionelle Elemente eines Genoms, die das ENCODE Projekt determinieren möchte. A: (1) proteincodierende Gene (2) Enhancer (3) Promotoren
+- According to the GENCODE release version 44, the human genome includes how many protein-coding genes? <one>19.396</one>.
+- Die Sequenzierung des Schimpansengenoms wurde im Jahr ... fertiggestellt. A: <one>2005</one>.
+- The <one>human genome</one> <two>encodes how many protein kinases</two>? About <one>520</one>.
+- <one>LTR-Retrotransposons</one> <two>sind in etwa wie lange</two> (von-bis)? Etwa <one>6-11 kb</one>.
+- What is <one>the ultimate cause</one> <two>for the weird activities of the Reeler mouse</two>? A <one>layering defect in the development of the neurones</one>.
+- Nenne <one>vier Methoden</one> <two>zur Herstellung transgener Pflanzen</two>. A: (1) <one>particle gun</one> (2) Protoplastenfusion (3) Agrobacterium tumefaciens (4) Plastidentransformation
+- <one>Wo</one> in einem Genom mögen wir <two>Satelliten-DNA</two> finden? In den <one>Centromeren der Chromosomen</one>.
+- The <one>dystrophin gene</one> is huge, having a size of about 2.4 Mb size. There is at the least another huge gene in the human genome, at 2.3 Mb. Which one is that? A: The <one>Neurexin gene</one> called <two>CNTNAP2</two>. URL: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CNTNAP2
+- Im Genom von Säugetieren finden wir <one>CpG-Dinucleotide</one>. <two>Kommen diese seltener oder häufiger vor als statistisch zu erwarten wäre</two>? Sie kommen seltener vor als dies statistisch zu erwarten wäre.
+- The <one>OCA2 gene</one> in the human genome can be found on chromosome 14 or on chromosome 15? On <one>chromosome 15</one>.
+- The number of genes on human chromosome 1 is at about? 3000 genes (more exact: 2968 genes).
+- The first sequence of a transfer RNA was published in which year? In 1965.
+- Das <one>Dystrophingen</one> im menschlichen Genom besitzt wieviele Introns? 78 Introns. Diese kodieren sogar für 98% des Gens.
+- In a given genome, <one>CpG islands</one> <two>are likely to be found ... </two>? In or near promoter regions.
+- <one>Wie oft</one> kommt eine (zufällige) <one>16mer-Sequenz</one> im menschlichen Genom vor? <one>Einmal</one>.
+- Von den bekannten <one>Pseudogenen im menschlichen Genom</one> sind wieviel Prozent davon Retro-Pseudogene? Etwa 50%. Diese sind häufig Abkömmlinge aktiver Gene mit hoher Transkriptionsaktivität.
+- In the year <one>1985</one>, the <two>first automated DNA sequencer</two> came about. <three>Which one was it</three>? <one>ABI 370</one>. URL: https://libwiki.cshl.edu/confluence/display/HGP/ABI+370+%28373%29+DNA+sequencing+instruments
+- In percentage: does <one>the human genome</one> include more introns than LINEs? <one>Yes</one>. <two>26% introns</two> and <three>20% LINEs</three>.
+- In <one>eukaryotic genomes</one>: how much percent of their genomic DNA is typically transcribed, up to? Up to <one>90% of the genomic DNA</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096308/
+- Das menschliche Genom hat in etwa n Kopien von LINE Elementen, im haploiden Genom? Etwa <one>850.000</one>.
+- Beim <one>degenerierten Primerdesign</one>: <two>welche Aminosäuren verwerfen wir</two>? Jene mit <one>6 verschiedenen Codons</one>.
+- <one>Welches Tier</one> hat das größte, individuelle Chromosom, physikalisch betrachtet? Wie lang ist es? A: Der <one>indische Muntjak</one> - das längste Chromosom ist hier <two>30cm</two> lang.
+- <one>Maize</one> has n% transposons in its genome? <one>85%</one>.
+- Vergleiche die <one>Anzahl an Reis-Chromosomen</one> mit der <one>Anzahl an Mais-Chromosomen</one>. A: (1) <one>Mais</one>: hat <two>10 Chromosomen</two> (2) <one>Reis</one>: hat <two>12 Chromosomen</two>
+- Wie lange sind die <one>LINES</one> im Säugergenom, wie zum Beispiel im menschlichen Genom (von-bis)? Etwa <one>6000 bis 7000 bp</one>.
+- The first genome of an <i>Archaea</i> that was fully sequenced was that of ... ? <one>Methanococcus jannaschii</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanocaldococcus_jannaschii
+- <one>Craig Venter</one> used <two>1080 bp cassettes</two>. But why not 1000 bp? The <one>overlaps</one> were <two>80 bp</two>.
+- The <one>human genome</one> contains how many <three>Alu family members</three>? About <one>1 million</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_element
+- The <one>human genome</one> is fundamentally about ... ? <one>information</one>.
+- <one>How many genes</one> in the human genome, in percent, encode enzymes? About <one>25%</one> of the genes in the human genome encode enzymes, <two>which is a testament to the importance of enzymes for life</two>.
