studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cell cultures                                          (Zellkultur tag)
+#
+# This file collects information about cell cultures and cell populations.
+# It may also include some information about cell biology and cancer
+# biology, if it is of relevance to cell cultures in any way.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Do <one>neurones</one> <two>grow in culture<(two>? Well, <one>to some extent yes</one> - see organoids. But by and large, individual neurones do not grow in culture, at the least not well.
+- <one>Which enzyme</one> could be used to allow cells to grow through the Hayflick Limit? <one>Telomerase</one>.
+- Do <one>normal human fibroblasts</one> have <two>finite replicative life spans</two>? Yes - Hayflick and Moorhead demonstrated that. 
+- The most commonly employed enzyme, used to make eukaryotic cells detach from one another, is ... ? <one>trypsin</one>.
+- <one>Fibroblasts</one> kind of resemble a ... which animal? A <one>flattened octopus</one>.
+- <one>Wieso</one> wird <two>menschliches t-Pa</two> in <three>CHO-Zellen</three> produziert und nicht in prokaryoten Organismen? Da <one>das Protein glykosyliert werden muss</one> - <two>Prokaryoten können dies jedoch nicht</two>.
+- Name <one>two ways</one> <two>how a cell culture can become immortalized</two>. A: (1) spontaneously (2) by <one>oncogenes</one>
+- For some cell cultures, <one>which vitamin</one> in particular <two>is essential</two>? The presence of <one>vitamin B12</one>.
+- The <one>Hek293</one> <two>cell line</two> <three>has been transformed with ... </three>? The <one>Ad5 genome</one> that was cleaved via a restriction enzyme.
+- <one>Metabolic activity tests</one> used in cell cultures are typically <two>... activity tests</two>. A: <one>Mitochondrial activity tests</one>.
+- <one>Warum</one> verwenden wir <two>NaHCO₃</two> <three>in der tierischen Zellkultur</three>? Um den pH-Wert nicht zu sauer werden zu lassen. Bei Zellwachstum erhöhen sich die CO₂-Werte, die wiederum den pH-Wert des Mediums erniedrigen. NaHCO3 neutralisiert diesen Effekt.
+- The <one>Namalwa host cell line</one> <two>is used for the production of ... </two>? <one>Alpha-interferon</one>.
+- In der Biotechnologie: <one>welches</one> ist die <two>wichtigste tierische Zellkultur-Linie</two>? <one>CHO</one>, aka <two>chinese hamster ovary</two>.
+- <one>How often</one> will <two>fibroblasts</two> <three>typically divide</three>, compared to epithelial cells? (1) <one>Fibroblast cells</one>: <two>50-80 times</two> (2) <one>Epithelial cells</one>: <two>10-20 times</two>
+- <one>Why</one> is <two>the serum of animal blood</two> <three>added towards cell cultures</three>? This provides <one>growth factors</one> and <two>hormones</two>.
+- The L929 cell line originated from which organism? From the mouse.
+- Name <one>three different</one> <two>carrier proteins</two> in the serum. A: (1) <one>albumin</one> (2) <one>lipoproteins</one> (3) <one>riboflavin carrier proteins</one>
+- What is meant with a <one>packaging cell line</one>? This is a cell line that provides viral proteins for packaging the viral particles.
+- From about 1980 to 1986 there was a regulatory struggle for the use of <one>continuous cell lines</one>. <two>What was the major concern here</two>? <one>Oncogenes</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> may we see <two>chemically fixed feeder cells</two> in the refrigerator? We could <one>re-use them as culture substrate at a later time</one>.
+- In cell culturing, for <one>freezing cells</one> - <two>why is the freezing rate rather slow, at -1°C per minute</two>? This is done <one>to minimize the formation of intracellular ice crystals</one>.
+- When working with a cell culture in a practical manner, why are <one>centrifuges</one> considered problematic? Because <one>centrifuges produce aerosols</one>, <two>which may contaminate the cell culture</two>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Puffer</one> der in Zellkulturen oft verwendet wird. A: <one>NaHCO₃</one>.
+- The <one>standard fibroblast cell line</one> is ... ? The <one>mouse</one> <two>3T3 cell line</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3_cells
+- Die berühmteste <one>Leberkrebs-Zelllinie</one> ist ... ? <one>HepG2</one>.
+- <one>A549 cells</one> are used as <two>models for the study of ... </two>? <one>lung cancer</one> (and the development of drug therapies against it).
