studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Clinical Microbiology tag (ctag tag. Clinical tag. Clinic tag. 
+#                                Medicinal Bacteriology. Infekt tag.
+#                                Infect tag. MolInf tag. Medical microbiology.
+#
+# This file will collect information about microorganisms that play a role
+# in clinical microbiology and medicinal microbiology, including infections
+# originating from microorganisms - in particular bacteria. Pathogenic
+# bacteria and detecting them or assessing their carcinogenic potential,
+# such as via the Ames test, are included as well.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Certain bacterial infections can induce an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response, leading to a life-threatening condition called ... ? <one>septic shock</one>.
+- <one>Tuberculosis</one> is a disease that attacks the lungs and other tissues. Worldwide, Tuberculosis kills how many people per year? More than <one>1 million people a year</one> die due to Tuberculosis.
+- Some bacteria are recognized by the human immune system, but resist breakdown after being engulfed by a host cell. Give one good example for such a bacterium. A: <one>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</one>.
+- Name the bacterium that <one>causes typhus</one>. A: <one>Rickettsia prowazekii</one>.
+- Welches Bakterium ist berühmt dafür das es sich aus einem Phagolysosom befreien kann? <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>.
+- Sprosspilze der Gattung Candida sind häufig für ... beim Menschen verantwortlich. A: für <one>Mykosen der Schleimhäute</one> verantwortlich.
+- <one>Why</one> were the names <one>streptolysin O</one> and <one>streptolysin S</one> chosen? (1) <one>O</one> for <two>oxygen-labile</two> (2) <one>S</one> for <two>oxygen-stable</two>
+- <one>Welche fünf Punkte</one> <two>prägen die Normalflora</two>? (1) <one>Mutualismus</one>: Mensch und Bakterien profitieren vom Zusammenleben (2) <one>Resorption von Steroiden</one>: durch die Darmflora (3) Stimulierung des Abwehrsystems: mehr sekretorische IgAs werden gebildet (4) Synthese von Vitaminen (5) Verhinderung der Kolonisierung durch Pathogene: = Kolonisationsresistenz
+- Eine negative Interaktion mit Mikroben ... wie nennt man solche Mikroben? <one>Pathogene</one>.
+- <one>Wie lange</one> bleiben die Eier des Spulwurms infektiös? Etwa <one>4 Jahre lang</one>.
+- <one>Mykobakterien</one> werden auch als <two>säurefest</two> bezeichnet. <three>Wieso dieser eigenartige Name</three>? Da die Spezialfärbung nach Ziehl-Neelsen zum Nachweis der Mykolsäure in der Zellwand der Mykobakterien <two>auch mit verdünnten Säuren nicht mehr ausgewaschen werden kann</two>.
+- Sind <one>opportunistische Pathogene</one> <two>ein Problem</two>? Nur wenn die normale Widerstandskraft eines Wirtes herabgesetzt ist.
+- <one>Shigella</one> <two>can cause which disease in humans</two>? <one>Dysentery</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8038/
+- May <one>antibiotic therapy</one> <two>be detrimental to a patient</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>antibiotics may destroy the resident microflora</two>, which <one>may give pathogens a new opportunity</one>.
+- How are <one>bacterial proteins</one> that are <two>used to kill other bacteria</two> called? <one>Bacteriocins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriocin
+- Why does <one>Yersinia</one> make use of its <two>high-pathogenicity island</two> <three>HPI</three>? This island is useful to <one>snatch iron</one>, which Yersinia can then use.
+- <one>How many known types of</one> <two>Streptococcus pneumoniae</two> are known? About <one>84</one>.
+- <one>Only when</one> is <two>C. dipththeriae</two> itself dangerous? When it harbours the <one>prophage Beta</one>, <two>which produces the diptherin toxin</two>.
+- The <one>DtxR repressor</one> (<two>Diphtheria toxin repressor</two>) binds to the <three>tox-operator</three> <four>only when</four>? Only <one>when it has bound iron</one> (Fe 2+). URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0DJL7
+- Sind <one>Endotoxine</one> <two>hitzestabil</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
+- <one>Which part</one> of the <two>complement cascade</two> <three>binds very early to a bacterial surface</three>? <one>C3b</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für einen bakteriellen Invasionsfaktor. A: Zum Beispiel extrazelluläre Enzyme („Exoenzyme“). Dies sind dann meistens <two>Proteasen</two>.
+- <one>Segmented, filamentous bacteria</one> <two>contain an appendage on one end</two>. How do we call that structure? The <one>holdfast</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> was the <two>EliSpot</two> method originally developed? It was originally developed as a method to <one>detect antibody-secreting B-cells</one>.
+- Nenne <one>5 Typen von Erregern</one>. A: (1) Eukaryotische Mikroben (2) Bakterien (3) Viren (4) Parasiten (5) <one>Prionen</one>
+- Give another name for <one>a bloodstream infection</one>. A: <one>Septicemia</one>. URL: https://www.healthline.com/health/septicemia
+- <one>Thermosensoren</one> <two>werden auch von pathogenen Bakterien verwendet</two>. Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel hierzu. A: Das Bakterium <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one> kann über unterschiedliche Sekundärstrukturen der RNA die Temperatur messen, wie zum Beispiel ob das Bakterium in einem Menschen ist, oder ausserhalb. Der Effekt ist dann das bestimmte Virulenzgene eingeschalten werden können bei einer erhöhten Temperatur.
+- What is <one>the commonest cause of immune deficiencies</one> <two>worldwide</two>? <one>Malnutrition</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition
+- Name <one>five general</one> <two>infectious agents</two>. A: (1) <one>Viruses</one> (2) "Bacteria" (3) "Fungi" such as Candida or Aspergillus - these are eukaryotes (4) Parasites such as "amoeba" or "helminths" (5) <one>Prions</one>
+- Bei <one>Scharlach</one>, das von <two>Streptokokken</two> ausgelöst wird: welche <three>Faktoren</three> müssen diese Streptokokken aufweisen um Scharlach hervorrufen zu können? Sie müssen einen <royalblue>Bakteriophagen</royalblue> besitzen, der für die Produktion des Scharlach-Toxins verantwortlich ist. Wenn das Toxin in die Haut gelangt, kommt es zu dem für Scharlach typischen Ausschlag.
+- <one>Welche Temperatur</one> wird bei der <two>Flash Pasteurization</two> verwendet? <one>72°C</one>.
+- <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one>: nenne die drei <two>zoit-Stadien</two> in der richtigen Reihenfolge. A: <one>SMT</one> - (1) <two>Sporozoiten</two> (2) <two>Merozoiten</two> (3) <two>Trophozoiten</two>
+- <one>Microbacteriaceae</one> haben immer eine Diaminosäure, außer Lysin, in ihrer Zellwand. Nenne eine davon. A: <one>Ornithin</one>.
+- <one>What kind of damage</one> is mediated via the <two>Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin</two>? <one>Cell membrane damage</one>.
+- Name <one>5 different microbes</one> that can grow inside of a macrophage. A: (1) <one>Salmonella</one> (2) "Yersinia" (3) "Listeria" (4) <one>Chlamydia</one> (5) <one>Myocbacterium tuberculosum</one>
+- Können wir <one>Neisseria meningitidis</one> durch die "Polysaccharid-Kapseln" unterscheiden? <one>Ja</one>.
+- Which <one>metal</one> is desperately needed by <two>pathogenic bacteria</two>? <one>Iron</one> (<two>Fe3⁺</two>).
+- <one>Which disease</one> <two>can be caused by</two> the <three>Rickettsia</three>? <one>Typhus fever</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> must <two>antibiotics</two> be free of endotoxins? Because <one>Endotoxines</one> <two>could induce fever</two>.
+- Wie kann <one>Borreliose</one> <two>beim Menschen</two>, möglichst einfach, erkannt werden? Über die <one>Wanderröte</one> (<two>Erythema migrans</two>).
+- Wie kann <one>LPS</one> <two>experimentell nachgewiesen werden</two>? Mit Hilfe des <one>Limulustestes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limulus_amebocyte_lysate
+- When a human has a <one>X-linked properdin deficiency</one>, <two>which bacterial disease may become problematic</two>? <one>Invasive meningococcal disease</one>, e. g. caused by the gram-negative <two>Neisseria meningitidis</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis
+- Why is it <one>hard</one> <two>to establish the LD50 for</two> <three>Streptococcus pneumoniae</three>, <four>in mice</four>? Because of fhe fact that only a few cells are required to establish a fatal infection - and subsequently kill all mice in a test population.
+- <one>Virulence factors</one> are encoded, in general, by ... ? <one>Virulence genes</one>.
+- We have cultures that can be used for <one>plasmid isolation</one>. One is called <two>miniprep</two>. Why the name? Largely <one>due to the small volume</one>, of <two>2-10µl</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_preparation#Minipreparation
+- Bei der Immunologie in Bakterien: was heißt <one>CRISPRs</one>? <one>Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats</one>.
+- If we remove the <one>B component</one> from the <two>Diphtheriae toxin</two>, what is the net effect? This would effectively render this <one>exotoxin</one> <two>nontoxic</two>.
+- What is the <one>injectisome</one>? This is <one>an organelle in the bacterial envelope</one> that <two>allows direct transfer of virulence proteins into a host cell</two>, through the <three>needle complex</three>.
+- Was ist die <one>Inkubationszeit</one>? Dies ist die <one>Zeit vom Eindringen des Erregers</one> bis zum <two>Auftreten der ersten Krankheitssymptome</two>.
+- <one>Welcher Unterschied</one> besteht zwischen einer <two>spezifischen</two> und einer unspezifischen Infektion? (1) <one>Spezifische Infektion</one>:   ein Erreger ist für die spezifische Symptomatik verantwortlich. (2) <one>Unspezifische Infektion</one>: mehrere Erreger sind für ein Krankheitsbild verantwortlich.
+- Name the three major <one>pathogenic Streptococci</one>. A: (1) <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one> (2) <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> (3) <one>Streptococcus agaactiae</one>
+- Name <one>two receptors</one> in humans that sample pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A: (1) Toll-like receptors (<two>TLRs</two>) (2) <one>NOD-like  receptors</one> (<two>NLRs</two>)
+- <one>Where</one> did the sickle-cell mutation originate, geographically? <one>This is a trick question</one>: the sickle-cell mutation arose independently several times, in at the least 5 different places on planet earth.
