studium 0.18.7

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  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +3310 -0
  3. data/bin/all_passed_exams +14 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d150 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  16. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  17. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  20. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  21. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  22. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  23. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  24. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  26. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +10 -0
  27. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  28. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +15 -0
  29. data/bin/names_of_all_solved_exams +7 -0
  30. data/bin/not_completed_exams +7 -0
  31. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  32. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  33. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  34. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  35. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  36. data/bin/passed_this_exam_on +10 -0
  37. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  38. data/bin/question_answer +7 -0
  39. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  40. data/bin/registered_for_this_exam +15 -0
  41. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  42. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  43. data/bin/return_n_questions_solved_in_total +7 -0
  44. data/bin/rti_conflict +7 -0
  45. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  46. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  47. data/bin/show_passed_exams_having_this_grade +7 -0
  48. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  49. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  50. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  51. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  52. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  53. data/bin/studium_actions +7 -0
  54. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  55. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  56. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  57. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  58. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +85 -0
  59. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  60. data/doc/README.gen +3263 -0
  61. data/doc/SQL_database_specification/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  62. data/doc/deprecated_components/deprecated_components.md +46 -0
  63. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  64. data/doc/elegant_colours/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  65. data/doc/statistics/yearly_statistics.md +8 -0
  66. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_graphical_parts_of_the_studium_gem_including_www_related_aspects.md +92 -0
  67. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_studium_gem.md +55 -0
  68. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/actions/actions.rb +134 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +3554 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/base/commandline_arguments_module/commandline_arguments_module.rb +115 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/base/html_colours_module.rb +632 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/base/runmode_module/runmode_module.rb +103 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +15 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +118 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +100 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +194 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_important_exams.rb +138 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +166 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/correct_all_dates_in_the_file_lecture_information.rb +115 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/date_sanitizer.rb +350 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +124 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_lecture_information.rb +434 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +1711 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +1848 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +2063 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +273 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_boku_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +384 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +238 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/curricula_from_this_website/curricula_from_this_website.rb +141 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +213 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +141 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/README.md +9 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/handle_curricula.rb +99 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/misc.rb +798 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +323 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +74 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +73 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +164 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum.rb +116 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +554 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/curricula/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +47 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +197 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +719 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +245 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +50 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +116 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +109 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +100 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +937 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +234 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +251 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +547 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_immunology +225 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +49 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +117 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +273 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +154 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +67 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +73 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +30 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +104 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +76 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +1012 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +469 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +134 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +378 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +357 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +239 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +790 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +112 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeo_viruses +7 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeology +5 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +90 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +266 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1008 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1011 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1008 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +128 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +451 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +80 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +58 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +523 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +156 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +152 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +137 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +90 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomedical_studies +16 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/birds +5 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +384 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +488 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +229 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +1011 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_vesicles +11 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +210 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemokines_and_cytokines +45 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_quorum_sensing_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +116 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +84 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +520 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +309 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics +15 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +51 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +45 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +598 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +126 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +186 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +80 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +332 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +226 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/electron_microscopy +7 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +356 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +132 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +42 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +55 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +657 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +395 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +188 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/erste_hilfe +414 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +143 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +372 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +10 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +92 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +65 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +692 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +221 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +119 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +209 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +290 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +961 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +9 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +624 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +56 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +95 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +72 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +45 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +118 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +131 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +152 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +8 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +224 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +270 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +1011 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +117 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +52 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +66 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +624 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +29 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +10 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel_und_getr/303/244nke +224 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/light_microscopy +19 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux_and_unix +36 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +145 -0
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  807. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/02_tuesday.yml +68 -0
  808. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/03_wednesday.yml +63 -0
  809. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/04_thursday.yml +20 -0
  810. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/05_friday.yml +31 -0
  811. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/06_saturday.yml +16 -0
  812. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/07_sunday.yml +0 -0
  813. data/lib/studium/yaml/week/README.md +10 -0
  814. data/lib/studium.rb +5 -0
  815. data/studium.gemspec +82 -0
  816. data/test/testing_colourized_question_and_answer.rb +18 -0
  817. data/test/testing_studium.rb +244 -0
  818. data/test/testing_studium_base_class.rb +31 -0
  819. data/test/testing_the_file_lecture_information.rb +18 -0
  820. data/test/testing_time_component.rb +29 -0
  821. metadata +1042 -0
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === PHYTOCHEMIE
3
+ #
4
+ # Phytochemie Tag. Phyto tag. Phyt tag.
5
+ # =========================================================================== #
6
+
7
+ - RuBP (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphat) hat n C? 5.
8
+ - Welcher Zucker entsteht im Calvin-Zyklus? G3P (Glycerinaldehyd-3-Phosphat).
9
+ - Nenne zwei wichtige C4 Pflanzen. A: <one>Mais</one> und <one>Zuckerrohr</one>.
10
+ - Welches <one>Gift</one> produziert die <two>castor-oil plant</two>? <one>Ricin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin
11
+ - Was sind <one>Xerophyten</one>? Pflanzen die gut bei Trockenheit leben können.
12
+ - <one>Wann</one> läuft der Calvin-Zyklus in Pflanzen ab? Bei <one>Tageslicht</one>.
13
+ - Welche 2 Dinge kann RUBISCO? CO₂ übertragen und O übertragen.
14
+ - Warum speichert die Pflanze Stärke? Die Polymerisierung von Glucose in Stärke erfolgt da sie osmotisch weniger aktiv ist als Glucose, die akkumulieren würde.
15
+ - Nenne zwei photosynthetische Zellen bei C4-Pflanzen. A: Mesophylzellen und Bündelscheidezellen.
16
+ - Temperaturoptima C3 und C4 Pflanzen? C3 bei 15-20°C, C4 Pflanzen wie Mais bei 30-40°C.
17
+ - Nenne 3 Produkte der Lichtreaktion. A: (1) ATP, (2) NADPH, (3) O2.
18
+ - Nenne 3 wichtige Bedeutungen der Flavonoide für den Menschen. A: (1) Antioxidative Wirkung (2) Wirkung auf verschiedene Enzymsysteme (3) antikarzinogene Eigenschaften
19
+ - Nenne 2 Vertreter des CAM Weg. A: Kakteen, Ananas.
20
+ - Flavonoide gehören zu den? Pflanzlichen Phenolen.
21
+ - Wie wirkt Ricin? Es inaktiviert die Ribosome.
22
+ - Bei C3-Pflanzen, was ist das erste Produkt der CO₂-Fixierung? 3-Phosphoglycerate.
23
+ - In Pflanzen, woran ist der C4-Dicarbonsäureweg gekoppelt? An einen besonderen anatomischen Aufbau des Blattes.
24
+ - Definiere Photophosphorylierung. A: Bindung einer Phosphatgruppe an ADP in der Lichtreaktion.
25
+ - Wie ist Cellulose verknüpft? 1,4-Verknüpfung von Beta-Glucosemonomeren.
26
+ - Warum der Name C4 Pflanze? Da sie eine andere Art der Kohlenstoff-Fixierung vorgeschaltet haben, den C4-Dicarbonsäureweg.
27
+ - Temperaturoptima von C3 und C4 Pflanzen? C3 bei 15-20° C und C4 bei 30-40° C.
28
+ - Welche zwei Aktivitäten hat RUBISCO? Die CO₂ Übertragung und die O Übertragung.
29
+ - Erster Schritt des Calvin-Zyklus? Einbau des Kohlenstoffes.
30
+ - Was lässt sich allgemein zum ATP und NADPH-Verbrauch im Calvin-Zyklus festhalten? Er verbraucht mehr ATP als NADPH.
