studium 0.18.7

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  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +3310 -0
  3. data/bin/all_passed_exams +14 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d150 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  16. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  17. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  20. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  21. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  22. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  23. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  24. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  26. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +10 -0
  27. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  28. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +15 -0
  29. data/bin/names_of_all_solved_exams +7 -0
  30. data/bin/not_completed_exams +7 -0
  31. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  32. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  33. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  34. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  35. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  36. data/bin/passed_this_exam_on +10 -0
  37. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  38. data/bin/question_answer +7 -0
  39. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  40. data/bin/registered_for_this_exam +15 -0
  41. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  42. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  43. data/bin/return_n_questions_solved_in_total +7 -0
  44. data/bin/rti_conflict +7 -0
  45. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  46. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  47. data/bin/show_passed_exams_having_this_grade +7 -0
  48. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  49. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  50. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  51. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  52. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  53. data/bin/studium_actions +7 -0
  54. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  55. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  56. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  57. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  58. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +85 -0
  59. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  60. data/doc/README.gen +3263 -0
  61. data/doc/SQL_database_specification/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  62. data/doc/deprecated_components/deprecated_components.md +46 -0
  63. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  64. data/doc/elegant_colours/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  65. data/doc/statistics/yearly_statistics.md +8 -0
  66. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_graphical_parts_of_the_studium_gem_including_www_related_aspects.md +92 -0
  67. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_studium_gem.md +55 -0
  68. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/actions/actions.rb +134 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +3554 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/base/commandline_arguments_module/commandline_arguments_module.rb +115 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/base/html_colours_module.rb +632 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/base/runmode_module/runmode_module.rb +103 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +15 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +118 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +100 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +194 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_important_exams.rb +138 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +166 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/correct_all_dates_in_the_file_lecture_information.rb +115 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/date_sanitizer.rb +350 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +124 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_lecture_information.rb +434 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +1711 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +1848 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2063 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +273 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_boku_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +384 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +238 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/curricula_from_this_website/curricula_from_this_website.rb +141 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +213 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +141 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/README.md +9 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/handle_curricula.rb +99 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/misc.rb +798 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +323 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +74 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +73 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +164 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum.rb +116 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +554 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/curricula/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +47 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +197 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +719 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +245 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +50 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +116 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +109 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +100 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +937 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +234 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +251 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +547 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_immunology +225 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +49 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +117 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +273 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +154 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +67 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +73 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +30 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +104 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +76 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +1012 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +469 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +134 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +378 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +357 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +239 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +790 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +112 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeo_viruses +7 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeology +5 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +90 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +266 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1008 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1011 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +128 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +451 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +80 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +58 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +523 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +156 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +152 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +137 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +90 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomedical_studies +16 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/birds +5 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +384 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +488 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +229 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +1011 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_vesicles +11 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +210 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemokines_and_cytokines +45 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_quorum_sensing_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +116 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +84 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +520 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +309 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics +15 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +51 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +45 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +598 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +126 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +186 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +80 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +332 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +226 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/electron_microscopy +7 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +356 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +132 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +42 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +55 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +657 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +395 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +188 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/erste_hilfe +414 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +143 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +372 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +10 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +92 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +65 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +692 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +221 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +119 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +209 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +290 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +961 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +9 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +624 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +56 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +95 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +72 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +45 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +118 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +131 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +152 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +8 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +224 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +270 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +1011 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +117 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +52 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +66 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +624 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +29 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +10 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel_und_getr/303/244nke +224 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/light_microscopy +19 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux_and_unix +36 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +145 -0
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  813. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/README.md +10 -0
  814. data/lib/studium.rb +5 -0
  815. data/studium.gemspec +82 -0
  816. data/test/testing_colourized_question_and_answer.rb +18 -0
  817. data/test/testing_studium.rb +244 -0
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+ # =========================================================================== #
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+ # === Fortgeschrittene Genetik
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+ #
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+ # AMG2 tag, gem2. Also includes a focus on "DNA repair". DNA2 tag.
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+ #
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+ # Auch AMG1 von Jantsch, molekulare Tiergenetik auf der BOKU, das
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+ # Management genetischer Ressourcen.
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+ # =========================================================================== #
9
+
10
+ - In der Genetik: welche zwei Arten von Genkarten können unterschieden werden? (1) biologische Genkarten (2) physikalische Genkarten
11
+ - <one>Biologische Genkarten</one> <two>beruhen auf ... </two>? auf der Häufigkeit von Rekombinationsereignissen.
12
+ - <one>Uracil</one> <two>ist wichtig für eine tRNA</two>? Ja, und zwar in Form von Pseudouridin.
13
+ - Where could the DnaE protein be found? DnaE is part of the DNA Polymerase III (Pol III). It is also known as <two>the elongation component</two>.
14
+ - What is the job of DNA ligase? DNA ligase seals nicks in DNA.
15
+ - Bei der <one>Mutator Maus</one> (genauer: <two>mtDNA mutator mouse</two>) ist welches Gen durch ein anderes Gen ersetzt? Die <one>DNA-Polymerase Gamma (γ)</one>.
16
+ - Die <one>Ribonuklease H</one> (<two>RNase H</two>) hydrolysiert RNA in <three>RNA</three>/<three>DNA Duplexen</three>. Spaltet die RNase H auch <three>RNA</three>/<three>RNA Nukleotide</three>? <one>Nein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonukleasen_H []
17
+ - Welche <one>zwei Mutationen</one> unterscheidet ein Genetiker bei einem <two>vielzelligen Organismus</two>? (1) <one>Somatische Mutationen</one> (2) <one>Keimbahn-Mutationen</one> []
18
+ - <one>Which person</one> <two>discovered transposons</two>? <one>Barbara McClintock</one>, in 1948.
19
+ - <one>Mutations</one> <two>that do not affect the final protein are called ... </two>? <one>silent mutations</one>. []
20
+ - When <one>a genomic region in Drosophila</one> becomes <two>puffed</two>, what is actually meant with this? That this genomic region will become <one>transcriptionally active</one>.
21
+ - In der Genetik, bei Mutanten wie bei Drosophila: der Wildtyp ist primär eher das Männchen oder eher das Weibchen? Eher <one>das Weibchen</one>.
22
+ - <one>Homologe Rekombination</one> finden wir in Eukaryoten im Zuge der ... ? <one>Meiose</one>.
23
+ - mtDNA (in humans, and other eukaryotes) is inherited maternally, and thus does not capture ... ? any information about the history of males.
24
+ - Zur Kartierung von Genorten auf einzelnen Chromosomen erarbeiteten Genetiker ... ? <one>Genkarten</one>.
25
+ - Is <one>mitochondrial DNA</one> <two>more likely to survive in ancient DNA samples than</two> <three>nuclear DNA</three>? Yes, due to various reasons, including more resiliency due to a circular shape, as well as being found in multiple copies per mitochondrium.
26
+ - Give a shorter name for the <one>mitochondrial genome</one>. A: This is the <one>mitogenome</one>.
27
+ - <one>aDNA (ancient DNA) samples</one> often come from which two main sources? (1) from <one>archaeological sites</one> (2) from <one>museum collections</one>
28
+ - Is there a difference between the terms ribosome and monosome? To some extent yes. Monosome refers more to a fully functional, assembled ribosome, so this term contains slightly more information. It also specifically refers to just one ribosome.
29
+ - Does <one>ancient DNA</one> show any intrinsic bias? Yes - aDNA samples are often more likely to be preserved in colder climates, which can lead to a bias towards studying populations from these regions.
30
+ - <one>Ancient DNA studies</one> have shown that dogs were domesticated from wolves around n years ago. A: Around 15000 years ago.
31
+ - Does the term "ancient DNA" refer to the age of DNA? Not necessarily so. Instead it attempts to highlight characteristic damage patterns that occur as genetic material breaks down after an organism has died.
32
+ - <one>Ancient DNA</one> has also been isolated from mammoth. How old was the DNA of the oldest mammoth at hand here, in regards its isolation ? About <one>one million years old</one>. The DNA was obtained from teeth and the location was the permafrost of northeastern Siberia.
33
+ - Does <one>Ancient DNA</one> refer to <two>extinct species</two>? Usually <one>yes</one>.
34
+ - The gene called <one>Herc2</one>, in human, affects .... ? <one>eye colour</one>.
35
+ - What does the abbreviation <one>LINE</one> in Genetics stand for? <one>Long interspersed element</one>, also known as <one>Long interspersed nuclear element</one>. They were first discovered in the year <two>1980</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element []
36
+ - <one>Meiosis</one> <two>occurs as</two> <three>how many successive subdivisions</three>? <one>Two</one>. []
37
+ - Wann haben die französische Molekularbiologin <one>Emmanuelle Charpentier</one> und ihre US-Kollegin <one>Jennifer Doudna</one> <two>CRISPR</two> / <two>Cas9</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>2012</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#Cas9 []
38
+ - How are <one>exitrons</one> <two>produced</two>? <one>Exitrons</one> <two>are produced through</two> <three>alternative splicing</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exitron
39
+ - Was können <one>oligomere Bruchstücke</one> <two>auf zellulärer Ebene bewirken</two>? <two>Oligomere Bruchstücke</two> können <one>die verstärkte Synthese von Exoenzymen</one> bewirken. Sie <three>induzieren daher deren Synthese</three>.
40
+ - <one>FOX Gene</one>: <two>FOX steht für ... </two>? <one>Forkhead box</one>. Es handelt sich bei diesen Genen um <two>Transkriptionsfaktoren</two>.
41
+ - <one>GLUT1</one> wird durch das Gen SLC2A1 codiert, das im menschlichen Genom auf Chromosom ... vorgefunden werden kann. A: Auf <one>Chromosom 1</one>.
42
+ - What was <one>Molecular Biology's Rosetta Stone</one>? The <one>Deciphering of the Genetic Code</one>. URL: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/geneticcode.html []
43
+ - Gegeben sind <one>zwei verschiedene Hunderassen</one>, beides fruchtbare Rassen; die eine sehr groß, die andere sehr klein. <two>Was mag, genetisch betrachtet, der Unterschied sein zwischen diesen Rassen</two>? Die größere Hunderasse mag ein viel aktiveres Gen für den <one>Wachstumsfaktor IGF-1</one> (insulin-like growth factor 1), auf Chromosom 15, besitzen als die kleinwüchsigen Hunderassen.
44
+ - Nenne <one>zwei biochemische Mutationen</one> <two>beim Menschen</two>. A: (1) <one>Hämophilie</one> (2) <one>Sichelzellanämie</one>
45
+ - Das <one>österreichische DNA-Zentrallabor</one> <two>befindet sich in welcher Stadt</two>? In <one>Innsbruck</one>.
46
+ - Definiere ein Gen <one>altmodisch</one>, <two>in Bezug auf das Chromosom</two>. A: Ein <two>Gen</two> ist ein <one>'uninterrupted length of DNA'</one>. []
47
+ - Name <one>three different</one> <two>point mutation types</two> in <three>dsDNA</three>. A: (1) <one>Transition</one> (2) <one>Transversion</one> (3) <one>InDel</one> []
48
+ - Nenne <one>eine Besonderheit</one> des berühmten Meselson-Stahl Experiment aus dem Jahre 1958. A: Die Forscher verwendeten das schwere <one>Stickstoffisotop 15N</one>.
49
+ - In der Genetik: was heißt <one>WNT</one>? A: <one>Wingless</one> und <one>Int-1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway
50
+ - The <one>physical location of a gene</one> <two>in an eukaroytic organism</two>, is called ... ? its <one>locus</one>.
51
+ - If we wish to disrupt spindle formation, we could use ... ? <one>colchicine</one>.
52
+ - <one>Genetics traits</one> may be put into which three different, functional categories? (1) <one>beneficial traits</one> (2) <one>neutral traits</one> (3) <one>detrimental traits</one>
53
+ - The fundamental technique used by a transmission geneticist is ... ? the <one>genetic cross</one>.
54
+ - <one>Model organisms</one> offer ... advantages over other species? Experimental advantages over other species.
55
+ - The union of gametes during fertilization in eukaryotic cells restores ... ? it restores the diploid number of chromosomes.
56
+ - The gene that codes for phenylalanine hydroxylase - the very same enzyme that is defective in people with PKU - can be found on which human chromosome normally? It can be found on chromosome 12.
57
+ - Nenne ein <one>Retrotransposon</one> <two>in Drosophila</two>. A: <one>Copia</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21254/ []
58
+ - <one>Innerhalb einer dsDNA-Doppelhelix</one>: Abstand innerhalb der <two>minor grove</two>, und innerhalb der <two>major grove</two> (in Angstrom) angeben? <one>12 Angstrom</one> beziehungsweise <one>22 Angstrom</one>. []
59
+ - <one>e-gene transfer</one> could stand for ... ? <one>Endosymbiotic gene transfer</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126801262500347
60
+ - <one>Swi</one>/<one>SNF</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>SNF</two>? <one>Sucrose non-fermenting</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812987/ []
61
+ - Das etwa 50 kDa <one>La-Protein</one> bindet an das <two>3' Ende</two> neu synthetisierter, kleiner RNAs (small RNAs). Welche Funktion hat das <three>La-Protein</three> vermutlich? Das La-Protein <one>schützt</one> diese RNAs vor <two>Exonukleasen</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12045101
62
+ - <one>Traits</one> are governed by ... and by ... A: By <one>genes</one> and by the environment.
63
+ - <one>Contrasting forms</one> <two>within a single species</two> are termed ... ? <one>morphs</one>.
64
+ - Give an example for a physiological trait. A: The rate at which a bacterium metabolizes a sugar, such as <one>lactose</one>.
65
+ - The <one>largest protein of E. coli</one> <two>codes for n amino acids</two>? <one>2383 AA</one>.
66
+ - Name <one>a protein</one> that <two>is generated in two different forms</two>, based on a <three>C to U RNA editing</three> event. A: The <one>apolipoprotein B</one> protein (<two>APOB</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_B []
67
+ - Das <one>TOP1-Gen</one> <two>im menschlichen Genom</two> <three>kodiert für ... </three>? Die <one>Typ-I-DNA-Topoisomerase</one>.
68
+ - The disease <one>PKU</one> <two>is caused by ...</two>? <one>PKU</one> is caused by the <two>defective enzyme</two> <three>phenylalanine hydroxylase</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase
69
+ - Name a <one>human gene</one> that has <three>overlapping exons</three>. A: The gene <one>TOE1</one> has <two>overlapping exons</two> with the gene <royalblue>MUTYH</royalblue>, at the <one>5' end</one>. (Mnemonic: <three>die erste, mutige Zehe</three>) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOE1
70
+ - Ist <one>Chloroform</one> <two>mutagen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform []
71
+ - The body of the <one>Alu element</one> <two>is about n bases in length</two>? About <one>280</one>.
72
+ - Was heißt <one>isopyknisch</one>? <one>Dieselbe Dichte</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichtegradientenzentrifugation#Begriffsdefinitionen
73
+ - Does <one>paramutation</one> <two>occur in animals</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramutation []
74
+ - Is the <one>RNase P</one> <two>a multisubunit complex</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease_P []
75
+ - If we observe <one>a gel where no protein appears</one>, and we also know that a point mutation created this issue, what can we conclude from this observation? A <one>regulatory-region mutation</one> may have occurred.
76
+ - The <one>RAD45 gene</one> <two>can typically be found in ... </two>? <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae
77
+ - In rare cases, <one>translation in eukaryotes</one> can be initiated from codons other than <two>AUG</two>. <three>Give one specific example</three>. A: The <two>ribosomal P protein</two> <one>of a fungus</one> makes use of a <three>GUG start codon</three>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3611022/
78
+ - Did <one>the ancient Romans</one> <two>contribute anything at all to the science of genetics</two>? <one>Yes</one> - by successfully developing a number of techniques for animal and plant breeding.