+- <one>Joseph Lister</one> <two>was a pioneer of which method</two>? <one>Antiseptic surgery</one>.
+- The <one>Diphtheria toxin</one> <two>blocks what</two>? It <one>blocks protein synthesis</one>.
+- Wie wirkt das <one>Cholera-Toxin</one> in der Zelle? Das Cholera-Toxin <one>verursacht</one> eine <two>cAMP-Überproduktion in ihren Zielzellen</two>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Bakterium</one> das die <two>Cilientätigkeit der Lunge</two> <three>hemmen kann</three>. A: <one>Bordetella pertussis</one>.
+- Durch den <one>Einsatz von Penicillin</one> können sogenannte <two>L-Formen</two> bei Bakterien entstehen. Warum der Buchstabe <three>L</three> hier? <one>L</one> für <two>large</two>.
+- <one>SipA</one> <two>stabilizes ... </two>? <one>F-Actin</one> (<two>stable cable</two>).
+- Give another word for a <one>biofilm</one>. A: <one>Complex community structures</one>.
+- Was verstehen wir unter einer <one>Superinfektion</one>? Dies ist eine Sekundärinfektion in einem durch einen Erreger vorgeschädigten Organ. Beispiel: Eine bakterielle Infektion im Anschluss an eine Influenzainfektion.
+- Name <one>two areas</one> where <two>lysozyme</two> may be found. A: (1) <one>tears</one> (2) <one>saliva</one>
+- <one>Wie</one> tötet <two>Gramicidin A</two>? <one>Gramicidin A</one> bildet einen <two>Kanal</two> - dies führt zum Zusammenbruch des Membranpotentials.
+- <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> has the <two>C-substance</two>. <three>Why the letter C</three>? <one>C</one> stands for <two>capsular polysaccharide</two>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Bakterium</one> das gerne auf einem Katheter wachsen kann. A: <one>Staphylococcus aureus</one>.
+- <one>Blutserum</one> <two>vermag gewisse Bakterien unspezifisch abtöten</two>. Wie? Mit Hilfe von <one>Properdin</one>.
+- <one>Dental caries bacteria</one> synthesize <two>adhesion proteins</two>. <three>Two amino acids</three> dominate here. Which ones? (1) <one>Alanine</one> (2) <one>Proline</one>
+- Welches <one>Chinone</one> finden wir immer bei den <two>Microbacteriaceae</two>? <one>Menachinone</one>, mit 7-14 Isopreneinheiten in der Seitenkette.
+- Nenne <one>ein allgemeines Ziel pathogener Bakterien</one>. A: Den <one>Zugang</one> zu den Nährstoffquellen in den Wirtszellen zu erhalten, und sich dadurch rasch zu vermehren.
+- <one>Which person</one> founded <two>medical microbiology</two>? <one>Robert Koch</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für <one>ansteckende Krankheit</one>? <one>Infekt</one>.
+- <one>Adhesion</one> is <two>beneficial for bacterial colonization</two> - <three>but what disadvantage may it bring for the bacterium</three>? <one>Adhesion</one> can also <two>stimulate immune cells</two>, which can become activated and <three>phagocytose the bacterium</three>.
+- <one>Endotoxine</one> <two>gramnegativer Bakterien</two> <three>lösen eine Immunantwort aus durch Bindung an ... </three>? <one>LBP</one>/<one>CD14</one>.
+- Name <one>a bacterium</one> that probably causes <two>Atherosclerosis</two>. A: <one>Chlamydia pneumoniae</one>.
+- Name one job of the <one>M-cells</one> in the (human) gut. A: They <one>continually sample the microbes in the gut</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei</one> <two>molekularbiologische Methoden</two>, die wir zwecks Klassifizierung von Bakterien verwenden können. A: (1) <one>DNA-Hybridisierung</one> (2) <one>16S rRNA Sequenzierung</one>
+- Der <one>Toll-like-Rezeptor-4</one> erkennt grampositive oder gramnegative Bakterien? <one>Gramnegative Bakterien</one>, über deren <two>LPS</two>.
+- Can <one>Corynebacterium dipththeria</one> cause <two>congestive heart failure</two>? <one>Yes</one>, through its <two>exotoxin</two>.
+- Was <one>Pasteur</one> the first to propose a <two>germ theory of infectious disease</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- The <one>Tetanus toxin</one> <two>can bind to ...</two>? <one>Inhibitory interneurons</one>.
+- What does the <one>TLR2 Receptor</one> <two>recognize</two>? It <one>recognizes bacterial cell wall components</one>, such as <two>lipoteichonic acid</two> or <two>peptidoglycan</two>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Aspekte</one>, die man mit dem <two>Phenolrot Boullion</two> <three>nachweisen kann</three>. A: (1) <one>Zuckerfermentation</one> (2) <one>Produktion organischer Säuren</one>
+- Wir können bei der <one>Strahlendesinfektion</one> <two>UV Licht einsetzen</two>, <three>um Keime zu töten</three>. Bei welcher Wellenlänge? <one>254 nm</one>.
+- <one>Alexander Fleming</one> <two>is famous for having discovered penicillin</two>, but he also discovered something else, a few years before that. What was it? The enzyme <one>lysozyme</one>.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Abwehr</one> in der Immunologie gemeint? Dies ist <one>die Summe aller Reaktionen auf das Eindringen eines Fremdkörpers</one>.
+- How does <one>Pseudomonas</one> <two>respond to penicillin</two>? Being a <one>gram-negative bacterium</one>, <two>Pseudomonas is naturally resistant to penicillin</two>.
+- Name a <one>horrible disease</one> caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. A: <one>Necrotizing fasciitis</one>.
+- The <one>Shiga toxins</one> are synthesized by <two>Shigella dysenteriae</two>, but also by at the least one other bacterium. Which one? By the <one>shigatoxigenic group of Escherichia coli</one>, <two>STEC</two>.
+- <one>GSP-Agar</one>: <two>wieso diese Abkürzung</two>? (1) <royalblue>G</royalblue> ... <one>Glutamat</one> (2) <royalblue>S</royalblue> ... <one>Stärke</one> (3) <one>P</one> ... <two>Phenolrot</two>
+- Nenne <one>drei Krankheiten</one>, die durch <two>sexuellen Kontakt</two> verbreitet werden. A: (1) <one>Gonorrhoe</one> (2) <one>Syphilis</one> (3) <one>AIDS</one>
+- Woher stammt das <one>ADP</one>, das das Clostridium diphtheriae toxin benötigt? Von <one>NAD+</one>.
+- Bei <one>AB-Toxinen</one>, <two>für die Herstellung eines Impfstoffes</two>: <three>welche Komponente ist wichtiger</three>? Die <one>B-Komponente</one>, da die B-Untereinheiten als Impfstoff verwendet werden können.
+- The <one>trypanosomes</one> can exchange their <two>VGS genes</two>. <three>Where in a chromosome does the active VSG-gene reside</three>? At the <one>telomere</one> (<two>telomeric expression</two>).
+- <one>Welche Strategie</one> verfolgt <two>C. difficile</two> um <three>pathogen</three> zu werden? Stellt das Enzym <one>Collagenase</one> her <two>um in Gewebe einzudringen</two>.
+- Nenne drei <one>unterschiedliche Medientypen</one> in der Mikrobiologie. A: (1) "Anreicherungsmedium" (2) <one>Isolierungsmedium</one> (3) <one>Selektivmedium</one>
+- Im <one>Kanamycin-Äsculin-Azid Selektivnährboden</one> können wir <two>Streptokokken</two> erkennen. Die äußern sich beim Wachstum durch ...? Schwarze Höfe um die Kolonien.
+- The <one>best studied biofilms</one> <two>belong to which bacteria</two>? <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für einen unspezifischen Schutzmechanisms an der Körperoberfläche eines Menschen. A: <one>Talgdrüsen</one>. Deren Sekrete wirken bakterizid.
+- Ist <one>Tetanus</one> <two>von Mensch zu Mensch</two> <three>übertragbar</three>? <one>Nein</one> - ein an Wundstarrkrampf erkrankter Mensch kann nicht andere Menschen anstecken.
+- <one>Where</one> <two>inside of a cell</two> can we find the TLR13? In the <one>phagosome</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für eine Krankheit die von Tröpfcheninfektion, durch Bakterien, verursacht wird. A: Die <one>Tuberkulose</one>.
+- The most common causative agent for <one>urinary tract infections</one> is ... ? <one>UPEC</one>: <two>Uropathogenic Escherichia coli</two>
+- Name <one>a way</one> for <two>Salmonella</two> <three>to kill macrophages</three>. A: By <one>inducing apoptosis</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>pyroptosis</one>? <one>Pyroptosis</one> is a <two>highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death</two> that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial response.
+- The drug called <one>Prontosil</one> is active against which gram bacteria? Prontosil is active against Gram-positive bacteria. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prontosil
+- Advantage of <one>phase variation</one> for a bacterium? Phase variation enables a bacterium to <one>change certain cell-surface proteins</one> - and thus <two>evade the host immune system</two>.
+- The <one>Diphtheria toxin B fragment</one> <two>binds to ...</two>? This toxin binds to the <one>heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor</one> (<two>HB-EGF</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin#Mechanism
+- Once <one>inside of a phagosome</one>, <two>intracellular pathogens</two> have which general 3 options/strategies to avoid being <three>killed by a phagolysosome</three>? (1) They can <one>escape from the phagosome</one> (2) They can <one>prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion</one> (3) They can <one>survive the result</one>
+- Erreicht man mit <one>chemischen Methoden</one> eine <two>Sterilisation</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für <two>eine tödlich ausgehende, akute Infektionskrankheit</two>. A: Eine <one>bakterielle Hirnhautenzündung</one>.
+- <one>Pathogene Enterobacteriaceae</one> <two>können wir auf welchem Agar wachsen lassen</two>? Auf <one>Wismutagar</one>.