+- Do <one>vertebrate genomes</one> <two>contain more repetitive sequences</two> than <three>invertebrates</three>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- What was <one>the first RNA-genome</one> and <one>the first DNA-genome</one> that was sequenced? (1) <one>RNA</one>: <two>MS2-virus</two> (2) <one>DNA</one>: <two>Phi X174-virus</two>
+- Das menschliche Genom hat <one>n Gene für Transkriptionsfaktoren</one>? ~<one>1850</one>.
+- Vergleiche den Anteil von SINES und LINES im menschlichen Genom, in Prozent. A: (1) <one>LINES</one>: <two>20%</two> (2) <one>SINES</one>: <two>13%</two>
+- <one>Wie viele Gene</one> besitzt <two>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</two>? Ungefähr <one>5.800</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11967832
+- <one>Pflanzengenome</one> <two>können viele Transposons beinhalten</two>. Wie viel % maximal? Sogar <one>mehr als 60%</one>.
+- What is the goal of the <one>Genome 10K Project</one>, which was established in the year 2009? The goal of this project is to sequence and analyse the complete genomes of 10,000 vertebrate species.
+- Die Opsin-Gene im menschlichen Genom sind alle auf welchem Chromosom vorzufinden? <one>Chromosom 23</one>.
+- Der <one>Glucokortikoid-Rezeptor</one> wird durch das NR3C1-Gen auf dem langen Arm von Chromosom ... kodiert. A: <one>Chromosom 5</one>.
+- In the year <one>1964</two>, <two>Friedrich Vogel</two> <three>estimated that the human genome encodes around n genes</three>? Around <one>7 million genes</one>.
+- The human genome contains about ... how many enhancers? About <one>400,000 enhancers</one>.
+- <one>Cytosine methylation</one> is carried out by <two>DNA methyltransferases</two>. Vertebrates have how many of these in their genome? <one>Three</one>.
+- <one>LINE1 elements</one> are typically concentrated in which band, in a given genomen? In the <one>G-bands</one> (<two>Giemsa bands</two>).
+- In human chromosomes <one>Alu elements</one> are concentrated in ... ? In the <one>Reverse bands</one> (<two>R-bands</two>).
+- <one>LINEs</one> in the human genome are concentrated in gene-rich or in gene-poor regions? LINEs are concentrated in <one>gene-poor</one> regions.
+- In the human genome: where can we find <one>SINEs</one>, give or take? SINEs are clustered in gene-rich regions, especially <one>near promoters</one>.
+- <one>ERVs</one> in the genome are ... ? <one>endogenous retroviruses</one>.
+- The human genome contains n CpG islands? <one>28.000</one>.
+- In humans, ... accounts for virtually all the transposition activity observed today. A: <one>LINE-1</one>.
+- Each human has on average n new mutations compared to their parents? <one>60 new mutations</one> compared to their parents.
+- In <one>2008</one>, <two>1000 Genomes</two> studied the genome of ... <three>how many different people</three>? <one>2500 people</one>.
+- The largest class of proteins in the human genome is constituted by ... ? the <one>RNA binding proteins</one>.
+- Das Genom von Säugetieren ist vor allem in welchen Bereichen stark methyliert? In repetitiven Bereichen, also vor allem retrovirale und retroviral abgeleitete Elemente.
+- The human genome has over 1 million copies of the Alu element, comprising over 10% of the genome. Interestingly most of these elements are inactive. How many percent of these Alu elements are still active? Only about <one>~5%</one> of Alu elements are still active.
+- The (domestic) pigeon has more chromosomes per cells than humans do. How many chromosomes can we find in a pigeon cell? <one>80</one>.
+- The human genome was completely sequenced for the first time in the year ... ? <one>2003</one>.
+- Can <one>bacterial genomes</one> be direct donors of genes to vertebrates? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Name a very important functional difference between the <one>Pfu-polymerase</one> and the <one>Taq-polymerase</one>. A: <one>Pfu-polymerase</one> has a <two>high proofreading activity</two>.
+- <one>How many genes</one> can be found in the genome of <two>phage lambda</two>? About <one>46 genes</one>.
+- Vergleiche die <one>Größe des menschlichen Genoms</one> mit dem <one>Genom von Weizen</one>. A: Das <one>Weizen-Genom</one> ist etwa fünf Mal (<two>5x</two>) so groß wie das <one>menschliche Genom</one>.
+- <one>Welche Gruppe an Bakterien</one> hat generell die geringste Anzahl an Genen? Die <one>endosymbiontisch lebende Bakterien</one>.
+- Overall <one>G+C content of the human mtDNA</one>, <three>in %</three>? <one>44%</one>.
+- Das humane <one>BRCA1-Gen</one> findet sich auf welchem Chromosom wieder? <one>Chromosom 17</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1
+- Das <one>Drosophila-Genom</one> besitzt <two>n% Transposons</two>? <one>20%</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> im bakteriellen Genom von <i>E. coli</i> mögen wir besonders starke Promotoren finden? Zum Beispiel vor den <one>rRNA-Operons</one>.