79
+ - <three>Enzyme</three>, die <one>Ubiquitine an bestimmte Protein übertragen können</one>, werden ... wie genannt ? <one>Ubiquitinligasen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase
80
+ - <one>Base Flipping</one> <two>may lead to ...</two>? An <one>extrahelical configuration</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_base_flipping []
81
+ - Bei <one>Säugetieren</one>: <two>welches Enzym</two> sorgt für <three>Neumethylierungen</three>? <four>Nenne den vollständigen Namen dieses Enzyms</four>. A: <one>DNA-Methyltransferase 3a</one>/<one>3b</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(cytosine-5)-methyltransferase_3A
82
+ - <one>Homing endonucleases</one> are encoded by mobile, self-splicing introns or inteins. Do they have <two>associated methylases</two>? <one>No</one>, they do not. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homing_endonuclease
83
+ - The <one>Fluctuation Test</one> was done in genetics to answer which question? A: <one>Are mutations random or are they adaptive?</one>.
84
+ - <one>AU-Elemente</one> werden oft <two>auch ... genannt</two>. A: <one>Destabilisierungselemente</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AU-rich_element []
85
+ - <one>Genetic analysis</one> <two>begins with ... </two>? <one>mutants</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant []
86
+ - Give a specific example for <one>a pseudogene</one> in the <two>human genome</two>. A: The <one>PTEN gene</one> - better called the <two>PTEN pseudogene</two> - is a known <two>tumor suppressor gene</two>. This gene is very similar in its genetic sequence to the wild-type gene of PTEN (a known tumor-suppressor gene). However had, PTENP1 has a missense mutation which eliminates the codon for the initiating methionine and thus prevents translation of the normal PTEN protein.
87
+ - Sind <one>Primasen</one> <two>RNA-Polymerasen</two>? <one>Ja</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primase []
88
+ - Do <one>bees</one> make use of <two>A→I editing</two>? <one>Yes</one>, in particular <two>during foraging</two>. []
89
+ - <one>Calico cats</one> <two>are almost always female</two>. How can we explain this? The gene for orange coat colour versus black coat colour in cats is carried on the X chromosome.
90
+ - Is the <one>Pax6 gene</one> expressed in the pancreas of the mouse? Yes. It stimulates the formation of cells that produce glucagon, a peptide hormone that regulates the action of insulin.
91
+ - The gene that probably shows the effects of pleiotropy at the molecular level best is ... which gene? The <one>pax6 gene</one>.
92
+ - <one>Erbliche Abweichungen vom Wildtyp</one> <two>werden ... genannt</two>. A: <one>Mutanten</one>. []
93
+ - Is there <one>a correlation</one> between the number of protein-coding genes and the developmental complexity of an organism? <one>No</one> - see the <two>G-value enigma</two>.
94
+ - <one>TdT</one> catalyses the addition of nucleotides to the ... <two>which terminus</two> of a DNA molecule? A: To the <one>3' terminus</one>. []
95
+ - What is <one>the normal function of melanin</one>, for humans? <one>Melanin</one> normally protects the DNA of skin cells from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV) in sunlight.
96
+ - Die <one>Telomerase im Menschen</one> <two>besitzt einen RNA Anteil</two>. <three>Dieses RNA-Stück besitzt wieviele Nukleotide</three>? <one>450</one>.
97
+ - Im <one>Gal-Pathway</one>, kann <two>Galaktose aufgenommen werden</two>. Über welches Molekül erfolgt dann <three>die Einspeisung in die Glykolyse</three>? Über <one>Glucose-1-phosphat</one>.
98
+ - Genfusion: die <one>Dihydrofolate Reductase</one> <two>hat sich mit welchem Gen verbunden</two>? Mit der <one>Thymidylate Synthase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase []
99
+ - Entfernt das <one>26S-Proteasom</one> die <two>Ubiquitin-Kappe</two> von Proteinen? <one>Ja</one>. []
100
+ - The <one>pax6 gene</one> from the pax gene family is involved in ... ? <one>eye formation</one>.
101
+ - Das Phänomen <one>FTR</one> (<one>Functional Translational Readthrough</one>) führt dazu das mitunter manche Proteine mehr Aminosäuren als normal besitzen. <two>Hat dies eine Funktion</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Die <two>Laktat-Dehydrogenase-Untereinheit B</two> erhält in etwa 5% der Fälle 7 weitere Aminosäuren. Diese stellen eine Zielsignal für die Peroxisomen dar. Das entsprechende Protein wird dadurch in die Peroxisomen transportiert und dort verwendet.
102
+ - <one>One of the smallest genes in the human genome</one> <two>is ... which gene</two>? The <one>SPRR4 gene</one>. Translated it gives rise to a protein containing merely <two>79 aminoacids</two>.
103
+ - Unser Wissen über genetische Regulation verdanken wir primär der Untersuchung ... ? <one>regulatorischer Mutatuionen</one>.
104
+ - Frameshift-Mutationen würden wir wie übersetzen ins Deutsche? <one>Leserastermutation</one>.
105
+ - Kann ein rezessives, mutantes Allel einen nachweisbaren Phänotyp hervorbringen? Ja - zum Beispiel bei Haploinsuffizienz.
106
+ - Der <one>Luria-Delbrück Fluktuationstest</one> <two>werwendete welchen Organismus</two>? Den E. coli T1 Phagen.
107
+ - The protein BRCA2 binds selectively to ... ? ssDNA (single-stranded DNA).
108
+ - <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat das Hormon <two>EPO</two> (<three>Erythropoietin</three>)? <two>Erythropoietin</two> regt die <one>Produktion von Erythrocyten</one> an. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin
109
+ - Was bewirkt der maternale Faktor <one>Dextral-Protein</one> <two>bei Weinschnecken</two>? Das <one>Dextral-Protein</one> bestimmt die <two>Schlagrichtung von Cilien in der Morphogenese</twi>. Das Dextral-Protein bestimmt so indirekt die <three>rechtsgängige Drehrichtung des Gehäuses</three>, indem die Wachstumsfaktoren gerichtet gespült werden.
110
+ - The <one>MDM2 gene</one> <two>is controlled by ... </two>? <one>p53</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4221809/
111
+ - Was ist die <one>Polydaktylie</one>? Die <one>Vielfingrigkeit</one> - also <two>das Vorkommen von insgesamt mehr als 10 Fingern an einem Menschen</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly
112
+ - Bei einem Enzym: <one>welche Stellen</one> werden bei <two>sequenzspezifischen Mutagenen</two> vor allem modifiziert? All jene Aminosäuren, die an der <one>Substratbindung</one> beteiligt sind.
113
+ - In animals: <one>when</one> is the paternal genome usually actively demethylated? Upon <one>fertilization</one>.
114
+ - In genetics: the mutant <one>R408W</one> <two>in the PAH gene</two> means ... ? That the <one>codon 408</one> in the PAH polypeptide chain has been changed from one coding for <two>arginine</two> (R) to one coding for <two>tryptophan</two> (W).
115
+ - What is meant with the term <one>genosphere</one>? The <one>genosphere</one> is the totality of information in the genomes of all living bodies (on planet Earth).
116
+ - A <one>high proportion</one> of <two>imprinted genes</two> (in mammals) have arisen through ... ? <one>retrotransposition</one>.
117
+ - <one>How</one> can we create <two>synthetic mRNAs</two> in a cell? Via the enzyme <one>polynucleotide phosphorylase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase
118
+ - Do Introns enable the fine-tuning of gene expression? <one>Yes</one>.
119
+ - ... gave proof for <one>split genes</one>. A: <one>DNA-RNA hybridization</one>.
120
+ - <one>Hybrid Dysgenesis</one> in Drosophila illustrates the negative impact of ... ? <one>transposons</one>.
121
+ - The abbreviation BRCA1 stands short for ... ? <one>BReast CAncer gene 1</one>.
122
+ - Give another name for <one>altered codon specifies the same amino acid</one>. A: <one>Synonymous mutation</one>.
123
+ - Which <one>two major processes</one> are responsible for genetic variation? (1) <one>mutation</one> (2) <one>recombination</one>
124
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>klassische Genetik</one> gemeint? Dies meint das Erzeugen von Mutanten, mit dem Ziel aus dem entstehenden einem Phänotyp Rückschlüsse auf den Genotyp zu ziehen.
125
+ - <one>Son of Sevenless</one> bezeichnet verschiedene Gene, die für ... kodieren. A: <one>Guaninnukleotid-Austauschfaktoren (GEF)</one>.
126
+ - Was sind <one>pex-Gene</one>? <one>Peroxisomen-Gene</one>.
127
+ - <one>In welchem Jahr</one> fand das berühmte Meselson-Stahl Experiment statt? Im Jahre <one>1958</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson-Stahl-Versuch
128
+ - <one>Welche biologischen Systeme</one> <two>verwenden</two> <three>fMet</three>? Nur <one>Bakterien</one>. Eukaryoten und Archea hingegen verwenden kein fMet (aka N-Formylmethionine). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Formylmethionine
129
+ - Das <one>p53 Gen</one> <two>kodiert für ein Protein</two> das wie viele Aminosäuren besitzt? <one>390</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53#Gene
130
+ - <one>Enhancer activity</one> <two>was first observed in ... </two>? In <one>the bithorax complex of Drosophila</one>.
131
+ - What is actually meant with the term <one>„selfish gene“</one>? This refers to <one>a gene</one> (or, more generally, any DNA or RNA sequence) <two>that has a propensity to select for their own survival</two>/<two>propagation</two>.
132
+ - The <one>transposition pathway of the MULEs</one> (<two>Mutator-like transposable elements</two>) <three>resembles that of ... </three>? The <one>V(D)J recombination reaction</one>.
133
+ - The <one>SRP</one> is a ribonucleoprotein particle. <two>Which non-coding RNA does it contain</two>? <one>7SL</one>.
134
+ - <one>cGAS</one> is <two>a cytoplasmic ...</two>? <one>A cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensor</one>. <two>It recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)</two>.
135
+ - In genetics we can find <one>everted repeats</one>. <two>Give another name for these</two>. A: <one>Inverted palindromes</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7625727
136
+ - The <one>homeobox-containing protein Pax6</one> is required for ... ? <one>eye morphogenesis</one>.
137
+ - <one>Für welches Gen</one> kodieren die <two>LINEs</two>? Für eine <one>reverse Transkriptase</one> (sowie auch für eine <two>Endonuklease</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Interspersed_Nuclear_Element
138
+ - <one>Genes specify proteins</one> <two>by means of ... </two>? <one>a genetic code</one>.
139
+ - <one>DNA</one> and <one>proteins</one> <two>are products of ... </two>? <one>Evolution</one>.
140
+ - What is meant with the term <one>functional epistasis</one>? These are the <one>molecular interactions</one> that <two>proteins</two> have with one another. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis_and_functional_genomics
141
+ - Gegeben ist <one>ein beliebiges Gen in einem Genom das wir verändern möchten</one>. Ich kann jedoch nur eine einzige, beliebige Punktmutation in diesem Gen durchführen (die Startstelle des Gens bleibt jedoch unverändert; somit verändern wir nur eine Stelle im Gen selbst). Welche Stelle würde ich warum nehmen? <one>Stelle Nummer 2</one>, in einem beliebigem Codon. An Position 1 gibt es eine <two>96% Chance</two> für eine Veränderung. An Position 2 hingegen gibt es eine <two>100%ige Chance</two> auf eine Veränderung. Und an Position 3 gibt es lediglich eine <two>30% Chance</two> auf Veränderung.
142
+ - Does <one>parental imprinting</one> <two>occur in organisms other than mammals</two>? <one>No</one>.
143
+ - <one>Why</one> does the <two>telomerase</two> require a <three>RNA component</three> (<four>TERC</four>)? Because this RNA is used as a <one>template for telomeric DNA synthesis</one>.
144
+ - What are <one>nucleotypic effects</one>? <one>Nucleotypic effects</one> are <two>phenotypic changes related to the total nuclear DNA amount per cell</two>. A specific example would be how in arabidopsis there is a positive correlation between ploidy and size of guard cells. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5234348/
145
+ - Wenn beim Menschen das <one>FGF4-Gen</one> mutiert ist, was mag der Effekt sein? Die betroffene Person mag kleinwüchsig sein.
146
+ - <one>ENU</one> ist was für eine mutagene, chemische Subtanz? <one>Ethylnitrosoharnstoff</one> (<two>Ethyl-nitroso-harnstoff</two>; ENU ist die Abkürzung für <three>ethyl nitroso urea</three>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Ethyl-N-nitrosoharnstoff
147
+ - Nenne <one>zwei konkrete Beispiele</one> für <two>Basenanaloga</two> und gib weiters an, welchem Nukleotid diese jeweils entsprechen. A: (1) <one>2-Aminopurin</one>: für <two>Adenin</two> (2) <one>5-Bromuracil</one>: für <two>Thymin</two>
148
+ - <one>DnaA</one> ist <one>das Initiatorprotein in Bakterien</one>. Dessen <two>Domain IV</two> besitzt eine DNA-Bindedomäne. Nenne zwei <three>Sequenzmotive</three> die man in dieser Domäne finden kann. A: (1) eine <one>Alpha-Helix</one> (2) <one>Arg399</one>
149
+ - If <one>Purvalanol A</one> enters the human body, <two>what may happen</two>? <one>Purvalanol A</one> is a <two>cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor</two>. URL: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB04751
150
+ - Do <one>DNA transposons</one> <two>contain LTR elements</two>? <one>No</one>.
151
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Ribonucleoprotein</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet <one>ein Molekül</one> <two>das aus RNA und Protein besteht</two>.
152
+ - <one>How many</one> different <two>blood types</two> <three>are known in humans</three>? <one>4</one>: <two>A</two>, <two>B</two>, <two>AB</two>, <two>0</two>.
153
+ - Does <one>a gene</one> code for a <two>diffusible product</two>? <one>Yes</one>, of course - either <two>RNA</two> or a <two>protein</two>.
154
+ - Give <one>an example for</one> <two>a homozygous lethal gene</two>. A: The <one>tailless Manx phenotype</one> in <two>cats</two>.
155
+ - In der menschlichen Prä-mRNA für das <one>Apoliporotein B</one> wird Cytidin zu ... konvertiert. A: <one>Cytidin</one> → <two>Uridin</two>.
156
+ - The portions of DNA that <one>encode rRNA</one> <two>are collectively referred to as ... </two>? <one>NOR</one>: the <two>nucleolus organizer region</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus_organizer_region
157
+ - <one>MULEs</one> <two>refer to which genetic elements</two>? <one>Mutator-like transposable elements</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5499845/
158
+ - Measuring the relative distance between genes, based on crossing-over events, not only meant that the gene was definable as a unit of transmission as well as a unit of mutation, but also as a unit of ... ? <one>recombination</one>.
159
+ - <one>Eukaryoten</one> besitzen <two>welche drei rRNA-Moleküle</two>? (1) <one>5,8S</one> (2) <one>18S</one> (3) <one>28S</one>
160
+ - In genetics: <one>RdRP</one> <two>stands short for ... </two>? <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</one>.
161
+ - What is a <one>retrogene</one>? A <one>retrogene</one> is a piece of DNA reverse transcribed from mRNA and then inserted into a random place in the genome.
162
+ - <one>Welche Rolle</one> hat das <two>FUT1-Gen</two>? Das Genprodukt des FUT1-Gens heftet <one>Fucose</one> an den <two>Vorläufer der H-Substanz</two> an. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT1
163
+ - <one>Elk-1</one> <two>functions as a transcription ... </two>? <one>activator</one>.
164
+ - In der Genetik: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Dnmt1</one>? A: <one>DNA Methyltransferase 1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNMT1
165
+ - <one>Exitrons</one> (<two>exonic introns</two>) <three>are produced through alternative splicing</three>. They have characteristics of both introns and exons. They were first discovered in ... ? In <one>plants</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exitron
166
+ - <one>A cell is not controlled by its genome exclusively</one>. <two>What is meant with that sentence</two>? That a cell is also <one>influenced by its environment</one>.