+- <one>Typhoid fever</one> <two>is caused by which bacterium</two>? By the bacterium <one>Salmonella typhii</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus#19th_century
+- Can we find <one>Clostridium</one> <two>growing in humans</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>in the large intestine</two>, as they are <one>obligate anaerobic bacteria</one>.
+- Manche Bakterien können <one>Verdauungsprozesse hemmen</one>, <two>um sich in einem Wirten zu etablieren</two>. Gib ein Beispiel für so ein Bakterium. A: <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>.
+- <one>A46</one> <two>of poxvirus</two> interacts with which part of a protein? Via <one>TIR domains</one>.
+- Give another term for <one>frustrated phagocytosis</one>. A: <one>Capsules</one>.
+- The <one>propagation of a pathogen</one> <two>depends on its ability to ... </two>? To <one>replicate</one> (and <one>spread</one>) in a host.
+- <one>Which disease</one> <two>is caused by</two> <three>Plasmodium vivax</three>? <one>Malaria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria
+- Name <one>two virulence properties</one> of the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes. A: (1) It mediates adhesion to host epithelial cells (2) It mediates resistance to opsonophagocytosis through binding of fibrinogen and immunoglobulin Fc regions
+- What are <one>Neutropenia patients</one>? Patients who <one>lack</one> <two>neutrophils</two>.
+- At the <one>Toxic Shock Syndrome</one>: <two>what is the characteristic triad</two>? (1) <one>high fever</one> (2) <one>hypotension</one> (3) <one>rash</one>
+- The endosomal <one>TLR13 receptor</one> <two>can recognize what exactly</two>? <one>TLR13</one> <two>can recognize a conserved 23S ribosomal RNA sequence</two>, in other words - it <three>can recognize bacterial rRNA</three>.
+- <one>Frühsommermeningoenzephalitis</one> <two>wird wie übertragen</two>? Durch einen <one>Zeckenbiss</one>.
+- Name <one>the three domains</one> of the <two>Tetanus toxin</two>. A: (1) <one>binding domain</one> (2) <one>catalytic domain</one> (3) <one>translocation domain</one>
+- The <one>diphtheria toxin</one> <two>is what type of toxin</two>? It is an <one>A-B toxin</one>.
+- Sind Mikroorganismen der <one>Risikogruppe 1</one> immer ungefährlich? <one>Nein</one> - sie können zum Beispiel <two>Allergien</two> auslösen.
+- <one>Salmonella</one> <two>can survive in other cells</two>? <one>Yes</one> - Salmonella can survive in <two>macrophages</two>, thanks to a two-component system called <three>phoPQ</three>.
+- What does <one>Gamma hemolysis</one> mean? <one>Gamma hemolysis</one> effectively means <two>no hemolysis</two>.
+- Name <one>two bacteria</one> implicated in <two>dental caries</two>. A: (1) <one>Streptococcus mutans</one> (2) <one>Streptococcus sobrinus</one>
+- In <one>clinical microbiology</one>: what are <two>VISA strains</two>? <one>Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus
+- <one>Which bacterium</one> <two>causes</two> the <three>flesh-eating disease</three>? <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes
+- Was heißt <one>suppurative infection</one>? This is a <one>pus-forming infection</one>.
+- Is the <one>Cholera Toxin</one> rather "heat-stable" or "heat-labile", as an Enterotoxin? It is rather <one>heat-labile</one>.
+- How does <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> <two>counter the human clotting mechanism</two>? It <one>uses a fibrinolytic substance</one> - the <two>streptokinase</two>.
+- There is <one>Streptolysin S</one> and <one>Streptolysin O</one>. <two>The smaller of these two is not antigenic</two>. Which one is it? <one>Streptolysin O</one> is larger and thus antigenic, Streptolysin S is smaller - and thus not antigenic. (Mnemonic: S ... smaller)
+- What means the term <one>phage conversion</one>? When a <one>nonpathogenic bacterium</one> is converted into a <two>pathogenic bacterium</two>, by use of a phage (like "phage B" for C. diptheriae).
+- <one>Where</one> <two>in the human body</two> does <three>Salmonella</three> <four>replicate</four>? In the <one>M cells</one>, which are <two>intestinal epithelial cells</two>.
+- <one>LT</one>, <one>PA</one> und <one>LF</one>. <two>Was heißt dies jeweils</two>? (Ohne diese Begriffe genauer zu beschreiben.) A: (1) <one>LT</one> heißt <two>lethal toxin</two>. (2) <one>PA</one> heißt <two>protective antigen</two>. (3) <one>LF</one> heißt <two>lethal factor</two>.
+- Wir können den <one>Kanamycin-Äskulin Agar</one> verwenden um <two>Streptokokken</two> nachzuweisen. <three>Wie erkennen wir das Wachstum der Streptokokken</three>? Es bilden sich <one>schwarze Höfe</one> rund um die Kolonien.
+- Welche <one>Logik</one> steckt hinter dem <two>Tyndallisieren</two>? <one>Auskeimende Sporen</one> werden in den <two>nachfolgenden Heissphasen</two> abgetötet.
+- Name <one>one of the largest regulatory RNAs</one> <two>in Staphylococcus aureus</two>. A: <one>RNA III</one>.
+- Beim <one>Phenolrot-Bouillon</one>: <two>wie bemerken wir hier eine erfolgte Vergärung</two>? Indem sich die Farbe von <orangered>rot</orangered> → <yellow>gelb</yellow> ändert.
+- Die <one>5-Nitroimidazole</one> <two>werden wogegen eingesetzt</two>? Gegen eine Reihe von <one>Protozoen</one>.
+- Name the five <one>groups of agents that cause disease</one>. A: (1) <one>viruses</one> (2) <one>bacteria</one> (3) "fungi" (4) "protozoans" (5) <one>helminths</one> aka <two>worms</two>
+- Das <one>Peptidoglykan der Zellwand</one> der <two>Microbacteriaceae</two> ist vom ... Typ? <one>B-typ</one>.
+- Does the <one>needle complex</one> <two>require a chaperone</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>due to the small diameter of the needle complex</two>, the proteins that pass through it must be unfolded. Thus a chaperone is required.
+- Give an example for <one>a bacterium</one> that uses a <two>pore-forming cytotoxin</two>. A: <one>Staphylococcal Alpha-Toxin</one>.
+- <one>Welche Person</one> begründete die <two>medizinische Mikrobiologie</two>? <one>Robert Koch</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch
+- Wenn wir <one>Bodenbakterien</one> <two>isolieren wollen</two> könnten wir welchen Agar verwenden? Den <one>CZAPEK-DOX Agar</one>.
+- <one>Wieso</one> wird das <two>Griess-Ilosvays Reagenz</two> verwendet? Um <one>Nitrit</one> <two>nachzuweisen beziehungsweise zu detektieren</two>.
+- What is <one>profoundly depressed in lepromatous leprosy</one>? <one>Cell-mediated immunity</one>.
+- Das <one>bakterielle H-Antigen</one> <two>bezeichnet ... </two>? <one>Flagellen</one>.
+- <one>Pro Jahr</one> sterben wieviele Menschen an <two>Tuberkulose</two>? Mehr als 1 Million Menschen.
+- What is more dangerous: an <one>Endotoxin</one> or an <one>Exotoxin</one>? An <one>Exotoxin</one> <two>is more dangerous</two>, <three>because they are sometimes fatal</three>, whereas <four>Endotoxins</four> <five>are rarely fatal</five>.
+- <one>Which theory</one> <two>was established by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch</two>? The <one>germ theory of infectious disease</one>.
+- Why are the <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> <two>diseases</two> <three>so variable</three>? One possible explanation is that <one>different organs are infected</one>.
+- Name <one>two bacteria</one> that show <two>antigenic variation</two>. A: (1) <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one> (2) <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one>
+- For <one>AB-Toxins</one>: <two>give a curious word for the A-part</two>. A: This is <one>the business part of the Toxin</one>, e. g. the one with the active domain causing the damage.
+- <one>Rathayibacter tritici</one> ist <two>der Erreger der ... </two>? <one>Spitzen Trockenfäule</one>, aka <two>spike blight</two>.
+- <one>Welches Problem</one> kann durch <two>Streptococcus pneumoniae</two> verursacht werden? Eine <one>Lungenentzündung</one> (<two>Pneumonie</two>).
+- Was ist ein <one>Antibiogramm</one>? Das <one>Antibiogramm</one> ist ein Labortest zur Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeit bzw. Resistenz von mikrobiellen Krankheitserregern gegenüber Antibiotika.
+- Im <one>Kanamycin-Äsculin-Azid Selektivnährboden</one> mögen wir <two>schwarze Höfe um die Streptokokken-Kolonien</two> erkennen können. Was sind diese schwarze Höfe? Dies sind <one>Eisen-Phenol-Komponenten</one>.
+- Wird <one>Toxoplasma gondii</one> über die Plazenta auf das Ungeborene übertragen? <one>Ja</one>.
+- <one>How many types</one> of <two>Streptococcus pneumoniae</two> are known? <one>84</one>.
+- The <one>Bacillus anthracis</one> lethal toxin has one component called the <two>lethal factor</two>. <three>Of what type is that part</three>? It is <one>a zinc metalloprotease</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7854123
+- <one>Salmonella</one> makes use of "InvC" - of what type is InvC? InvC is <two>an ATPase</two>.
+- Give <one>an example</one> for a "bacterial lecithinase". A: The "Alpha-Toxin" used by <two>Clostridium perfringens</two>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Krankheiten</one> die durch <two>Mycobacterium</two> verursacht werden können. A: (1) <one>Tuberculosis</one> (2) <one>Leprosis</one>
+- The <one>exfoliative toxin</one> <two>of Staphyloccous</two> can cause which disease in children? This <one>superantigen</one> can cause <two>Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</two> (<three>SSSS</three>). URL: https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-scalded-skin-syndrome/
+- Nenne <one>ein Bakterium</one>, das den <two>Abbau in den Phagolysosomen</two> <three>widerstehen kann</three>. A: <one>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis
+- Wieso wird der <one>Stärke-Agar</one> in der klinischen Mikrobiologie verwendet? Um die <one>Bildung von Amylasen</one> nachweisen zu können.
+- Beim <one>CZAPEK-DOX Agar</one>: <two>was ist die einzige Stickstoffquelle</two>? <one>Natriumnitrat</one>.