31
+ - In der Photosynthese werden Protonen und Elektronen von Wasser auf ... übertragen? NADP+.
32
+ - Nenne eine wichtige Funktion der Carotinoide. A: Lichtschutz. Sie absorbieren und verteilen überschüssige Lichtenergie.
33
+ - Beschreibe die Porphyrinstruktur des Chlorophylls. A: Hydrophobe Phytolgruppe, den Schwanz der das Moelkül verankert, und den lichtabsorbierenden Kopf, der Porphyrinring.
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === PLANT_BIOTECHNOLOGY
3
+ #
4
+ # Plant biotechnology, Plant Biotech tag. Plant Biotechnology tag.
5
+ # Pflanzenbiotechnologie tag.
6
+ #
7
+ # Auch "plant tissue culture".
8
+ # =========================================================================== #
9
+
10
+ - Juristisch betrachtet: was muss mit Feldern passieren auf denen Gentechnik zum Einsatz kommen? Sie müssen in ein Standortregister eingetragen werden.
11
+ - Transgenic plants that contain genes for herbicide resistance require less ... ? <one>physical weed control</one>.
12
+ - Sind in Deutschland Freilandversuche mit gentechnisch veränderten Pflanzen genehmigungspflichtig? <one>Ja</one>. Zuständig für die Erteilung von Genehmigungen ist das Robert Koch-Institut in Berlin.
13
+ - <one>Indol-3-essigsäure</one> (IAA) ist für Auxin wichtig. Welche Aminosäure ist mit IAA strukturell verwandt? <one>Tryptophan</one>.
14
+ - The <one>Amflora potato</one> has a higher starch content. How was this achieved? The Amflora potato contains a gene for expression of an anti-sense RNA, tarteging the <two>starch debranching enzyme</two>. Thus, only the starch branching enzyme will be active, which in turn means that more amylopectin will be synthesized.
15
+ - Name an interesting feature that we may wish to engineer and improve on rice strains, aside from improvements of nutritional values only. A: <one>Submergence tolerance</one>.
16
+ - In <one>plant biotechnology</one>, in an agar-agrar medium, we may also use "activated charcoal". Why? This <one>adsorbs toxic compounds</one>.
17
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Explantat</one>? Dies ist ein Stück lebendes Pflanzengewebe, das entnommen wurde.
18
+ - Phosphat-Zugabe für Pflanzen in welcher Form? <one>KH2PO4</one>.
19
+ - Wir erzeugen mit Röntgenstrahlen neue Merkmale in Pflanzen - aber nur wann ist das auch wirklich von Nutzen? Wenn <one>diese Merkmale auch erblich sind</one>.
20
+ - In Plant Biotechnology, we <one>may have to sterilize seeds</one>. This varies, however had, dependent on which 2 aspects? (1) surface structure of the seeds (2) year of harvest
21
+ - What is the characteristic feature of the <one>FlavrSavr tomatoes</one>? <one>Slow softening</one>.
22
+ - Welchen Effekt hat <one>Abscisinsäure</one> auf eine Pflanze? Abscisinsäure bewirkt, das die Pflanze ihre <one>Stomata schliesst</one>.
23
+ - <one>Scopolamin</one> wird von welcher Pflanze produziert? <one>Duboisia</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia
24
+ - A. W. für <one>gm-Pflanzen dritter Generation</one>? <one>Plant factories</one>.
25
+ - One advantage of <one>semidwarf plant varieties</one>? They are <one>more resistant to damage caused by rain and wind</one>.
26
+ - Give an example for an enzyme or a group of enzyme that can be used in <one>lignin degradation</one>. A: <one>Laccases</one>.
27
+ - If you have to modify the natural T-DNA, and if you could <one>only add 3 new genes</one>, which ones may you choose? (1) antibiotic resistance gene (2) gene of interest (3) reporter gene
28
+ - In Plant Biotechnology, the <one>FlavrSavr tomato</one> was developed. What was its "characteristic trait" that was marketed the most? Its ability of <one>slow softening</one>.
29
+ - In plant biotechnology: name a solid advantage of <one>the floral dip method</one>, aside from its simplicity? It is <one>a very fast method</one>.
30
+ - Ripe <one>tomatoes</one> normally produce which enzyme that can digest pectin? <one>Polygalacturonase</one> (<royalblue>PG</royalblue>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygalacturonase
31
+ - In der pflanzlichen Biotechnologie mögen wir <one>Histogenese</one> verwenden um ... ? Um <royalblue>vaskuläre Elemente</royalblue> zu erstellen, also "Xylem" und "Phloen".
32
+ - The <one>van Montague lab</one> reported the first transgenic plant, tobacco. In what year? <one>1984</one>.
33
+ - Im welchen Jahr wurden in den USA erstmals gentechnisch veränderte Pflanzen ausgesät? Im Jahre <tomato>1996</tomato>.
34
+ - Kasugamycin is an <tomato>aminoglycoside</tomato> that is also used in agriculture. Why? It is a <one>agricultural fungicide</one>.
35
+ - Bei der Pflanzenvermehrung, der "direkten Morphogenese" versus der "indirekten Morphogenese" - haben wir jeweils ein "Explantat". Bei einem der beiden sehen wir eine Kallusbildung. Wo genau? Bei der "indirekten Morphogenese" sehen wir einen Kallus.
36
+ - In "<u>plant biotechnology</u>", if we add more cytokinin than auxin into a plant cell culture, what may we wish to achieve with this? We may wish to "induce shoots".
37
+ - Im "<u>Ti-Plasmid</u>", zwischen der "LB-Region" und der "RB-Region" liegen ... welche Gene? Die "onc-Gene".
38
+ - Warum ist der "Chmielewski-Paradeiser" für die pflanzliche Biotechnologie interessant? Dieser Paradeiser hat die Eigenschaft viel an Zucker einzulagern.
39
+ - What was the "first genetically modified plant"? "Tobacco".
40
+ - Warum ist es schwierig Gene zu finden mit einer erhöhten Resistenz gegenüber Krankheiten, in der Pflanzenbiotechnologie? Da diese merkmale oft von mehreren Genen (polygen) gesteuert/beeinflusst werden.
41
+ - Was sind "transplastomische Pflanzen"? Diese besitzen "Fremd-DNA" in ihrer "Plastiden-DNA".
42
+ - Wie bezeichnen wir von Pflanzenarten isolierte Zellen, die als Suspension in einer flüssigen Nährlösung kultiviert werden? Dies ist eine "Zellsuspensionskultur".
43
+ - Is "agar-agar" physiologically inert? No, not completely.
44
+ - Der Prozess der Übertragung der T-DNA in die Pflanze ähnelt ... ? Der "bakteriellen Konjugation".
45
+ - A. W. für "Caulogenese"? Sprossmorphogenese.
46
+ - Zeatin is what kind of plant protein? It is a "Cytokinin".
47
+ - Was ist ein "Explantat"? Ein Stück lebendes Gewebe, aus einer Pflanze entnommen.
48
+ - Many methods to transfer genes into plant cells require what? The "removal of the plant cell wall", in order to "form protoplasts".
49
+ - Nenne 1 konkreten Vorteil für ein Saatzuchtunternehmen, wenn dieses Genomik "einsetzt". A: Eine erheblich schnellere Sortenentwicklung, im Vergleich zur konventionellen Züchtung.
50
+ - In Biolistics, for plant DNA, which type of tissues do we use? Tissues that have a "good regeneration capacity", such as meristems or embryos.
51
+ - Vakzinstrategie bei transgenen Pflanzen? Essbare Vakzine. Diese mögen dann vor allem für die dritte Welt wichtig sein.
52
+ - Warum wird "Gelrite" in der pflanzlichen Biotechnologie verwendet? Primär zur Verfestigung.