167
+ - Besitzen <one>LINEs</one> (long interspersed nuclear elements) einen <two>Promoter</two>? <one>Ja</one>, und zwar <two>für die RNA-Polymerase II</two>.
168
+ - <one>Homozygot gelb</one> <two>ist tödlich in Mäusen</two>. <three>Warum führt die Fellfarbe zum Tod</three>? Das Gen, das für die Fellfarbe verantwortlich ist, wird immer zusammen mit dem <one>MERC-Gen</one> (<two>maternally expressed hnRNPC-related gene</two>) vererbt, das an RNA binden kann. Dieses Gen ist in der Embryonalentwicklung von Bedeutung und kann eine "Deletion" aufweisen, die wiederum <two>rezessiv letal</two> ist.
169
+ - <one>DNA-Methyltransferase</one> sind eminent wichtig. Nenne ein Beispiel das diese Aussage unterstreicht. A: <one>Knock-out Mäuse</one> ohne DNA-Methyltransferase überleben die Embryonalentwicklung nicht.
170
+ - In genetics: how do we denote a <one>deletion</one>? We use a <one>triangle</one> - <two>△ </two> - as symbol.
171
+ - The <one>Xist RNA</one> <two>in humans</two> has a length of n kb. A: <one>17 kb</one>.
172
+ - In the <one>IUPAC code for nucleotides</one>: what does <two>W</two> represent? <one>W</one> stands for <one>weak</one> - and is thus synonymous to <two>A</two> and <two>T</two>.
173
+ - The <one>SRB proteins in yeast</one> <two>are usually associated with which other protein</two>? The <one>RNA polymerase II holoenzyme</one>. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/380082a0 (1996)
174
+ - <one>Johannsen</one> originally called the <two>phenotype</two> <three>how</three>? The <one>appearance type</one>. (Note that the book was written in german, so this is merely the english translation.)
175
+ - <one>Which molecule in a cell</one> could be meant with the expression <two>a decoder</two>? The <one>tRNA</one> molecule.
176
+ - Nenne die zwei <one>Histon-Gruppen</one> <two>mitsamt ihren Mitgliedern</two>. A: (1) <one>Core-Histone</one>: <two>H2A, H2B, H3, H4</two> (2) <one>Linker-Histone</one>: <two>H1</two>
177
+ - Wovon ist das <one>Schmelzverhalten der DNA</one> <two>primär abhängig</two>? Von dem <one>prozentualen Anteil an GC-Paaren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC-Gehalt#Bestimmung_des_GC-Gehaltes
178
+ - In the case of damage, DNA can restore itself. This process is called ... ? <one>DNA repair</one>.
179
+ - The gene responsible for <one>cystic fibrosis</one>, <two>on chromosome 7</two>, encodes ... ? A <one>chloride ion transporter</one>.
180
+ - Das <one>rot fluoreszierende Protein</one> <two>stammte aus welchem Organismus</two>? Aus der <one>indopazifischen Seeanemone</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discosoma
181
+ - Does <one>dsDNA</one> <two>absorb more UV light than</two> <one>ssDNA</one>? No - <one>melted DNA</one> absorbs more UV-light, hence <two>ssDNA</two>.
182
+ - <one>The human genome</one> contains <two>n genes</two> that encode <three>selenoproteins</three>? <one>25</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenoprotein
183
+ - People with <one>albinism</one> are extremely susceptible to ... ? <one>sunburn</one>.
184
+ - Im Protozoum <one>Trypanosomen</one> bedeutet das Codon <two>UAG</two> nicht <three>„Stopp“</three>, sondern ... ? UAG kodiert hier für <two>Glutamin</two>.
185
+ - Organismen zeigen eine charakteristische Codonverwendung. Nenne hierfür ein andere Bezeichnung. A: Codon Usage oder Codon Bias.
186
+ - Die menschliche pre-mRNA für das Apoliporotein B kommt in mehreren Varianten vor. Die <one>Apo-B 48</one> Variante entsteht über eine enzymatische Desaminierung von Cytidin in dieser pre-mRNA. Warum funktioniert dies? Da hieraus - über dieses Uridin - ein Stoppcodon resultiert. Daher entsteht eine kürzere Variante als die lange Apo-B 100 Variante.
187
+ - The genetic basis of albinism was first described by ... ? <one>Archibald Garrod</one>.
188
+ - Can we find <one>albinism</one> among the Hopi Native Americans? <one>Yes</one>.
189
+ - Benötigt die <one>Poly(A)-Polymerase</one> eine Matrize? <one>Nein</one>.
190
+ - Warum muss das Spleißen so genau erfolgen? Dies ist dadurch gegeben das ansonsten Nucleotide verloren gehen würden.
191
+ - Genes that retain the epigenetic markers from the parent are called ... ? <one>imprinted genes</one>.
192
+ - What is meant with the term <one>activator protein</one>? This is a protein that turns on transcription of genes.
193
+ - Mutations that result from the action of mutagens are called ... ? <one>induced mutations</one>.
194
+ - Is the <one>release factor</one> an enzyme? <one>Yes</one>.
195
+ - <one>tRNAs</one> that carry amino acids are called ... ? <one>aminoacyl tRNAs</one>.
196
+ - Did <one>Gregor Mendel</one> conclude that genes behave like particles? <one>Yes</one>.
197
+ - When repressors are inactive, what may then occur? <one>transcription</one>.
198
+ - Is the <one>process of DNA replication</one> <two>exergonic overall</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
199
+ - Is <one>ATP</one> a <two>dNTP</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
200
+ - Can <one>DNA polymerase I</one> <two>remove RNA</two>? Yes, of course - that's one if its primary role during DNA replication.
201
+ - Die Abkürzung <one>mtTFA</one> steht für ... ? <one>Mitochondrial transcription factor A</one>.
202
+ - Can the <one>DNA polymerase III</one> create a new DNA strand on its own? No - it needs primers.
203
+ - <one>Traits</one> that are inherited differently in males and females are called ... ? <one>sex-linked traits</one>.
204
+ - <one>Which genes</one> (in general) seem almost inseparable? <one>Linked Genes</one>.
205
+ - Perhaps the best described example in humans for <one>codominance</one> is ... ? The <one>ABO markers</one> for the <two>human blood type</two>.
206
+ - Two different alleles both contribute equally to the phenotype. How is this phenomenon called? <one>Codominance</one>.
207
+ - Is the <one>lin-4 gene</one> important for <two>C. elegans</two>? <one>Yes</one>. It is essential for the normal temporal control of postembryonic development in the nematode C. elegans.
208
+ - <one>How</one> does <two>alpha-amanitin</two> work? Alpha-amanitin binds to RNA polymerase II and jams the moving parts of the enzyme, thus interfering with its ability to move along the DNA template.
209
+ - According to Darwin: the most pressing problem of inheritance, back during his time, was that of explaining ... ? Reversion or regression in a lineage.
210
+ - In Bakterien sind die <one>Okazaki-Fragment</one> relativ lang, mit bis zu 2000 bp. In Eukaryoten hingegen nur etwa 200 bp. <two>Gibt es eine mögliche Erklärung hierfür</two>? Dies mag daran liegen das ein Nukleosom in etwa 200 bp (oder etwas weniger als 200 bp) bedeckt - eventuell ergeben sich hieraus sterische Einschränkungen.
211
+ - <one>The discovery of split genes</one>, also called genes-in-pieces, aka mRNA splicing, was a complete shock to the scientific world. One reason for this was that it broke ... which other fundamental tenet of gene expression? The <one>concept of collinearity</one>.
212
+ - Are the <one>Alu elements</one> <two>specific to a group of organisms</two>? <one>Yes</one> - they are specific to <two>primates</two>.
213
+ - In der Genetik: was können wir dank des <one>LOD Score</one> erreichen? Diese <one>statistische Methode</one> kann uns helfen, um aus einem Datensatz zu schließen, ob zwei Loci miteinander verknüpft sind. Positive LOD Werte deuten auf einen <one>gekoppelten Locus</one> hin, negative LOD Werte hingegen gehen von keiner Kopplung aus. Ein LOD Wert von <one>3.0 oder mehr</one> wird als Beweis für Kopplung angesehen; bei einem Wert <one>geringer als -2.0</one> gibt es keine Kopplung. (Kurzfassung: <two>+3 bei Kopplung, -2 keine Kopplung</two>).
214
+ - <one>DNA Topoisomerases</one> <two>can be grouped into Type I and Type II</two>. Type I can further be subdivided into Type 1A and Type 1B. What is the main difference between these two in regards of their mode of action? (1) <one>Type 1A</one>: will relax negative supercoils. No ATP is required for this action, unlike Type II Topoisomerases. (2) <one>Type 1B</one>: will relax negative supercoils and then introduce positive supercoils. No ATP is required for this action, unlike Type II Topoisomerases.
215
+ - Die <one>Alge</one> <two>Chlamydomonas</two> bildet <three>bei Stickstoffmangel</three> was? <one>Isogameten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet#Gametentypen
216
+ - Name <one>five characteristics</one> studied by <two>Gregor Mendel</two>. A: (1) <one>pod colour</one> (2) <one>pod shape</one> (3) <one>seed colour</one> (4) <one>seed shape</one> (5) <one>stem length</one>
217
+ - Die <one>DNA-Polymerase</one> <two>Gamma</two> <three>findet sich wo</three>? In den <one>Mitochondrien</one> (Mnemonic: <two>'gamma-mito'</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLG
218
+ - Das <one>Genom von Mitochondrien</one> wird von der <two>Polymerase γ</two> repliziert. <three>Diese ist mit welcher Polymerase in Prokaryoten verwandt</three>? Mit der <one>Polymerase I</one>.
219
+ - Is <one>SP1</one> <two>a transcription factor</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
220
+ - In <one>Sp1 knockout mouse embryos</one>: the expression of which <two>protein</two> is also decreased significantly? <one>MeCP2</one> (<two>methyl-CpG binding protein</two>).
221
+ - Was sind <one>GC-Boxen</one>? Nenne ein Protein das daran bindet. A: Folgen von <one>GGGCGG</one> (Merkhilfe: <one>GGG|CGG</one>); somit sollten wir sie eigentlich <three>G-Boxen</three> nennen. Das Protein <two>Sp1</two>, ein Transkriptionsfaktor, bindet daran. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor
222
+ - Which three major classes of <one>heat shock proteins</one> exist in <two>E. coli</two>? (1) <one>Hsp10</one> (2) <one>Hsp60</one> (3) <one>Hsp70</one>
223
+ - Was geschieht wenn <one>ionisierende Strahlung</one> <two>auf DNA einschlägt</two>, mit einem konkreten Beispiel? Freie Radikale, wie zum Beispiel <peru>.OH</peru> (<one>Hydroxylradikal</one>), werden gebildet.
224
+ - <one>How many aminoacids</one> can be found in the <two>DNA-Polymerase I</two>? <one>928</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_I
225
+ - What is a <one>phosphorothioate group</one>? In a <one>phosphorthioate group</one> a central P can be found, as well as 3x O, and one S atom (or 35S atom, rather; Mnemonic: <two>SOOOP!</two>).
226
+ - What is meant with the term <one>producing a genetic output</one>? This basically means the <one>progeny</one> of an organism.
227
+ - Why is <one>recombination</one> an <two>extremely important genetic process</two>? Because <one>recombination</one> <two>increases genetic variation</two>.
228
+ - Welche DNA-abhängige RNA-Polymerase transkribiert LINE Elemente? <one>Pol II</one> - also die <two>DNA-abhängige RNA-Polymerase II</two>.
229
+ - Was ist eine <one>Heteroduplex</one>? Eine DNA-Helix aus Strängen, welche von 2 verschiedenen DNA-Moleküle stammen.
230
+ - What can we typically find in a NOR (Nucleolus-Organizing Region)? rRNA genes: hundreds to thousand of copies of ribosomal DNA.
231
+ - How did early geneticists determine the distance between genes in eukaryotes? They relied on crossing-over events. This provided a way to measure the relative distance between genes (traits), to some extent.
232
+ - In genetics: <one>the vehicle of functional divergence is ... </one>? <one>gene duplication</one>.
233
+ - <one>One of the oldest gene concept</one>, historically, could be <two>described by which adage</two>? <one>„Like begets like“</one>.
234
+ - Just about the simplest way to make two different proteins from one gene is ... ? To <one>encode two ribosome binding sites in the mRNA</one>.
235
+ - In genetics: a <one>TT signal</one> is ... ? A <one>transcription termination signal</one>.
236
+ - In genetics: <one>AP sites</one> is short for ... ? <one>apurinic</one>/<one>apyrimidinic site</one>.
237
+ - Give another name for <one>in frame</one> in genetics. A: <one>in register</one>.
238
+ - Die wohl berühmteste konditional-letale Mutation ist ... ? Eine <one>temperatur-sensitive Mutation</one>.
239
+ - The inheritance of paramutations, at the least in mouse, requires which RNA methyltransferase? <one>Dnmt2</one>.
240
+ - <one>C→U editing</one> is performed by a family of proteins called ... ? <one>APOBEC</one>.
241
+ - <one>Alu elements</one> <two>are derived from ... </two>? A <one>dimeric fusion of 7SL RNA</one>.
242
+ - Does <one>A→I editing</one> occur in the human genome, in the Alu sequences? <one>Yes</one>.
243
+ - Loss of ADAR1 in mice results in which phenotype? <one>Embryonic lethality</one>, <two>due to a failure of hematopoiesis</two>.
244
+ - <one>HMG proteins</one> bend ... ? <one>DNA structure</one>.
245
+ - In maize, the cycling of transposable elements between active and inactive states to regulate local gene expression is determined by ... ? By the <one>methylation state of the element</one>.
246
+ - <one>Who</one> discovered mRNA in the year 1961? <one>Sydney Brenner</one>.
247
+ - The coupling of insertions of transposons with reporter genes is also called ... ? <one>Enhancer trapping</one>.
248
+ - Rather than making use of the word <one>mutation</one>, in regards to changes to the genome or to a gene, we could use which other, more neutral, word? <one>Variation</one>.
249
+ - <one>Which genes</one> have a very reduced capacity for horizontal gene transfer, in general? Informational genes such as the RNA polymerase.
250
+ - What is meant with the term <one>informational genes</one>? These are genes that are extremely important for a cell, such as the RNA polymerase or elongation factors. They interact with other factors in complex ways.
251
+ - Name a simple way how <one>horizontal gene transfer</one> <two>may be detected</two>. A: We can compare the GC/AT ratio, as this will typically differ from the rest of the given genome.
252
+ - For <one>DNA barcoding</one>, which gene is typically used primarily here? <one>CO1</one>, aka <two>cytochrome c oxidase I</two>, found in mitochondria.
253
+ - What are <one>cp markers</one>? These are <one>Chloroplast markers</one>.
254
+ - Die Abkürzung <one>DNMTs</one> steht für ... ? <one>DNA-Methyltransferases</one>.
255
+ - Give another, more generic name for the <one>operator</one>. A: A <one>protein-binding site</one>.
256
+ - Why was <one>allolactose</one> not optimal for studying the lac-operon? Because while it can induce gene expression of the lac-operon, it also can be broken down by β-galactosidase.
257
+ - The <one>lac repressor</one> acts similar to ... ? a roadblock on the DNA.
258
+ - Name a genetic reason as to why the mutation rate of proline is very low. A: Proline is encoded by CC{A,T,C,G}. C binds to G, and has three hydrogen bonds, which is very stable. And the four wobble positions all code for proline, thus making proline less likely to be affected by genetic mutation.