+- In <one>microbial pathogenicity</one>: <two>why</two> do pathogens make use of <three>ADP-ribosylation</three>? This will <one>induce depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton</one>.
+- The <one>Chlamydia infection</one> <two>is caused by which bacterium</two>? It is caused by bacterium <one>Chlamydia trachomatis</one>.
+- <one>Staphylococcus aureus</one> hat das Protein <two>ClfA</two>. <three>Dieses kann an welch zelluläres Protein binden</three>? An <one>Fibrinogen</one>.
+- Can we <one>easily detect</one> <two>Pathogenicity Islands</two> (<three>PAIs</three>)? Well - they do happen to <one>have a distinct GC content</one>, so <two>this could be used for their discovery</two>.
+- When a person has an <one>IRAK-4 deficiency</one>, which bacterium may become problematic for this person? <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one>.
+- <one>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</one> <two>entwickelte zwei Vakzine</two>. Gegen <three>welche Erreger</three>? (1) gegen <one>Tollwut</one> (2) gegen <one>Milzbrand</one>
+- Wenn wir die <one>DNA Gyrase</one> hemmen möchten, können wir welches Antibiotikum verwenden? <one>Ciproflaxin</one>, <two>ein Gyrasehemmer</two>.
+- The <one>cholera toxin</one> consists of <two>n subunits</two>? <one>6</one> - <two>5xB</two>, <two>1xA</two>.
+- <one>Treponema pallidum</one> <two>causes which disease</two>? <one>Syphilis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidum
+- Why does it help against <one>caries</one> if we avoid dietary sucrose? Because <one>Streptococcus mutans</one> requires <two>sucrose</two> <three>to build their dextran layer</three>.
+- Spielen <one>Bakteriophagen</one> eine Rolle bei der <two>Entstehung pathogener Baktieren</two>? <one>Ja</one>, sogar eine sehr wichtige: sie <two>können Virulenzfaktoren übertragen</two>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> zu der <two>Kapselstrategie</two> aus der Immunologie. A: <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one> entkommt, dank seiner Kapsel, den Makrophagen.
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat die <two>A-chain</two> des <three>Cholera Toxins</three>? Die A-Untereinheit des Cholera Toxins aktiviert die Adenylatcyclase, die daraufhin "mehr cAMP" produziert.
+- Zerfällt das Diphtherie-Toxin nach Eindringen in die Zelle in Fragmente? Ja, und zwar in zwei Fragmente: Fragment A und Fragment B.
+- Das Diphtherie-Toxin inhibiert vor allem welchen Schritt im Ribosom? Die Translokation der wachsenden Polypeptidkette.
+- Kann ein einziges A-Fragment des Dipthterie-Toxins eine Zelle töten? Ja.
+- Do <one>parasites</one> in general have any advantage over their host? Yes. They can adapt a whole lot faster than their host can, mainly because parasites produce a lot more progeny.
+- Wenn wir <one>Rohmilch</one> auf Bakterien untersuchen möchten, welchen Agar mögen wir hier verwenden? Den <one>Chinablau-Lactose Agar</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>a general-purpose media</one>. A: <one>Blood agar</one>.
+- <one>Wofür</one> steht die Abkürzung "HUS" in der klinischen Mikrobiologie? <one>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</one>.
+- Which <one>three bacteria</one> <two>did Robert Koch isolate</two>? (1) <one>Bacillus anthracis</one> (2) <one>Tuberculosis bacillus</one> (3) <one>Vibrio cholerae</one>
+- Can <one>Listeria</one> invade host vacuoles? Yes. It can hide and survive there.
+- <one>Which protein</one> initiates the <two>actin-comet formation</two> in <three>Listeria monocytogenes</three>? <one>ActA</one>.
+- <one>Listeria</one> uses what in order to break out of a phagosome vacuole, before fusion? <one>Hemolysin</one>.
+- <one>Toxoplasma gondii</one> <two>can cause what disease</two>? <one>Toxoplasmosis</one>.
+- Name the most famous organism able to cause <one>Ergotism</one>? <one>Claviceps purpura</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea
+- <one>Phagocytosis</one> <two>is triggered by the attachment of target particles to ... </two>? <one>Phagocytic receptors</one>.
+- <one>Mortality rate</one> of <two>listeriosis</two> in percent? <one>20%</one>.
+- Was ist mit einer <one>direkten Übertragung von Krankheitserregern</one> gemeint? Dies meint Mensch zu Mensch Übertragungen.
+- <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one> can <two>cause Malaria</two>. <three>What type of organism is Plasmodium falciparum</three>? It is a <one>protozoan parasite</one>.
+- All <one>Plasmodium species</one> are <two>parasitic</two>. <three>Which host systems do they need, in order to reproduce</three>? (1)  a <one>vertebrate host</one> (2) an <one>insect     host</one>
+- <one>How many people died</one> approximately in <two>2004</two> due to infectious diseases (including virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites as causes)? About <one>17.3 million deaths</one>.
+- Mit Hilfe des <one>GSP-Agars</one> können <two>welche zwei Bakteriengruppen nachgewiesen werden</two>? (1) <one>Pseudomonas</one> (2) <one>Aeromonas</one>
+- Can <one>bacteria</one> <two>provoke haemagglutination</two>? <one>Yes</one>. Some strains of Escherichia coli (and other bacteria) can provoke haemagglutination, akin to the influenza virus.
+- <one>Who</one> was <two>the pioneer of antiseptic surgery</two>? <one>Joseph Lister</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister
+- How does <one>Salmonella</one> <two>obtain iron</two>? It <one>produces iron-chelating siderophores</one>.
+- Für die <one>Differenzierung einzelner Bakterien</one> <two>verwenden wir vor allem welche Medien</two>? <one>Indikatornährmedien</one>.
+- <one>Welches Bakterium</one> ist der <two>Erreger von Gasbrand</two>? <one>Clostridium perfringens</one>.
+- <one>Welche Toxine</one> sind <two>keine Proteine</two>? <one>Endotoxine</one>.
+- Die weltweit meisten Todesfälle, durch nur einen einzigen bakteriellen Erreger, werden von ... verursacht. A: Von <one>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</one> - dem Erreger der Tuberkulose.
+- Name <one>two general ways</one> how <two>extracellular bacteria</two> can be <three>pathogens</three>. A: (1) they <one>may produce toxins</one> (2) they <one>may induce a localized inflammatory response</one>
+- What is a <one>pandemic</one>? This is a widespread, usually <one>worldwide</one>, epidemic.
+- <one>Genomic pathogenicity islands</one> are <two>typically flanked by genes that have which characteristic</two>? These genes show homologes to phage or plasmid genes.
+- <one>Treponema pallidum</one> ist der Verursacher der Syphilis. Es ist ein gramnegatives Bakterium des Phylums ... ? <one>Spirochäten</one>.
+- <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one> infections are <two>especially dangerous when combined with ...</two>? <one>Influenza infections</one>.
+- Sind <one>Endotoxine</one> oder <one>Exotoxine</one> <two>hitzelabiler</two>? <one>Exotoxine</one>. <two>Endotoxine hingegen sind sehr hitzestabil</two>.
+- For the secretion and expression of <one>Yop</one> in Shigella: name an important signal. A: <one>Oxygen</one>.
+- <one>Clostridium difficile</one> has the so-called <two>binary toxin</two> (<three>CDT</three>). <four>CDT belongs to the family of ... toxins</four>? It belongs to the family of <one>binary ADP-ribosylating toxins</one>, thus having two separate toxin components.
+- Nenne die drei <one>zoites</one> die mit dem <two>Lebenszyklus von Plasmodium falciparum</two> einhergehen, in der richtigen Reihenfolge. A: Mnemo: <royalblue>spo-me-tro</royalblue> (1) <one>sporozoite</one> (2) <two>merozoite</two> (3) <two>trophozoite</two>
+- <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one> coats itself with which <two>inhibitory protein</two>? With <one>factor H</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155754/
+- How do we call the <one>collective of microorganisms</one> that reside in an organism? The <one>microbiota</one>.
+- <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für eine <two>symptomlose Infektion</two>? <one>Asymptomatische Infektion</one>.
+- Nenne einen Test, mit dem in in der Mikrobiologie auf einfachem Wege die minimale Hemmkonzentration (MHK) eines Antibiotikums für ein zu untersuchendes Bakterium bestimmt werden kann. A: Der <one>Epsilometertest</one>, auch <two>E-Test</two> genannt.
+- Was ist eine <one>parenterale Übertragung</one>? Dies kennzeichnet einen Mechanismus, bei dem die Erreger durch Überwindung der Barriere Haut in den Organismus gelangen.
+- Bei der <one>aerogenen Übertragung</one> werden die Erreger in Form von Tröpfchen oder Staub über die Atemwege aufgenommen. Nenne ein Beispiel für letzteres das mit dem Buchstaben <two>L</two> beginnt. A: <one>Legionellose</one>.
+- <one>Adhäsine</one> sind Moleküle auf der Bakterienoberfläche zur Erkennung der Wirtszelle. Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für ein Adhäsin. A: Zum Beispiel <one>Fimbrien</one>.
+- Ist <one>Cholera</one> lebensbedrohlich? Durchaus ja. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera
+- Do gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins? <one>Yes</one>, some do.
+- <one>E. coli</one> may cause <two>UTI</two>, which is ... ? This refers to an <one>urinary tract infection</one>.
+- Name an interesting fact of <one>pathogenicity islands (PI)</one>. A: They are <one>mobile between strains</one>.
+- The <one>Bacillus Anthracin-exotoxin</one> consists of <two>3 proteins</two>, which are secreted. Which 3 components are these? (1) A cell-binding protein, known as "protective antigen" (PA) (2) an enzyme component, called "edema factor" (EF) (3) an enzyme component called <one>lethal factor</one> (<royalblue>LF</royalblue>)
+- <one>How many people die</one> worldwide per year due to <two>S. pyogenes</two>? <one>500.000 deaths annually worldwide</one> are caused by <royalblue>S. pyogenes</royalblue>.
