studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Biotech2 tag
+#
+# Bec3 tag. btech2 tag. Biotech2 tag. Bech2 tag.
+# Advanced Biotechnology. Auch Biologics tag.
+#
+# Und einige besondere Mikroroganismen, die in der Biotechnologie
+# Verwendungen finden.
+#
+# Auch Prozesse in der Life Science Industry sind dabei.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- The biotech-company Amgen was created in California. What does Amgen stand short for? <one>Applied Molecular Genetics</one>.
+- <one>Ananda Chakrabarty</one> obtained a patent in the 1980s, working on which bacterium? On <one>Pseudomonas</one>: it could digest oil.
+- The biotechnology company <one>Genentech</one> became most famous for ... developing which product? Human insulin, produced in bacteria.
+- Gibt es einen <one>genetisch veränderten Lachs</one>, <two>der für den Verzehr zugelassen ist</two>? <one>Ja</one>, <two>seit zumindest November 2015</two>.
+- <one>Welche Methode</one> mag hilfreich sein <two>zwecks Therapie mitochondrialer Erkrankungen</two>? Der <one>Kernspindeltransfer</one>.
+- <one>Die industrielle Produktion von Penicillin</one> wurde <two>ab ~1942</two> mit welchem Organismus etabliert? Mit <one>Penicillium chrysogenum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_chrysogenum
+- <one>Welches Vitamin</one> auf dem Markt ist <two>am teuersten</two>? <one>Vitamin B12</one> - es <two>kostet ~einige Tausend Euro</two> / <two>kg</two>.
+- <one>Wann</one> bezeichnete Neuberg die <two>2. Neubergsche Gärungsform</two>? Im Jahre <one>1918</one>.
+- Bei der <one>Neubergschen Gärung</one> wird <two>welche Substanz hinzugefügt</two>? <one>Natriumhydrogensulfit</one> <two>NaHSO3</two> (<three>Sulfitgärung</three>). Natriumhydrogensulfit fängt Acetaldehyd ab, welcher normalerweise als Wasserstoffakzeptor dient.
+- Die überwiegende Finanzierungsform bei Biotechnologie-Unternehmen ist ... ? das <one>Beteiligungskapital</one>.
+- <one>Penicillin V</one> versus <one>Penicillin G</one>. Which one is more stable these days? <one>Penicillin V</one> (<springgreen>Pen V</springgreen>).
+- In biotechnology we may wish to produce citric acid. Why? Because citric acid is used in <one>soft drinks</one>.
+- Klebstoffe von Muscheln kann man wofür in der Pharmazie verwenden? Für <one>Kaspelmaterial bei Pharmazeutika</one>.
+- Genentech wurde initial berühmt durch ... ? <one>Humaninsulin</one>.
+- <one>Orphan Drugs</one> sind ein Beispiel für einen lukrativen Nischenmarkt. Nenne einen ökonomischen Vorteil dieser Nischenmärkte. A: Die Konkurrenz durch große Pharmafirmen ist zu vernachlässigen, da diese Nischenmärkte von den multinationalen Konzernen nicht bedient werden.
+- <one>Alcaligenes eutrophus</one> kann wieviel % seines Eigengewichts als PHB akkumulieren? Zwischen <one>70-80%</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für eine wichtige Innovation aus der Biotechnologie, die objektiv betrachtet viel an Wissenszuwachs gebracht hat. A: Die <one>Human Genome Initiative</one>.
+- Die Firma <one>Boehringer Ingelheim</one> <two>besitzt in ...</two> <three>Europas größte Anlage zur Herstellung von Biopharmazeutika</three>. A: <one>Biberach</one>.
+- Im Zuge der Lizensierung eines möglichen Lizenzprodukts von einer Biotech-Firma kommt es häufig zu einer Geheimhaltungsvereinbarung: dem CDA. Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? <one>Confidentiality Disclosure Agreement</one>.
+- Welche <one>Biotech-Firma</one> hat den „Golden Rice“ weiterentwickelt? <one>Syngenta</one>. URL: https://www.syngenta.com/en
+- <one>Personalisierte Medizin</one> wurde erst wodurch ermöglicht? Durch die Dekodierung des menschlichen Genoms.