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> sind am häufigsten <two>"feeder layers"</two>? <one>Fibroblasten</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit den <one>Ansprüchen einer Zelle an das Serum</one>, in einer Zellkultur? Das sie von bestimmten <one>Wachstumsfaktoren</one> <two>abhängig sein mögen</two>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei</one> <two>Vorteile einer 3D Zellkultur</two>. A: (1) eine <one>3D Zellkultur</one> <two>simuliert natürliches Gewebe</two> (2) eine <one>3D Zellkultur</one> ist realistischer betreffend Strahlungsdosis bei einer Radiotherapie gegen Krebs; dies spiegelt den natürlichen Zustand im Körper besser wider
+- Nenne <one>drei verschiedene</one> <two>Zellkulturbanken</two>. A: (1) <one>ATCC</one>: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCC_%28company%29 (2) <one>ECACC</one>: (<two>The European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures</two>) (3) <one>DSMZ</one>: URL: https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/catalogue-human-and-animal-cell-lines.html
+- <one>CHO-K1</one> (CHO-cells) <two>are deficient in which gene</two>? <one>Dihydrofolate reductase</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23606666/
+- <one>Laminar flow cabinets</one> may <two>have ... which kind of lamp</two>? A <one>UV-C germicidal lamp</one>.
+- Name <one>the most important reason</one> as to <two>why assays are used that shall determine cytocompatibility</two>. A: Because this provides an excellent way <one>to screen materials prior to any in-vivo test</one>.
+- In a cell culture, we may wish to look at the cells via <one>end-point measurement</one>, which should ideally be <two>non-destructive</two>. <three>Give an example for a technique that would be non-destructive here</three>. A: For example, <one>microscopy</one> <two>is a non-destructive technique</two>.
+- Eine Zellkulturbank ist <one>ATCC</one>. <two>Diese Abkürzung steht für ... </two>? <one>American Type Culture Collection</one>.
+- <one>Feeder cells</one> are useful for cell cultures - but <two>they may also show one particular problem</two>? Feeder cells may attempt to <one>overgrow the culture</one> unless this is somehow prevented.
+- When we put <one>endothelial cells</one> <two>onto a Matrigel matrix</two>, what can we observe? A <one>spider-like network connection between these cells</one>.
+- Gegeben sei eine <one>Primärkultur</one> die wir kultivieren möchten. <two>Welches Medium sollten wir hier verwenden</two>? Ein <one>Hanks-gepuffertes Medium</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanks%27_salts
+- <one>Adherent cells require</one> ... to grow. A: <one>a surface</one>.
+- A <one>3D cell culture</one> fills the gap between 2D culturing and ... ? <one>experiments with animals</one>.
+- <one>Cell lines</one> that are used in biotechnology usually start with cells that are known to be normal, aka <two>diploid</two>. Then they may be transformed, in particular <three>immortalized</three>. <four>Name three different mechanisms here for achieving this goal of immortalization</four>. A: (1) use a <one>virus</one> (2) use <one>cellular oncogenes</one> (3) use <one>hTERT</one>
+- Name <one>two</one> <two>antibiotics</two> that are <three>commonly employed in cell culture systems</three>. A: (1) <one>Penicillin</one> (2) <one>Streptomycin</one>
+- If we wish to <one>find out how many apoptotic cells are in a given cell culture</one>, <two>what may be the simplest way to do so</two>? We can <one>use a specific DNA stain</one> <two>to detect apoptotic cells</two>. Nucleic acid stains can be a useful tool for identifying even low numbers of apoptotic cells in cell populations.
+- <one>Warum</one> werden <two>CHO Zellen</two> bevorzugt in der Biotechnologie? Da sie <one>in Suspensionskultur wachsen können</one>.
+- The cell culture line called <one>Namalwa</one> typically <two>includes which virus that is integrated into the genome</two>? The <one>Epstein-Barr virus genome</one>. URL: https://www.atcc.org/products/crl-1432
+- <one>In welchem Jahr</one> wurde das <two>HAT-Medium</two> (<three>Hypoxanthin</three>, <three>Aminopterin</three>, <three>Thymidin</three>) eingeführt? <one>1964</one>.
+- <one>CHO-K1</one> (CHO-cells) <two>was mutagenized with ...</two> to generate a cell line lacking dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity. A: <one>Ethyl methanesulfonate</one>.
+- <one>Wie</one> bemerken wir das sich die <two>Phase-II</two> in einer Zellkultur dem Ende zuneigt? <one>Die Zellen in dieser Phase teilen sich zunehmend langsamer</one>; dies ist <two>ein Zeichen für den Beginn der Phase III</two>.
+- Given the two terms <one>adherent cells</one> and <one>suspension cells</one> - <two>give two different, longer words for these, respectively</two>. A: (1) <one>adherent cells</one>:   <two>anchorage dependent   cells</two> (2) <one>suspension cells</one>: <two>anchorage independent cells</two>
+- <one>Why</one> may it be necessary to employ an <two>incubator</two> in cell culture systems? The <one>incubator</one> <two>provides correct and stable growth conditions for the cell material</two>, <three>in regards to the temperature</three>. For instance, mammalian cells require a temperature of 37°C.
+- Name a famous <one>African Green Monkey kidney cell line</one>. A: The <one>VERO</one> cell line. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_cell
+- The secret of making <one>cellular spheroids</one> is to avoid ... what exactly? To <one>avoid that the cells adhere onto the culture dish</one>.