+- In der <one>bakteriellen Diagnostik</one>, im Labor, gibt es den <two>Cytochromoxydase-Test</two>. Kann man damit zwischen <three>Pseudomonas</three> und <three>Enterobakterien</three> unterscheiden? <one>Ja</one>.
+- How can the term <one>Pathogenicity</one> be defined? This is <one>the ability of a pathogen to cause disease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen#Pathogenicity
+- <one>Lactobacillus acidophiles</one> befindet sich in der Vagina, aber nicht vor der Pubertät, und auch nicht nach der Menopause. Warum nicht? Aufgrund <one>fehlender Glykogenproduktion</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Oral-Orale</one> Übertragung, von Bakterien, bei Menschen? <one>Tröpfcheninfektion</one>.
+- Nenne einen berühmten, <one>pathogenen E. coli Stamm</one>. A: <one>O157:H7</one>.
+- Die <one>Harnröhre</one> hat insbesondere Bakterien der Art <one>P ... m ...</one>? <one>Proteus mirabilis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis
+- Wieso sind die <one>unteren Atemwege</one> (Lunge) im Menschen <two>steril</two>? Aufgrund der aufwärts gerichteten Bewegung der Flimmerhaare.
+- What is meant with the term <one>bacteria-mediated pathogenesis</one>? This refers, for example, to <one>toxins</one>. Toxins are biological weapons that damage the host (respectively the host cell).
+- <one>Diameter of the nedle complex</one>? About <one>28 Angstrom</one> (<two>2.8 nm</two>).
+- The <one>length of the needle complex</one> is regulated similar to ... ? <one>Flagella</one>.
+- ... (which bacterium) can <one>trigger the needle complex</one>? <one>Salmonella</one>.
+- When <one>Salmonella</one> transfers SPI1 to another Salmonella, what may we expect as a consequence of this transfer? The target Salmonella will become virulent / pathogenic.
+- Name two GTP-activity controlling factors used by <one>Salmonella</one> for invasion. A: (1) sopE (2) sopB
+- If <one>Salmonella</one> loses <two>sopE</two> and <two>sopB</two>, what is the effect? These bacteria <one>can no longer escape from epithelial cells</one>.
+- Can <one>Salmonella</one> be taken up by <two>dendritic cells</two>? Yes.
+- Name a bacterium that has an <one>Invasin</one>. A: <one>Yersinia</one>.
+- How can it be determined whether bacteria can invade eukaryotic cells? Name three important steps in order to deduce this. A: (1) Let these bacteria grow on cells. (2) Use <one>gentamycin</one> to kill all bacteria that still reside outside of the cells. (3) Knock out genes that are assumed to play an important role in invasion.
+- <one>Syphilis</one> wird durch <two>Treponema pallidum</two> verursacht. Man sieht Geschwüre im Genitalbereich, die diese Bakterien enthalten. Wie lange dauert dies, in etwa, bis diese Geschwüre sichtbar waren? Nach <one>2-4 Wochen</one> sieht man diese Geschwüre.
+- Wozu benötigen Bakterien <one>Evasionsfaktoren</one>? Zum <one>Umgehen des Immunsystems</one>.
+- Why may <one>some pathogenic bacteria</one> make use of <two>coagulase</two>? <royalblue>Coagulase</royalblue> helps <one>coat the bacterium with fibrin</one>.
+- In the <one>Ames test</one>: the <two>tester strains</two> also carry mutations in the genes responsible for lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Why? This makes their cell walls <one>more permeable</one>.
+- Name <one>an intracellular parasite</one> that can not grow outside of a living eukaryotic cell. A: <one>Rickettsia</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia
+- <one>Hemolysins</one> can destroy which cell? <one>Erythrocytes</one>, but also other cells.
+- Wirkt <one>Penicillin G</one> gegen <two>intrazelluläre Erreger</two>? Nein.
+- Nenne ein <one>immunologisches Verfahren</one> zwecks <two>Erregercharakterisierung</two>. A: Der <one>ELISA</one>.
+- Which antibodies can <one>very efficiently block bacterial attachment</one> to <two>mucosal epithelia cells</two>? <one>Secretory IgA antibodies</one>.
+- In general: <one>bacteria that reside outside of eukayotic cells</one> <two>cause damage to a host</two> how ...? By <one>secreting toxins</one>.
+- Which bacteria are <one>resistant to complement</one>? <one>Gram-positive bacteria</one>.
+- Nenne einen Mikroorganismus mit <one>endständigen (terminalen) Sporen</one>. A: <one>Clostridium tetani</one>.
+- How is <one>Anthrax</one> contracted/caused? By <royalblue>inhalation</royalblue> of the <one>endospores</one> of <one>Bacillus anthracis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis
+- Give an example how the <one>intracellular inflammasome</one> is activated. A: Via pieces of an intracellular microbe, such as flagella, which can bind to <one>pattern recognition receptors</one>, such as TLRs and NLRs. This in turn activates the <royalblue>inflammasome</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammasome
+- Give a simple example in <one>how the human body prevents colonization</one>. A: Via <one>flushing the urinary tract</one>.
+- The <one>Salmonella genus</one> has how many different members? About <one>1400</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
+- Give an example of where we may find a case of <one>antigenic variation</one> in animals. A: In the <one>trypanosomes</one>.
+- Gibt es eine Impfung gegen Tetanus? Ja, die Tetanus-Schutzimpfung, ein Toxoid-Vakzin.
+- Welches Antibiotikum wirkt gegen den Tetanus-Erreger? Metronidazol. Allgemein eignet sich Metronidazol gut zur Therapie bakteriellen Infektionen durch Anaerobier.
+- Sind bakterielle Fimbrien <one>Adhäsine</one>? Ja.
+- Was ist <one>EMB</one> Agar? <one>Eosin-Methylene Blue</one> Agar. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosin_methylene_blue
+- What may have been <one>the greatest triumph of modern medicine</one>? The <one>eradication of smallpox</one>, in 1979.
+- Nenne <one>ein Oberflächenprotein</one> von <two>Listeria monocytogenes</two>, mit dessen Hilfe dieses Bakterium in Säugetierzellen eindringen kann. A: <one>Internalin A</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalin
+- Are <one>toxoids</one> of the <two>Diphtheria toxin</two> useful at all? Yes - they can (still) <one>induce immunity</one>.
+- Was ist ein <one>Schmalband-Antibiotikum</one>"? Dies ist ein Antibiotikum, das nur gegen bestimmte Erreger wirkt.
+- Nenne ein <one>Antibiotikum</one>, das gegen <two>Methicillin-resistente Staphylokokken</two> wirksam sein kann. A: <one>Tigecyclin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigecycline
+- Nenne ein <one>Quorum Sensing System</one> in <two>Staphylococcus aureus</two>. A: Das "Agr-System". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281656/
+- What type is the <one>cholera-toxin</one>? A "heat-stable AB enterotoxin".
+- Was macht das <one>Fragment A</one> des <two>Diptherietoxins</two>? Fragment A <one>katalysiert die ADP-Ribosylierung von Elongation Factor 2</one> (<royalblue>EF2</royalblue>).
+- How many people die per year because of cholera? <one>200.000</one>.
+- What is <one>Streptolysin</one>? This is <one>a streptococcal hemolytic exotoxin</one>.
+- Name a <one>virulence factor</one> of <two>Streptococcus pneumoniae</two>. A: Its <one>capsule</one>.
+- The <one>MacConkey agar</one> has one drawback or rather a constraint. Which one is that? Only <royalblue>gram-negative bacteria</royalblue> will grow on it. The reason is that it also employs <one>bile salts</one>, which <one>will inhibit most gram-positive bacteria</one>.
+- What is a <one>serovar</one>? This is <one>a strain where surface proteins elicit a distinctive immune response</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>susceptibility</one>? This term describes <one>the probability to get infected</one>.
+- How does <one>death from Botulism</one> usually happen? <one>Respiratory failure</one> due to "flaccid muscle paralysis".
+- Name a bacterium whose <one>pilin</one> have a <two>highly variable structure</two>. A: <one>Neisseria gonorrheae</one>.
+- What does <one>patient noncompliance</one> mean? Many patients <one>stop taking medication</one> as soon as they feel better.
+- Das <one>O-Antigen</one> in Bakterien ist ... ? Eine <one>Komponente der Lipopolysaccharide</one>.
+- Name an organism that performs <one>programmed gene rearrangement</one>. A: <one>African trypanosomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei
+- What is <one>the hallmark of tetanus</one>? <one>Spastic paralysis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Phagovar</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen, die als gemeinsame Eigenschaft haben, das sie von einem bestimmten Phagen lysiert werden können.
+- Nenne eine charakteristische, chemische Gruppe bei <one>Ciprofloxacin</one>. A: -OH Gruppe.
+- Name <one>a protected cellular niche</one> for a bacterium. A: The <one>host-cell cytoplasm</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Giftstoff</one> von <two>Clostridium difficile</two>. A: Das <one>CDT-Toxin</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24253566
+- Name the <one>two main antimicrobial peptide families</one> in humans and other mammals. A: (1) <one>cathelicidins</one> (2) <one>defensins</one>
+- Die <one>Actinobacter</one> haben, in <three>%</three>, welchen Anteil an der normalen Haut-Flora des Menschen? Etwa <one>52%</one>.
+- Wieviele <one>Serovars</one> sind bei <two>Salmonella</two> bekannt? <one>2500</one>.
+- For <one>adherence</one>, enterotoxic strains of E. coli contain genes encoding ...? <one>Fimbrial CFA</one> (colonization factor antigens).
+- How can <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> <two>inhibit phagocytosis</two>? Via its <one>M protein</one>.
+- <one>Legionelle pneumophila</one> verwendet was für ein Sekretionssystem? <one>Typ-IV-Sekretionssystem</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterielle_Proteinsekretion
+- <one>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</one>, der Erreger der Tuberkulose, hat welche Besonderheit in seiner Zellwand? <one>Mykolsäure</one>.
+- Which step occurs before <one>bacterial invasion of a pathogen</one>? <one>Adhesion</one>.
+- <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa sad-Mutanten</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>sad</two> hier? <one>Surface attachment defective</one>.