259
+ - Was genau sind <one>Retrotransposons</one>? Dies sind <one>DNA</one>-Sequenzelemente, die durch <two>reverse Transkription</two> von mRNA in cDNA entstanden sind.
260
+ - Do <one>polycistronic mRNAs</one> exist in eukaryotes? No, but they do exist in eukaryotic viruses.
261
+ - What is meant with <one>transertion</one>? This refers to the transfer of (nascent) proteins into and through membranes, in particular in bacteria.
262
+ - In molecular biology: the abbreviation <one>RdRp</one> is short for ... ? <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</one>.
263
+ - Give another name for <one>gene networks</one>. A: <one>Nets of interacting genes</one>.
264
+ - Genetics provides one of biology's unifying principles ... how so? Because all organisms use genetic systems that have a number of features in common.
265
+ - <one>Preformationism</one> became famous due to the homunculus: a small ready-made human. But, aside from this, what did the preformationists claim about new offspring? They claimed that all traits were inherited from only one parent - from the father if the homunculs was in the sperm or from the mother if it was in the egg.
266
+ - <one>RING Proteine</one> sind entfernt verwandt mit ... ? <one>Zinkfingerproteinen</one>.
267
+ - Gibt es <one>lineare Plasmide</one>? Ja - so zum Beispiel bei <one>Borrelia burgdorferi</one>.
268
+ - The <one>computational engine of the cell</one> is ... ? <one>RNA</one>.
269
+ - <one>GreA</one> und <one>GreB</one> bezeichnet man auch als ... ? <one>Elongationsfaktoren</one>.
270
+ - The <one>vehicles of inheritance</one> are ... ? the <one>chromosomes</one>.
271
+ - <one>5-Methylcytosin</one> kann zu <two>Thymin</two> desaminieren. Woher stammt das -H Atom? Von <one>H₂O</one>.
272
+ - <one>Who</one> is generally considered to have been <two>the founder of medical genetics</two>? <one>Archibald Garrod</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Garrod
273
+ - Wie nannte <one>Griffith</one> damals <two>DNA</two>? Das <one>transformierende Prinzip</one>.
274
+ - Was genau machen die <one>HDACs</one>? Sie <one>entfernen Acetylgruppen von Histonen</one>, was zu einer <two>Kompaktierung der DNA</two> führt. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histon-Deacetylasen
275
+ - Name <two>an important biochemical step</two> that occurs during the <one>interphase</one>. A: The <one>replication of the DNA of each chromosome</one>.
276
+ - Nenne eine Polymerase die keine TATA-Box benötigt. A: <one>RNA Polymerase I</one>.
277
+ - Wenn wir <one>Exons</one> mit einer Länge von <two>54 bp</two>, <two>45 bp</two>, <two>108 bp</two> und <two>99 bp</two> sehen, was können wir daraus schließen? Das diese Exons wohl aus einem Exon hervorgegangen sind, das für 3 Codons kodiert (3 Codons zu je 3 Aminosäuren ergibt <one>9</one>; <two>54</two>, <two>45</two>, <two>108</two> und <two>99</two> sind alle ohne Rest durch 9 teilbar).
278
+ - <one>What information</one> does the <two>mutation rate</two> provide? The <one>mutation rate</one> <two>provides information about how often a mutation arises</two>.
279
+ - Nenne <one>drei Wege</one> in der Genetik, wie wir <two>genetische Pathways</two> analysieren können. A: (1) <one>Komplementation</one> (2) <one>Epistasis-Analyse</one> (3) <one>Suppressor screen</one>
280
+ - <one>Welche Reaktion</one>, <two>und wo</two>, führt die <three>Ribonucleotide-Reductase</three> durch? Dieses Enzym konvertiert <one>Ribose</one> zu <one>Deoxyribose</one>, durch <two>Reduktion der OH-Gruppe</two> am <three>2-Strich-Carbon</three> (<three>2'C</three>).
281
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> hat das Wort <two>Gen</two> geprägt? <one>Wilhelm Johannsen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Johannsen
282
+ - Nenne einen <one>Einzeller</one> der <two>keine Mitochondrien</two> besitzt. A: Der Einzeller <one>Giardia lamblia</one>.
283
+ - <one>Welche Auswirkungen</one> kann eine <two>Punktmutation</two> auf DNA-Ebene auf das Protein haben? Es gibt hier <one>vier mögliche Veränderungen</one>. Am besten merkt man sich dies in <two>steigendem Auswirkungsgrad</two>. (1) kodierend für <three>synonyme Codons</three>: dies hat logischerweise keine Auswirkung (2) "kodierend für eine andere Aminosäure": dies mag ein Problem sein oder auch nicht (3) <one>Nonsense mutation</one>, also <one>STOP</one>: <two>dies mag zu einem verkürzten Protein führen, das jedoch ab und an noch teilweise funktionieren mag, vor allem bei längeren Proteinen</two> (4) <three>Frameshift mutation</three>: <two>dies führt eigentlich zu einem völlig anderen Protein</two>
284
+ - The <one>operational definition of a gene</one> can occur through ... ? <one>Genetic complementation</one>.
285
+ - <one>Which subunit</one> of <two>Pol III</two> ensures its high processivity? The <one>beta-prime subunit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_III_holoenzyme
286
+ - <one>Welche zwei Arten</one> von <two>suppressor mutations</two> existieren? (1) <one>intragenic suppression</one> (2) <one>intergenic suppression</one>
287
+ - Andere, einfachere Bezeichnung für <one>regulierende DNA-Elemente</one>. A: <one>cis-Elemente</one>.
288
+ - What does <one>extended survival</one> mean? <one>Extended survival</one> means that the diseases in the genetic dustbin have the opportunity to be seen or expressed in a greater number of people.
289
+ - Sind <one>Primasen</one> <two>RNA-Polymerasen</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
290
+ - The <one>FOXP2 gene</one> in a genome - at the least one that is similar to the human genome - <two>indicates what involvement</two>? That this organism is involved in <one>speech and language</one>. The <two>Neanderthals</two>, for instance, had that gene as well.
291
+ - Do <one>Alu ends</one> <two>contain a Poly-A tail</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
292
+ - <one>Welche Abkürzung</one> verwendet man für DNA die in Plastiden gespeichert ist? <one>ptDNA</one>.
293
+ - Was mag <two>schneller</two> sein - die <one>unidirektionale</one> oder die <one>bidirektionale Replikation</one>? <one>Bidirektionale Replikation</one>.
294
+ - Give one example for a <one>retrotransposon</one> in the human genome. A: The <one>Alu sequence</one>, also called the <two>Alu element</two>. It is a representative of a <three>SINE</three> (<three>short interspersed nuclear elements</three>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_element
295
+ - Gibt es <one>DNA-Polymerasen</one> die einen neuen Strand von 3'→5' synthetisieren? Nein - zumindest sind keine bekannt die das könnten.
296
+ - <one>Directed Evolution</one>: <two>welche drei Schritte</two> werden durchgeführt <two>um ein Enzym zu verbessern</two>? (1) <one>Mutagenese</one> (2) <one>Screening</one> (3) <one>Selektion</one>
297
+ - Die <one>Nukleosomen-linker-DNA</one> ist wie lange, in <three>n bp</three>? <one>54 bp</one>.
298
+ - Das <one>Nukleotid</one> besteht aus ... (nur die Kurzform nennen, also zwei Bestandteile)? Einem <one>Nukleosid</one>, das mit <two>Phosphat</two> verknüpft ist.
299
+ - Gibt es <one>lineare ptDNA</one> (<two>Plastiden-DNA</two>)? <one>Ja</one>. In der Regel ist die <two>ptDNA</two> jedoch zirkulär.
300
+ - In der Genetik: wie wird <one>der Wildtyp</one> <two>gekennzeichnet</two>? Durch ein <one>+</one> Zeichen.
301
+ - Wen oder was meinen wir mit <one>poky-Mutanten</one> und wie kann man diese Mutation genetisch erklären? Dies sind <one>langsam wachsende Neurospora-Mutanten</one>. Dafür verantwortlich ist eine Hemmung in ihrer mitochondrialen Funktion aufgrund <two>Defekte in der kleinen ribosomalen Untereinheit</two> in den Mitochondrien während der exponentiellen Wachstumsphase.
302
+ - Give another name for <one>linkage mapping</one>. A: <one>Positional cloning</one>. URL: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Positional-Cloning
303
+ - What exactly is an <one>allele</one>? <two>An allele</two> is one of a number of <one>alternative forms of the same gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele
304
+ - <one>Ein prozessiertes Pseudogen</one> hat <two>seinen Ursprung in ... </two>? In <one>einer mRNA</one>.
305
+ - Die Rolle des <one>Degradosom</one> ist ... ? Als <one>RNA decay machine</one> zu wirken - also <two>RNA abzubauen</two>.
306
+ - Wie nennen wir <one>Satelliten-DNA</one> auf Englisch? <one>Tandem repeats</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_repeat
307
+ - <one>TLS-Polymerasen</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>TLS</two>? <one>Translesion synthesis</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3783050/
308
+ - What is <one>the starting point of forward mutations</one>? Treat an organism with Xrays to cause mutations.
309
+ - Was besagt die <one>GT-AG-Regel</one>? <two>Introns</two> beginnen (fast) immer mit einem <one>GT</one>; und enden mit einem <one>AG</one>. Dies wird auch die <royalblue>Chambon-Regel</royalblue> genannt. URL: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6754-9_7198
310
+ - <one>Meiosis</one> is associated with ... ? <one>Gamete formation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametogenesis
311
+ - In der Genetik: die Fähigkeit eines bestimmten Genotyps, auf seine Umgebung in unterschiedlicher Weise zu reagieren, wird wie bezeichnet? Dies ist die <one>Reaktionsnorm eines Genotyps</one>.
312
+ - Die Proteindomäne in <one>RING</one> (really interesting new gene) bindet <two>welches Metall-Ion</two>? <one>Zink</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24928685/
313
+ - Wie heissen die drei <one>Regeln von Mendel</one> (deutsche Bezeichnung)? Mnemonic: <royalblue>UniSpaltUng</royalblue> (<royalblue>Uni-Spalt-Ung</royalblue>) oder <royalblue>USU</royalblue> (1) <one>Uniformitätsregel</one> (2) <one>Spaltungsregel</one> (3) <one>Unabhängigkeitsregel</one>
314
+ - <one>Wo</one> kann <two>CENP-A</two> gefunden werden? Diese <one>Histonvariante</one> kommt in Chromatin am <royalblue>Centromer</royalblue> vor, bei den <one>H3 Histonen</one> beziehungsweise als deren Ersatz. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENPA
315
+ - Was versteht man unter der <one>genetischen Erosion</one>? <two>Genetische Erosion</two> bezeichnet den <one>Verlust von genetischem Material</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generosion
316
+ - Give another term for <one>transcriptome-wide structure determination in vivo</one>. A: The <one>RNA structurome</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797096
317
+ - The (somewhat) <one>little friend of the geneticist</one> is ... ? The <one>fruit fly</one> <two>Drosophila melanogaster</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster
318
+ - In <one>genetic dissection</one> we typically cross the mutant with the (original) wild type. <two>Give an example when this approach will not work</two>. A: It <one>will not work if the mutant is sterile</one>, so <two>in this event another approach has to be considered</two>.
319
+ - The <one>CDAR enzyme</one> <two>can convert which two nucleotides</two>? <one>C → U</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine_deaminase
320
+ - In the maize genome, the <one>Ac mobile genetic element</one> (a <two>transposon</two>) contains n bp? About <one>4.6 kb</one> (<one>4600 bp</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac/Ds_transposable_controlling_elements
321
+ - What is the <one>pfu</one> (<three>plaque forming units</three>)? This is <one>the number of functional phages per volume</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque-forming_unit
322
+ - Compared to <one>LINES</one>, what do <one>SINES</one> lack? <two>SINES</two> <one>do not encode for their own reverse transcriptase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element
323
+ - Bei der <one>Initiation in eukaryoten Organismen</one>: es braucht welche <two>3 Faktoren</two> um das <three>AUG Initiations Codon</three> zu exponieren? <one>eIF4</one> <two>A</two>, <two>B</two> und <two>G</two>.
324
+ - <one>Wo</one> genau ist die <two>Wobble position</two> zu finden? Am <one>5' Ende</one> der <one>tRNA Anticodonstelle</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble-Hypothese
325
+ - Nenne zwei wichtige <one>Charakteristika von Histonen</one>. A: (1) Sie besitzen einen hohen Anteil an <one>Lysin</one> und <one>Arginin</one>. (2) Sie <one>sind sehr stark konserviert</one>. <royalblue>H4</royalblue> von <two>Rind</two> und <two>Erbse</two> unterscheidet sich nur in einer einzigen Aminosäure.
326
+ - Give a simple example for <one>Heterosis</one> in human's daily life. A: <one>Hybrid corn</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize
327
+ - Name <one>three different ways</one> how, at the least since 2018, <two>transposable elements can be discovered</two>. A: (1) <one>de-novo using raw reads</one> (2) <one>de-novo using an assembled genome</one> (3) <one>repository-based annotation</one>
328
+ - <one>Who or what</one> <two>recognizes methylated 5'-CG-3'</two>? <one>MeCPs</one>: <two>methylcytosine-binding proteins</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-CpG-binding_domain
329
+ - When a human being has <two>a mutation</two> in the <one>OCA2 gene</one>, what may be the result of this? That this human being may have <steelblue>blue eyes</steelblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCA2
330
+ - <one>Homologous recombination</one> may naturally take place in/during ... ? <one>Crossing over</one>.
331
+ - When a human has a null-mutation in the <one>N-glycanase gene</one> (the <two>NGLY1 gene</two>), what may be the result? That this human being <one>lacks a protein that normally strips sugars off other proteins</one>.
332
+ - Wie konnte man im Jahre <one>1961</one> <three>synthetic RNA</three> erstellen? Mit Hilfe des Enzyms <one>Polynucleotide Phosphorylase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase
333
+ - Name <one>two different mutations</one>, in two different organisms, affecting <two>eye development</two>. A: (1) the <two>Drosophila</two> <one>eyeless mutant</one> (2) <one>Pax 6 mutation</one> causing <peru>aniridia</peru>
334
+ - Können <three>Mäuse</three> an <one>Parkinson</one> erkranken? Ja - <one>zumindest im Labor</one>.
335
+ - Definiere kurz den Begriff <one>klassische Genetik</one> (<i>classical genetics</i>). A: Dies ist das Studieren von Genetik durch die <one>Analyse von Nachkommen</one>.
336
+ - Besitzen <one>housekeeping genes</one> eine <two>TATA Box</two>? Nur sehr selten, also <one>eher nein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA-Box
337
+ - What can happen between <one>two transposons</one>? <one>Inversions</one>.
338
+ - Name <one>two</one> large classes of <two>transposons</two>. A: (1) <one>DNA transposons</one> (2) <one>Retrotransposon</one>
339
+ - Was passiert bei einer <one>Überexpression von Cyclin D</one>? Die Zelle ist einem <one>vermehrten Proliferationsdruck</one> ausgesetzt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_D
340
+ - <one>Leptin</one> ist ein 16 kd großes Hormon. Wie wird das Gen genannt, das für <one>Leptin</one> kodiert? <one>ob</one>, für <one>obese</one>. URL: https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R29-DK051140-05
341
+ - <one>Genetics</one> is not only the study of all aspects of genes, or the study of heredity, but also the study of ... ? <one>Variation</one>.
342
+ - In genetics: are <one>risk factors</one> cumulative? Typically <one>yes</one>.
343
+ - What is a <one>synthetic phenotype</one>? A <one>synthetic phenotype</one> shows only in the presence of a second mutation.