53
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für "isoliertes Pflanzenmaterial". A: Explantat.
54
+ - Nenne 1 Methode, mit einer chemischen Substanz, wie wir Protoplastenzellen fusionen können. A: Polyethylenglykol.
55
+ - Shikonin ist was für eine Verbindung? Eine "Naphthochinon-Verbindung".
56
+ - In plant biotechnology, which medium types require a "filter bridge"? Some "liquid medium" require a filter bridge.
57
+ - For Agrobacterium, which border is more important for transferring T-DNA - the right or left border? The right border is indispensable for T-DNA transfer.
58
+ - Was hat "Luther Burbank" in der Pflanzenbiotechnologie erreicht? Er züchtete "weiße Brombeeren".
59
+ - Nenne 1 Vorteil von Pflanzen gegenüber Tieren in der (pflanzlichen) Biotechnologie. A: Pflanzen verfügen, im Verlgiech zu Tieren, über ein besseres, regeneratives Potenzial.
60
+ - Name 1 huge advantage of using plants for protein production, compared to bacteria. A: Plants may be grown in the field at a much lower cost, compared to "transgenic bacteria".
61
+ - Give another term for "oleosins". A: Oiled body proteins. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleosin
62
+ - The "35S promoter" originated from which species? It originated from "cauliflower mosaic virus" (CMV).
63
+ - Give 2 reasons why we may wish to get rid of "marker genes" that were added into a transgenic plant. A: The markergene may be (a) toxic (b) allergenic
64
+ - Die Druckkammer einer "gene gun" ist zumeist womit gefüllt? (1) Helium (2) Stickstoff
65
+ - Bei den gene guns, was ist der Durchmesser der Wolframkügelchen? Etwa 1 Mikrometer (10 ** -6 Meter)
66
+ - Agrobacterium T-DNA hat LB und RB. Wie lang sind diese Sequenzen jeweils? Etwa 25bp.
67
+ - Mündungssgeschwindigkeit der Wolframkügelchen bei Genkanonen in der Pflanzenbiotechnologie? Etwa 430 m/s.
68
+ - Wie lang ist die DNA, die mit "gene guns" (biolistische Transformation) verschossen wird? Etwa 3-4 kb.
69
+ - Nenne 1 Substanz die wichtig ist für die "somatische Embryogenese" in Pflanzen. A: Polyamin.
70
+ - Welche Phytohormone sind für pflanzliche Zellkulturen eminent wichtig? (1) Auxine (2) Cytokinine
71
+ - Nenne 2 Möglichkeiten der Regeneration von Pflanzenzellen in der Agrarbiotechnologie. A: (1) somatische Embryogenese (2) Adventivsprossbildung
72
+ - Nenne 2 konstitutive Promotoren in Pflanzenzellen, die auch in der Agrarbiotechnologie Verwendung finden. A: (1) 35S-Promotor (CMV) (2) Nos-Promotor (A. tumefaciens)
73
+ - Why may we wish to use "filter bridges" in plant cell cultures? Filter bridges, as solid supports, support the aerated growth of explants on liquid media without the need of agitation.
74
+ - Who invented "filter bridges" in plant biotechnology? Heller. Heller and Gautheret, in 1949, found that tissues could be satisfactorily cultured on pieces of ashless filter paper moistened by contact with liquid medium.
75
+ - Name 5 different ways for "direct gene transfer" in plant biotechnology. A: (1) PEG-method (2) electroporation (3) microinjection (4) microprojectiles (5) laser beams
76
+ - In plant biotechnology, name a common goal for modification of "potatoes". A: We may want to grow potatoes that are resistant to fungi.
77
+ - "Powell-Abel et al." developed the first transgenic plants, TMV resistant tobacco plants. In what year? In 1986.
78
+ - In plant biotechnology, when we cut out small parts from the leaf in order to cultivate these cells, how do we call these small things? Leaf discs.
79
+ - In Plant Biotechnology, we require aseptic conditions. Name 5 ways how to achieve this for surface sterilisation of instruments. A: (1) filtration (2) chemical desinfection (3) UV radiation (4) humid heat (5) dry heat
80
+ - What was the "first native cytokinin" that was discovered? Zeatin.
81
+ - Which method can we use if we wish to establish buds of fruit trees? The "Chinosol method".
82
+ - The "surface desinfestation" of branches of perennial woody species requires some special care, due to which two major problems? (1) the degree of infestation and (2) the amount of phenolic compounds in the tissues
83
+ - Name 3 different carbohydrates that are often used in "plant tissue culture". A: (1) Glucose (2) Sorbitol (3) Maltose
84
+ - We may have to sterilize plant cells sometimes, the plant explants. What is the oldest method for sterilisation of explans? 70% ethanol.
85
+ - Why do plant breeders dislike diploidy? Because they want to find new recessive mutations, but the second allele can mask the mutation.
86
+ - Welche Firma entwickelte damals die Anti-Matsch Tomate "Flavr Savr"? Calgene.
87
+ - Give another term for "microprojectile bombardment". A: Biolistics.
88
+ - Rein praktisch betrachtet, wieso sollten wir Viren verstehen wollen in der "Plant Biotechnology"? Da wir hier Pflanzen erstellen können, die eine bessere Virus-Resistenz haben mögen.
89
+ - Die "Flavr Savr" Tomate wurde wann eingeführt? 1994.
90
+ - It is easier to cultivate explants from monocotyledonoues plants or from dicotyldeons? From dicotyledons.
91
+ - In order to reliably work with plant cells, what is the most important part to take into consideration? That we have to work under "aseptic conditions".
92
+ - Welchen Effekt hat die "Verwendung von Abscisinsäure" auf Pflanzen? Dies schliesst die pflanzlichen Stomata.
93
+ - Nenne 2 Agrobacterium species. A: (1) A. tumefaciens (2) A. rhizogenes
94
+ - Who formulated the "theory of totipotency of plant cells"? Gottlieb Haberlandt, in 1902.
95
+ - Give 3 different, brief examples how any plant/tree may initiate a wound callus. A: (1) mechanical injury (2) invasion by microbes (3) insect attack
96
+ - What is "Caulogenesis"? This is a type of organogenesis, by which only adventitious shoot bud initiation takes place in the callus tissue.
97
+ - Ich gebe "Chalone" zu Pflanzenzellen. Welchen Effekt erzielt dies? Die Pflanzenzellen (deren Teilungsaktivitäten) werden gehemmt.
98
+ - Bei den "Gene Guns" werden welche Microparticles eingesetzt? Tungsten-Microparticles.
99
+ - Why do we use "Pseudomonas syringae" in Agrar-Biotech? To "limit the extent of frost damage to plants".
100
+ - When did we see the "first genetically engineered plant" (tobacco)? In 1983.
101
+ - When was the Bt gene transferred into a plant genome for the first time? In 1987.
102
+ - Eine Gewebekultur von Pflanzen kann man auf welchen 2 unterschiedlichen Wegen aufrecht erhalten? (1) als feste Kalluskultur (2) als flüssige Suspensionskultur
103
+ - Können wir mit Pflanzen menschliche Hormone produzieren? Ja. Transgene Tabakpflanzen können menschliche Wachstumshormone produzieren.
104
+ - Wann wurde Bt als Pflanzenpestizid erstmals registriert? 1961.
105
+ - Nenne die 3 klassischen Methoden, ohne Gentechnik, die Produktausbeute in der pflanzlichen Agrarproduktion zu erhöhen. A: (1) Pflanzenbau (2) Pflanzenschutz (3) Züchtung
106
+ - Why do we employ the method "floral dipping"? Because it is a fast method.