+- <one>Welche Bakterien</one> sind in der Zellkultur ein großes Problem? Die <one>Mykoplasmen</one>. <two>Sie besitzen keine Zellwand und sind daher vollkommen resistent gegenüber den meisten Antibiotika, die normalerweise in der Zellkultur eingesetzt werden</two>, wie Penicillin, Streptomycin oder Gentamycin. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykoplasmen
+- Give another name for <one>cellular senescence</one>. A: Another useful description is <one>cessation of cell division</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> are <two>Vacuum Aspirators</two> used in cell culture systems? These <one>aspirators are used to remove and dispose of liquids</one>, <two>in a laboratory environment</two>.
+- Some <one>mammalian cell lines</one> used in a cell culture do not express sufficient levels of <two>Glutamine Synthetase</two> (<two>GS</two>) to survive without the addition of glutamine into the cell culture. <three>Name one such cell culture that requires GS addition</three>. A: <one>NS0</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS0_cell
+- A <one>DNA assay</one> used in cell culturing can measure the number of cells. But what limitation does such a <one>DNA assay</one> have here? It <one>will not differentiate the health status of the cells</one>.
+- For certain cell lines we can apply scraping, via a <one>cell scraper</one>. <two>In particular to which cell lines may we wish to do so</two>? To cell lines that are otherwise <one>sensitive to proteases</one>.
+- In a cell culture: if we use the gene <one>DHFR</one> (<one>Dihydrofolat-Reductase</one>), <two>how can we then select</two>? We apply <one>Methotrexate</one>; <two>this allows the amplification of the target gene</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methotrexate
+- For animal cell culturing, the substrate concentration of aminoacids is often very important, in particular <one>glutamine</one>. Why <one>glutamine</one>, though? Because <one>glutamine</one> <two>functions as an energy substrate</two>.
+- The early development of cell culture technology was hindered by issues of ... ? <one>Microbial contamination</one>.
+- How do <one>feeder cells</one> help in a cell culture? <one>Feeder cells</one> <two>release growth factors into the culture medium</two>, <three>which helps other cells grow</three>.
+- In a cell culture, we may wish to make use of the <one>end-point measurement</one>. We have non-destructive, and destructive methods here. Give <two>two examples</two> for <three>destructive measurement</three>. A: (1) <one>cell lysis</one> (2) <one>cell fixation</one>
+- When we use a <one>Matrigel coated surface</one>, in animal cell culture, <two>which cell types do we usually employ here</two>? <one>Endothelial cells</one>.
+- Es gibt in der tierischen Zellkulturtechnik das <one>DMEM-Kulturmedium</one> (<one>Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium</one>). Was wird hierbei als <two>Glutamin-Quelle</two> verwendet? <one>Glutamax</one> (auch <one>GlutaMAX</one> geschrieben). URL: https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/35050061
+- <one>Trypsin</one> can be used to individualize cells from a tissue. Name another enzyme, starting with the letter <two>d</two>, can be used to individualize cells. A: <one>Dispase</one>.
+- Is it easier to maintain a <one>finite cell line</one>, as opposed to a <one>continuous cell line</one>? <one>No</one> - <two>continuous cell lines</two> <three>are easier to maintain</three>.
+- For <one>animal cell cultures</one> <two>the cells are usually taken from ... </two>? The <one>organ of an experimental animal</one>.
+- Give <one>an example for a cell line immortalized with a virus</one>. A: <one>HEK293T</one>, which was immortalized through the SV40 virus, created in the year 1973. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEK_293_cells
+- The <one>3T3 mouse cells</one> <two>show what kind of ploidy state</two>? They are <one>hypertriploid</one>.
+- Name <one>four different ways</one> how <two>immortal cells</two> can be generated, for a cell culture. A: (1) Isolate them from a naturally occurring cancer. This is the original method for generating an immortalised cell line. Major examples include human HeLa cells (which originated from a cervical cancer). (2) Introduction of a viral gene that partially deregulates the cell (Example: HEK 293 cell line). (3) Artificial expression of key proteins required for immortality, such as the <one>telomerase</one>. (4) <one>Hybridoma technology</one>, specifically used for the generation of immortalised antibody-producing B cell lines, where an antibody-producing B cell is fused with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell.
+- Give an example for a <one>cell counter</one> used in cell cultures. A: The <one>Neubauer chamber</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocytometer
+- <one>DMEM-Medium</one> (<one>Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium</one>) gibt es in <two>welchen zwei Varianten</two>? (1) eine Variante mit <one>wenig Glukose</one> (2) eine Variante mit <one>viel Glukose</one>
+- Nenne einen <one>gravierenden Nachteil</one> des Serums in (industrieller) Zellkultur. A: <one>Chargenvariabilität</one>.
+- The <one>European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures</one> (<one>ECACC</one>) was established in which year? In <one>1984</one>.
+- Name <one>three different applications</one> of <two>animal cell cultures in biotechnology</two>. A: (1) Production of recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, insulin or hormones. (2) Production of vaccines such as in the VERO cell line. (3) Production of <one>artificial skin</one>, for use in treating burns.