+- Das <one>kleinste bisher quantifizierte bakterielle Genom</one> besitzt wer? Der Blattfloh-Endosymbiont <one>Carsonella ruddii</one>, mit etwa <two>160.000 Basenpaaren</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatus_Carsonella_ruddii
+- Das Genom des Menschen umfasst etwa <one>n Pseudogene</one>? Etwa <one>20.000 Pseudogene</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>DNA genome sequence of Drosophila</two> completed and published? It was completed in the year <one>2000</one>.
+- The <one>human exome</one> <two>consists of roughly n exons</two>? <one>233_785 exons</one>.
+- To date (at the least in the year 2018), the <one>smallest mitochondrial genome</one> sequenced has <two>5967 bp</two>. Which organism has this small mt-genome? The <one>parasite</one> <two>Plasmodium falciparum</two>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Idealdarstellung von Chromosomen</one>? Ein <one>Idiogramm</one>.
+- <one>CRISPRs</one> can be found in n% among the sequenced bacterial genomes? In about <one>50%</one>.
+- <one>Woran</one> bindet <i>C. elegans</i> <one>HRP1</one>? <one>HRP1</one> bindet an <two>Telomere</two>.
+- Das Plasmid <one>pSymB</one> aus <i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i> ist sehr groß. Wie viele kbp umfasst es? <one>1683 kbp</one>.
+- <one>Welchen Vorteil</one> hat die <two>DAM-ID Methode</two> gegenüber Chip? Wir brauchen hier keine Antikörper.
+- <one>How many human protein kinases</one> are known at the least? At the least more than <one>500</one>.
+- <one>NCBI</one> hatte im Jahr 2014 <two>wieviele vollständig sequenzierte Genome</two>? <one>27570</one>.
+- Es gibt sogenannte <one>Satelliten-DNA</one>, die sich in <two>drei Satelliten-Banden beim Menschen</two> wiederspiegelt. <three>Wie nennen wir diese drei Banden</three>? (1) klassische Satelliten (2) Minisatelliten mit 20 bis 100 bp-Repeats (3) <one>Mikrosatelliten</one> mit 2 bis 10 bp-Repeats
+- <one>How many pairs of chromosomes</one> does the genome of <two>Datura stramonium</two> have? <one>12</one> (<two>2n = 24</two>)
+- The human genome contains <one>LTR retrotransposons</one>. <two>How high is that percentage</two>? <one>8.3%</one>.
+- Are <one>ALU elements</one> found only in the human genome? <one>No</one> - they are found <two>in all primates</two>.
+- Das menschliche Genom kann in <one>TADs</one> eingeteilt werden. <two>Diese Abkürzung steht für ... </two>? <one>Topologisch assoziierte Domänen</one>.
+- Können wir etwas allgemeines festhalten zur <one>Evolution von Introns</one>/<one>Exons</one>? Ja - <one>ein Intron durchläuft im Zuge der Evolution mehr Änderungen als ein Exon</one>. Beispiel: Maus versus Kaninchen; Exons der Beta-Globinkette haben eine 81%-ige Übereinstimmung; die Introns hier jedoch nur etwa 50% Übereinstimmung.
+- What may the job of <one>sopB</one> and <one>sopA</one> in a <two>BAC</two> be? They <one>keep the copy number low</one>.
+- The <one>chromosomes in the human genome</one> carry both coding and non-coding genes, which are often transcribed. Is the number of transcribed genes co-linear with the number of chromosomes, e. g. chromosome number 1 showing more transcribed genes than does chromosome number 2 and so forth? <one>No</one>. For example, chromosome 9 is smaller than chromosome 4, but has a higher count of transcribed genes than does chromosome 4.
+- <one>Genome size</one> varies greatly in plants. <two>Paris japonica</two> has the highest value, in pg. How much? <one>Paris japonica</one> has <two>152.23 pg of DNA</two>.
+- <one>Wo</one> finden wir den <two>HLA Lokus</two>? Bei der Position <one>6p21.3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-A
+- What are the <one>ecotypes</one> in genomics? <one>Strains</one> <two>adapted to different environmental conditions</two>.
+- Give another, fancier name for <one>the human genome</one>. A: The <one>human script</one>.
+- <one>GC-Gehalt des menschlichen Genoms</one>, <two>in Prozent</two>? A: <one>38%</one> - also <two>deutlich geringer als 50%</two>.
+- <one>Alu elements</one> are <two>primate-specific repeats</two> and <three>comprise n% of the human genome</three>? <one>11%</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334610/
+- Alu-Elemente im menschlichen Genom besitzen einen Promotor für ... ? die <one>RNA-Polymerase III</one>.
+- <one>E. coli K12</one> verfügt über mehr als 130 Gene für die Biosynthese von Aminosäuren. Mycoplasma genitalium hingegen besitzt wieviele Gene für die Biosynthese von Aminosäuren? Nur ein einziges.
+- <one>Wieviel % des tierischen Genoms</one> kodieren für <two>Membranproteine</two>? <one>30%</one>.