107
+ - The European "Plants for the Future" forum was started by the "European Commission" in what year? In 2003.
108
+ - Name 2 forms of "spoilage in plants". A: (1) rotting (2) wilting
109
+ - Which ORIs, origin of replications, does the modified Ti-Plasmid vector have? (1) Ori-Agro (2) Ori-Ecoli
110
+ - Was ist die "Zöliakie" und wieso ist dies für die Biotechnologie wichtig? Unverträglichkeit von Gluten. Man kann bestimmte Pflanzen gentechnisch so verändern, das dies verhindert wird.
111
+ - In 1957, Skoog and Miller discovered something important in regards to the regulation of plant tissue organ formation. How did they discover that? By simply changing the ratio of "auxin" to "cytokinin".
112
+ - In early plant tissue cultures, list one important reason why they did make use of "in-vitro methods"? In order to eliminate pathogens.
113
+ - In Plant Biotechnology, we may make use of "PGRs". What are PGRs? Plant Growth Regulators.
114
+ - When was the first tissue culture of carrots established? In 1939.
115
+ - When did "P.A. White" etablish the first tissue culture of tomato? In 1939.
116
+ - When was it discovered that the Ti plasmid is the tumor-inducing principle of Agrobacterium tumefaciens? 1974.
117
+ - What do we mean with "plant tissue culture"? Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition.
118
+ - Warum verwende ich "Phytase"? Um an das Phosphat in Pflanzen heranzugelangen (Phytat).
119
+ - Was ist die 3. Generation in der Pflanzenbiotechnologie? "Plant factories" die Pharmaceuticals produzieren.
120
+ - In der Biotechnologie, woraus entstehen die Kalluskulturen von Pflanzen? Aus dem "Explantat" einer Pflanze, das in einer Petrischale mit Phytohormonen behandelt wird.
121
+ - Warum schütteln wir eine pflanzliche Kallus-Kultur? Um sie mit CO2 zu versorgen.
122
+ - Wenn das Enzym "Dihydroflavinol-Reduktase" (DFR) ausgeknocked wird, ist was der Fall in der Pflanze? Weisse Blüten - denn DFR überführt farblose Pigment-Vorläufer in farbige Produkte.
123
+ - Wer hat den "golden rice" (mit)erfunden? Ingo Potrykus.
124
+ - Mit "transgenem Raps" will man welches Produkt erzeugen? PHB.
125
+ - What is the biggest hurdle to overcome in the production of foreign proteins in plants? The purification of the transgene-product from the mass of plant tissue.
126
+ - Welche Firma produzierte "StarLink Corn"? Aventis.
127
+ - Was ist die "Agroinfiltration"? Rekombinante Agrobakterien werden in Pflanzengewebe infiltriert, es erfolgt danach eine zeitlich begrenzte Expression im Gewebe, die Pflanze selbst bleibt jedoch unverändert.
128
+ - Can the Agrobacterium Ti-System be used in corn? No, corn is a monocot.
129
+ - Wie heisst "Agrobacterium tumefaciens" heute? Rhizobium radiobacter. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens
130
+ - In plant biotechnology we also make use of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). Each monomer usually contains how many zinc fingers? 3.
131
+ - What is the most important characteristics for plant breeding? Yield, Yield and Yield.
132
+ - In Plant Biotechnology, what is "Cisgenesis"? This is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with a natural gene from a crossable-sexually compatible-plant. Such a gene includes its introns and is flanked by its native promoter and terminator in the normalsense orientation. Cisgenic plants can harbour one or more cisgenes, but they do not contain any transgenes!
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Pflanzenzüchtung
3
+ #
4
+ # Alles über Pflanzenzüchtung tag. (aka "plant breeding tag").
5
+ #
6
+ # Auch "Plant breeding - principles and methods".
7
+ # =========================================================================== #
8
+
9
+ - Nenne das Ursprungsgebiet von <one>Weizen</one>. A: Weizen stammt aus dem Gebiet des fruchtbaren Halbmonds.
10
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>genetischen Ressourcen</one>? Genetische Ressourcen sind die Gesamtheit aller Genotypen einer Kulturart, die zur Züchtung dieser Art zur Verfügung stehen und somit für Pflanzenzüchtung und landwirtschaftlichen Anbau nutzbar sind.
11
+ - Wie können wir diploide Pflanzen aus haploiden Pflanzen erhalten? Mit Hilfe von <one>Colchicin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicin
12
+ - Wer waren die ersten bei der künstlichen Bestäubung von Dattelpalmen? Die <one>Assyrer</one>.
13
+ - A. W. für <one>Kastration</one> in der Pflanzenzüchtung? Emasculation.
14
+ - Vorläufermethode der Antherenkultur? Die <one>Bulbosum-Methode</one>.
15
+ - Nenne 3 Gründe, wieso der <one>Svalbard Global Seed Vault</one> (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault), auf den Spitzbergen, als Ort für den Pflanzensamen-Tresor gewählt wurde. A: (1) Permafrost (2) kann nicht überschwemmt werden (3) Erdbeben sind eher unwahrscheinlich
16
+ - Bei welcher Züchtungsmethode bei Pflanzen wird <one>Heterosis</one> verwendet? Bei der "Hybridzüchtung".
17
+ - Für die Erteilung des Sortenschutzes gibt es die sogenannte <one>Registerprüfung</one>. Nenne 3 Kriterien hierzu. A: (1) Unterscheidbarkeit ("distinctness") (2) Homogenität ("uniformity") (3) Beständigkeit ("stability")
18
+ - Anderer Begriff für die <one>Elternsorte</one>? <one>Ursprungssorte</one>.
19
+ - Unterschied zwischen <one>Art</one> und <one>Sorte</one>? (1) Arten sind biologische Einheiten, die zumeist nicht mit einander kreuzbar sind. (2) Sorten hingegen sind Formen innerhalb einer Art, von Gruppen von in sich ähnlichen Individuen.
20
+ - Was meinen wir mit einer "Hybridpflanze"? Dies ist eine Pflanze, die durch die Kreuzung verschiedener Sorten miteinander entstanden ist.
21
+ - In plant breeding, how can we remove negative alleles practically? Via "self-fertilization" (inbreeding). This is highly efficient for removing negative alleles from a population.
22
+ - Name one advantage that "doubled haploidy" has compared to "conventional inbreeding". A: The "conventional inbreeding procedures" takes six generations to achieve complete homozygosity. The "doubled haploidy" method achieves it in just one generation.
23
+ - Mention two methods for making "doubled haploids". A: (1) colchicine (2) selfing
24
+ - In plant breeding, why do we make use of "double haploid plants"? Because that way we can create "homozygous plants" much more rapidly so.
25
+ - In TILLING, which substance is usually used to induce the mutations? EMS. Sometimes NaN3.
26
+ - Give another term for "cross pollination" and "self pollination". A: (1) cross pollation: allogamy (2) self pollation: autogamy
27
+ - Plant breeding activities can be grouped into which three principal phases? (1) Designing of a breeding goal (2) Generation of genetic variability (3) Utilization of genetic variability
28
+ - Name the 2 most common chemical substances used for TILLING. A: (1) EMS (2) NaN3
29
+ - Name 3 advantages of TILLING. A: (1) efficient for small genes (2) applicable to almost every organism (3) mutations are irreversible
30
+ - What can we achieve via "haploid inducer lines"? We can eliminate "unwanted" chromosomes.
31
+ - Nennen Sie das Ursprungsgebiet von "Mais". A: Mexiko.
32
+ - Nennen Sie das Ursprungsgebiet von "Sojabohne". A: Ostasien.
33
+ - Nennen Sie das Ursprungsgebiet von "Kartoffel". A: In den Anden; also Venezuela, Argentinien aber auch die Insel Chiloe.