+- Die <one>menschliche Zellinie WI-38</one> wird vor allem <two>wozu eingesetzt</two>? Zur <one>Herstellung von Impfstoffen</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>Primärkultur</one>? Eine <one>Primärkultur</one> ist eine Kultur, die von Zellen, Geweben oder Organen angelegt wird, die <two>direkt einem Organismus entnommen wurden</two>.
+- Give a good practical reason as to why we may wish to substitute serum, in particular FCS (<one>fetal calf serum</one>). A: We always have a risk of viral (or prion) <one>contamination</one> from natural fetal calf serum.
+- <one>Gamma-irradiation</one> remains a commonly used method to avoid <two>feeder cells</two> dividing. <three>Name a chemical treatment to achieve the same</three>. A: Treatment of these cells via <one>mitomycin-C</one>.
+- <one>Matrigel</one> is the trade name for <two>a gelatinous protein mixture</two> <three>secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) ... sarcoma cells</three>. A: <one>Mouse sarcoma cells</one>.
+- In cell culturing, <one>PBS</one> is often used. <two>This abbreviation stands for ... </two>? <one>Phosphate buffered saline</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate-buffered_saline
+- <one>Why</one> are <two>feeder cells</two> used in cell cultures? They can <one>promote cell proliferation</one>.
+- <one>3T3 feeder fibroblasts</one> constitutively produce ... <two>which factor</two>? <one>Hyaluronic acid</one>.
+- To test <one>the first polio vaccine</one>, <two>which cell lines were used</two>? <one>HeLa cells</one>.
+- How can we, possibly accidentally, <one>kill cells in a cell culture, without even knowing or trying hard</one>? This can happen when these cells lack <one>growth factors</one>.
+- The <one>most important piece of equipment for cell culture</one> probably is ... ? A <one>microbiological safety cabinet</one> (<one>MSC</one>).
+- Nenne <one>eine Substanz</one> mit der man Zellkulturen transformieren kann. A: <one>EMS</one>: <two>Ethylmethanesulfonate</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_methanesulfonate
+- The <one>ECACC</one> <two>has how many cell lines</two>? More than <one>40.000</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Collection_of_Authenticated_Cell_Cultures
+- In any <one>Live</one>/<one>Dead Viability</one> or <one>Cytotoxicity Assay</one> - <two>which colour</two> is typically used for dead cells and which colour is typically used for living cells? Dead cells will show in red or orange; living cells in green.
+- The <one>concentration of the sodium bicarbonate in the medium</one> must be matched with ... ? the level of CO₂ in the atmosphere above the medium.
+- The <one>A549 cells</one> <two>were established by D. J. Giard in which year</two>? <one>1972</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Nachteil</one> der <two>Proteinexpression in CHO Zellen</two>. A: Die <one>Ausbeuten sind relativ gering</one>.
+- <one>Growth arrest</one> can be induced by chemicals, such as <two>mitomycin-C</two>. This may be useful to create <three>feeder cells</three>, for use in a cell culture. Name another chemical, that begins with the letter <four>g</four>, that could be used here. A: <one>Glutaraldehyde</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaraldehyde
+- Can we <one>detect apoptosis</one> <two>purely from DNA</two>? <one>Yes</one>. <two>We can extract DNA from apoptotic cells</two>, then separate that DNA by gel electrophoresis. This will reveal a <three>characteristic ladder pattern of low molecular weight DNA fragments</three>.
+- In a cell culture, we may have to not forget <one>provenance</one>. <two>What is meant with this term</two>? This is the question as to <one>what has happened to the particular cell line at hand since its original isolation</one>.
+- <one>Which cells</one> <two>used in cell culture systems</two> <three>prefer a temperature of</three> <b>28°C</b>? <one>Insect cells</one>.
+- Name <one>three different eukaryotic cell cultures</one>. A: (1) <one>HeLa cells</one> (2) <one>VERO cells</one> (3) <one>CHO cells</one>
+- Was ist die <one>Matrigel matrix</one>? Die <one>Matrigel matrix</one> ist eine <two>extrazelluläre Matrix</two> (<two>ECM</two>).
+- The <one>metabolic activity tests</one> used in cell culture systems are also called <one>mitochondrial activity test</one>. <two>Which enzyme is usually tested there</two>? <one>Mitochondrial dehydrogenase</one>.
+- The <one>washing step</one> typically employed in cell culturing is normally done with ... <two>which substances</two>? With <one>PBS</one> (<one>Phosphate Buffered Saline</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate-buffered_saline
+- In a cell culture: <one>how are cells called that grow freely floating in culture medium</one>? <one>Suspension cells</one>.
+- Gegeben sei eine <one>Suspensionskultur</one> (Zellkultur). <two>Sollte hierbei die Konzentration an Kalzium hoch oder niedrig sein</two>? <one>Eher niedrig</one>, da <two>eine hohe Konzentration an Kalzium die Aggregation der Zellen untereinander fördert</two>.