+- Are <one>second generation</one> crops better than <one>first generation</one> crops? Yes. They have <one>increased nutritional value</one> or/and better industrial traits. For instance, rice enriched with Vitamin A or E, or Maize with low phytic acid and increased essential amino acids.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde der Begriff <two>Genom</two> erstmals verwendet? Im Jahre <one>1920</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>landmarks</one> in the genome. A: The <one>sequence-tagged sites</one> (<one>STSs</one>). These are short DNA sequences in the range of 200-500 nucleotides.
+- The term <one>genome</one> was coined from which words? From <one>gene</one> and <one>chromosome</one>.
+- Large-scale datasets can be analysed and help transform medicine to P4. What does P4 stand for? <one>Predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory</one> medicine. See <two>Hood 2013</two>.
+- The <one>Human Genome Project</one> sequenced the 3 billion base pairs of the human genome at a total cost of ... ? <one>$3 billion</one>. This meant that the <two>average cost was one dollar per sequenced base pair</two>.
+- The <one>first synthetic genome</one> was made by Blight, Rice, and colleagues in which year? <one>2000</one>. It was the genome of the <one>hepatitis C virus</one> (<one>HCV</one>).
+- What was <one>the predecessor to the well-known Personal Genome Project</one>? The <one>Human Genome Project</one>. 
+- The <one>Mycoplasma genitalium</one> genome contains how many protein-coding genes? <one>482</one>.
+- <one>E. coli</one> contains approximately how many genes? About <one>4_377</one> genes.
+- Wie würden wir <one>Chloroplasten-DNA</one> abkürzen? <one>ctDNA</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das Wort <one>Genomics</one> zuerst geprägt? <one>1986</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#Etymology
+- Im Chromosom: was bewirkt die <one>Phosphorylierung</one> von <two>S10</two>? Das Protein <one>HP1</one> dissoziiert.
+- How can we <one>compare genome structures</one>? We could <one>use a dotplot analysis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_plot_(bioinformatics)
+- Im menschlichen Genom: ist <one>die Zahl annotierter RNA-Gene</one> <two>höher</two> als <three>die Zahl der proteincodierenden Gene</three>? Ja.
+- In ~2017: <one>how many bacterial genomes have been fully sequenced</one>, at the least? About ~<one>30.000</one>.
+- Name <one>two components</one> of <two>"The Reelin Pathway"</two>. A: ApoER2 and <one>VLDLR</one>.
+- The <one>chicken ovalbumin gene</one> has <two>a total of seven introns</two> making up more than ...% of the gene. A: More than <one>75%</one> of the gene.
+- Die <one>Beta-Globin-Gene</one> der Menschen besitzen <two>wieviele exons</two>? <one>3</one>.
+- Wieviele Kopien des <one>Mariner-like elements</one> existieren im menschlichen Genom? <one>14.000 Kopien</one>, mit einer Gesamtsumme von 2.6 Millionen Basenpaaren.
+- Ganz allgemein formuliert: ein <one>proteincodierendes Gen</one> besteht, im Durchschnitt, aus (<two>von-bis</two>) n bp? Aus <one>600-1200 bp</one>.
+- <one>Seit wann</one> ist die Sequenz von <two>E. coli K12</two> bekannt? Seit dem Jahre <one>1997</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278503
+- The <one>Human Genome Project</one> began in which year? In the year <one>1990</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project
+- <one>Wieviele Gene</one> hat <two>das menschliche Mitochondrium</two>? <one>37</one>.
+- Können wir <one>lncRNA-Gene</one> <two>in Introns</two> finden? <one>Ja</one> - <two>vor allem im Intron eines proteincodierenden Gens</two>.
+- How long is the human <one>dystrophin gene</one>, in bp? It is about <one>2.2 million base pairs</one> long.
+- Nenne ein Argument aus der Genomik/Proteomik, das zeigt, das die <one>ein Gen, mehrere Proteine</one> Hypothese stimmen muss. A: Das menschliche Genom hat etwa <one>21.000 Gene</one>; die geschätzte Zahl unserer Proteine liegt jedoch bei weit über <two>100.000</two>. Somit muss ein Gen für mehrere Proteine kodieren können.
+- Eine <one>typische Pflanzenzelle</one> besitzt wieviele genetische System? <one>3</one> - eines im Zellkern, eines in den Mitochondrien und eines in den Chloroplasten.
+- Define the term <one>metagenome</one>. A: A <one>metagenome</one> is the <two>collective genome of an environment</two>.
+- What is meant with <one>dark matter</one> in the genome? This refers to the question as to <one>which part of a genome is actually transcribed</one>.
+- <one>Wieviel % des menschlichen Genoms</one> wird transkribiert? Mehr als <one>70%</one>.
+- Nenne zwei <one>Genomics</one>-Sparten. A: (1) die <one>funktionelle Genomik</one> (2) die <one>strukturelle Genomik</one>
+- The <one>human genome</one> has about <two>how many different SNPs</two>? About <one>6 million</one>.