344
+ - How is a <one>Hfr cell</one> created? By <one>F-Plasmid Insertion</one> into the <two>bacterial chromosome</two>. (More generally it can happen by any conjugative plasmid, but the F-Plasmid is the most famous example in this context.) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hfr_cell
345
+ - The <one>C-value paradox</one> is well known - but what is the <cadetblue>G-value paradox</cadetblue>? The <two>G-value</two> refers to <one>the number of genes in a given genome</one>. We predict that the number of genes correlate with the complexity of an organism, but this is not correct.
346
+ - <one>Base Flipping</one> can be <two>observed in which two different types of enzymes</two>? (1) <one>In enzymes</one> whose activity is related to <two>DNA Repair</two>. (2) <one>In enzymes</one> whose activity is related to <two>homologous recombination</two>.
347
+ - What does the name <one>Thiouracil</one> imply? That we have a molecule that is similar to <one>Uracil</one>, which also contains a <cadetblue>S (sulfur) atom</cadetblue> instead of the regular <two>-C=O group</two> there. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Thiouracil
348
+ - Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie eine Zelle selbst <one>die Mutationsrate erhöhen könnte</one>. A: Indem sie die <one>Überwachungs-</one> und <one>Reparaturmechanismen</one> verringert. <two>DNA Schäden werden so weniger oft beziehungsweise weniger gut beseitigt</two>.
349
+ - In der Humangenetik: nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>Monosomie</one>. A: Das <one>Ullrich-Turner-Syndrom</one>, zum Beispiel <two>45, X0-</two> hier fehlt ein <three>Gonosom</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome
350
+ - The <one>argonaute genes</one> can be <two>divided into which two subfamilies</two>? (1) <one>Ago subfamily</one> (2) <one>Piwi subfamily</one>
351
+ - <one>DNA</one> functions as <two>a template for</two> ... ? <one>biological complexity</one>.
352
+ - Kann <one>MeCP2</one> <two>an methylierte CpG Basen binden</two>? <one>Ja</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2
353
+ - Warum der Name <one>messenger RNA</one>? Weil die <one>mRNA</one> ein <royalblue>Messenger</royalblue> ist - sie trägt die <two>gene message</two> an ein <one>Ribosom</one>, also die Information darin.
354
+ - Das Pendant zum <one>Degradosom</one> in Eukaryoten ist ... ? Das <one>Exosom</one>. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosom_(Proteinkomplex)
355
+ - Are <one>complementation tests</one> possible in <three>Neurospora</three>? Yes, due to the <one>multinucleate nature of the filaments</one>.
356
+ - In genetics: <two>data</two> in a <one>complementation matrix</one> can conveniently be analyzed by ... ? By <one>arranging the mutant genes in the form of a circle</one>.
357
+ - Warum werden beim Menschen nur <one>maternale Mitochondrien</one> vererbt? Da die Mitochondrien des Spermiums nicht in die Oocyte eindringen können.
358
+ - The <one>human mtDNA-L strand</one> can base pair with ...? With the <one>7S DNA strand</one>.
359
+ - Give another term for <one>stop codon</one>. A: <one>Chain-termination signal</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codon
360
+ - Provide another name for the word <one>retrotransposons</one>. A: <one>Class </one><peru>I</peru><one> transposable elements</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon#Types
361
+ - Das <one>Klenow-Fragment</one> (→ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klenow_fragment) besteht aus ... ? (1) <one>DNA-Polymerase I</one> (2) <one>3' → 5' Exonuclease</one>
362
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>extrahelical configuration</one>? When <one>bases are flipped out</one> from the double helix.
363
+ - Aufgabe der <one>Uracil-DNA-Glycosidase</one> und der dahinterliegende <two>Zweck</two>? Die <one>Uracil-DNA-Glycosidase</one> <orange>entfernt Uracil aus DNA-Strängen</orange> und schützt so vor <two>spontaner Deamination der Cytosine</two>. (Uracil wird aktiv herausgeschnitten indem die N-glykosidische Bindung gespalten wird, bevor der "Base-Excision Repair" (BER) Pathway gestartet wird.) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil-DNA_glycosylase
364
+ - <one>Nitrosamine</one> enstehen aus <two>welchen zwei Komponenten</two>? (1) <one>Nitrit</one> <peru>+</peru> (2) <one>Proteinen</one>
365
+ - Ein <one>prozessiertes Pseudogen</one> mag in der genomischen DNA integriert sein. <two>Nenne ein markantes Kennzeichnen eines solchen Pseudogens</two>. A: Sie besitzen einen <one>Poly-A-Schwanz</one>.
366
+ - Give an example for something, in genetics, that has a <one>center of symmetry</one>. A: A <one>DNA mirror repeat</one>.
367
+ - Das <one>ColE1 Genom</one> hat in etwa <two>n bp</two>? <one>~6500 bp</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColE1
368
+ - Name of <one>CAS genes</one> stands for? <one>CRISPR-associated genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR
369
+ - Oddly enough, <one>SUMO</one>, despite its name, has very little sequence identity with <two>Ubiquitin</two>. <three>How much percent is the sequence identity of SUMO with Ubiquitin</three>? About <one>20%</one> only.
370
+ - Andere, schönere Bezeichnung für die <one>Telomerase</one>? <one>Unsterblichkeitsenzym</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase
371
+ - <one>Watson and Crick's evidence</one> was based on which <two>two major kinds of evidence</two>? (1) <one>X-ray diffraction pattern</one> (2) <one>Erwin Chargaff's rule</one>
372
+ - Nenne die zwei <one>Haupt-Histon-Chaperone</one> in einer Zelle. A: (1) <one>CAF1</one> (2) <one>ASF1</one>
373
+ - <two>Welche Person</two> stellte die <one>Präformationstheorie</one> auf? <one>Nicolaas Hartsoeker</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Hartsoeker
374
+ - Why may we need <one>conditional mutations</one> in genetics? So that we can <one>isolate mutations in otherwise essential genes</one>.
375
+ - <one>The genetic information carried by DNA</one> <two>resides in its ... </two>? <one>sequence</one>.
376
+ - Die <one>mobilen DNA-Fragmente der Transposons im menschlichen Genom</one> haben meistens <two>eine Länge von etwa n bis n kb</two> und <three>kodieren für ... </three>? Etwa <one>1-3 kb</one>. Sie codieren für eine <two>Transposase</two>.
377
+ - <one>DNA</one> that <two>gets into a bacterial cell</two> has which three choices? (1) it may be <one>degraded</one> by restriction enzymes (2) it may <one>replicate</one> itself (3) it may <one>recombine</one> with the host genome
378
+ - In der Genetik: was bedeutet <one>Heteroplasmon</one> und <two>wo</two> mögen wir dies, allgemein betrachtet, finden? Ein <one>Heteroplasmon</one> ist eine <two>eukaryote Zelle</two> mit 2 Typen von Chloroplasten- oder Mitochondrien-DNA. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet
379
+ - Welchen Einfluss hat <one>CAP</one> auf das <three>lac-Operon</three>? Einen <one>hemmenden Einfluss</one> - aber <two>nur wenn Glucose vorhanden ist</two>.
380
+ - <two>Francis Crick</two> is rumoured to have said: <one>"DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein, and proteins make ... "</one>? <one>us</one>.
381
+ - Provide another word for expressing <one>more than one codon</one>, in genetics. A: <one>Degeneracy</one> - more aptly called <two>codon degeneracy</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy
382
+ - Are <one>Okazaki Fragments</one> <three>DNA-fragments</three> or <three>RNA-fragments</three>? <two>Okazaki fragments</two> consist of <one>DNA</one>; thus they are <one>DNA fragments</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments
383
+ - Is the <one>SSB-Protein</one> able to bind to ssDNA? In general yes - but <one>not when there are intramolecular base pairs</one> of that DNA.
384
+ - <two>Wo</two> in einem Genom könnte <one>Satelliten-DNA</one> gefunden werden? (1) Am <one>Centromer</one> (2) an den <one>Telomerbereichen</one> der Chromosomen
385
+ - If the <one>MyoD gene</one> is expressed, what happens to that cell? This cell <one>will become a muscle cell</one>. <two>For instance, fatty cells can experimentally become muscle cells, due to the MyoD protein</two>.
386
+ - In genetics: give a specific example for <one>variable expressivity</one>. A: <one>Piebald spotting</one> in <two>beagles</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22090/
387
+ - Die wichtigste Domäne in einem <one>nuklearen Rezeptor</one> ist ... ? Die <one>hochkonservierte DNA-Bindedomäne C</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernrezeptoren
388
+ - <one>Meiosis-specific DNA double-strand breaks</one> are <two>catalyzed by which enzyme</two>? <one>Spo11</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spo11
389
+ - Name one curious feature of the <one>Mariner-like elements</one> Transposons. A: This <one>class II transposable element</one> is known for <two>its uncanny ability to be transmitted horizontally in many species</two>.
390
+ - <one>Isoforms</one> have different ... domains? Different <one>functional domains</one>.
391
+ - <one>1927</one> stellte <two>Joseph Muller</two> welche zwei Dinge fest? (1) <one>Röntgenstrahlung kann Mutationen verursachen</one> (2) <one>größere Gene werden eher davon betroffen als kleinere Gene</one>
392
+ - Nenne <one>ein zelluläres Gen im menschlichen Genom</one>, dessen mRNA eine IRES besitzt. A: Die mRNA des <one>Chaperon BiP</one> (<two>"immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein"</two>) besitzt eine <three>IRES</three>.
393
+ - Name a big mechanistic difference between <one>Type I</one> and <one>Type II</one> DNA-Topoisomerases. A: (1) <one>Type I DNA-Topoisomerases</one> <two>cut only one strand</two>. (2) <one>Type II DNA-Topoisomerases</one> <two>cut both strands</two>. (Mnemonic hint: Type I cuts <two>one</two> strand; Type II cuts <one>two</one> strands)
394
+ - Das <one>CRE-Element</one> (Sequenzfolge üblicherweise: <two>5'-TGA CGT CA-3'</two>) kommt ca 100 Basen von der <three>TATA Box</three> entfernt vor. <four>Stromaufwärts oder Stromabwärts davon</four>? <one>Stromaufwärts</one>.
395
+ - In genetics: give another, fancier name for <one>combination</one>. A: <one>co-dominance</one>.
396
+ - <one>Type I restriction enzymes</one> consist of n subunits? <royalblue>5</royalblue> - they are <one>pentameric proteins</one>, with separate restriction (<two>R</two>), methylation (<two>M</two>) and DNA sequence-recognition (<two>S</two>) subunits.
397
+ - <one>When</one> was the <two>Punnett square</two> invented? A: In the year <one>1906</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square
398
+ - <two>1928</two>: <one>Frederick Griffith</one>, verwendete welches Bakterium und was wurde dadurch nachgewiesen? <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one>. Griffith wies damit <one>Transformation</one> nach. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith%27s_experiment
399
+ - Welche <one>Abfolge von drei Schritten</one> charakterisiert den Vorgang bei <two>forward genetics</two>? (1) <one>Mutation</one> (2) Gene Discovery (3) DNA Sequence and Function
400
+ - In der Genetik: bei <one>Translokationen</one> können wir zwischen welchen zwei Formen unterschieden? (1) <one>reziprok</one> (2) <one>nicht reziprok</one>
401
+ - The <one>human genome</one> carries the <two>phosducin</two>-gene. <three>This gene does encode for ...</three>? Phosducin encodes for a <one>phosphoprotein</one>. This phosphoprotein interacts with the retinal G-protein <two>Transducin</two>, thus playing a vital role for the rod cells of the retina. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosducin URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5132
402
+ - <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat das <two>telomere POT1-protein</two>? <three>POT1</three> <one>stabilisiert die D-loop</one>. (<two>POT1-D-Loop</two>)
403
+ - Was heisst <one>GOI</one> in der Genetik? <one>Gene of Interest</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques
404
+ - In <one>genetics</one>: give <two>an example</two> for <three>the heterozygote advantage</three>. A: The <one>sickle cell anemia</one> in humans. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease
405
+ - Wie heisst das <one>SSB-Protein in Eukaryoten</one>, beziehungsweise dessen Pendant? <one>RPA</one>: <two>Replication protein A</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_protein_A
406
+ - What is meant with the term <one>disease gene</one>? This is a gene which, <two>when mutated</two>, <one>causes a (specific) disease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder
407
+ - Name <one>the two components</one> of a <two>ssDNA hairpin</two>. A: (1) <one>stem</one> (2) <one>loop</one>
408
+ - <one>Mit welchem Experiment beziehungsweise Experimenten</one> konnte man nachweisen, das der genetische Code in Triplets abgelesen wird? Mit Hilfe des <one>Triplettbindungsversuch</one> (<two>triplet binding assays</two>).
409
+ - How do we call <one>the phenomen</one> that <two>the genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype</two>? <one>Incomplete penetrance</one>. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/792352
410
+ - In genetics: the abbreviation <one>Sey</one> may stand for ... ? <one>Small eye</one>, a mutation that was originally found in white mice. Note that this gene is now known as Pax6(Sey)-gene. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1684639/
411
+ - In <one>genetics</one>: give another name for the <two>Chambon's rule</two>. A: The <one>GT-AG rule</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chambon
412
+ - Figuratively speaking: <one>when</one> did the gene become <two>a technical product and a commodity</two>? With the <one>advent of biotechnology</one>.
413
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>codominant</one> in der Genetik? <one>Gleichberechtigt</one>.
414
+ - Nenne eine wichtige Auswirkung von <one>UV-Strahlung auf DNA</one>. A: UV-Strahlung auf DNA kann die Induktion von <one>Pyrimidindimeren</one> verursachen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-Reparatur
415
+ - Wo finden wir die <one>gRNA</one> (guide RNA) genau in <seagreen>Trypanosomen</seagreen>? Exprimiert im <one>mitochondrialen Genom</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_editing#Types_of_changes
416
+ - Nenne <three>zwei natürliche Möglichkeiten</three> wie ein Mensch, der ja diploid ist, auf einmal <one>haploid</one> gelten kann (auf genetischer Ebene). A: (1) bei <one>imprinted genes</one> (2) bei der <one>Meiose</one>
417
+ - What is meant with the following expression: <one>the subunits of the genes</one>. A: This expression refers to the <one>nucleotide base pairs</one>.
418
+ - We can convert <one>cysteine</one> into <one>alanine</one>, on a <two>tRNA</two>, if we employ ... what kind of <three>Nickel</three>? A <one>Raney Nickel</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel
419
+ - Wie lang, in etwa, sind die <one>Alu Sequenzen</one> im Genom der Primaten? Etwa <one>300 bp</one> lang. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_element
420
+ - Give another name for the <one>decoding center</one> on a ribosome. A: The <one>decoding site</one>.
421
+ - Wieviele <one>tRNAs</one> besitzt das <three>Säugetier-Mitochondrium Genom</three>? <one>22 tRNAs</one>.
422
+ - Das <one>längste Gen im menschlichen Genom</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Dystrophin-Gen</one>. Es ist <two>in etwa 2100 kb lang</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin
423
+ - Wie wird <one>7-Methylguanosin</one> in kurzer Notation aufgeschrieben? <one>m7G</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Methylguanosine
424
+ - Wie entsteht <one>5-Methylcytosin</one>? Durch <two>Anheften einer Methylgruppe an Cytosin</two>, durch eine <one>DNA Methyltransferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosine
425
+ - <one>Wann</one> wird <two>Geminin</two> abgebaut? <two>Geminin</two> wird am <one>Ende der Mitose</one> abgebaut. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminin
426
+ - The <one>SSB-Protein</one> is attracted to ... ? <one>single-stranded DNA</one> (<two>ssDNA</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-stranded_binding_protein
427
+ - In the year <three>2016</three>, Craig Venter and his group created the artificial <one>Syn3.0 cell</one>. <two>How many genes does it use</two>? Syn3.0 contains <one>473</one> genes / gene products.