+- <one>Normal cells</one> are unable to replicate past several rounds of proliferation. How do we call that <two>barrier</two>? The <one>Hayflick limit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayflick_limit
+- What is <one>subcultivation</one>? <one>Subcultivation</one> refers to <two>the transfer of cells</two> (with or without dilution) <two>from one culture vessel to another</two>.
+- Eine <one>nicht-immortalisierte Zellline</one> ist nach etwa wieviele Passagen nicht mehr teilungsfähig? Nach etwa <one>30 Passagen</one>.
+- <one>Feeder cells</one> <two>have been in use since what year</two>? Since the year <one>1955</one>.
+- Give <one>an example</one> for a specific cell line that arose by <two>spontaneous immortalisation</two>. A: <one>Vero cells</one> - which is a <two>monkey kidney cell line</two>.
+- Give another name for <one>spheroids</one>. A: <one>organoids</one>.
+- <one>A549 cells</one> <two>contain which virus</two>? <one>Adenovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A549_cell
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>permanente Zellkultur</one>? <one>Dauerkultur</one>.
+- The <one>adipogenic assay</one> makes use of the <two>adipogenic differentiation medium</two>. <three>Which hormone is supplemented into that medium</three>? <one>Insuline</one>.
+- <one>Tumor cells</one> used in cell cultures may be <two>homogenous</two>, <three>but have which general disadvantage</three>? <one>Tumor cells</one> often show <two>genomic instability</two>.
+- <one>Wieviel Prozent</one> der Zellkulturlabore in Deutschland testen auf <two>Mykoplasmen</two>, in etwa? Etwa <one>30%</one>.
+- <one>Feeder cells</one> <two>can improve cell growth in a cell culture</two>. But we may also be able to just provide the substances that these cells provide, <three>extracellular matrix proteins</three> such as ... <four>name three examples</four>. A: (1) <one>collagen</one> (2) <one>fibronectin</one> (3) <one>laminin</one>
+- The <one>doubling time</one> <two>for CHO cells</two> is about <three>n hours</three>? About <one>20-22 hours</one>.
+- Give <one>two reasons</one> as to why <two>gamma-irradiation</two> is worse than treatment of a cell culture via <three>mitomycin-C</three>. A: Because <one>gamma-irradiation is</one> (1) <two>expensive</two>, and (2) <two>time-consuming</two>
+- <one>The most important piece of equipment within a cell culture laboratory</one> is the <two>MSC</two>. <three>What does this abbreviation stand for</three>? <one>MSC</one> stands for <two>Microbiological safety cabinet</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet
+- <one>Leonard Hayflick</one> <two>entwickelte den ersten menschlichen diploiden Zellstamm</two>. <three>Wie war dessen Name</three>? <one>WI-38</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WI-38
+- In cell culture systems we can distinguish between a <one>stable transfection</one> and a <one>transient transfection</one>. <two>What is the key difference between these two</two>? <one>In stable transfection, the foreign DNA is integrated into genome</one>, whereas <two>in transient transfection, the foreign DNA does NOT integrate into genome</two>. <three>Thus, we simply look as to whether the DNA integrates into the genome or whether it does not</three>.
+- <one>Media development for animal cells</one> is largely an ... process. A: <one>empiric process</one>.
+- In der Zellkultur wird mitunter <one>welcher Puffer</one> verwendet, als <two>Alternative für den Bicarbonat-Puffer</two>? Der <one>HEPES</one> Puffer. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPES
+- <one>Calcium deposition</one> can be <two>stained by ... which stain</two>? The <one>Alizarin Red Stain</one> (<two>ARS</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizarin_Red_S
+- If we add the enzyme <one>Beta-Galactosidase</one> to e. g. mouse fibroblasts, <two>in which organelles will this enzyme be active</two>, eventually? In the <one>lysosome</one>.
+- <one>Complex media</one> are often required for animal cell cultures. <two>Name two such examples</two>. A: (1) <one>fetal calf serum</one> (2) <one>soya bean extract</one>
+- An infection of a cell culture via <one>mycoplasm</one> <two>can change the metabolism of the cells</two>. Give one example for this. A: For example, there may be <one>an increased requirement for arginine</one>.
+- Name <one>two different (but general) ways</one> <two>to detect apoptotic cells in a cell culture</two>. A: (1) use <one>DNA Stains</one> for detecting apoptotic cells (2) check the <one>membrane permeability</one> to determine how many cells are dead
+- <one>Long-term storage of mammalian cells in a viable state</one> <two>can be done via ... </two>? <one>Cryopreservation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation
+- For a <one>transfection assay</one>, <two>we should try to aim for a confluency percentage of ... </two>? About <one>~50-70%</one>.
+- In a <one>Laminar flow chamber</one> we often see <two>which filter systems used</two>? <one>HEPA filters</one>: <two>high efficiency particulate air filters</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPA
+- If we want to <one>quantify total collagen content in the ECM</one> around some cell cultures, <two>what assay could we use</two>? A <one>hydroxyproline assay</one>.