+- Name a <one>bacterial pathogen</one> that avoids the problem of needing iron, by cutting out a need for iron altogether. A: <one>Treponema pallidum</one>, <royalblue>a spirochaete</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidum
+- Name three toxin types employed by <one>Salmonella</one>. A: (1) <one>cytotoxin</one> (2) <one>enterotoxin</one> (3) <one>endotoxin</one>
+- Was ist ein <one>direkter Infektionsweg</one>? Die <one>Übertragung von Mensch zu Mensch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infektionsweg#Direkte_und_indirekte_Infektion
+- In der <one>klinischen Mikrobiologie</one> werden auch <two>molekularbiologisch basierte Techniken</two> verwendet, die zumindest zwei sehr gravierende Vorteile gegenüber den klassischen Wachstumstests besitzen. Welche Vorteile sind dies? (1) Man kann mit ihnen auch nichtkultivierbare Mikroorganismen detektieren. (2) Sie erlauben eine sehr viel schnellere Identifikation als dies bei den klassischen Wachstumstest möglich wäre.
+- Give an example for <one>an obligatory intracellular parasite that is a bacterium</one>. A: Some <one>rickettsias</one>.
+- What is the job of <one>bacterial adhesins</one>? To <one>bind to the host surface</one>.
+- <one>Streptolysin-O</one> can bind to which eukaryotic protein? It can bind to <one>cholesterol</one>.
+- In clinical microbiology: what are <one>STEC strains</one>? These are <one>Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli</one> strains.
+- Wenn wir Bakterien identifizieren möchten verwenden wir im mikrobiologischen Labor häufig was ... ? Die <one>bunte Reihe</one>.
+- Der <one>Kligler-Agar</one> wird zur Identifizierung gramnegativer oder grampositiver Bakterien verwendet? Für <royalblue>gramnegative Bakterien</royalblue>, wie <one>E. coli</one> (allgemeiner: für Enterobacteriaceae). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunte_Reihe_(Labor)#Kligler-Agar
+- <one>Mykobakterien</one> sind auch in der klinischen Mikrobiologie und in der Pathologie relevant. Welche Färbemethode setzen wir hier für die Mykobakterien ein? Die <one>Ziehl-Neelsen Färbung</one>.
+- Trivialname für die <one>Malaria</one>? <one>Wechselfieber</one>.
+- Name <one>a toxin</one> that can <two>act as a superantigen</two>. A: <one>Staphylococcal enterotoxin</one>.
+- Wieso benötigt <one>Salmonella</one> das <two>oxyR Gen</two>? Dieses Genprodukt <one>neutralisiert toxische Sauerstoff-Produkte von Makrophagen</one>.
+- What is <one>Phagetyping</one>? To test the resistance of bacteria against <one>different phages</one>.
+- Can <one>UPEC stains</one> (<two>uropathogenic Escherichia coli</two>) <three>create biofilms</three>? Yes they can.
+- <one>Clostridium tetani</one> verursacht den <two>Wundstarrkrampf</two>. Wie heisst das proteolytische Toxin, das für diese Muskelkrämpe verantwortlich ist? <one>Tetanospasmin</one>.
+- Um die <one>Tuberkelbakterien</one> bildet sich, im menschlichen Körper, was? Ein <one>Granulom</one>.
+- Why may bacteria <one>wish to modulate actin dynamics</one>? So that they can <one>disseminate</one> within an eukaryotic cell.
+- Give an example for an <one>AB neurotoxin</one>. A: Tetanus toxin of <one>Clostridium tetani</one>.
+- <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> verursacht ... bei Kindern? <one>Scharlach</one>.
+- Welches Bakterium verursacht den Wundstarrkrampf? <one>Clostridium tetani</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>EHEC</one> in der klinischen Mikrobiologie? <one>Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli</one>.
+- <one>Syphilis</one> wird durch <two>Treponema pallidum</two> verursacht. Welches Medikament könnten wir als Therapie verabreichen? <one>Penicillin G</one>.
+- Name two general receptors that can sample PAMPs (on human cells). A: (1) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (2) NOD-like receptors  (<royalblue>NLRs</royalblue>)
+- <one>Bakterielle Erkrankungen der Harnwege</one> werden meistens durch <two>welche bakterielle Gruppe</two> verursacht? Durch <one>Enterobakterien</one>.
+- <one>Bakterielle Adhäsine</one> sind, chemisch betrachtet, typischerweise ... ? <one>Polysaccharide</one>. 
+- <one>Death</one> due to the <two>tetanus toxin</two>, happens usually because of ...? <one>Respiratory failure</one>.
+- <one>Genomic pathogenicity islands</one> are often linked to which gene? A <one>tRNA gene</one>.
+- Gibt es einen <one>Impfstoff gegen Tetanus</one>? Ja.
+- Was heisst <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one> <two>opa</two>? <one>Opacity associated protein</one>.
+- Name the <one>two main forms of leprosy</one>. A: (1) <one>tuberculoid leprosy</one> (2) <one>lepromatous leprosy</one>
+- Mit Hilfe der <one>Ziehl-Neelsen-Färbung</one> können wir Mykobakterien, Nokardien und welch weitere Bakteriengruppe nachweisen? <one>Corynebakterien</one>.
+- Können <one>Virulenzfaktoren</one> Teil eines Bakteriums sein? Ja - zum Beispiel die <one>Kapsel</one>.
+- <one>Simmons</one> hat welchen Agar <two>erfunden</two>? Den <one>Citratagar</one>.
+- In <one>mice</one>: which protein recognizes <two>S. pyogenes</two> cell wall? <one>Tlr2</one>.
+- Die <one>Legionärskrankheit</one> wird durch <two>welches Bakterium</two> verursacht? <one>Legionella pneumophila</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>aktive Immunisierung</one>? Dies ist dann der Fall, wenn der Antikörper vom Organismus gebildet wird.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>unspezifischer Immunität</one>? Wenn eine natürliche Resistenz gegeben ist; so ist die Maul- und Klauenseuche nicht auf den Menschen übertragbar.
+- Das Reservoir des Pesterregers <one>Yersinia</one> ist/stind ... ? <one>Nagetiere</one>.
+- Give a reason as to why the incidence of <one>necrotizing fascitis</one> has been increasing in the USA as of late. A: <one>Anti-inflammatory drugs</one>, such as "ibuprofen", have been increasingly used. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen
+- <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> infections typically begin where? In the <one>throat</one>.
+- Name a <one>fever</one> caused by <two>Salmonella</two>. A: The <one>typhoid fever</one>.
+- Why does <one>Staphylococcous aureus</one> use <two>coagulase</two>? Coagulase causes insoluble fibrin to be deposited on S. aureus cells, protecting them from attack by host cells (<royalblue>camouflage</royalblue>).
+- What does <one>Unc93b1</one> facilitate? This protein that resides in the ER <one>facilitates the sorting of endosomal</one>/</one>phagosomal TLRs</one>.
+- Wieso mögen wir das <one>Kaufmann-White Schema</one> verwenden? Wir können hier <one>pathogene Salmonellen</one> unterschieden.
+- Das <one>Kauffmann-White-Schema</one> ist ein Klassifizierungssystem für ... ? Für alle "Salmonellen".
+- Name an alternative drug for treatment of <one>MRSA-infections</one>. A: <one>Vancomycin</one>.
+- Name <one>a bacterium that can block lysosomal fusion with the phagolysosome</one>. A: <one>Mycobacterium avium</one>.
+- The <one>Infection Processes</one> is <two>an interplay between</two> ...? <one>Host</one> and <one>Pathogen</one>.
+- <one>Pathogene Bakterien</one> mögen die Haut des Menschen, abgesehen von ihrer Barrierefunktion, als ein Problem erachten. Wieso? Weil die Haut meistens <one>zu trocken ist</one> für Bakterien.
+- Der <one>Kanamycin-Äsculin-Azid Selektivnährboden</one> kann zur Differenzierung welcher Bakteriengruppe herangezogen werden? Zur <one>Differenzierung von Enterokokken</one>.
+- A single <one>Diphtheria</one> bacterium can produce <two>n Diptheria-Toxins per hour</two>? About <one>5000 molecules</one> / <one>hour</one>. URL: http://163.178.103.176/Fisiologia/general/activ_bas_3/Bacterial_Protein_Toxins.htm
+- <one>Scharlach</one> wird durch <two>Streptokokken</two> ausgelöst. Genauer ... ? Von Streptokokken der <one>Lancefield-Gruppe A</one>.
+- How does <one>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</one> protect itself against secretory IgA-antibodies? By making use of <royalblue>proteases</royalblue> that can cleave at the hinge region. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae
+- Nenne einen bakteriellen Erreger, der <one>Meningitis</one> hervorrufen kann. A: <one>Haemophilus influenza</one>.
+- Patients suffering from <one>cystic fibrosis</one> are often affected by which <two>opportunistic bacterium</two>? <one>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</one>.
+- Name <one>a particular strategy</one> used by <two>Mycobacterium</two> inside of a macrophage. A: It <one>can prevent the fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome</one>.
+- Most TLRs <one>signal</one> via ...? Via the <one>MyD88 adaptor</one>.
+- Name <one>a species</one> associated with <two>fungal meningitis</two>. A: <royalblue>Cryptococcosis</royalblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcosis
+- <one>Platensimycin</one> acts against ...? <one>Bacterial lipid biosynthesis</one>.
+- How can <one>S. mutans</one> attach to the tooth? It produces <one>dextran</one> (a <royalblue>glucan</royalblue>), which it uses to attach to the tooth surface. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextran
+- Why is it so difficult for <one>CD8 cytotoxic T cells</one> to target viruses in neurons? Neurones carry very low level of <one>MHC class I molecules</one>.
+- Give an example for an <one>invasive intracellular pathogen</one> that uses <two>clathrin-mediated endocytosis</two> for invasion. A: <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>a facultative, intracellular pathogen</one> (non-viral one). A: <one>Mycobacterium</one>.
+- Bacteria can use which <one>secretion system</one> as <two>molecular syringe</two>? The Type III secretion system. The bacteria can inject proteins into eukaryotic cells through this <one>syringe system</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_three_secretion_system
+- Was ist ein <one>geschlossenes Infektionssystem</one>? Wenn der Erreger nicht nach aussen hin ausgeschieden wird; ist zum Beispiel bei der <one>geschlossenen Tuberkulose</one> der Fall.