+- Was wird eigentlich die <one>Muttermilch der Zivilisation</one> genannt? <one>Wein</one> - zumindest im alten Griechenland.
+- Eine <one>Schüttelkultur</one> in der Biotechnologie bezieht sich meistens auf welche Objekte? Auf <one>Erlenmeyer-Kolben</one>.
+- Mit welchem Test könnten wir herausfinden ob ein Mensch körperlich fit ist? Mit einem <one>Lactat-Biosensor</one>.
+- Name one big advantage of expressing a foregin protein in  ransgenic plant, as opposed to using transgenic bacteria. A: Using a transgenic plant is relatively inexpesnive compared to using transgenic bacteria.
+- Das erste Enzym der Lysinbiosynthese ist ... ? Die <one>Aspartat-Kinase</one>.
+- Nenne eine Anwendung von <one>Dioxygenasen</one> in der Technik. A: Die <one>Biosynthese von Indigo</one>.
+- The first animal to be genetically modified for food production in the USA, approved for commercial use in 2015, was ... ? A rapidly growing <one>salmon</one>. It carried a (foreign) growth-hormone gene.
+- The ultimate application of recombinant DNA technology is ... ? <one>gene therapy</one>.
+- What may be <one>the use case for tissue plasminogen activator</one>, in biotechnology? To <one>dissolve blood clots in heart-attack patients</one>.
+- A <one>mutagenesis tool</one> used in biotechnology should ... ? achieve higher production of our desired product, be it a substance or a protein.
+- Historically, how was it possible to isolate better penicillin-producing species? By using X-rays and UV irradiation.
+- Kann <one>Faktor VIII</one> in prokaryoten Expressionssystemen hergestellt werden? Nein; dies ist zu kompliziert. Daher verwendet man tierische Zellkultursysteme.
+- <one>Alpha-Ketoglutarat</one> wird auch Alpha-Ketoglutarsäure genannt, sofern sie nicht als Salz vorliegt. In der Biotechnologie ist diese Substanz wichtig, da sie für die Produktion von Glutamat herangezogen werden kann. Alpha-Ketoglutarsäure hat jedoch auch noch einen anderen Trivialnamen. Welche? 2-Oxoglutarsäure.
+- Nenne einen <one>Nachteil</one> der Elektroporation gegenüber der CaCl-Transformation. A: Die <one>Elektroporation</one> <two>bedingt höhere Kosten</two>.
+- <one>Welches Intermediat</one> des Citratzyklus wird zur Synthese von L-Glutamat verwendet? <one>Alpha-Ketoglutarat</one>.
+- What is <one>Superovulation</one>? <one>Superovulation</one> is the use of drugs to stimulate the ovary to produce up to three eggs within a cycle.
+- Werden bei einer <one>Superovulation</one> Hormone verabreicht? Ja, praktisch immer. Man möchte die Ovulation induzieren.
+- Welche <one>Steroidgruppe</one> mag gegenüber <two>Hautkrankheiten</two> effektiv sein? Die <one>Glucocorticoide</one>.
+- <one>Gene Drive</one> wird in der modernen Biotechnologie verwendet, hat jedoch zumindest einen großen, gravierenden Nachteil. Welcher ist dies? Gene können auf andere, nahe verwandte Spezies übertragen werden.
+- Mit welchem Fachbegriff benennen wir <one>Organtransplantationen zwischen Menschen</one>? <one>Allotransplantation</one>.
+- In der <one>klassischen Stammentwicklung mikrobieller Stämme</one>: <two>wie werden die bakteriellen Stämme verändert</two>? Über <one>UV-Bestrahlung</one>.
+- The enzyme <one>alpha-amylase</one> in practical used, was isolated from which bacterium whose natural niche is a 90°C hot spring? From Bacillus stearothermophilus.
+- <one>Welches Ziel</one> visiert die <two>Systems Biotechnology</two> an? Organismen in ihrer Gesamtheit verstehen zu wollen. Sie betrachtet Lebensvorgänge als integriertes Bild aller Prozesse, über alle Ebenen, vom Genom bis zum Proteom/Metabolom.
+- <one>Welche Tiere</one> werden häufig zur <two>Gewinnung polyklonaler Antikörper</two> herangezogen? <one>Kaninchen</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Protease</one> <two>Papain</two>? <one>Pflanzliches Pepsin</one>.