+- How can we <one>eliminate Mycoplasm</one> from a cell culture? We could use <one>Kanamycin</one> - actually called <one>Kanamycin A</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamycin_A
+- Das <one>Hayflick-Limit</one> <two>gilt für etwa wieviele Zellverdoppelungen</two>? Etwa <one>50</one> - danach ist Schluss.
+- In cell culture systems: <one>why are some incubators coated with copper</one>? This will reduce the risk of microbiological infection, due to the <one>inhibitory action of copper on microbes</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir in der Zellkultur eine <one>konfluente Schicht</one> noch? <one>Monolayer</one>.
+- <one>Mincing of fresh tissue</one>, for use in a cell culture, can be done mechanically via ... <two>which two items</two>? (1) <one>scalpel</one> (2) <one>scissors</one>
+- Say that we are working with CHO cell lines. We now add a substance called <one>methionine sulphoximine</one> (MSX). <two>Why may we do so</two>? Because <one>methionine sulphoximine</one> can be used to <two>inhibit endogenous glutamine synthetase activity</two>. That way only transfectants with additional Glutamine Synthetase activity can survive.
+- In <one>tierischen Zellkulturen</one> erscheinen die Zellen oft leicht rot. <two>Wieso</two>? Durch den Wirkstoff <one>Phenolrot</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> is <two>phenol red</two> added to a cell culture? <one>Phenol red</one> serves here as a <two>pH indicator</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol_red
+- In cell cultures: we may have the so-called <one>PD number</one>. What does <two>PD</two> stand for here? <one>Population doubling</one> number.
+- <one>Supportive feeder cells</one> often express high levels of ... <two>which FGF</two>? <one>Fibroblast growth factor-2</one>, aka <two>FGF2</two>.
+- In cell culturing: what does the abbreviation <one>BSC</one> stand for? <one>Biological safety cabinets</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet
+- What is the <one>opposite</one> of a <two>continuous cell line</two>? A <one>finite cell line</one>. URL: https://www.aatbio.com/resources/faq-frequently-asked-questions/What-is-the-difference-between-finite-and-continuous-cell-lines
+- Name <one>a popular microplate</one> <two>that is larger than the well known 96-well plate</two>. A: The <one>384-well plate</one>.
+- <one>Mammalian cells in culture</one> can be <two>divided into which three categories</two>? (1) <one>fibroblastic cells</one>, such as 3T3 (2) <one>epithelial-cell-like</one>, such as HeLa (3) <one>lymphoblast-like cells</one>, such as those found in the blood
+- A <one>non-destructive test</one> used in cell culture systems is typically ... <two>what kind of assay</two>? It is typically a <one>fluorimetric assay</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16039976/
+- Why is <one>Trypan Blue</one> used in cell culture systems? This <one>helps us determine how many cells are still alive</one>. <two>Only dead cells will pick up Trypan blue, as they have a compromised membrane</two>.
+- The <one>U-937</one> cell line belongs to which organism/species? <one>Homo sapiens</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>an undefined supplement</one> that is commonly used for cell cultures. A: <one>fetal calf serum</one>.
+- <one>CHO cells</one> are <two>the most common mammalian cell line used for mass production of therapeutic proteins</two>. They can <three>produce recombinant protein on the scale of n grams per liter of culture</three>. A: <one>3-10 grams per liter</one>.
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for <two>in-vitro cell immortalization</two> caused by viruses or viral proteins. A: (1) <one>SV40 large-T antigen</one> (2) <one>Adenovirus-E1a protein</one>
+- The <one>autoclave</one> used for treating cells <two>will heat up to a temperature of up to ... °C</two>, for at the least 20 minutes. A: Up to <one>121°C</one>.
+- The <one>BHK-21</one> cell line ... <one>BHK</one> stands for? <one>Baby hamster kidney cells</one>.
+- Bei den <one>CHO Zellen</one>: <two>nenne eine Voraussetzung für eine hohe Expression</two>. A: <one>Genamplifikation</one>.
+- The <one>3T3 cell line</one> was established in the year ... ? <one>1962</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3_cells
+- Name <one>two proteolytic enzymes</one> that are <two>often employed in cell cultures</two>. A: (1) <one>collagenase</one> (2) <one>trypsin</one>
+- Give an example <one>where</one> <two>chemically fixed feeder cells</two> may be used. A: They may be used to support the growth and maintenance of <one>induced pluripotent stem cells</one> (<two>iPSC</two>).
+- If <one>syncytin</one> is added to trophoblast cells in culture, <two>what may happen</two>? These <one>cells may fuse together</one>.
+- Name <one>a risk</one> associated with <two>primary cultures of human origin</two>. A: They may be <one>a source of viral infection</one>, e. g. <two>hepatitis B</two> or <three>hepatitis C</three> and so forth.