34
+ - Nennen Sie das Ursprungsgebiet von "Gerste". A: Der Vordere Orient; fruchtbarer Halbmond.
35
+ - Which level of annual yield increase (in%) is likely to be needed to keep up with the projected increase in demand of e.g. wheat during the coming decades? Required yield increase per year: ~1.7%.
36
+ - What do you think was the contribution of Plant Breeding in the yield increase of for example WHEAT during the past 40 years in Central Europe? A "yield increase" of about ~30%, due to improved cultivars.
37
+ - Der "Internationale Verband zum Schutz von Pflanzenzüchtungen", UPOV, ist eine zwischenstaatliche Organisation mit Sitz in Genf. Zweck des Übereinkommens? Der "Schutz neuer Pflanzensorten".
38
+ - What is the genetic status of a doupled haploid? Homozygous.
39
+ - Name a pioneer in "wheat cytogenetics". A: Ernest Robert Sears.
40
+ - Give an example for a plant that is an "allopolyploid species". A: Rapeseed.
41
+ - Why is "mutation breeding" used? So that we can create new variation that is not found in nature.
42
+ - In 2008, the world average wheat yield was how much per ha? About 3 t per ha (3t/ha).
43
+ - When did the "Green Revolution" occur, roughly? Between the 1930s and the late 1960s.
44
+ - Was ist "synthetisches Saatgut"? Synthetisches Saatgut ist vegetatives Vermehrungsmaterial nackt oder in einer wasserhaltigen oder trockenen Umhüllung. Es besteht i.d.R. aus somatischen Embryonen und einer schützenden Umhüllung.
45
+ - Bei der Sortenwahl von Pflanzen, nenne vier Kriterien. A: (1) Ertragsleistung (2) Qualität (3) Ertragssicherheit (4) Arbeitserleichterung
46
+ - Wer gilt als "Entdecker der Insektenbestäubung"? Kölreuter.
47
+ - Was ist Herkogamie? Als Herkogamie wird in der Botanik die räumliche Trennung von männlichen und weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen innerhalb einer Blüte bezeichnet.
48
+ - Bei der Pflanzenzüchtung gibt es die sogenannte "Wertprüfung". Wie lange dauert diese? Zwischen zwei bis drei Jahre.
49
+ - A. W. für "Populationszüchtung"? Panmiktische Fremdbefruchtung.
50
+ - Nenne 2 wichtige Ziele in der Pflanzenzüchtung, die auch erklären wieso wir Pflanzenzüchtung betreiben. A: (1) Ertragsverbesserung (2) Ertragssicherung
51
+ - Was meinen wir mit "Transgression" in der Pflanzenzüchtung? Dies ist die neue, zusätzliche Variabilität.
52
+ - Was ist die "Transgressionszüchtung"? Dies ist die Steigerung eines Merkmals über die elterlichen Ausprägungen hinaus.
53
+ - Was steht am Beginn einer züchterischen Arbeit in der Pflanzenzüchtung? Die Formulierung eines Zuchtziels.
54
+ - Nenne 3 verschiedene natürliche Reproduktionssysteme in der Pflanzenzüchtung. A: (1) Selbstbefruchtung (2) Fremdbefruchtung (3) Asexuelle Vermehrung
55
+ - Was ist "Amphimixis"? Dies ist die geschlechtliche Vereinigung von Genomen zweier Individuen.
56
+ - Bei der Pflanzenzüchtung, was ist die "Registerprüfung"? Dies ist eine amtliche Prüfung einer Sorte auf Unterscheidbarkeit, Homogenität und Beständigkeit im Rahmen des Sortenzulassungsverfahren.
57
+ - Das Saatgutgesetz entstand in Österreich wann? 1997.
58
+ - Das "Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo" befindet sich wo? In Mexiko.
59
+ - In der Pflanzenzüchtung, was heisst "cop-value"? "coefficient of parentage".
60
+ - Gib ein Beispiel an für die "genetische Verwundbarkeit". A: Mais ("Texas Cytoplasma"). Diese Pflanze ist männlich steril, zugleich ist sie anfälliger für die Blattkrankheit "Southern Corn Leaf Blight".
61
+ - Genetische Erosion hat welche 2 möglichen Folgen? A: (1) Genetische Verarmung: Verminderung der genetischen Diversität im Anbau (2) Genetische Verwundbarkeit: erhöhtes Risiko für das großflächige Auftreten von Krankheiten
62
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem "primären Genpool" in der Pflanzenzüchtung? Dies ist die Kulturart selbst und leicht damit kreuzbare Arten.
63
+ - Was meinen wir mit "Landsorten"? Dies sind Pflanzensorten, die von Landwirten vermehrt werden.
64
+ - Nenne 4 Gründe wieso wir die Biodiversität in der agrarischen Produktion von Pflanzen erhalten sollten. A: (1) Artenvielfalt (2) Sortenvielfalt (3) verringertes Produktionsrisiko (4) größere Produktvielfalt
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Plant development
3
+ #
4
+ # Everything about plant-development.
5
+ # =========================================================================== #
6
+
7
+ - Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Möglichkeiten</one>, wie die <two>Kallusbildung</two> bei Pflanzen im Labor induziert werden kann. A: (1) Zugabe von Kokosnussmilch (2) durch Zugabe von <one>Auxin</one>
8
+ - Give another term for <one>morphogenesis</one>. A: <one>Pattern formation</one>.
9
+ - <one>Arabidopsis</one> mag im Zuge der Entwicklung des Embryos einige interessante Gene oder Mutanten dieser Gene exprimieren, die abgekürzt werden. So gibt es "STM", "CLV" und "CUC". Was heißen die jeweils? (1) STM: Shoot meristemless (2) <one>CLV</one>: <two>Clavata</two> (3) <one>CUC</one>: <two>Cup-shaped cotyledons</two>
10
+ - <one>Which plant hormone</one> is important in order to establish the apical-basal axis? <one>Auxin</one>.
11
+ - The <one>ABC model of flower development</one> <two>was first formulated in what year</two>? <one>1988</one>.
12
+ - In the plant flower model <one>ABCDE</one>: <two>which combinations are mutually exclusive</two>? Class A and C genes act <two>mutually antagonistic</two>.
13
+ - <one>Embryo morphogenesis</one> <two>in plants</two> has which two major steps/phases? (1) <one>morphogenesis</one> (2) <one>maturation</one>
14
+ - <one>Auxin</one>, in general, <two>may have what role in regards to Aux</two>/<two>IAA proteins</two>? <one>Auxin</one> promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of their transcriptional regulator proteins.
15
+ - <one>AUX</one>/IAAs degradation is mediated by which complex? It is mediated by the <one>SCF1 complex</one>.
16
+ - What does the <one>STM gene</one>, the STM, stand for? <one>Shoot Meristemless</one>.
17
+ - <one>Two major events</one> are required for <two>embryonic patterning in plant embryos</two>. <three>Which ones are these</three>? (1) Activate zygotic genome (2) Coordinate gene expression programs
18
+ - Name a protein <one>WUSCHEL</one> interacts with. A: <one>CLAVATA</one>.
19
+ - We may say a <one>high TAI value</one> from transcriptomes of early plant embryonic stages. <two>What does this mean</two>? It means that these are assumed to be <one>evolutionarily young</one>.
20
+ - Name <one>two functions</one> of the plant <two>suspensor</two>. A: (1) Attach the embryo to maternal tissue (2) it is a source of nutrients
21
+ - <one>PIN7</one> is what type of protein? <one>PIN7</one> is <two>an auxin-efflux protein</two>.
22
+ - In <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one>, after the <two>late heart stage</two>: which stage comes next? The <one>mature embryo stage</one>.