+- In der Genomik: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>ENCODE</one>? <one>Encyclopedia of DNA Elements</one>. URL: https://www.genome.gov/Funded-Programs-Projects/ENCODE-Project-ENCyclopedia-Of-DNA-Elements
+- What does the <one>trans model</one> in <two>epigenetics</two> state? In this model, changes to the histone tails act indirectly on the DNA. For example, lysine acetylation may create a binding site for chromatin modifying enzymes. This Chromatin Remodeler can then cause changes to the state of the chromatin.
+- Name a <one>protozoa</one> with more genes than humans. A: <one>Paramecium</one>. It has about almost 40.000 genes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium
+- The <one>human chromosome number 1</one> has approximately n genes? <one>3148</one> (wikipedia states 2000, though). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Human_chromosomes
+- Why is <one>Candidatus Carsonella ruddii</one> interesting in the genomics-field? Because it has a genome size of only <one>159,662 base pairs</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatus_Carsonella_ruddii
+- The <one>human mt-DNA</one> has a <two>CR</two>/<two>D-Loop</two>. What does the "CR/D" part stand for? (1) <one>CR</one>: <two>control region</two> (2) <one>D</one>:  <two>displacement loop</two>
+- Name <one>four areas of genomics</one>. A: (1) <one>functional genomics</one> (2) <one>structural genomics</one> (3) <one>epigenomics</one> (4) <one>metagenomics</one>
+- The <one>average exon size in human genes</one> is close to n bp? About <one>300 bp</one>.
+- How much of the <one>haploid human genome</one> encodes proteins, in percent? Only about <one>1.5%</one> of the human genome encodes proteins.
+- Für <one>copy-number variation</one>: <two>wieviele Nukleotide werden mindestens benötigt</two>? Mindestens <one>1000 bp</one>.
+- <one>Sequenziermaschinen</one> haben wobei genau Probleme? Bei <one>Stellen wo mehrere gleiche Nukleotide in Folge auftreten</one>.
+- How could we define the term <one>metagenomics</one>? Metagenomics is the study and sampling of the genomes of many organisms from a particular environmental site, such as the <one>human gut</one> or an "ocean region".
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde erstmals das gesamte Erbgut eines Menschen komplett sequenziert? Im Jahre <one>2007</one>.
+- <one>Maize</one> has n genes? <one>32.000</one>.
+- Ein <one>durchschnittliches Exon im Humangenom</one> besteht aus etwa n codons? <one>70</one>.
+- <one>Genomic studies</one> largely began with the sequencing of the whole genome of which bacterium in 1995? The bacterium <one>Haemophilus influenzae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>räumlich-zeitliche</one> Organisation im Genom. A: Der <one>Hox-Gencluster</one>: <two>die Reihenfolge der Genanordnung spiegelt die Zeit wieder, in dem der Cluster transkribiert wird</two>.
+- <one>Genome size in plants</one>, comparing the smallest to the largest genomes, differs immensely. <two>By which factor will this difference be</two>? By about <one>2000-fold</one> (<two>2000x</two>) between the smallest to the largest plant genome.
+- Was ist die <one>genetische Kopplung</one>? Dies beschreibt <one>die Tendenz eines Lokus</one> (= Allel) gemeinsam mit einem anderen Lokus vererbt zu werden.
+- Was ist die <one>Nutrigenomik</one>? Dieser Zweig der Wissenschaft untersucht <one>die Effekte der Nahrung auf die Genexpression</one>.
+- <one>The first microbial genome that was sequenced</one> was that of <two>Haemophilus influenza</two>. <three>How many proteins are encoded by that genome</three>? <one>1707 proteins</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für das <one>Genom</one>? <one>Gesamtheit der Gene</one>.
+- <one>n%</one> aller proteincodierender Gene im Humangenom besitzen eine <two>TATA Box</two>? Etwa <one>30%</one>.
+- Auf der Ebene des Genoms: wie unterscheidet sich das <one>chinese muntjac</one> von dem <two>indian muntjac</two>? Der <one>chinese muntjac</one> hat viel mehr Chromosomen als der <one>indian muntjac</one>.
+- The <one>average size of a mammalian intron</one> is about <two>n nucleotides</two>? About <one>2000 nucleotides</one>.
+- How many <one>protein-coding genes</one> can be found in the human genome? Approximately <one>20.400 genes</one>, according to Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome#Molecular_organization_and_gene_content
+- The <one>maize genome</one> is spread onto n chromosomes. A: 10 chromosomes.
+- Das <one>Genom der Vertebraten</one> besitzt relativ viele <two>lncRNA-Gene</two>. Diese finden sich häufig in enger Nachbarschaft zu ... ? <one>Proteincodierenden Genen</one>.
+- Die <one>mtDNA</one> des Malariaerregers Plasmodium falciparum besitzt nur n Gene? <one>5</one>.
+- Are the <one>rRNA genes</one> in eukaryotic cells typically clustered? Yes.
+- Der Mensch besitzt in etwa <one>n proteincodierende Gene</one>? Etwa <one>21.000</one>.
+- Die <one>mtDNA von Vertebraten</one> enthält <two>n Gene</two>? <one>37 Gene</one>.