428
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>β-Untereinheiten</one> der <two>Pol III</two>? <one>Ringklemme</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating-Cell-Nuclear-Antigen
429
+ - Wenn das <one>CRE-Element</one> verändert wird, welchen Effekt kann dies auf eine Zelle haben? <one>Diese Zelle kann</one>, unter Umständen, <one>nicht mehr auf cAMP Veränderungen reagieren</one>. Normalerweise kann eine Zelle auf cAMP Veränderungen reagieren.
430
+ - Name <one>a protein that can bind to methylated DNA</one>. A: <one>MECP2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2
431
+ - <one>Seit welchem Jahr</one> ist bekannt, das <two>DNA der Träger der genetischen Information ist</two>? Seit dem Jahre <one>1944</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment
432
+ - The <one>concept of the genotype</one> was introduced by ... ? <one>Wilhelm Johannsen</one> aus Dänemark. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Johannsen
433
+ - In einem typischen eukaryoten Genom: ist die Methylierung der DNA mit der Acetylierung der Histone irgendwie gekoppelt? Ja. Die <one>Hypermethylierung der DNA</one> geht einher mit einer <two>Hypoacetylierung der Histone</two> (ein <three>"Yin-Yang-Mechanismus"</three>).
434
+ - Are <one>amphidiploids</one> (having a diploid chromosome set derived from each parent) <two>fertile</two>? Yes.
435
+ - Are <one>transposons</one> <two>replicons</two>? <one>No</one>.
436
+ - Für eine <one>DNA-Topoisomerase</one>: <two>welche Aminosäure</two> ist am wichtigsten? <one>Tyrosin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase
437
+ - Name a cell in which <one>DNA rearrangement</one> may take place. A: The <one>B-cell</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell
438
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>the exome</one>? This is <one>the part of the genome formed by exons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exome
439
+ - <one>Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay</one> (<one>NMD</one>) was first described in human cells and in yeast in which year? In <one>1979</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense-mediated_decay
440
+ - <one>Genetic modification</one> arose as a consequence of ... ? <one>cultivation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#Crop_alteration_and_biotechnology
441
+ - Why is it important to know about the <one>copy number of plasmids</one>? This may influence features such as <one>the level of antibiotic resistance</one>.
442
+ - Give another word for a <one>heteroplasmon</one>. A: A <one>cytohet</one>. A <one>cytohet</one> is <two>an eukaryotic cell whose non-nucleic genome is heterozygous</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet
443
+ - <one>Which geneticist</one> stated the following: <two>"Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants."</two>? A: <one>Jacques Monod</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monod
444
+ - <two>Promotoren von Hitzeschock-Genen</two> besitzen an ihrer <one>-10 Position</one> häufig welche Sequenzfolge? <one>CCCCAT</one>.
445
+ - What is the relation between <one>LexA</one> and <one>RecA</one> and what is the outcome of this event? <two>RecA</two> stimulates <three>LexA</three> to inactivate itself by <one>self-cleavage</one>. This, in turn, will <one>induce the SOS response</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_response
446
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Antibiotika</one>, die den <two>A-Ort</two> des Ribosoms blockieren können. A: (1) <one>Streptomycin</one> (2) <one>Tetracyclin</one>
447
+ - Nenne drei <one>ungewöhnliche Chromosomenformen</one> in der Plural-Form. A: (1) <one>B-Chromosomen</one> (2) <one>Lampenbürstenchromosomen</one> (3) <one>Mikrochromosomen der Vögel</one>
448
+ - What is <one>genetics</one>? <one>Genetics is the study of all aspects of genes</one>.
449
+ - Konnte <one>Thomas Hunt Morgan</one> <three>Chiasmata</three> beobachten? <one>Ja</one>.
450
+ - Nenne einen <one>Organismus</one> (<two>Eukaryot</two>), der <three>lediglich ein Chromosom</three> hat. A: <one>Myrmecia pilosula</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_jumper_ant
451
+ - Give another term/word for the <one>DNA helicase loader</one>. A: <one>DnaC</one>. (Mnemonic: <peru>C</peru> ... <three>heli</three><royalblue>C</royalblue><three>ase</three>.)
452
+ - Give another expression for the term <one>genes that display disturbed, normal Mendelian ratios</one>. A: <one>Epistasis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis
453
+ - <one>The gene</one> can be assumed to be <two>a unit of</two> ... ? <one>Inheritance</one>.
454
+ - The <one>pedigree</one> in genetics, aka a family tree, <two>typically includes how many different generations</two>? <one>Three</one> (<one>3</one>).
455
+ - Genetisch betrachtet entstehen <one>Genfamilien</one> oft über ... ? Ungleiches <one>crossing over</one>.
456
+ - Wann liegt <one>Epistasie</one> vor? Epistasie liegt dann vor, wenn ein Gen die <one>phänotypische Ausprägung</one> eines anderen Gens <two>unterdrücken kann</two>.
457
+ - In the <one>human genome</one>: are the <three>3' terminal exons</three> usually larger than <one>internal exons</one>? Yes.
458
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>quantitative Genetik</one>? Die <one>Genetik nicht-diskreter Merkmale</one>.
459
+ - A <one>3:1 ratio</one> in offspring of any given trait may indicate what kind of inheritance? This is indicative of <one>single-gene inheritance</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance
460
+ - <three>Wie viele Chromosomen</three> besitzen die <one>Schimpansen</one>? <one>48</one>.
461
+ - Erkläre den Slogan <one>DNA-Methylierung als Altersvorsorge</one> mit einem konkreten Beispiel. A: Bei den <one>Bienen</one> lebt die <two>Bienenkönigin</two> länger - dank <three>DNA-Methylierungsmuster</three>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienenk%C3%B6nigin
462
+ - <one>LINES</one> are related to ...? <one>Retrotransposons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon
463
+ - What is <one>aDNA</one>? This abbreviation refers to <one>ancient DNA</one>. <one>Ancient DNA</one> is <two>DNA isolated from ancient specimens</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_DNA
464
+ - Der <one>Psp-Promotor</one> liefert was für eine RNA? Die <one>pRNA</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102588
465
+ - What did the <one>Lederberg and Zinder experiment</one> show? That a <one>phage</one> is responsible for <two>generalized transduction</two>. URL: https://jb.asm.org/content/198/21/2899
466
+ - Bei den <one>Wirbeltier-Genomen</one> ist nur welche Base wo methyliert? In der <one>CpG Folge</one> - wobei nur das <two>Cytosin</two> methyliert ist.
467
+ - Finden wir die <one>Alu-Sequenzen</one> im menschlichen Genom eher in den <three>G-Banden</three> oder in den <three>R-Banden</three>? Eher in den (<two>genreichen</two>) <one>R-Banden</one>.
468
+ - Define the term <one>knockout mice</one>. A: These are mice which have had both copies of a particular gene <peru>inactivated</peru>, by <one>genetic engineering</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_mouse
469
+ - In genetics: the mutant <one>M1V</one> means ... ? That the codon for M, which is <two>methionine</two>, at amino acid position 1 has been changed to a codon for V, which is <two>valine</two>.
470
+ - Why do we shy away from <one>insertional mutagenesis</one> on <two>human chromosomes</two>? <two>Insertional mutagenesis</two> may result in <one>carcinogenesis</one>.
471
+ - What is meant with the term <one>parasexual mechanisms</one>? (1) <one>conjugation</one> (2) <one>transduction</one> (3) <one>transformation</one>
472
+ - Give another name for <one>defective transposable elements</one>. A: <one>Non-autonomous transposable elements</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element#Autonomous_and_non-autonomous
473
+ - A <one>promoter-trap plasmid</one>, such as <three>pSCH03</three>, typically <two>contains a gene that has which characteristic feature</two>? It is a <one>promoterless gene</one>.
474
+ - The maize <one>Ds element</one> depends on ... ? <royalblue>Ac</royalblue>. (Ac ist hier <one>standalone</one>. Merkhilfe: <two>Ds depends on Ac.</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac/Ds_transposable_controlling_elements
475
+ - Der <one>AB0 Locus</one> kodiert für ... ? Der <two>AB0 Locus</two> kodiert für die <one>Galactosyl-Transferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_%28gene%29
476
+ - What happens during the <one>Anaphase</one> with the chromatides? The <one>sister chromatids</one> move to <one>opposite ends</one> of the cell. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitose#Anaphase
477
+ - In der Genetik: nenne einen allgemeinen Spezialfall der <one>inverted repeats</one>. A: Das <one>Palindrom</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrom
478
+ - Wofür eigentlich steht die Abkürzung <one>Recombineering</one>? <one>Recombination-mediated genetic engineering</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombineering
479
+ - In gene therapy, <one>we attempt to control where a gene inserts into</one>. One general approach is to use <two>homologous integration</two>, but also name one additional novel approach. A: Make use of a <one>zinc finger nuclease</one> to <two>determine the site of integration</two>.
480
+ - Was ist eine <one>Genommutationen</one>? Gib auch ein konkretes Beispiel hierzu an. A: Eine <one>Veränderung des gesamten Genoms</one>, zum Beispiel bei der <two>Trisomie 21</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome
481
+ - <two>Welche Enzyme</two> sind essenziell für <one>DNA Kompaktierung</one> allgemein? Die <one>DNA Topoisomerasen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase
482
+ - <one>Osteoblasts</one> und <one>Osteoclasts</one> sind ...? <one>Osteocytes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteocyte
483
+ - The <one>close relationship between genotype and phenotype</one> is often demonstrated by ... <two>which phenomenon</two>? The <one>sickle cell anemia</one> - <two>a disease caused by a single, changed amino acid</two>.
484
+ - Kann <one>C. elegans</one> eingefroren aufbewahrt werden? Ja.
485
+ - In general: <two>where</two> may we be able to observe <one>Theta-replication</one>? In <one>circular DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_structure
486
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Dscam</one>? <one>Down syndrome cell-adhesion molecule</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSCAM
487
+ - In genetics: <one>complex traits</one> <two>interplay between which two parts</two>? (1) the <one>genetics side</one> (2) <one>environmental factors</one>
488
+ - Nenne ein <one>'feature'</one> der <two>HeLa-Zellen</two>. A: <one>Wenig RNAse im Zellkern</one>.
489
+ - Welches <one>Histon</one> ist <three>am stärksten konserviert</three> bei den verschiedenen Lebewesen? <one>Histon H1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H1
490
+ - Definiere den Begriff <one>tautomerization</one>. <two>Welche Form findet man in der DNA</two> und welche Form findet man seltener? A: Jede Base in DNA kann in verschiedenen Formen vorkommen (== <one>Tautomers</one>). Die <two>Keto-Form</two> ist normalerweise präsent, es gibt aber auch die <three>Imino Form</three> und die <three>Enol Form</three>. Mnemonic: <four>KeImEno</four>.
491
+ - When one mutation causes a protein to change, and to no longer function as a consequence, and another mutation in another protein restores the original function again, what may we conclude from this observation? That <one>these two proteins somehow interact</one>.
492
+ - Der Blutgruppen <one>ABO Locus</one> kodiert für <three>welches Enzyme</three>? A: <one>Galactosyltransferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosyltransferase
493
+ - Give another term for <one>fluctuation</one>, in genetics. A: <one>High variation</one>.
494
+ - In general: <one>where</one> can <two>origins of replication</two> in a given genome be found? In <one>noncoding-regions</one>.
495
+ - Vergleiche die <one>Mutationsrate</one> in mtDNA mit der des normalen zellulären Genoms. A: Die <two>Mutationsrate</two> ist in der mtDNA etwa <royalblue>20x höher</royalblue> als die Mutationsrate, die in der <one>chromosomalen DNA</one> gefunden werden kann.
496
+ - Wie lange ist das <one>menschliche Genom ausgestreckt</one> (dessen <three>physikalische Länge</three>)? Etwa <one>1.80 Meter</one>. Siehe URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom#Genomgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fen
497
+ - What is the popular sequencing enzyme <one>Sequenase</one>? <one>Sequenase</one> is a modified form of the <two>T7 DNA polymerase</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_DNA_polymerase#Sequenase_%28DNA_sequencing%29
498
+ - Die Base <one>Inosin</one> <two>kann mit welchen anderen Basen paaren</two>? <two>U, C, A</two> (Mnemonic: <one>USA</one>).
499
+ - Give another name for <one>high in gene content</one>. A: <one>Gene rich</one>.
500
+ - Wie ist <one>Inosin</one> mit <one>Adenin</one> strukturell verwandt? Inosin ist wie Adenin, bei dem eine <one>NH₂-Gruppe</one> entfernt wurde. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosin
501
+ - Provide another name for <one>the substrate for translation</one>. A: <one>mRNA</one>.
502
+ - <one>Nucleolin</one> (<two>NCL</two>) is a eukaryotic nucleolar phosphoprotein. <two>It is involved in which cellular process</two>? <two>Nucleolin</two> is involved in the <one>synthesis and maturation of ribosomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolin
503
+ - Angenommen wir sehen <one>eine einfache DNA-Reassoziationskinetik</one>. <two>Welche Organisengruppe könnten hierfür in Frage kommen</two>? Zum Beispiel <one>Bakterien</one> oder <one>Viren</one>.
504
+ - Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen einem <one>Hydrogenosom</one> und einem <one>Mitochondrium</one>. A: <two>Hydrogenosomes</two> enthalten <one>keine DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenosome
505
+ - <one>Bisulfit</one> auf DNA angewandt führt zu ... ? <one>C → U</one> Veränderungen. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfite#DNA-Methylierung
506
+ - Der <one>Shelterin-Komplex</one> besteht aus wievielen verschiedenen Proteinen? Aus <one>6</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelterin
507
+ - <one>Transmission of DNA</one> is the link between ... ? <one>Generations</one>.
508
+ - Which <one>human cells</one> reside in the <three>GO Phase</three> all the time? <one>Human brain cells</one>.
509
+ - Bei einer <one>Plastidenvererbung</one>: <two>was geschieht bei Kreuzungen die zur Diploidie führen</two>? Es erfolgt hier sofort die <one>Meiose</one>.
510
+ - Nenne zwei verschiedene RNA-Typen, die eine Rolle bei der <one>genome defense</one> spielen. A: (1) <one>piRNA</one> (2) <one>siRNA</one>
511
+ - Das <one>amber codon</one> ist ...? <one>UAG</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code#Amber_codon_suppression
512
+ - How is the <one>attachment of pseudouridine</one> onto a <two>tRNA</two> called? <one>Pseudouridylation</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874939918301949
513
+ - In <one>CRISPR</one>: welche Aufgabe haben die <two>mature crRNAs</two>? Sie werden als guide für den <one>Cas complex</one> benutzt, um mit eindringender Nukleinsäure zu interferieren.
514
+ - The <one>average length of a human gene</one> is, <three>in bp</three> ... ? <one>27.000 bp</one>.
515
+ - What is the main promise of <one>systems biology</one>? <one>To understand and predict complex systems</one>.
516
+ - In genetics: what is meant with an <one>oriTS</one>? This is <one>a temperature-sensitive ori</one>. URL: https://plos.figshare.com/articles/_Bacterial_strains_and_plasmids_used_in_the_study_/1549283
517
+ - What does the term <one>hemizygous</one> (in german: hemizygot) mean in Genetics? That <one>one allele is missing</one>, in an otherwise diploid organism. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/hemizygous
518
+ - Nirenberg and others decoded the genetic code, starting with <one>poly-UUU</one>. But normally, a mRNA not starting with a start codon (AUG usually), would not be translated. Why did the experiment still work? The <one>protocol</one> used for protein synthesis used by Nirenberg and Matthaei happened to <one>contain twice the natural amount of magnesium</one>, an anomaly that was later found to <three>override the need for a start codon</three>.