23
+ - Besitzen <one>Pflanzen</one> <two>Hox-Gene</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
24
+ - Some <one>differentiated cells of the adult plant</one> <two>may retain totipotency</two> - and so behave like ...? <one>Animal embryonic stem cells</one>.
25
+ - Das <one>ruhende Zentrum</one> (<two>quiescent center</two>) in Arabidopsis ist Teil ... ? Der <one>Wurzelspitze</one>.
26
+ - In plant development: the protein <one>SSP</one> may be important. What does <one>SSP</one> code for? <one>SSP</one> encodes a <two>receptor-like protein</two>.
27
+ - What are <one>periclinal</one> and <one>anticlinal</one> <two>cell divisions</two>? (1) <one>periclinal</one>: <two>parallel to the organ surface</two> (2) <one>anticlinal</one>: <two>at right angle to the surface</two>
28
+ - Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>primary meristems</two> in plants. A: (1) <one>shoot apical meristem</one> (2) <one>root apical meristem</one>
29
+ - How long does it take <one>Arabidopsis</one>, from <two>germination</two> to <two>mature seed</two>? About <one>6 weeks</one>.
30
+ - There are the <one>WOX transcription factors</one>. <two>What does WOX stand for</two>? <one>WUSCHEL-related homeobox</one>.
31
+ - In plant genomics, what does the <one>TAI</one> tell us? It represents the <one>mean evolutionary age of a transcriptome</one>.
32
+ - <one>Auxin</one> belongs to which family? <one>Auxin</one> belongs to the <two>ARF family of transcription factors</two>.
33
+ - <one>Welche Funktion</one> hat das <two>Popeye protein</two>? Diser <one>bHLH Transkriptionsfaktor</one> spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Eisen-Haushalt einer Pflanze, indem andere Gene reguliert werden. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675571
34
+ - How do we call the <one>male part of a flower</one>? <one>Stamen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen
35
+ - <one>Fördern</one> oder <one>hemmen</one> <two>AUX</two>/<two>IAA Komplexe</two> eher die Transkription? Sie <one>hemmen</one> eher die Transkription.
36
+ - In plant development, <one>YDA</one> may be important. What does YDA encode for? <one>YDA</one> encodes <two>MAP3K</two>, mitogen-activated triple kinase.
37
+ - In plant development: what means <one>TAI</one>? <one>Transcriptome age index</one>.
38
+ - In plant development, the <one>maternal-to-zygotic transition</one>: give another term for this. A: This is the <one>transfer of developmental control to the zygotic genome</one>.
39
+ - Give another term for <one>sexually mature state</one> in a plant. A: To <one>transition towards flowering</one>.
40
+ - <one>STM</one> is a ... identity gene. A: It is a <two>meristem identity gene</two>.
41
+ - Nenne einen <one>Modellorganismus für Bäume</one>. A: <one>Populus trichocarpa</one>; hat ein relativ kleines Genom von 470 Mb Basenpaaren.
42
+ - Give another term for the <one>apical-basal axis</one>. A: <one>Shoot-root polarity of the plant body</one>.
43
+ - <one>Bildet eine Pflanze</one> <two>mehr oder weniger Blätter</two> <three>wenn sie weniger Licht erhält</three>? Die Pflanze <one>bildet mehr Blätter</one>.
44
+ - What is <one>Florigen</one> assumed to do? This molecule should be <one>responsible for controlling and triggering flowering in plants</one>.
45
+ - Eine Pflanze hat <one>welche drei</one> <two>Grundorgane</two>? (1) <one>Sprossachse</one> (2) <one>Wurzel</one> (3) <one>Blätter</one>
46
+ - At the 16-cell stage of plants, how do we call the "epidermal layer" of a plant? Dermatogen.
47
+ - In Arabidopsis morphogenesis, the last step in it can be called the "mature" phase. What is the name of the three steps before this last step? (1) Late globular (2) Heart (3) Torpedo
48
+ - The logic behind the spatial layout of gene expression that patterns a developing flower, is similar to ...? That of Hox gene action in patterning the body axis in animals.
49
+ - <one>In welchem Organismus</one> kann <two>Monopteros</two> gefunden werden? In <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one>. <two>MONOPTEROS</two> <three>kodiert für einen Transkriptionsfaktor</three>, der wichtig ist bei der Entstehung der <four>embryonalen Achse</four>. []
50
+ - RPK1 and TOAD2 receptor-like kinases are redundantly required for ...? Radial patterning.
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Populationsgenetik Tag
3
+ #
4
+ # Pop tag. Popgen tag. Evolutionsgenetik tag. Evogen tag.
5
+ # Auch RFLP und Populationsuntersuchungen. Evolutionsgenetik.
6
+ # Sowie "conservation genetics".
7
+ # =========================================================================== #
8
+
9
+ - What is the <one>allele frequency</one>? How often a particular allele is found in a population.
10
+ - <one>Ab wann</one> sagen wir das ein genetischer Locus <two>polymorph</two> ist? Wenn das seltenste Allel dieses Locus mit einer Häufigkeit von zumindest 0.01% in einer Population auftritt.
11
+ - Name the two most commonly studied types of polymorphisms in population genetics. A: (1) SNPs (2) <one>microsatellites</one>
12
+ - Nenne die <one>Hauptbedingung</one> dafür, das ein <two>dominant-letales Allel</two> in einer menschlichen Population fortbestehen kann. A: Die betroffene Person muss <one>Nachkommen</one> (also Kinder) haben.
13
+ - What is <one>assortative mating</one>? This is when <one>individuals choose mates based on resemblance to themselves</one>.
14
+ - How do we call <one>the introduction of new genetic variation</one> into an (inbred) population? <one>Genetic rescue</one>.
15
+ - Compare the <one>genetic variety</one> <two>between</two> crop plants <two>and</two> wild plants. A: There is <one>less genetic variation in crop plants</one> to be found.
16
+ - Give a specific example for the <one>bottleneck effect</one> in population genetics. A: This may occur when a large population is suddenly reduced in size due to a natural disaster, such as a flood or the eruption of a volcano.
17
+ - <one>The classic tool</one> <two>of human population geneticists</two> <three>is ... </three>? the <one>study of twins</one>.
18
+ - Give an example for a <one>morphometric trait</one>. A: <one>Body weight</one>.
19
+ - <one>SNPs occur within genes</one>. They can be classified into one of which three groups? (1) "synonymous SNPs" (2) "nonsynonymous SNPs" (3) <one>nonsense SNPs</one>
20
+ - Was ist <one>die Grundlage</one> für die Entstehung von Multigenfamilien? <one>Genduplikation</one>.
21
+ - Why is the name <one>gene pool</one> <two>actually a misnomer</two>? Because we should call this the <one>allele pool</one>.
22
+ - Give an example for a <one>meristic trait</one>. A: The number of offspring that an individual has.
23
+ - The Neanderthal genome was published in the year ... ? <one>2014</one>.
24
+ - How can we <one>globally measure the distribution of SNPs</one>? We could make use of <one>DNA microarrays</one>.
25
+ - In population genetics, we can apply the so-called <one>F-statistics</one>. In particular, what does F IS tell us? <one>F</one> is a measure of departure from the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) proportions, within local subpopulations, due to "nonrandom mating".
26
+ - Give another name for <one>qualitative traits</one>. A: <one>categorical traits</one>.
27
+ - <one>Welche Allele</one> <two>möchte eine Population loswerden</two>? <one>Lethale Allele</one>; sprich - alle Allele die als genetische Last wirken können.
28
+ - Another term for <one>genotype</one>? <one>Allelic composition</one>.