+- Name <one>two families</one> of <two>human antimicrobial peptides</two>. A: (1) <one>defensin</one> (2) <one>cathelicidin</one>
+- Name a <one>bacterium</one> that <two>modulates the actin of the host cell</two>. A: <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>.
+- What is the function of the <one>Salmonella O antigen</one>? It <one>enhances adherence</one>.
+- Name an <one>enzyme</one> employed by <two>Pseudomonas</two> that can act against complement protein(s). A: <one>Elastase</one>.
+- Wie wirken <one>Superantigene</one> (<two>SAG</two>)? T-Zelle und Antigen-präsentierende Zelle kommen zusammen. Durch die Wirkung der <royalblue>SAG</royalblue> heften diese Zellen permanent zusammen, es kommt zu einem massiven Cytokin-Ausschuss, der cytotoxisch sein kann. Man kann dann am <one>septischen Schock</one> sterben.
+- <one>Streptokokken</one> werden in der klinischen Mikrobiologie beziehungsweise der mikrobiellen Hygiene <two>wie eingeteilt</two>? Nach der <one>Art der Hämolyse</one>.
+- From an <one>infection point of view</one>: why was <two>pasteurization of milk</two> so important? Because it was the main mechanism of transmission for <one>bovine tuberculosis in humans</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> are the genes, that <two>initiate the invasion process of Salmonella</two>, encoded? On the <one>chromosomal Salmonella pathogenicity island 1</one> (<royalblue>SPI1</royalblue>)
+- The <one>Lancefield classification</one> can be used for <two>Staphylococcus pyogenes</two>, based on M protein serotyping. But what exactly is used for this assay? The <one>antigenic differences in the hypervariable region of M protein</one>.
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for a <one>Toxicoinfection</one>. A: (1) <one>Neurotoxins</one> (2) <one>Enterotoxins</one>
+- Bacteria are getting <one>increasingly resistant against antibiotics</one>. Name one simple but effective way to counter this. A: <one>Combine two unrelated antibiotics</one> against the same bacterium.
+- Many pathogens that <one>grow inside of a macrophage</one> inhibit the production of which three <two>pro-inflammatory cytokines</two>? (1) <one>TNF-Alpha</one> (2) <one>IL-12</one> (3) <one>IFN-Gamma</one>
+- Name <one>a pathogen</one> that can generate its own vacuole. A: <one>Toxoplasma Gondii</one>.
+- Welches <one>Klassifizierungskriterium</one> können wir im <two>SIM-Agar</two> verwenden? <one>Indol</one>.
+- What are <one>actin comet tails</one>? These are actin structures formed by the dynamic polymerization of actin beneath <royalblue>some species of intracellular bacteria</royalblue>.
+- Bacteria can misdirect the immune system, including by <one>mimicking cytokines</one>. Name 3 general effects/strategies here. A: (1) downregulate inflammatory cytokine production (2) inhibit apoptosis/pyroptosis/necrosis (3) <one>inhibit autophagy</one>
+- Vor allem <one>welche Bakterien</one> bilden <two>Aktin Kometen</two>? Viele <one>intrazelluläre Bakterien</one>.
+- <one>Delayed-type hypersensitivity</one> works very well against intracellular pathogens. Here, CD4+ T cells secrete in particular which cytokine? <royalblue>IFN-Gamma</royalblue>.
+- Did <one>Linus Pauling</one> study <two>sickle-cell anemia</two>? Yes.
+- Define the term <one>facultative intracellular pathogen</one>. A: These are pathogens that can live either inside host cells - or free.
+- Nenne <one>eine bakterielle Krankheit</one>, die aerogen über Staub übertragen wird. A: Die <one>Legionellose</one>.
+- What is <one>necrotizing fasciitis</one>? Necrosis of the soft tissues with involvement of the fascia plus serious systemtic disease including shock, DIC, failure of organ systems and death.
+- Anderer Name für den <one>Önöz-Agar</one>? <one>Salmonella-Agar</one>.
+- Im <one>McConkey-Agar</one> sieht man das Bakterien <deeppink>tiefrote Kolonien</deeppink> bilden. Was weiss man hierdurch? Das diese Bakterien <one>lac+</one> sind.
+- <one>Trivialname</one>, in Englisch, für die <two>Tetanus-Symptome</two>? <one>Lockjaw</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockjaw
+- Wie nennt man die <one>typischen roten Hautflecken</one> bei Masern? <one>Masern-Exanthem</one>.
+- Name a bacterium that has <one>rhamnose</one> in their cell wall structure. A: <one>Streptococcus pyogenes</one> (Group A Streptococcus, "GAS").
+- A. W. für <one>cause of disease</one>? <one>Etiology</one>.
+- Im Jahr <one>2014</one> starben, nach Angaben der WHO, wieviele Menschen an Tuberkulose? Etwa <one>1,5 Millionen Menschen</one>.
+- Wozu wird das <one>Kovacs-Reagenz</one> eingesetzt? Zum <one>Nachweis von Indol</one>; somit auch zur <royalblue>Tryptophan-Spaltung</royalblue>.
+- <one>Antimicrobial drugs</one> are classified based on which 3 aspects? (1) molecular structure (2) mechanism of action (3) spectrum of antimicrobial activity
+- <one>Desinfektion</one> führt zu einer Keimreduktion um welchen Faktor? Um den <one>Faktor 10 ** -5</one>.
+- Name a great way of <one>S. pyogenes</one> to avoid immune detection. A: The capsule is composed of <one>hyaluronic acid</one> which is the same as in the connective tissue in humans → thus, this helps immensely in immune evasion, as the Bacterium is not recognized as a foreign component.
+- Ist die <one>Streptokinase</one> ein <two>Enzym</two>? Nein - es ist ein <one>nichtenzymatisches Protein</one> ohne enzymatische Aktivität, welche von manchen Streptokokken in die Umgebung ausgeschieden wird. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptokinase
+- Give one example for <one>emetic toxin formation</one>. A: <one>Bacillus cereus</one>.
+- How many people die, per year, to <one>infectious diseases</one> worldwide? About <one>15 million people per year</one>.
+- What determines <one>the serotype</one> of <two>Streptococcus pyogenes</two>? Its <royalblue>M protein</royalblue>.
+- Name <one>a disease</one> caused by <two>Shigella flexneri</two>. A: <one>Bloody diarrhea</one>.
+- <one>Moxifloxacin</one> can be used against ...? <one>Myxobakterium</one>.
+- Unterscheide <one>Pathogen</one> von <one>Parasit</one>. A: (1) Ein Parasit ist ein Mikroorganismus der auf oder in einem Wirt wächst. (2) Ein Pathogen ist ein Parasit, der seinem Wirt Schaden zufügt.
+- Was ist <one>Sigmoidoscopy</one>? Ein Doktor untersucht den unteren Teil des Colons (Dickdarms), den sogenannten <one>Sigmoid colon</one>.
+- Erreger der <one>Borreliose</one>? Borrelia burgdorferi.
+- <one>TisB</one> is a membrane peptide that was shown to have what effect in bacteria? TisB will "decrease proton motive force" and thus also decrease the cellular concentration of ATP.
+- Which among <one>Vibrio cholerae</one> cause human disease? Those that contain the <royalblue>bacteriophage CTX phi</royalblue> (or that weird symbol with a circle and a line through it).
+- <one>Cephalosporine</one> der ersten Generation zeichnen sich durch eine gute Wirksamkeit gegen welche Bakteriengruppe aus? Gegen <one>Staphylokokken</one>.
+- Wie erkennen wir E. coli auf einer <one>EMB Platte</one>? Aufgrund ihres <one>metallischen Glanzes</one>.
+- Warum hat <one>Salmonella</one> die <two>pathogenicity island (SPI)-2</two>? Um in Makrophagen wachsen zu können.
+- What does the <one>selective toxicity theory</one> state? It states that a substance could selectively target harmful microorganisms - but "leave human tissues undamaged".
+- What is <one>a biological host barrier</one>? This is the <one>normal flora</one>.
+- Wie <one>messen</one> Bakterien die <two>Zell-Dichte</two>? Mit Hilfe von <one>Quorum-Sensing</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Biovar</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen, die durch gemeinsame biochemische und/oder pyhsiologische Eigenschaften charakterisiert sind.
+- Gibt es <one>pathogene Serogruppen</one> von <two>Yersinia enterocolitica</two>? Ja, zum Beispiel <one>O:3</one> oder <one>O:27</one>.
+- <one>Type I fimbriae</one> - such as used by <two>Salmonella</two> - are usually used for ...? <one>Adherence</one>.
+- Der Erreger der <one>Geflügelcholera</one> ist ... ? <one>Pasteurella multocida</one>.
+- Where can we find the <one>Paneth cells</one>? These specialized host defence cells can be found in the <one>small intestine</one>.
+- The <one>Ames test</one> makes use of which bacterium usually? <one>Salmonella typhimurium</one>.
+- From a molecular point of view: what does the <one>tetanus toxin</one> block? It blocks the <one>release of glycine</one>.
+- Wir können den <one>Eisen-3-Zucker Agar</one> zur Identifikation von ... verwenden? Von <one>Enerobacteriaceae</one>.
+- Um <one>Bodenbakterien</one> zu isolieren: welchen <two>Agar</two> mögen wir hier verwenden? <one>CZAPEK-DOX Agar</one>.
+- Warum ist es wichtig, das wir in der <one>klinischen Mikrobiologie</one> mehr über <two>Biofilme</two> Bescheid wissen? Einer großen Zahl <one>chronischer bakterieller Infektionen</one> liegen <royalblue>Biofilme</royalblue> zu Grunde. Diese kann man mit konventionellen Antibiotika kaum beikommen.
+- Nenne einen <one>obligat-intrazellulären Organismus</one>, der mit dem Buchstaben <two>C</two> beginnt. A: <one>Chlamydia trachomatis</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Pathovar</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen, die durch gemeinsame pathogene Eigenschaften für bestimmte Wirte charakterisiert sind.
+- What is <one>a defined minimal medium</one>? This is a medium that contains only those compounds needed for an organism to grow.