+- Die <one>Glutamin-Synthetase</one> liefert <two>wieviele Endprodukte</two>? <one>Acht</one> (<two>8</two>).
+- Nenne drei Beispiele für Steroide, die in der Biotechnologie wichtig sind. A: (1) <one>Vitamin D</one> (2) Entzündungshemmer (3) Diuretika wie Spironolacton
+- Nenne <one>zwei Wege</one>, um <two>die von einem Mikroorganismus erzeugte Menge eines erwünschten Proteins zu erhöhen</two>. A: (1) <one>Erhöhung der Kopienzahl des zu exprimierenden Gens</one> (2) das gewünschte Gen unter Kontrolle eines <one>starken Promoters</one> stellen
+- <one>L-Aspartat</one> wird, bei der Herstellung durch die Industrie, <two>woraus gewonnen</two>? Aus <one>Fumarat</one>.
+- Nenne ein biotechnologisches Anwendungsgebiet für <one>Gene Drive</one>. A: Man kann damit <one>Populationen verringern</one>, wie zum Beispiel Moskitoschwärme reduzieren.
+- The <one>OX513A</one> is an engineered male Aedes aegypti mosquito. Why was it considered to be interesting? Because OX513A is genetically engineered to pass along a lethal gene to wild females that makes the females' offspring die. Thus, it is ultimately a sterile mosquito.
+- Was ist <one>Gene Pharming</one>? Dies ist die Produktion pharmazeutisch relevanter Proteine mit Hilfe von transgenen Tieren (und Pflanzen). <two>Pharming</two> steht für <two>pharmaceutical engineering</two>.
+- Wie ist eine <one>Chimäre</one> definiert? Eine <one>Chimäre</one> ist ein Lebewesen aus zwei verschiedenen Zelllinien.
+- <one>Cybrid</one>, als Abkürzung, steht für ... ? <one>Cytoplasmische Hybriden</one>.
+- <one>gv-Reis</one> wird (oder wurde) nur in welchem einzigen Land angebaut? Im <one>Iran</one>.
+- Warum schätzen wir <one>Clostridien</one> in der Biotechnologie? Da Clostridien relativ anspruchlos sind.
+- <one>Fusarium graminearum</one> erzeugt biotechnologisch welches Produkt? A: <one>Quorn</one>.
+- Als Schutz vor Schäden werden Kryoprotektiva eingesetzt. Nenne zwei Beispiele hierzu, beginnen mit den Buchstaben <one>G</one> sowie <one>D</one>. A: (1) <one>Glyzerin</one> (2) <one>DMSO</one>
+- In der Reproduktions-Biotechnologie gibt es den Begriff <one>Sexing</one>. Was ist damit gemeint? Dies ist einfach <one>Geschlechtsbestimmung</one>.
+- Chemisch gesehen zählen die <one>Polylactide</one> zu ...? Den <one>Polyestern</one>.
+- In technical biotechnology, for bacteria and the production of <one>secondary metabolites</one>: we <two>typically distinguish which two growth phases</two>? (1) <one>Trophophase</one> (2) <one>Idiophase</one>
+- We can <one>overproduce Lysine</one>, by having all Aspartate (D) be converted into Lysine (K). But we may have to <one>knock out a particular enzyme</one> in this bacterium: which enzyme has to be removed? The enzyme <one>homoserine dehydrogenase</one>.
+- In biotechnology: what is meant with the term <one> helioculture</one>? When an organism is <one>running on sunlight alone</one>.
+- Historically the first biofuel was ... ? <one>Wood</one>.
+- In der Biotechnologie werden relativ häufig immobilisierte Enzyme eingesetzt. Diese haben jedoch einen allgemeinen Nachteil: welchen Nachteil genau? Sie <one>können nur lösliche Substrate umsetzen</one>.
+- Als Arzneistoff wurde "Levodopa" unter dem Namen "Madopar" 1973 von welcher Firma auf den Markt gebracht? <one>Hoffmann-La Roche</one>.
+- Industriell-relevante Primärmetabolite in der <one>industriellen Biotechnologie</one> sind vor allem (organische) Säuren. Nenne hierzu ein <one>wichtiges Beispiel</one>. A: Die <one>Zitronensäure</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citronens%C3%A4ure
+- Why is the <one>classification of cytokine receptors</one> important, from the point of view of Biotechnology? Because such a classification provides several unique perspectives for <one>attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets</one>.