519
+ - In medical genetics: what is meant with the somewhat awkward term '<one>compatible couple</one>'? This refers to <one>a couple that has no mutation in the same gene</one>, such as in the Tay-Sachs disease, caused by a defective <two>hexosaminidase enzyme</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease
520
+ - Define the word <one>Episome</one>. A: An <one>episome</one> is <two>an exogenous genetic element</two> not necessary for cell survival. The difference towards a Plasmid is that the term <one>Episome</one> is often used in conjunction with <three>temperate phages</three> that carry DNA which can integrate into bacterial DNA.
521
+ - The <one>EPAS1 gene</one> regulates ... ? This gene <one>regulates the number of red blood cells (RBCs) that the human body produces</one>.
522
+ - <one>Licensing factors</one> bind to the ORC during G1 before they load MCM2-7. <two>Name two of these factors</two>. A: (1) <one>CDT-1</one> (2) <one>CDC-6</one>
523
+ - <one>Wann</one> kann man nicht zwischen <two>Wildtyp</two> oder <two>Mutant</two> unterscheiden? Wenn es <one>mehrere multiple Allele</one> gibt, wie zum Beispiel beim <two>AB0 Blutgruppensystem</two>.
524
+ - Give an example for a gene that shows <one>pleiotropy at the molecular level</one>. A: The <one>pax6 gene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX6
525
+ - Welche <one>fünf Annahmen</one> nimmt das <two>Hardy-Weinberg Modell</two> an? (1) Keine Migration in oder aus der Population (2) <one>keine</one> neuen Allele durch <one>Mutationen</one> (3) <one>keine Selektion</one> (4) die <one>Population is unendlich groß</one> (5) die <one>Paarung erfolgt zufällig</one> aka <two>random mating</two>
526
+ - Welchen Effekt hat <one>die Sumoylierung von Histon-Proteinen</one> auf die <two>Genexpression</two>? Sie führt zur <one>Deacetylierung</one> und dadurch zur <two>Bildung von geschlossenem Chromatin</two>. Dies <one>inhibiert die Expression</one>.
527
+ - When a <one>DNA polymerase</one> shows <two>high fidelity</two>, what is meant by that? This means that this polymerase does not often place an incorrect base in the growing strand of replicating DNA.
528
+ - The <one>SMN1</one> gene: <two>SMN1</two> gene stands for ... ? <one>Survival of motor neuron 1</one> gene.
529
+ - What is a <one>chromid</one>? This term derives from combining the word <one>chromosomes</one> and <one>plasmid</one>. We here refer to <three>very large accessory chromosomes</three>: a <royalblue>megaplasmid</royalblue>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080407
530
+ - Was ist <one>genetische Kopplung</one>? Das beschreibt <one>die Tendenz eines Lokus gemeinsam mit einem anderen Lokus vererbt zu werden</one>.
531
+ - <one>Syncytin-1</one> is encoded by which gene ... ? By the <one>ERVW-1 gene</one>: <two>endogenous retrovirus group W envelope member 1</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30816
532
+ - What is meant with the term <one>translational coupling</one>? This is the case, found in many prokaryotes, where the translation of genes that are downstream from another gene, may be negatively affected. In other words, <one>the translation of the upstream gene may downregulate the translation of another downstream gene</one>. An example are the two genes S10 and L3 in E. coli.
533
+ - Aus Sicht der Genetik: was meinen wir mit der <one>sexuellen Vermehrung</one>? Die <one>Vermischung der Genome zweier Individuen</one>.
534
+ - Beim Menschen: <one>welches Protein</one> mit einer <two>Chromodomäne</two> ist am besten untersucht? Das Protein <one>HP1</one>: <two>Heterochromatin Protein 1</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin_Protein_1
535
+ - In der Genetik: was sind <one>Rekombinanten</one>? Das sind <one>Filialgenerationen</one>, die sich vom <two>Genotyp der Eltern</two> unterscheiden. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_organism
536
+ - Kann ein Mensch gleichzeitig sowohl <one>rhesus-positiv</one> als auch <one>rhesus-negativ</one> sein? <one>Ja</one>, das kann vorkommen wenn in ein und derselben Person eine spontane genetische Mutation stattfindet, die dieses Resultat bedingt.
537
+ - In genetics: what do we mean with <one>G4</one>? This refers to a <one>G-quadruplex secondary structure</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-quadruplex
538
+ - The <one>Aly protein</one>, at the least in humans, is also called ... ? <one>Aly</one>/<one>REF export factor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALYREF
539
+ - Was sind <one>alkylierende Agenzien</one>? Nenne ein Beispiel. A: Stoffe wie <one>Senfgas</one>, die Alkylgruppen wie <two>-CH₃</two> oder <two>-CH₂CH₃</two> abgeben können.
540
+ - In genetics: the abbreviation <one>SNRPN</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SNRPN
541
+ - In der Genetik: was ist mit einer <one>neutralen Mutation</one> gemeint? Dies ist dann der Fall wenn <one>ein Codon</one> in <two>ein synonymes Codon</two> umgewandelt wird.
542
+ - <one>SUV39H1</one> is an enzyme that can be found in humans, encoded by the SUV39H1 gene. It is <two>a methyltransferase</two> that will methylate what exactly? <one>Lysines</one> of Histones.
543
+ - Can a mouse without a <one>Dnmt1-gene</one> survive? Not really. If this gene is missing then this mouse <one>will die at the fetal stage</one>.
544
+ - Was ist das <one>int-1 Gen</one>? A: Ein Maus-Gen das durch die Integration eines Retrovirus aktiviert wird.
545
+ - In genetics: <one>the wildtype of a trait</one> occurring in a natural population is typically also ... ? The <one>most common form of a trait</one>.
546
+ - Give another name for <one>Geminin</one>, in genetics. A: <one>DNA replication inhibitor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminin
547
+ - Erkläre den Unterschied zwischen <one>Penetranz</one> und <one>Expressivität</one>. A: (1) <one>Penetranz</one> beschreibt, ob ein Merkmal sichtbar wird oder nicht. (2) <one>Expressivität</one> bestimmt das Maß, in dem ein Merkmal ausgeprägt wird.
548
+ - Was konnte das <one>U-Tube Experiment</one> von <two>Bernard Davis</two> zeigen und wie wurde es durchgeführt? Das <two>U-Tube Experiment</two> belegte, das ein <one>Zell-zu-Zell Kontakt</one> notwendig war, um genetisches Material zwischen zwei Bakterienstämmen auszutauschen. Eine physikalische Trennung mit Hilfe eines in der Mitte eines U-Rohr platzierten Filters verhinderte das Bakterien, Wasser und kleine Substanzen durchdringen konnten. Es wurde dann beobachtet, das sich die Bakterienstämme nicht änderten. Dies lieferte den Beweis, das <one>für den DNA-Austausch bei Bakterien räumliche Nähe vonnöten war</one>.
549
+ - Was passiert wenn ein <one>Rec BCD-Protein</one> an eine Chi-Sequenz gelangt? <one>Rec D</one> geht verloren, Rec BC verliert dadurch seine <two>Endonuclease-Aktivität</two>, wirkt aber weiterhin als DNA-Helikase und entwindet bis zu 1000 weitere bp.
550
+ - What does the term <one>expressivity</one> mean in genetics? Also provide <two>a specific example</two> to explain this term. A: Expressivity means that a trait is <one>not manifested uniformly</one> among the individuals that show it. The <royalblue>Lobe eye mutation</royalblue> in <two>Drosophila</two> is an example for it.
551
+ - <one>Welche Substanz</one> wird jeweils durch das <two>Ia</two> beziehungsweise das <two>Ib Allel</two> an die <three>H-Substanz</three> angeheftet? A: (1) <one>IA</one>: <two>N-Acetylglucosamin</two> (2) <one>IB</one>: <two>Galactose</two>
552
+ - Das Gen <one>traA</one> kodiert für ...? Für Proteine des <one>Sexpilus-Pilins</one>.
553
+ - Was mag mit dem Begriff <one>Hotspot Mutation</one> gemeint sein? Dies sind <two>Mutationen</two>, die die <one>Kinase Aktivität</one> erhöhen.
554
+ - What is a <one>cosmid</one>? A <three>cosmid</three> is a type of <two>hybrid plasmid</two> that contains a <one>Lambda-phage cos sequence</one>.
555
+ - <one>Polycomp group proteins</one> perpetuate a ... ? a <one>state of repression through cell division</one>.
556
+ - Warum treten <one>Bakterien</one> in die <two>stationäre Phase</two> ein? Weil die <one>Nährstoffversorgung</one> geringer wird.
557
+ - Nenne ein menschliches Gen, das etwas mit <one>Pigmentierungen der Haut</one> zu tun hat. A: Das Gen <one>OCA2</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/OCA2
558
+ - Welchen Vorteil hat <one>recombineering</one> gegenüber <two>konventioneller Gentechnik</two>? Man kann damit auch <one>sehr grosse DNA-Moleküle handhaben</one>, da es auf <two>homologen Sequenzen</two> basiert.
559
+ - How can the term <one>locus</one> be defined? A <one>locus</one> is <two>a gene's physical location on a chromosome</two>.
560
+ - What is a <one>forward mutation</one>? A <one>forward mutation</one> is a mutation of a <two>wild-type allele</two> to a <two>mutant allele</two>.
561
+ - Die zwei wichtigsten Formen einer Mutation in der Genetik sind ... ? (1) eine <one>chromosomale Mutation</one> (2) eine <one>Punktmutation</one>
562
+ - What is meant with the term <one>dominant negative</one>? This essentially means <one>a loss of function</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_%28genetics%29#Dominant-negative_mutations
563
+ - Nenne vier Elemente des <one>Centromers</one> (<three>von innen nach aussen</three>). A: (1) <one>innere Platte</one> (2) <one>mittlere Platte</one> (3) <one>äussere Platte</one> (4) <one>Corona</one>
564
+ - Give another name for the word <one>transposon</one>. A: <one>Transposable element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element
565
+ - Welche Substanz verwendete <one>Francis Crick</one> um Mutationen einzuführen? Den <two>Acridinfarbstoff</two> <one>Proflavin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proflavin
566
+ - Was ist die sogenannte <one>A-Rule</one> in der Genetik? Bei <royalblue>Mutationen</royalblue>, bei denen es zu einem <one>Verlust von Basenpaaren</one> kommt, werden bevorzugt <one>Adenine</one> eingebaut. Daher der Name <two>A-Rule</two> - zumindest beim <one>replicative bypass of lesions in DNA</one>-Reparaturweg. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2029269
567
+ - Die <one>DNA-Bindungsdomäne der nucleären Hormonrezeptoren</one> ist ... ? Ein <one>Zinkfingermotiv</one>.
568
+ - Was genau bezeichnet der Begriff <one>Autogamie</one>? <one>Selbstbefruchtung</one> - eine Form der <two>sexuellen Fortpflanzung</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogamie
569
+ - Name a famous theory established by <one>Thomas Morgan</one>. A: <one>The chromosomal theory of heredity</one>. URL: http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php
570
+ - How do we call <one>the catalytic subunit of the telomerase</one>? <one>hTERT</one>: <two>human Telomerase reverse transcriptase</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase
571
+ - In what year was the <one>genetic code</one> deciphered? In the year <one>1966</one>. URL: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/geneticcode.html#poly-u-experiment
572
+ - What is the natural function of the enzyme <one>DNA ligase</one>? The <two>DNA ligase</two> <one>repairs broken phosphodiester bonds</one>.
573
+ - In der Genetik: den <one>Exkonjugant</one> findet man bei welchem Vorgang genau? Bei der <two>Rekombination</two> - und zwar während der <one>Konjugation</one>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/konjugation/36846
574
+ - What is the main task of <one>Geminin</one>? <one>Geminin prevents MCM from binding to DNA</one> and reinitiate replication at that origin.
575
+ - What is meant with the term <one>genetic admixture</one>? When <one>individuals</one> from two (or more) <two>previously separated populations</two> begin to <three>interbreed</three>.
576
+ - Bezeichnung für die Erscheinungsform des <one>lagging strands</one> im <two>Trombone Modell</two>? A: Der <peru>lagging strand</peru> hat eine charakteristische Struktur, die via <one>looping</one> entsteht. URL: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-trombone-model-of-DNA-replication
577
+ - Welche <one>Gefahr</one> bringt der <two>genetische Drift</two> in Populationen mit sich? Der <one>Verlust der genetischen Variation</one> - <two>vor allem bei kleinen Populationsgrößen</two>.
578
+ - Distinguish between the two terms <one>constitutive heterochromatin</one> and <one>facultative heterochromatin</one>. A: (1) <one>constitutive heterochromatin</one> is chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that are invariably heterochromatic; it contains highly repetitive sequences of DNA that are <two>genetically inactive</two>. (2) <one>facultative heterochromatin</one> is chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that become heterochromatic in certain cells and tissues; for example, the inactive X chromosome in female somatic cells.