29
+ - <one>How</one> can we mathematically connect phenotype to genotype? We <one>use a function</one> that connects the "genotype" and the "environment", such as: P = f(G, E)
30
+ - Did the spread of agriculture affect human genetic diversity? Yes - aDNA studies have shown that the spread of agriculture led to a decline in human genetic diversity.
31
+ - Where did the first Americans come from? aDNA studies have shown that the first Americans came from Siberia.
32
+ - Can the ancestral geographic locations of humans be deduced from the genomes of modern humans? No.
33
+ - The genetic exchange between different populations is also called ... ? <one>Admixture</one>.
34
+ - When was "AFLP" established? In <one>1995</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFLP
35
+ - Name two ways how <one>new alleles</one> enter a population, starting with the letter <two>m</two>. A: (1) <one>Mutation</one> (2) <one>Migration</one>
36
+ - What is meant with the term <one>at-risk breed</one>? This is a breed with demographic characteristics suggesting that it will fail to exist in the future. A <one>conservation programme</one> may be able to rescue such a breed.
37
+ - Wie nennen wir die Unterschiede zwischen individuellen Genomen einer Art? <one>Polymorphismen</one>.
38
+ - In population genetics: if we "eliminate many alleles", we also eliminate a large proportion of ...? The <one>genetic diversity</one>.
39
+ - Warum sind <one>populationsgenetische Untersuchungen am Menschen</one> so schwierig? Aufgrund der <one>langen Generationsdauer</one>.
40
+ - Give another word for <one>short tandem repeat loci</one>? <one>Microsatellites</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite
41
+ - Ein Mensch der an "Favismus" leidet isst Ackerbohnen. Was passiert? Eine <one>Hämolyse</one> kann ausgelöst werden, welche in seltenen Fällen sogar zum Tod führen kann.
42
+ - Should we rather use linked or non-linked loci in population genetics? We should rather use <one>non-linked loci</one>.
43
+ - What does the abbreviation <one>STRP</one> stand for, in population genetics? <one>Short tandem repeats</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite
44
+ - Are there <one>more rare SNPs</one> or <one>more common SNPs</one> in the human genome? There are "more rare SNPs", which is logical if we remember the "definition of a rare SNP".
45
+ - Wie nennen wir den <one>Erblichkeitsgrad</one> mit einem Fachwort? <one>Heritabilität</one>.
46
+ - In population genetics: what does the abbrevation <one>MVP</one> stand for? <one>Minimum viable population</one>.
47
+ - How are <one>SNPs located outside of coding sequences</one> called? <one>Silent SNPs</one>.
48
+ - Is a population larger than the <one>effective population</one>? Yes.
49
+ - Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen <one>VNTRs</one> und <one>STRs</one>. A: STRs sind viel kürzer (VNTRs sind somit viel länger).
50
+ - Most <one>natural populations</one> can be subdivided into ...? <one>Demes</one>.
51
+ - Wie hat man erstmals <one>repetitive Sequenzen</one> entdecken können? Indem man die <one>Reassoziationskinetik von Genomen</one> verglichen und analysiert hat. Hierbei wird die DNA geschert, erhitzt und somit denaturiert, und danach unter Standardbedingungen wieder reassoziieren lassen. Man erkannte, das repetitive DNA schneller reassoziiert als nicht-repetitive DNA.
52
+ - Why may <one>genetic drift</one> be bad? It may "lead to loss of genetic variation".
53
+ - What is a <one>haplotype network</one>? The haplotype network <one>shows the relationships among different haplotypes</one>.
54
+ - Why may it be of important practical value to understand the <one>Hardy-Weinberg equation</one>? Because we may wish to know the "frequences of disease-causing alleles in a population".
55
+ - How is a <one>wild-type allele</one> defined? More than 1% in a natural population under study.
56
+ - Definiere den Begriff "Populationsgenetik". A: Dies ist <one>die Untersuchung der genetischen Variationen in Populationen</one> - und wie sich diese im Laufe der Zeit verändern.
57
+ - <one>For a large population</one>, how to (realistically) analyze its gene pool? We take a "representative sample" of the population.
58
+ - What is the difference between an <one>effective population</one> and "just" a population? An <one>effective population</one> is one that can reproduce - thus, they are capable of <two>genetic exchange</two>.
59
+ - Gibt es <one>Nachteile</one> in einer Population zu leben? Falls ja nenne drei Nachteile. A: (1) <one>Krankheitsübertragung</one> (2) Futterkonkurrenz (3) Individuen sind auffälliger in einer Gruppe
60
+ - What is the "HapMap"? This is <one>a genome-wide haplotype map</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_HapMap_Project
61
+ - Is there a locus that is <one>always hemizygous</one>? Yes - male XY. They are either Xa Y or XA Y.
62
+ - Give a specific example for <one>positive assortative mating</one>. A: This is for example when tall individuals preferentially mate with other tall individuals.
63
+ - Give another term for <one>deleterious mutations</one>. A: <one>Mutational load</one>.
64
+ - Define the term <one>absolute fitness</one>. A: This is <one>the total number of offspring</one> an individual has.
65
+ - Die Krankheit "Favismus" ist, genetisch gesehen, auf welchem Chromosom zu finden? Auf dem <one>X-Chromosom</one>.
66
+ - Small populations lose <one>genetic variation</one> over time through ... ? (1) "inbreeding" (2) <one>genetic drift</one>
67
+ - What does it mean when we have a <one>polymorphic locus</one>? This is <one>a locus that has more than one allele</one>.
68
+ - Vergleiche die <one>Substitutionsrate von Genen</one>. Bei welchen Genen mögen wir wenig Substitutionen finden? Bei Genen die eine wichtige Funktion haben.
69
+ - How are SNPs with a <one>frequency below 5%</one> called? <one>Rare SNPs</one>.
70
+ - Was ist <one>Inzucht Depression</one>? Dies ist ein Maß für den Verlust von Fitness, der durch Inzucht verursacht wird.
71
+ - What exactly is the key assumption underlying the Hardy-Weinberg principle? The assumption of <one>random mating</one>.
72
+ - What is an <one>ecotype</one>? An Ecotype is a subpopulation within a breed that is genetically adapted to a very specific habitat.
73
+ - By definition - <one>in a declining population</one>, the "average number of offspring" must be ... (a constraint)? <one>Below 1</one>.
74
+ - Name <one>four forces</one> that upset the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A: (1) Migration (2) Mutation (3) Natural Selection (4) Random genetic drift
75
+ - A <one>haplotype network analysis</one> for humans usually analyses what first? The <one>mtDNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA
76
+ - Wie nennen wir <one>eine Population, die das Hardy-Weinberg Gesetz erfüllt</one>? Eine <one>Mendel-Population</one>.
77
+ - Welche Technik nennen wir "RAPD"? <one>Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA</one>.
78
+ - The amount of "drift" in any given population, depends heavily on which single characteristic? <one>Population size</one>.
79
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>allelic diversity</one>? Allelic diversity is the "average number of alleles per locus".
80
+ - <one>When</one> do genotypes re-form? Genotypes re-form from alleles in each generation.
81
+ - What is <one>negative assortative mating</one>? When <one>unlike individuals mate</one> - <two>opposites attract</two>.
82
+ - In der Populationsgenetik: was heisst ein <one>fixiertes Allel</one>? Wenn alle Mitglieder einer Population "homozygot für das jeweilige Allel" sind. Das heisst konsequenterweise auch, das diese Population kein alternatives Allel mehr besitzt.
83
+ - <one>SNPs</one> can occur in which 3 general places in a genome? (1) <one>exons</one> (2) "introns" (3) "regulatory regions"
84
+ - Give another name for a <one>polymorphic locus</one>. A: A <one>multiallelic locus</one>.