+- Is the human gene <one>CYP2D6</one> important? It depends - some humans lack it, but if it is there in the liver then it is very actively metabolizing drugs.
+- Der Mensch hat welche <one>homologen Ras-Gene</one>? (1) <one>HRAS</one> (2) <one>KRAS</one> (3) <one>NRAS</one>
+- The mean size for protein-coding genes in the human genome is ... ? <one>27.000 nucleotide pairs</one>.
+- Das <one>E. coli Genom</one> besitzt <three>n rRNA Gene</three>? <one>7</one>.
+- Warum können wir sagen, das das Genom <one>statisch</one> ist? Da die Genomsequenzen <one>in fast allen Zellen eines Organismus</one> nahezu gleich sind.
+- Does the <one>transcriptome</one> faithfully represent the proteome? <one>No</one> it does not.
+- <one>Wieviele Gene</one> finden wir <one>im menschlichen Mitochondrium</one>? <one>37</one>.
+- Das Genom von <one>Mycoplasma genitalium</one> umfasst wie viele Nukleotide, <two>in bp</two>? <one>580.070 bp</one>.
+- <one>Imputation</one> is used in Genomics to enhance especially which other method? <two>GWAS</two>: <one>Genome-wide association studies</one>.
+- In der <one>Genomik</one>: wieso verwenden wir <three>Modellorganismen</three>? Sie können die Funktions- und Strukturaufklärung unterstützen.
+- Eine (zufällige) <one>16-mer Sequenz</one> kommt wie oft im menschlichen Genom vor? Nur <one>einmal</one>.
+- Welches war <one>das erste Genom</one> überhaupt <one>das sequenziert wurde</one>? <one>Phi X174</one>.
+- <one>Tetrahymena thermophila</one> contains <three>n protein-coding genes</three>, the same as does Arabidopsis thaliana. A: About <one>27.000 protein-coding genes</one>.
+- Do <one>amoeba</one> tend to have a small or large genome? <one>Amoeba</one> tend to have <two>a fairly large genome</two>.
+- <one>CRISPRs</one> can be found <three>in n% among the sequenced archaeal genomes</three>? In about <one>90%</one>.
+- In what year and what month was the <one>Human Genome Project</one> successfully completed? In <one>April 2003</one>.
+- Is <one>the pig genome</one> fully sequenced? Yes, since as of the year <one>2012</one>.
+- How does <one>mutation rate</one> correlate with <three>genome size</three>, in general? The larger the genome, the lower the mutation rate, so we can observe <one>an inverse relationship</one> here.
+- The human genome contains about ... <one>how many L1 elements</one>? About <one>600_000 L1 elements</one>.
+- The smallest eukaryotic genome at <one>2.5 Mb</one> belongs to ... ? <one>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitozoon_cuniculi
+- Give another term for the <one>karyotype</one> - or explain what this word means. A: A <two>karyotype</two> is <one>an ordered set of chromosomes</one>.
+- How do we call the <one>Alu family</one> in the mouse genome? <one>B1 family</one>.
+- What is a <one>genome</one>? A genome is <one>an organism's complete set of DNA</one>, including all of its genes.
+- Typically <one>the first step to understanding a genome structure</one> is through ... ? <one>Genome mapping</one>.
+- Between a <one>full prokaroytic genome</one>, and a <three>minimalist genome</three>, lies which general step? <one>Genome reduction</one>.
+- How many genomes were completely sequenced as of <one>2013</one>? More than <one>4000</one>.
+- Is the <one>cow-genome</one> fully sequenced? Yes.
+- <one>Introns</one> have enabled an expansion in the coding information of the genome by enabling ... ? <one>Alternative splicing</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_splicing
+- <one>Durchschnittliche Länge eines Introns</one>, im Humangenom? Ewas über <one>3400 bp</one>.
+- <one>CRISPR-Abschnitte im Genom</one> haben welche zwei allgemeine Einheiten/Cluster? (1) <one>Repeats</one> (2) <one>Spacers</one>
+- What is a <one>pan-genome</one>? This is the sum of the "core genome" - plus all accessory genes that could be found in a species.
+- Warum ist eine Genkarte von <one>weiblichen Individuen</one> größer als die <one>männlicher Individuen</one>? Da es bei weiblichen Individuen zu einer größeren Zahl an Rekombinationen bei der Reifung der Eizellen (<one>Oogenese</one>) kommt.
+- Nenne <one>drei Unterdisziplinen der Genomik</one>. A: (1) <one>Strukturelle  Genomik</one> (2) <one>Funktionelle  Genomik</one> (3) <one>Vergleichende Genomik</one>
+- Is the <one>gene-poor region</one> in the human genome actively transcribed? Yes, quite so - it is fairly <one>pervasively transcribed</one>.
+- Wann wurde der <one>Triplettbindungsversuch</one> entwickelt? Im Jahre <one>1964</one>.
+- Das Protein <one>Reelin</one>, das für die Reeler-Mouse typisch ist, umfasst wieviele kDa? <one>388 kDa</one>.