579
+ - In der Genetik: andere Bezeichnung für <one>YACs</one> (<two>auf deutsch</two>)? <one>Künstliche Hefechromosomen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_artificial_chromosome []
580
+ - <one>What happens</one> if a <two>RNA polymerase</two> <three>travels into a replication fork</three>? <one>The RNA polymerase may stall</one>, leading to a conflict that may not be easily resolvable; <two>the cell might die as a consequence</two>. []
581
+ - In der Genetik: die <one>Pribnow-Box</one> <two>findet man in Eukaryoten oder in Bakterien</two>? In <one>Bakterien</one>. []
582
+ - Die <one>enol-Form</one> von <two>Thymin</two> <three>kann womit paaren</three>? Mit <one>Guanin</one> (Mnemonic: <two>enol-Thymin-GUANIN</two>, <two>eTG</two>). []
583
+ - Kommt es bei einer <one>vegetativen Fortpflanzung</one> zu einer <two>Veränderung des genetischen Materials</two>? <one>Nein</one>. []
584
+ - Can the <one>Alu element</one> <two>bind to the polyA-binding protein</two> (<three>PABP</three>)? <one>Yes</one>. []
585
+ - A single <one>tRNA</one> typically <two>has a molecular weight of ... n kDa</two>? <one>25 kDa</one>. URL: https://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/structure/tRNA/trna_text.htm []
586
+ - Finden wir <one>CpG-Inseln</one> <two>in Nachbarschaft zu</two> <three>Pol-III Genen</three>? <one>Ja</one>. []
587
+ - Name a <one>chemical Cdk inhibitor</one> starting with the letter <two>p</two>. A: <one>Purvalanol</one> (Mnemonic: it also contains two <two>l</two>). URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purvalanol []
588
+ - <one>Benzo[a]pyren</one> <two>hat eine mutagene Wirkung</two>. <three>Es kann sich an welches Nukleotid heften</three>? An <one>Guanin</one>. []
589
+ - <one>Bei den Telomeren</one> - zumindest beim Menschen - baut welches Protein eine <two>negative Rückkopplungsschleife</two> auf? <one>TRF1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeric_repeat-binding_factor_1 []
590
+ - <one>Wieviele verschiedene Phänotypen</one> können bei <two>incomplete dominance</two> unterschieden werden? <one>3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)#Incomplete_dominance []
591
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>DNA Fingerprinting</two> <three>erstmalig vor Gericht zugelassen und durchgeführt</three>? Im Jahre <one>1987</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling#Cases []
592
+ - The <one>vectors of heredity</one> are ... ? the <one>chromosomes</one>. []
593
+ - What is <one>the best known ribozyme</one>? The <one>Ribosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome []
594
+ - Die <one>individuelle Kombination von Allelen</one> <two>in einem Organismus</two> wird ... genannt. A: <one>Genotyp</one>. []
595
+ - In genetics: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>meDNA</one>? This abbreviation refers to <one>methylated DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation []
596
+ - Give another name for <one>Histone H1</one>. A: <one>Linker histone</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H1 []
597
+ - <one>Shugoshin</one> <two>protects what exactly in the cell</two>? <one>Shugoshin</one> protects <two>centromeric cohesin</two>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955067405001523 []
598
+ - Does a <one>minimal medium</one> <two>contain nutrients</two>? <one>Yes</one>. It contains <two>the (minimal) nutrients that are essential for growth of the organism</two>. []
599
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Chi</one>. A: Ein <one>ssDNA Cofactor</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378111999005648 []
600
+ - <one>Unter welchen Bedingungen</one> wird <two>agouti</two> produziert? Wenn es <one>einzelsträngig vorliegt</one> (sprich wenn es nur als ein Allel vorliegt). Ist die Maus hingegen <two>homozygot</two> für das <three>Agouti yellow allele</three> so ist sie erst gar nicht lebensfähig! []
601
+ - Did <one>Thomas Hunt Morgan</one> <two>win a nobel prize</two>? <one>Yes</one> - in the year <two>1933</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan#Awards_and_honors []
602
+ - <one>Cell differentiation</one> <two>is achieved through ... </two>? <one>differential gene expression</one>. []
603
+ - Die Chemikalie <one>Kethoxal</one> <two>interagiert mit welcher</two> <three>ribosomalen Untereinheit</three>? Mit der <two>kleinen ribosomalen Untereinheiten</two>, der <one>30S Untereinheit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kethoxal []
604
+ - Die <one>Polymerase II</one> transkribiert <two>bei Säugetieren</two> das charakteristische Poly(A)-Signal ... ? <one>AAUAAA</one>. []
605
+ - A sequence of nucleic acid <one>lacking stop codons</one> <two>is called ... </two>? <one>an open reading frame</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame []
606
+ - Das Protein <one>L1</one> <two>bindet was</two>? <one>RNA</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15659579 []
607
+ - How to remember the <one>amber stop codon</one>? <one>„You Are Gone, Amber!“</one>, aka: <two>UAG</two>. []
608
+ - Was <one>entläßt</one> das <two>26S-Proteasom</two>? <one>Kurze Peptide</one>, die etwa <two>7-8 Aminosäuren</two> lang sind. []
609
+ - <one>Each DNA strand</one> has <two>a polarity</two>. <three>Provide another name for this word</three>. A: A <one>directionality</one>. []
610
+ - Name <one>a famous, synthetic organism</one>. A: <one>syn3.0</one> - it had <two>473</two> genes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_laboratorium []
611
+ - <one>Wo</one> genau funktioniert das <two>himalayan allele</two>? In jenen Teilen des Körpers, in denen <one>die Temperatur reduziert ist</one>. []
612
+ - Was heißt <one>p</one>/<one>q Nomenklatur</one>? <one>p</one> steht für <two>petite</two> (== klein) und <one>q</one> steht für <two>queue</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome []
613
+ - <one>How</one> does a <two>Hfr strain</two> arise/result? A <one>Hfr strain</one> results from the integration of the <two>F factor</two> into the chromosome. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hfr_cell []
614
+ - <one>Wie</one> wird <two>DnaA-Protein</two> <three>aktiviert</three>? Durch <one>(gebundenes) ATP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaA []
615
+ - Besitzen <one>Pyrimidine</one> eine <two>höhere Absorption als</two> <three>Purine</three>? <one>Nein</one>: <two>Purine > Pyrimidine</two> <three>in Bezug auf die Absorption</three>. []
616
+ - <one>Womit</one> beginnt die <two>homologe Rekombination</two> allgemein? Mit einem <one>Einzelstrangbruch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekombination_(Genetik)#Homologe_Rekombination []
617
+ - <one>Gene fusion events</one> typically <two>lead to which immediate outcome in regards to proteins</two>? <one>Gene fusion events</one> lead to <two>longer proteins</two>. []
618
+ - Die Zielsequenz der <one>Cre-Rekombinase</one> ist ... ? Die <one>LoxP Sequenz</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre/loxP-System []
619
+ - Kann <two>ein Gen</two> <one>mehrere TATA Boxen</one> besitzen? <one>Ja</one>. []
620
+ - Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für eine <two>genetische Kodominanz</two>. A: Das <one>menschliche Blutgruppensystem</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0-System []
621
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für das <one>Volkin Experiment</one>? <one>Pulse-Chase Experiment</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22071/ []
622
+ - Give another expression for <one>mutations that inactivate a gene</one>. A: <one>Forward mutations</one>. URL: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/forward+mutation []
623
+ - <one>Menschliche Mitochondrien</one> besitzen <two>wie viele Stop Codons</two>? <one>4</one>. []
624
+ - Moderne, <one>genomweite ...-screens</one>. A: <one>RNA-Screens</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311596 []
625
+ - <one>UGA</one> <two>kodiert auch für ...</two>? <one>Selenocystein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenocysteine []
626
+ - Are <one>alternative synonymous codons</one> used with <two>equal frequencies</two>? <one>No</one>. []
627
+ - Give another term for the expression <one>codon bias</one>. A: <one>Codon usage</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_usage_bias []
628
+ - <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für die <two>core-domain</two> <three>der Histone</three>? Dies ist die sogenannte <one>"histone fold domain"</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_fold []
629
+ - <one>Welche der drei Polymerasen</one> verwendet <two>interne Promotoren</two>? Die <one>Promotoren</one> der <two>Polymerase III</two>. []
630
+ - Can we find <one>plasmids</one> <two>in eukaryotes</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>some eukaryotic microorganisms contain plasmids</two>. []
631
+ - Wurde das <one>Meselson-Stahl Experiment</one> <two>auch in Eukaryoten</two> durchgeführt? <one>Ja</one> - und zwar über Markierungen mit radioaktivem Wasserstoff, in Thymidin (3H-Thymidin). []
632
+ - <one>Genetic analysis</one> <two>would not be possible without ...</two>? <one>Variants</one>. []
633
+ - The <one>belgian blue bull</one> <two>has a mutation in ... which gene</one>? In the <one>myostatin gene</one>. URL: URL: https://i.imgur.com/sN9wvlC.jpg []
634
+ - At the center of Mendel's investigation stood <one>which new entity</one>? The <one>gene</one>. []
635
+ - The <one>vehicles of genetic information</one> <two>within a cell</two> <three>are ... </three>? the <one>chromosomes</one>. []
636
+ - <one>Welche Polymerase</one> <two>synthetisiert die 5S rRNA</two>? <one>RNA-Polymerase III</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_III []
637
+ - Possibly <one>the most famous example for</one> <two>a continuously variable genetic trait in humans is ... </two>? <one>Height</one>. []
638
+ - <one>CENP-A</one> <two>ist eine Variante des Histons ... </two>? <one>H3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENPA []
639
+ - <one>Wie</one> konnten die wichtigen Elemente am Promotor identifiziert werden? Dies erfolgte mittels <one>Mutationsexperimenten</one>. []
640
+ - In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>nDNA</one> stand for? <one>Nuclear DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA []
641
+ - In <one>1941</one> it was proposed that <two>genes encode enzymes</two>. <three>Which two persons made this fascinating suggestion</two>? (1) <one>Edward Tatum</one> (2) <one>George Beadle</one> []
642
+ - The person who established <one>genetics as a discipline</one> was ... ? <one>William Bateson</one> from the UK, in the year <two>1905</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bateson []
643
+ - Beim <one>Meselson-Stahl Experiment</one>: wurden die Bakterien zuerst im leichten 14N-haltigem Medium und dann in dem schwereren 15N-haltiges Medium gezüchtet? <one>Nein</one> - <two>zuerst im schwereren Medium</two>, <three>dann im leichteren Medium</three>. []
644
+ - <one>A→I editing</one> <two>is performed by animal-specific enzymes called ... </two>? <one>ADARs</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAR []
645
+ - Do <one>Introns</one> <two>increase eukaryotic gene expression</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
646
+ - Give another expression for <one>less favorable mutations</one>. A: <one>Deleterious mutations</one>. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/deleterious-mutation []
647
+ - Das <one>lac-Operon</one> <two>besitzt wieviele verschiedene Operatoren</two>? <one>3</one> - <two>O1</two>, <two>O2</two> und <two>O3</two>. (Als das lac-Operon Modell 1961 aufgestellt wurde, war nur O1 bekannt. O2 und O3 werden mitunter als die <three>minor operators</three> bezeichnet.) []
648
+ - Does the <one>Pax6-protein</one> <two>include a homeobox</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX6 []
649
+ - What is the <one>phenotypic ratio</one> in F2 characteristic for Epistasis? <one>9:3:4</one> (so <two>16</two> in total). []
650
+ - Which <one>cell types</one> can be found in <two>S. cerevisiae</two>? (1) <one>a</one> (2) <one>alpha</one> (3) <one>a</one>/<one>alpha</one> []
651
+ - Nenne <one>drei</one> <two>ungewöhnliche Basen, die in der tRNA gefunden werden können</two>. A: (1) <one>Dihydrouridin</one> (2) <one>Pseudouridin</one> (3) <one>Ribothymidin</one> []
652
+ - Das <one>Cry-Gen</one> kodiert für ... ? Für ein <one>crystallines Protein</one>. []
653
+ - <one>Wo</one> findet man die <two>astralen Mikrotubuli</two>? <one>Astrale Mikrotubuli</one> können rund um den (oder die) <two>Zellpol(e)</two> gefunden werden. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_microtubules []
654
+ - In genetics: <one>how</one> is the phenomenon <two>position effect variegation</two> caused? By taking a gene from <one>euchromatin</one> - and <two>transposing</two> it into <one>heterochromatin</one>. []
655
+ - <two>Welche Proteine</two> gelangen in das <one>26S Proteasom</one>? <one>Ubiquitin-markierte Proteine</one>, im Zuge der <two>zellulären Proteolyse</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome []
656
+ - The <one>traits</one> <two>Mendel chose</two> in his famous experiment were all controlled by single genes? <one>Yes</one>. []
657
+ - In a genetic map: <one>when</one> can it be claimed that <two>two genes are linked</two>? When their <one>recombination frequencies</one> are <two>below 50%</two>. []
658
+ - <one>SL 1</one>, der <two>selectivity factor</two>, <three>spielt eine Rolle bei welcher RNA-Polymerase</three>? <one>RNA-Polymerase I</one>. []
659
+ - In genetics: give another word for <one>to transpose</one>. A: To <one>excise</one>. []
660
+ - In any given genome, <one>different mutagens</one> <two>may have different ...</two>? <one>Hotspots</one>. []
661
+ - The <one>insertion of selenocysteine</one> occurs <two>during translation</two>. <three>How is this specific step called</three>? <one>Recoding</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004526/ []
662
+ - What is meant with the term <one>replicon</one>? A <one>replicon</one> is <two>a segment of DNA that undergoes replication</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicon_(genetics) []
663
+ - Give another term for <one>transposable elements</one>. A: <one>Jumping genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element []
664
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte die <two>Restriktionsenzyme</two>? <one>Werner Arber</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Arber []
665
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>RNA homopolymer</one>? These are RNA molecules containing only one type of <one>ribonucleotides</one>. []
666
+ - Arrangiert die <one>Desaminierung</one> oder die <one>Depurinierung</one> <two>mehr Atome neu</two>? Die <one>Depurinierung</one>. Es geht ja ein kompletter Nukleotid-Teil weg; bei der <two>Desaminierung</two> hingegen geht nur NH₂ verloren beziehungsweise wird gegen -O ausgetauscht. []
667
+ - Define the term <one>linking number</one> in genetics. A: How many times one DNA strand crosses over the other DNA strand. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil#Mathematical_description []
668
+ - Give <one>an example for</one> <two>a natural, conditional mutation</two>. A: A <one>temperature-sensitive mutation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature-sensitive_mutant []
669
+ - Was ist <one>das große Problem</one> wenn die Zelle <two>DNA-Schäden</two> über <three>nonhomologus-end joining</three> repariert? Es geht <one>DNA-Material verloren</one>. []
670
+ - <one>Anderer Begriff</one> für die <two>ex-situ-Erhaltung</two> <three>einer Pflanzenart</three>? <one>Genbank</one>. URL: https://www.pflanzenforschung.de/de/themen/lexikon/genbank-734 []
671
+ - Does <one>paramutation</one> <two>occur in mammals</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
672
+ - <one>Which polymerase</one> adds an <two>extra A</two> to the <three>3' end</three>? The <one>Taq polymerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase []
673
+ - In DNA the <one>mirror repeat</one> exists. Technically, <two>where</two> <three>does it occur</three>? DNA mirror repeats <one>must occur in the same DNA strand</one>, such as: <two>TTAGCAC</two> and then <two>CACGATT</two> - <three>as if we would have put a mirror into the DNA between these two sequences</three>. []
674
+ - The <one>process</one> used to decipher the exact sequence in a DNA molecule is called ... ? <one>DNA sequencing</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing []
675
+ - Das am besten untersuchte <one>eukaryotische Exosom</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Exosom aus der Hefe</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33439673/ []
676
+ - Does the <one>central dogma</one> in molecular biology <two>explain the behavior of all genes</two>? <one>No</one> - <two>Crick himself noticed that many genes are transcribed into RNAs that are never translated</two>. []
677
+ - <one>Welche zwei Nukleotide</one> <two>wobblen</two> <three>NICHT</three>? (1) <one>Adenin</one> (<two>A</two>) (2) <one>Cytosin</one> (<two>C</two>) []
678
+ - In genetics: a <one>complementation test</one> <two>brings ... what together</two>? <one>Two mutant genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementation_(genetics) []
679
+ - <one>PolyA</one> <two>added onto the mRNA in bacteria</two> typically achieves which effect? It leads to <one>degradation of this mRNA</one>. []
680
+ - Bei der <one>Telomerase</one> gibt es eine Komponente die <two>TERC</two> genannt wird. <three>Wofür steht diese Abkürzung</three>? <one>Telomerase RNA component</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_RNA_component []
681
+ - <one>Welche Erbgänge</one> erlauben einen <two>intermediären Phänotyp</two>? <one>Kodominante Erbgänge</one>. []
682
+ - Auf die <one>Replikation der DNA</one> folgt manchmal keine Kern- und Zellteilung. <two>Wie wird dieser Fall genannt</two>? <one>Endomitose</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomitose []
683
+ - How are the enzymes called that catalyze <one>site-specific recombination</one>? <one>Recombinases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinase []
684
+ - Wenn ich <one>zuwenig Plasmide</one> für ein Experiment besitze (in einer bakteriellen Zellpopulation), <two>welche Strategie könnte hier verwendet werden</two>? <one>Plasmidamplifikation</one> durch <two>Chloramphenicol</two>. <three>Die Plasmide können weiter replizieren</three>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol#Mechanism_of_action []
685
+ - Verändert die <one>Bisulfit-Sequenzierung</one> <two>5-Methylcytosin</two>? <one>Nein</one> - <two>die Methylgruppe schützt diese Cytosine</two>. []
686
+ - Give an example for a <one>master regulatory gene</one>. A: <one>myoD</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyoD []
687
+ - What does a <one>siRNA</one> achieve, briefly stated? A <two>siRNA</two> <one>silences the gene that produces it</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA []
688
+ - <one>How many</one> <two>mutant crop varieties</two> have been officially released <three>world-wide</three> (<four>from-to</four>)? Between <one>3000</one> and <one>4000</one>. []
689
+ - In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>VNTRs</one> stand for? <one>Variable number tandem repeats</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_number_tandem_repeat []
690
+ - <one>Wie oder wann</one> wird <two>p53</two> <three>stabilisiert</three>? Durch <one>DNA-Schäden</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53 []
691
+ - The <one>Ty3 retrotransposon</one> <two>also has another trivial name</two>. <three>Which one</three>? <one>Gypsy</one> (<two>Ty3-Gypsy</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon#LTR_retrotransposons []
692
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel wie eine <one>intragenische Mutation</one> entstehen kann. A: Zum Beispiel aufgrund einer <one>Punktmutation</one>.