85
+ - What exactly is <one>linkage disequilibrium</one>? Non-random association of alleles at two or more loci (marker).
86
+ - Name an important goal of population genetics. A: To <one>understand the transmission of alleles from one generation to the next</one>.
87
+ - Give an example for an <one>indirect genetic relationship</one>. A: Two individuals with a common ancestor
88
+ - In <one>Evolutiongenetics</one>: name the 6 types of "substitutions" possible. A: (1) "single substitution" (2) "multiple substitution" (3) "coincidental substitution" (4) "parallel substitution" (5) "convergent substitution" (6) <one>back substitution</one>
89
+ - <one>Natural selection</one> always acts on ... ? The <one>phenotype</one>.
90
+ - What does the <one>inbreeding coefficient</one> tell us? The inbreeding coefficient (Fi) of an individual is the probability that both alleles of a randomly chosen locus are identical by descent.
91
+ - How long are <one>microsatellite loci</one>? 2-6 base pairs in length.
92
+ - Name two different <one>marker types</one> that could be used in population analysis. A: (1) dominant markers (2) co-dominant markers
93
+ - What is the <one>life expectancy of a genotype</one>? The life expectancy of a genotype is "a single generation".
94
+ - Give another name for the <one>population size</one>. A: the <one>census size</one>.
95
+ - Was bezeichnen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Polymorphismus</one>? Dies ist ein Gen mit vielen verschiedenen Allelen, von welchen keines in einer Population dominiert.
96
+ - Was ist eine <one>genetische Bürde</one> in der Populationsgenetik? Gib ein Beispiel hierfür. A: Das Vorhandensein mancher Allele, wie "Sichelzellanämie" beim Menschen, ist eine genetische Bürde für eine Population.
97
+ - A <one>genetic bottleneck</one> leads to ...? A <one>loss of diversity</one>.
98
+ - Name a general way how there may be a reduction of variation between/in populations. A: By <one>migration</one>.
99
+ - A population may go through a <one>population bottleneck</one>. What direct consequences may arise? There may be <one>a drastic reduction of population size</one>.
100
+ - Name a famous concept that originated from <one>population genetics</one>. A: The <one>concept of the gene pool</one>.
101
+ - What were the first used DNA-markers? "RFLPs": "restriction fragment length polymorphisms". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techrflp/
102
+ - When may we see a fitness value of 0? If a member of a population dies, without having had an offspring.
103
+ - Give another word for the "ability to survive and reproduce". A: "Fitness". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_%28Biologie%29
104
+ - Die Hardy-Weinberg Regel gilt nur für welche Populationen genau? Für "Populationen unendlicher Größe".
105
+ - Wozu kann die "effektive Populationsgröße" verwendet werden? Man kann sie verwenden um die "kleinste überlebensfähige Population" (MVP = "minimum viable population") zu berechnen.
106
+ - Welche zwei Komponenten umfasst die "phänotypische Variation"? "Genetische Variation" + "umweltbedingte Variation".
107
+ - How to indicate consanguinity between two people in a genetic pedigree chart? Draw a "double horizontal line".
108
+ - In population genetics, what is meant with "genetic rescue"? This is the introduction of new genetic variation into an (inbred) population, in order to ensure its long-term survival.
109
+ - Humans have n microsatellites in their genome? Over a million. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite
110
+ - A. W. für "Mikrosatellit"? "SSR" (simple sequence repeat)
111
+ - When is the condition of "random mating" fulfilled? When all individuals in the given population are "equally likely" to be choosen as a mate.
112
+ - Name an important goal of population genetics. A: Understand the transmission of alleles from one generation to the next.
113
+ - Give 3 example for random mating. A: (1) Assortative mating (2) isolation by distance (3) inbreeding
114
+ - Name 3 types of bias in mating choice violating the assumption of "random mating". A: (1) assortative mating (2) isolation by distance (3) inbreeding
115
+ - In population genetics, what do we mean with the term "Inbreeding"? This is the tendency for mates to be more closely related than two individuals drawn at random from the population.
116
+ - A. W. für "random mating occurs"? "Panmixis".
117
+ - In der Populationsgenetik, was ist eine sogenannte "ideale Population"? Eine Population ohne 'genetische Evolution', sprich - eine Population deren Genpool sich nicht verändert.
118
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung "AFLP"? "Amplified fragment length polymorphism".
119
+ - Why are microsatellites better for population genetic analysis than SNPs? Because there are more number of alleles at a microsatellite.
120
+ - Gilt beim Panda die Hardy-Weinberg Regel? Nein - er hat "eine zu geringe Individuenanzahl".
121
+ - Wie können Populationen schrumpfen? (1) "Sterberate" (2) "Emigration"
122
+ - Wie ist der "Genpool" definiert? Dies sind "alle Allele der Mitglieder einer Population".
123
+ - How does the gene pool of a species change, as time passes by? The gene pool, due to mutations, becomes progressively "more heterogeneous".
124
+ - Name two motivations for "conservation genetics" today. A: (1) to "reduce the current rates of extinction" (2) to "preserve biodiversity"
125
+ - In einem "Dendrogramm", wie nennen wir die terminalen Äste? OTUs: "operational taxonomic units".
126
+ - Wo finden wir allgemein eine "geringere, interspezifische Diversität"? Bei Ökosystemen mit einer "schwierigen Lebensumgebung".
127
+ - Give an example in population genetics about a gene-culture coevolution. A: The early european humans keeping lactase active throughout their lifetime.
128
+ - A. W. für "Panmixie", auf Deutsch? Zufallspaarung.
129
+ - Name a way to deal with "complex pedigrees" in population genetics. A: By making use of the "tabular method".
130
+ - Which 3 steps do we require in an "AFLP" (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) experiment? (1) Restriction enzyme digestion (2) Ligation of adaptors (3) Selective amplification of restriction fragments
131
+ - The "microsatellite polymorphism" is mainly caused how? By "replication slippage".
132
+ - Es gibt eine Krankheit die "Favismus" genannt wird. Woher kommt dieser Name? Von "faba", Bohne.
133
+ - What do we mean with the term "Inbreeding depression"? Inbreeding depression is the reduced survival and fertility of offspring of related individuals.
134
+ - Bei den "Sequenzevolutions-Modellen" gibt es das berühmte "Jukes-Cantor" Modell. Welchen Vorteil hat es? Es berücksichtigt "Mehrfachsubstitutionen".
135
+ - A. W. für "minisatellites"? VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeats).
136
+ - What do we mean with "genetic diversity"? This is a part of biodiversity as a measure of genetic variability present in a population as a consequence of its evolution.
137
+ - Give 5 reasons for conserving biodiversity. A: (1) Economic value of bio-resources (2) Ecosystem services (3) Aesthetics (4) Cultural value (5) Ethical reasons
138
+ - What is the goal of "conservation genetics"? To deal with the genetic factors that affect the risk of extinction of a population/species.
139
+ - Nenne eine Hypothese zur Entstehung von Introns. A: Die "Intron-early" Hypothese.
140
+ - Was ist die "Sequenzdivergenz"? Dies ist ein Maß für die Differenzierung zwischen homologen Sequenzen.
141
+ - How many alles per locus do SNPs have? Never more than 4.
142
+ - Was sind die beiden Hauptvorhersagen des Hardy-Weinberg Gesetzes? (1) die Allelhäufigkeit in einer Population verändern sich nicht von einer Generation zur anderen (2) Man kann Genotyphäufigkeiten nach einer Generation zufälliger Paarung aus der Allelhäufigkeit vorhersagen
143
+ - Welches ist die häufigste Enzym-Krankheit des Menschen? Favismus.