+- We can distinguish <one>two general groups</one> among <two>feeder cells</two> used in cell cultures. <three>Which ones are these</three>? (1) <one>growth-arrested feeder cells</one> (2) <one>live feeder cells</one>
+- <one>Spheroids</one> <two>are a great model to mimic a ... </two>? <one>tumor environment</one>.
+- Name <one>three general</one> <two>growth characteristics</two> for a cell culture. A: (1) the <one>population doubling times</one> (2) the <one>ability to grow in suspension</one> (3) the <one>plating efficiency</one>
+- Consider that we wish to <one>perform experiments on cell cultures</one>. Give <two>two different reasons</two> as to why we would want to obtain as little data as possible. A: (1) <one>cost</one> (2) <one>time required to analyse and evaluate the data</one>
+- If we <one>wish to sterilize the air quickly</one>, for a given cell culture, what could we use? <one>Ultraviolet light</one>.
+- <one>HeLa cells</one> <two>were first isolated by Georg Gey</two> <three>in which year</three>? In <one>1951</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> can <two>spheroids</two> be considered to be so important? Because <one>spheroids</one> represent a <two>more realistic model of tumor tissue</two>, in research.
+- In cell cultures we <one>may have to use CO₂</one>. How does an <two>increasing CO₂ value</two> change the pH of the medium? It <one>will decrease the pH</one> - thus, make the medium <two>more acidic</two>.
+- The <one>starting point</one> for many <two>cell culture media used for animal cells</two> is often ... ? <one>Blood</one>.
+- <one>Primary cells</one> can <two>undergo the process of ... </two>? <one>senescence</one>.
+- The <one>metabolic activity tests</one> employed in cell culture systems <two>typically quantify which molecule</two>? The <one>intracellular level of ATP</one>.
+- <one>Mitomycin-C</one> is often used in cell cultures. <two>How does it work</two>? <one>Mitomycin-C</one> <two>works by arresting cells in G1 and S and G2 phases of the cell cycle</two>. The cells remain vital, though. Mitomycin-C <two>prevents DNA double-strand separation</two> during cell replication, by forming covalent cross-links between DNA opposite strands. RNA and protein synthesis continue nonetheless.
+- <one>Mycoplasmen</one> sind in der Zellkultur-Technik ein Problem. <two>Können sie einen 0,2 Mikrometer-Membranfilter passieren</two>? <one>Ja</one>. Der aufgebrachte Druck drückt die sich verformenden Mykoplasmen durch die Poren, auch wenn sie eigentlich größer als 0,2 mikrometer sind.
+- In regards to eukaryotic cell cultures: <one>when</one> should we make use of <two>passaging</two>? We should <one>passage before the cells reach confluency</one>.
+- The <one>standard fibroblast cell line</one> is ... ? The <one>3T3 cell line</one>.
+- Is <one>dedifferentiation</one> wanted in cell culture systems? No, it is <two>unwanted</two> in cell culture systems.
+- Name an <one>adenovirus transformed human cell line</one>. A: The <one>HEK293</one> cell line.
+- Sometimes an <one>electrospray</one> is used in cell culture systems. <two>What is an electrospray</two>? An <one>electrospray</one> is <two>an apparatus that employs electricity</two> to disperse a liquid in the form of a fine aerosol.
+- <one>In welchen Zellen</one> produzieren wir <two>EPO-Präparate</two>? <one>EPO-Präparate</one> werden aufgrund der ähnlichen <two>Glykosylierungsmuster</two> in <three>CHO-Zellen</three> produziert. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHO-Zellen
+- <one>In-vitro test systems</one> based on cell cultures have several key advantages, but also disadvantages. <two>Name one specific disadvantage</two>. A: In vitro test-systems only measure cellular effects. They <one>can not measure</one> <two>liver metabolism</two> or <two>inflammatory reactions</two>.
+- Can a <one>stem cell line</one> be <two>propagated indefinitely</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- <one>Cell cultures</one> <two>contaminated with yeasts</two> become ... ? <one>turbid</one>.
+- For <one>mechanical cell detachment</one> we can employ ... ? A <one>cell scraper</one>.
+- The majority of successful biopharmaceutical ingredients are <one>produced in ... which cell line</one>? In <one>CHO cell lines</one>.
+- <one>Per.C6</one> is a <two>human embryonic ... cell line</two>. A: It is <one>a human embryonic retinal cell line</one>.
+- The <one>BHK21 cell line</one> is ... originating from <two>which kind of hamster</two>? <one>Syrian hamster</one> (from the <two>kidney</two>).
+- <one>HeLa cells</one> <two>require which biosafety level</two>? <one>Biosafety level 2</one>.
+- The product called <one>Matrigel</one>, used in cell culturing, <two>is produced by which company</two>? <one>Corning</one>. URL: https://www.corning.com/in/en/products/life-sciences/products/surfaces/matrigel-matrix.html
+- <one>Cryopreservation of fully functional animal cells</one> was <two>first reported in the scientific literature in the year ...</two> by Polge et al. A: In the year <one>1949</one>.