+- Long name for the word <one>transposon</one>? <one>Transposable element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element
+- In the human genome: <one>how many genes</one> are actively transcribed at any given moment? <one>3000</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>an animal</one> who has had <three>fused chromosomes</three>. A: The <one>giant panda</one>.
+- What is <one>the size range</one> (from-to) for <three>minisatellites</three>? <one>10-50 nucleotides</one>.
+- The term <one>pan-genome</one> was coined in which year? In <one>2005</one>.
+- Was ist das <one>Folgeprojekt des Humangenomprojekts</one>? <one>ENCODE</one> (<two>ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements</two>).
+- Das Genom des Plasmids <one>pWW0</one> aus <three>Pseudomonas putida</three> ist relativ gross. Wie gross ist es, in kbp? <one>117 kbp</one>.
+- Besitzen <one>Säugetiere</one> das Enzym <three>Dicer</three>? Ja.
+- <one>Menschliche Alpha-Satelliten DNA</one> ist <two>wie lange</two>? <one>171 bp</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC341190/
+- Compare the <one>evolution speed</one> of <three>non-coding elements</three> with <three>protein-coding elements</three>. A: <one>Non-coding elements</one> evolve and turn over at a much faster speed than do <one>protein-coding sequences</one>.
+- What is the big hope of pharma-companies in Genomics? That they will help with <one>personalized, genomic medicine</one>.
+- Does the <one>human chromosome 2</one> have more protein-coding genes than the <one>human chromosome 19</one>? Surprisingly so, no - the <one>human chromosome 19</one> has <two>1472 protein-coding genes</two> whereas the <one>human chromosome 2</one> has <two>1309 protein-coding genes</two>.
+- In humans: the <one>X chromosome</one> carries roughly n genes? About <one>800 genes</one>.
+- Was ist <one>ChIP-seq</one>? <one>Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing</one> ist das Sequenzieren von Fragmenten genomischer DNA, die gemeinsam mit DNA-bindenden Proteinen mitpräzipitieren.
+- Worauf basiert eine <one>biologische Genkarte</one>? Auf der <one>Häufigkeit von Rekombinationsereignissen</one>.
+- Die <one>SINEs</one> im menschlichen Genom sind etwa n bis n bp lang? <one>100-140 bp</one>.
+- Was passiert wenn wir <one>HRP1</one> überexprimieren? Die Telomere in C. elegans werden verlängert. (Dieser Effekt geht jedoch nach mehreren Generationen verloren)
+- <one>SNPs</one> occur with a frequency of one per ...  base pairs in the human genome? <one>1:500</one>.
+- Bei den <one>Wirbeltieren</one>: wieviel % aller proteincodierender Gene besitzt mehrere Introns, also mehr als nur ein Intron? Etwa <one>95%</one>.
+- Das menschliche Genom kodiert für <one>n Adenylylcyclasen</one>/<one>Adenylatzyklasen</one> mindestens? <one>Zehn</one> (<one>10</one>).
+- How many <one>RNA viroid genomes</one> are listed at NCBI, in the year ~2017 or so (rough number, as answer, is ok)? <one>44</one>.
+- The <one>dystrophin gene</one> can be found on which chromosome? On the <one>X-chromosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin
+- Name <one>an important goal of structural genomics</one>. A: <two>Structural genomics</two> attempts to <one>predict the 3D structure of all proteins encoded in a given genome</one>.
+- Die <one>Maus</one> hat (2n) wieviele Chromosome? <one>40</one>.
+- Does the <one>human genome</one> have more SINES or more LINES, in absolute numbers? More <one>LINES</one> can be found in the human genome.
+- Wieviel Prozent des humanen Genoms werden von <one>LINEs</one> kodiert? Etwa <one>20%</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element
+- What is an <one>Integron</one>? This is a two-component gene capture and dissemination system. The first component encodes for a site-specific recombinase along with a specific site for recombination, the second component comprises fragments of DNA called "gene cassettes" which can be incorporated or shuffled. In other words, these segments of DNA are mobile.
+- Was können wir in der Genomik dank der <one>In situ</one> Hybridisierung erreichen? Wir können spezifische Gene auf Chromosomen orten.
+- Are <one>even chromosome numbers</one> more common than <one>odd chromosome numbers</one>? Yes.
+- The <one>first E. coli genome</one> was sequenced in the year 1997. Which E. coli strain was sequenced? The <one>K12 strain</one>.
+- Nenne ein Synonym zu <one>functional genomics</one>. A: <one>Transcriptomics</one>.
+- Wer prägt den Begriff <one>Genom</one> 1920? <one>Hans Winkler</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Winkler
+- Die <one>king crab</one> hat wieviele Chromosomen? <one>208</one>.
+- Warum der Name <one>ChIP-chip</one>? Da wir hier ChIP verwenden, dies zudem noch mit einem DNA-Hybridisierungsansatz kombinieren (=chip).
+- How can we define <one>segmental duplication</one>? These are duplications that are greater than 1000bp in length.
+- Wie funktioniert das <one>Shotgun-Verfahren</one>? Die DNA wird dank <one>Scherkräfte</one> in Fragmente von 1-3kb Grösse zerlegt.