+- Was verstehen wir unter einer <one>stillen Feiung</one>? Wenn im Körper ein Schutzzustand gegen einen Erreger erreicht wird.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>Morphovar</one> in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen mit <one>gemeinsamen, morphologischen Eigenschaften</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Ausbreitung über das Blut</one> bei Bakterien? <one>Sepsis</one>.
+- Was machen Bakterien um den <one>Komplementproteinen</one> zu entkommen? Sie <one>bilden Kapseln</one>.
+- Was ist eine <one>konfluente Lyse</one>? Wenn ein <royalblue>Phage</royalblue> den gesamten Bakterienrasen lysiert.
+- Was ist die <one>Infektkette</one>? Die Infektkette ist <one>der Weg einer Infektion</one>.
+- What is <one>Pathology</one>? The <one>scientific study of disease</one>.
+- Wie tötet <one>Bacillus Anthracin</one> letzten Endes, auf zellulärer Ebene? Durch <one>Apoptose</one>.
+- <one>TLR13</one>, which is localized in the phagosome, recognizes RNA of bacteria, but it requires which additional ER-resident protein? A: <one>Unc93b1</one>.
+- Was ist <one>Parasitismus</one>? Wenn nur der Parasit von einer Symbiose profitiert; es ist somit <one>eine einseitige Wechselwirkung</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> invented the <two>Petri-dish</two>, and <three>when</three>? The German bacteriologist <one>Julius Richard Petri</one>, in <royalblue>1887</royalblue>.
+- Der Erreger der <one>Gonorrhoe</one> ist ... ? <one>Neisseria gonorrhoe</one>.
+- Gegen welche Bakterien wirkt "Daptomycin"? Gegen "gram-positive Bakterien". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daptomycin
+- Nowadays, how to create the "diphtheria toxoid"? We treat the exotoxin with "formaldehyde".
+- Louis Pasteur devised a vaccine against ... ? "Cholera".
+- The Shiga toxin belongs to which family of toxins? It belongs to the "AB5 toxins".
+- Name a pathogen that can cause a "hemorrhagic fever". A: "Ebola".
+- Was meinen wir mit "Serovar" in der Mikrobiologie? Dies sind Mikroorganismen, die durch "gemeinsame antigene Eigenschaften" charakterisiert sind.
+- The "LB medium", what does LB stand for? Luria Broth.
+- Sind Archaea pathogen? Nein, so gut wie nie.
+- The "center for phage therapy" would accept what kind of patients? They will accept patients with "drug-resistant bacterial infections".
+- Wirkt Isopropanol "anti-mikrobiell"? Ja.
+- A. W. für "Dysbiosis"? microbiota imbalance
+- Some bacteria stimulate actin assembly in a host cell, through "Rho-family GTPases". Name two of these proteins. A: (1) Rac1 (2) cdc42
+- <one>In humans</one>: give a classic example of <two>a pathobiont</two>. A: <one>Helicobacter pylori</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori []
+- <one>AB toxins</one>: what does the <two>A</two> stand for? <one>Active</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB_toxin []
+- Das <one>Choleratoxin</one> <two>besitzt wieviele Untereinheiten</two>? <one>6</one>. []
+- Nenne einen <one>Vorteil</one> <two>für Listeria</two> wenn es sich intrazellulär, durch Aktin-Kometen, bewegt. A: <one>Listeria</one> ist so <two>nie den extrazellulär-zirkulierenden Antikörpern ausgesetzt</two>. []
+- <one>Which bacterium</one> typically causes <two>boils</two>/<two>carbuncles</two>? <one>Staphylococcous aureus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus []
+- In clinical microbiology: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>SFB</one>? <one>Segmented filamentous bacteria</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmented_filamentous_bacteria []
+- Is <one>antigenic variation</one> <two>more important for</two> <three>extracellular</three> or for <three>intracellular pathogens</three>? It is more important for <one>extracellular pathogens</one>, as these are the ones that are potentially subject to <two>antibody-coating</two>. []
+- The <one>bacterial type III secretion systems</one> <two>evolved from ...</two>? <one>Bacterial flagella</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_three_secretion_system []
+- Wenn wir <one>Einzelkolonien von Mikroorganismen</one> erhalten wollen wenden wir welche <three>simple Technik</three> an? Den <one>Verdünnungsausstrich</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausstrich_(Mikrobiologie) []
+- How are <one>the most durable cells</one> within a <two>bacterial biofilm</two> called? <one>Persisters</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15807669 []
+- In <one>AB-Toxins</one>: why the letter <two>B</two>? <one>B</one> ... <two>Binding</two>. (B can bind to different cell types). []
+- What can we conclude <one>when a virulence gene is inactivated</one>? The <one>pathogen</one> <two>will lose virulence or pathogenicity</two>. []
+- Beim Menschen: die <one>häufigsten Erreger von Harnwegsinfektionen</one> <two>sind ... </two>? <one>E. coli Bakterien</one>. []
+- Unterscheide in der klinischen Mikrobiologie zwischen <one>mdr</one> und <one>xdr</one> strains. A: (1) <one>mdr</one>: <two>multi-drug resistant</two> (2) <one>xdr</one>: <two>eXtensively drug-resistant</two> []
+- <one>Gram-Färbung</one> <two>der Pesterreger</two>? <one>Gram-positiv</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>ein</one> bekanntes <one>Bakterium</one>, <two>das das Superantigen-Toxin synthetisieren kann</two>. A: <one>Staphylococcus aureus</one>. []
+- Wie nennen wir <one>bakterielle Virulenzfaktoren die auf dem Chromosom codiert vorliegen</one>? <one>Pathogenitätsinseln</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenit%C3%A4tsinsel []
+- Was ist eine <one>Monoinfektion</one>? Eine Monoinfektion ist eine <one>Infektion</one>, die durch <two>nur einen Erreger verursacht wurde</two>. []
+- <one>Which phage</one> <two>is important for the Diphtheria-Toxin</two>? The <one>Beta-phage</one>. []
+- Warum hilft uns die <one>Maus</one> eher wenig wenn es um <two>Malaria</two> geht? Da <one>Mäuse keine Malaria bekommen können</one>. Deshalb sind die Erkenntnisse nicht zu 100% auf den Menschen übertragbar. []
+- Wie heißt der <one>Milzbranderreger</one>? <one>Bacillus anthracis</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis []
+- What do we mean with <one>frustrated phagocytosis</one> in <two>Immunology</two>? When <one>a bacterium has a capsule</one>. []
+- Kann <one>Tetanus</one>, <two>als Krankheit</two>, ausgerottet werden? <one>Nein</one>. <two>Die Bakterien kommen im Boden natürlich vor</two>. []
+- In an infected host cell, <one>Salmonella</one> <two>is surrounded by ... </two>? <one>Actin</one>. []
+- In der <one>bakteriellen Mikrobiologie</one>, im Labor, gibt es einen <two>Ausstrichtypus</two>, der einen Tiernamen besitzt. <three>Welcher ist das</three>? Der <one>Schlangenlinienausstrich</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausstrich_(Mikrobiologie) []
+- Größe von <one>Prionen</one>, <two>in nm</two>? <one>Unter 5 nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion []
+- Bildet der <one>Pesterreger</one> eine <two>Kapsel</two> aus? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- Sind <one>Probiotika</one> meistens <two>gramnegative</two> oder <two>grampositive</two> <three>Bakterien</three>? <one>Grampositiv</one>. []
+- The <one>Ames test</one> <two>makes use of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium</two>. The strain used here carries mutations in genes involved in ... ? <one>Histidine synthesis</one>. []
+- <one>Bacterial flagella</one> <two>carry which famous antigen</two>? The <one>H-antigen</one>. []
+- The <one>germ theory</one> <two>replaced</two> <three>which other, older theory</three>? The <one>germ theory</one> <two>replaced</two> the <three>miasma theory</three>. []
+- Can <one>Mycobacterium</one> <two>move via</two> <three>actin-motility</three>? <one>Yes</one> it can. []
+- <one>Worldwide</one>, <two>how many people die per year</two> due <three>to tetanus</three>? <one>150.000</one>. []
+- Die <one>Kariesbakterien</one> sind eigentlich ... ? <one>Streptococcus mutans</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans []
+- Name <one>a bacterium</one> that <two>can escape from the phagolysosome</two>. A: <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes []
+- The bacterium <one>Listeria</one> <two>hijacks which cellular protein</two>? <one>Listeria</one> hijacks the cytoskeletal protein <two>actin</two>. []
+- Die <one>normale Hautflora des Menschen</one> <two>besteht überwiegend aus ... Bakterien</two>? <one>Gram-positiven Bakterien</one>. []
+- Ist <one>die Pest</one> <two>ausgerottet</two>? <one>Nein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest []
+- Für den <one>Einsatz von Chemotherapeutika</one>: ist die <two>natürliche Resistenz</two> oder die <two>erworbene Resistenz</two> <three>problematischer</three>? Die <one>erworbene Resistenz</one> <two>ist problematischer</two>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Frühantikörper</one>? <one>IgM</one>. []
+- Do <one>more people die</one> to <two>circulatory diseases</two> or to <two>infectious and parasitic diseases</two>? More people die to <one>circulatory diseases</one>. []
+- <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für <two>den generellen Vorgang, bei dem (pathogene) Bakterien in eine Wirtszelle (oder in einen Wirt) eindringen</two>. A: <one>Invasion</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen []
+- Is <one>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</one> <two>a deadly pathogen</two>? <one>Yes</one> it is. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriae []
+- Kommt es bei einer <one>inapparenten Infektion</one> zur <two>Bildung von Antikörpern</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Respiratory pathogens</one> are typically ... in their mode of transmission? <one>Airborne</one> - that is <two>their primary mode of transmission</two>. []
+- How do we call the alteration of the antigenic composition of an infectious agent? <one>Antigenic variation</one>. []
+- Wird <one>der Milzbrand</one> <two>von Mensch zu Mensch übertragen</two>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- Hat <one>Neisseria meningitidis</one> <two>außer dem Menschen</two> auch andere Reservoire? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- Salmonella phoP and phoQ genes do what? They neutralize macrophage-produced antibacterial molecules called <one>defensins</one>.