+- One of the <one>most important use cases of cell culture</one> lies in research and production of ... ? <one>Vaccines</one>.
+- The <one>Laminar flow chamber</one> also protects the operator from ... ? <one>aerosols</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow_cabinet
+- Benötigen <one>VERO-Zellen</one> ein <two>Substrat</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
+- <one>How</one> could we define the term <two>cytocompatiblity</two>? <one>Cytocompatiblity</one> is <two>the property of not being harmful to a cell</two>.
+- The <one>3T3</one> designation refers to ... ? This abbreviation means <one>3-day transfer, inoculum 3x10⁵ cells</one>.
+- The <one>cells of the feeder layer used in some cell cultures will not proliferate</one>. <two>How is this often achieved, technically</two>? (1) via <one>irradiation</one> (2) also via <one>certain chemicals</one>
+- Say we wish to create a <one>primary cell culture</one>. We have already isolated the cells from the tissue. <two>Which enzyme may be employed next</two>? <one>Trypsin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin
+- <one>Why</one> may we wish to want to <two>find out whether apoptosis occurs in a cell culture</two>? This may allow us <one>to test e. g. whether a drug can induce apoptosis in a given cell line</one>.
+- <one>New genetic material</one> is introduced into cells via ... ? <one>transfection</one>.
+- Müssen <one>transformierte Zellen</one> <two>zwingend malign</two> sein? <one>Nein</one>, nicht unbedingt. Sie können auch lediglich eine <two>permanent wachsende Zellinie</two> (== immortalisiert) sein, die aus einer Primärkultur entstanden ist.
+- Can <one>feeder cells</one> <two>divide</two>? <one>No</one>, they are unable to divide - but they can still provide extracellular secretions that can help other cells proliferate.
+- The <one>VERO cell line</one> is also used for <two>the production of ... which virus</two>? <one>Poliovirus</one>.
+- What should we do after we have frozen a cell culture? We should test their <one>viability</one>.
+- <one>Incubators for cell culture</one> must maintain an environment which is optimal for cell growth. This requires that <two>three parameters be measured, controlled and reliably maintained</two>. <three>Which ones are these</three>? (1) <one>temperature</one> (2) <one>humidity</one> (3) <one>carbon dioxide concentration</one>
+- Name <one>one big advantage</one> of <two>a primary cell culture</two>. A: The cells will <one>closely resemble the parental tissue</one>.
+- The <one>MDCK cell line</one>: <two>what does MDCK stand for</two>? <one>Madin Darby Canine Kidney</one>.
+- Say that we may wish to <one>allow anchorage dependent cells to grow in a stirred tank reactor</one>. <two>What could we use</two>? <one>Microcarriers</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei</one> <two>Arten von Zellkulturen</two>. A: (1) <one>adhärente Zellkulturen</one> (2) <one>Zellen die in Suspension wachsen</one>
+- Zu tierischen Zellkulturen wird oft <one>Phenolrot</one> hinzugefügt. Wieso? <one>Phenolrot</one> wirkt als ein <two>pH-Indikator</two>.
+- Es gibt den <one>3T3 Zelltyp</one>. <two>Wieso dieser eigenartige Name</two>? <one>3T3</one> heisst <one>jeden 3. Tag 1x3</one> gesplitted. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3_cells
+- Die Zellinie <one>HaCat</one> - <two>wofür steht diese Abkürzung</two>? <one>Human adult low Calcium high Temperature</one> cell line. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402346
+- The most commonly used <one>CO₂ concentration</one> used for animal cell culture is <two>... n%</two>. A: <one>5%</one>.
+- Können <one>transformierte Zellen</one> auf <two>Weichagar</two> wachsen? Ja.
+- <one>Animal models</one> are a bad predictor for which part of the human? The <one>skin system</one>.
+- The cell line called <one>Hek293</one>, aka <two>Hek</two>, stands for ... ? <one>Human embryonic kidney</one> <two>cell line</two>. []
+- The <one>optimal temperature</one> for <two>mammalian cells</two> is ... ? <one>37°C</one>. []
+- The <one>MDCK cell line</one> <two>has been derived from ...</two>? <one>Dogs</one> (<two>epithelial cells</two>). []
+- <one>Tissue culture</one> <two>begann wann</two>? <one>1907</one>. []
+- Do <one>human skin cells</one> <two>require physical contact with feeder cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Give another, more general name for a <one>Laminar flow chamber</one>. A: <one>Biosafety cabinet</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet []
+- Für die <one>Etablierung und Verbreitung der Zellkulturen</one> war <two>welche Substanz eminent wichtig</two>? <one>Penicillin</one>. []
+- The <one>L929 cell line</one> <two>belongs to the mouse</two>. <three>What type of cell is used here</three>? <one>Fibroblasts</one> - <two>these are adherent by default</two>. []
+- In cell culturing: what is meant with a <one>clonogenic assay</one>? This is <one>the culturing of tumor stem cells</one>.