+- What means <one>genomic literacy</one>? The reading of all information enciphered in the sequence of complete genomes.
+- Can <one>high-throughput sequencing</one> be used to assess the <three>methylation status of a genome</three>? Yes.
+- The <one>human genome</one> gives rise to how many different RNAs? About <one>+6.000</one> different RNAs.
+- Why did <one>Craig Venter</one> pick <three>M. mycoides</three> rather than <three>M. genitalium</three>? Because <one>M. mycoides grows more rapidly</one>.
+- What is <one>SiC-seq</one>? <one>Single cell genomic sequencing</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_cell_sequencing#Single_cell_genome_%28DNA%29_sequencing
+- The <one>average human gene</one> contains <three>n Introns</three>? <one>8-9</one>.
+- Das menschliche Genom mag <one>minisatellites</one> und <one>microsatellites</one> haben. Gib hierzu jeweils ein Beispiel an. A: (1) <one>minisatellite</one>:  <two>VNTRs</two> (2) <one>microsatellite</one>: <two>STRs</two>
+- About <one>n%</one> of the proteins encoded in an animal's genome are membrane proteins? About <one>30%</one>.
+- Do <one>non-coding sequences of DNA</one> belong to a genome? Yes.
+- What is <one>the lowest number of 2n in plants</one>? <one>2n = 4</one>, in <two>Brachycome dichromosomatica</two>, a <three>daisy</three>. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7664618
+- <one>Which gene</one> in the <three>human genome</three> includes <two>352 introns</two>? The human <one>titin gene</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TTN
+- What does the term <one>pan-genome</one> mean? This refers to several strains of the same (bacterial) species to gain insights into the development of bacterial genomes.
+- What is <one>genome annotation</one>? This is <one>to mark all the genes in the genome sequence</one>.
+- Name <one>3 subdisciplines of genomics</one>. A: (1) <one>structural genomics</one> (2) <one>functional genomics</one> (3) <one>comparative genomics</one>
+- <one>Organelle proteomes</one> are typically derived from n genomes. A: <one>Two</one>.
+- The <one>Human Genome Project</one> had a total cost of ... (in $)? It had a total cost of <one>over 3 billion $</one>.
+- In general: do <one>non-coding elements</one> in a genome evolve faster or slower than <three>protein-coding sequences</three>? <one>Non-coding elements</one> evolve (and turn over) at a much faster speed than do <two>protein-coding sequences</two>.
+- Besitzt das <one>Chloroplasten-Genom</one> Introns? Ja.
+- Was heisst <one>SSR Polymorphismus</one>? <one>Simple Sequence Repeat Polymorphismus</one>.
+- The term <one>dynamic genome</one> refers to which observation? That the genome of a living organism is not static - it is <one>subject to change</one>.
+- Which person coined the term <one>genomics</one>? <one>Thomas Roderick</one>.
+- The <one>E. coli genome</one> contains <two>protein-coding genes</two>, naturally. How much of the genome, in percent, is stored in protein-coding genes? About <one>87.8%</one>.
+- In <one>genomics</one>: what is the <three>G-value</three>"? The G-value simply refers to the <one>number of genes in a given genome</one>.
+- How many smaller chromosomes does <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one> have? About <one>21</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi
+- In der Genomik und Bioinformatik: was bedeutet der Begriff <one>Annotierung</one>? Dies ist <one>die Zuordnung von Sequenzabschnitten zur genetischen Funktion</one>.
+- The <one>DNA sequence of the human mitochondrial genome</one> was first published in .. ? <one>1984</one>.
+- Das Humangenom besitzt, in etwa, <one>n Pseudogene</one>? <one>11.200</one>.
+- What is <one>the most prevalent type of polymorphism</one>, <two>in most genomes</two>? <one>SNPs</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism []
+- <one>Which genome</one> was <two>the first eukaryotic genome</two> that was completely sequenced? The genome of the yeast <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one>, back in <two>24.04.1996</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae []
+- <one>Where</one> may <two>alpha-satellite DNA</two> <three>be found</three>? At the <one>centromeres</one>. URL: https://genome.cshlp.org/content/26/10/1301.full []
+- <one>Genome</one> sind <two>lebende ... </two>? <one>Fossilien</one>. []
+- <one>The human genome</one> includes <two>how many hemoglobin genes</two>? <one>Five</one> (<one>5</one>). []
+- <one>Das menschliche Genom</one> hat <two>auf welchen Chromosomen</two> <three>die Gene für</three> <four>rRNAs</four>? Auf den Spitzen der Chromosomen <one>13</one>, <one>14</one>, <one>15</one>, <one>21</one> und <one>22</one>. []
+- <one>When</one> (<two>the year</two>) was <three>the human genome</three> sequenced? In <one>2001</one>. []
+- Nenne vier molekulare Verfahren, die in der <cadetblue>funktionellen Genomforschung</cadetblue> eingesetzt werden. A: (1) RNA-Interferenz (2) Knock-out Experimente (3) Induzierte pluripotente Stammzellen (4) Proeomik