+- Give another expression for <one>products from cells</one>. A: <one>Cell Factories</one>.
+- <one>1908</one> wurde in Japan die geschmacksverstärkende Wirkung von "L-Glutaminsäure" entdeckt. In welchem Organismus? In den <one>Konbu-Algen</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei Organismengruppen</one> die <two>CO₂ fixieren</two> können. A: (1) <one>Pflanzen</one> (2) "Cyanobakterien" (3) <one>Flechten</one>
+- Some bacteria are called <one>ESBLs</one>. They may show which specific trait? ESBL is an abbreviation of <one>extended-spectrum beta-lactamases</one>. These bacteria are resistant to many penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.
+- In der life science industry: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>IND</one>? <one>Investigational New Drug</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>industriellerelevanten Primärmetabolit</one>. A: <one>Lysin</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Mikroorganismus</one>, der (industriell genutzt) <two>Lysin</two> produziert. A: <one>Brevibacterium flavum</one>.
+- Name a <one>sweet-tasting protein</one> often used in biotechnology. A: <one>Monellin</one>.
+- Die <one>Shine-Dalgarno (S/D) Sequenz</one> kann die Translationseffizienz beeinflussen. Wieviele Nukleotide soll sie vor dem AUG-Startcodon liegen? Etwa <one>8 Nukleotide</one>.
+- What is the <one>Pasteur effect</one>? The <one>Pasteur effect</one> is an "inhibiting effect of oxygen on the fermentation process".
+- <one>Welche Person</one> legte den Grundstein zur Disziplin der Proteinreinigung? <one>Otto Warburg</one>.
+- In der Medizin beziehungsweise der pharmazeutischen Biotechnologie werden Aminosäuren auch für <one>Infusionslösungen</one> benötigt. Nenne zwei Gründe hierzu. A: (1) postoperative Phasen, also nach einer OP (2) chronisch-entzündete Darmerkrankungen
+- A. W. für die <one>Okklusionskörper</one> der Baculoviren? <one>Polyeder</one>.
+- Wir können typischerweise <one>drei Phasen</one> unterscheiden bevor ein Arzneiwirkstoff zugelassen wird, aber welche Phase kommt vor diesen 3 Phasen? Die <one>präklinische Phase</one>.
+- <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte <two>tierisches Somatostatin</two>? <one>Roger Guillemin</one>.
+- Die <one>Sorbose</one> ist ein ... (chemischer Typ)? <one>Ketozucker</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbose
+- <one>Welche Person</one> prägte den Begriff <two>Biotechnik</two>? <one>Karl Ereky</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ereky
+- When we look at the <one>demand</one> for <two>citric acid</two>, and the production, what can we say about this? The demand is increasing faster than the production rate.
+- A. W. für <one>Beta-Carotin</one>? <one>Provitamin A</one>.
+- Je länger die Seitenketten bei Polyhydroxybutyrat desto ... ? Desto <one>elastischer ist der Aufbau</one>.
+- Österreichs' erste Bioethanolanlage wurde in welchem Ort erstellt? In <one>Pischelsdorf</one>.
+- Das <one>Temperaturoptimum</one> von <two>Corynebacterium glutamicum</two> beträgt, in °C? <one>30°C</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Einsatzgebiete</one> für <two>Riboflavin</two>. A: (1) Vitaminpräparat (2) <one>Lebensmittelfarbstoff</one>
+- Name <one>three different companies</one> that invested money into "Hookipa", up until the year 2018. A: (1) "Boehringer Ingelheim" (2) <one>Takeda</one> (3) <one>Gilead</one>
+- Bei der <one>Neubergschen Gärung</one> wird als Substrat oft <two>Melasse</two> verwendet. Wieso? Es enthält viel Sulfit.
+- <one>Acetobacter suboxidans</one> ist was für ein Organismus? Ein <one>Essigsäurebakterium</one>. URL: https://web.mst.edu/~djwesten/MoW/BIO221_2010/A_suboxydans.html
+- If we wish to <one>achieve better folding of a protein</one>, in protein engineering, what can we do? We could attach SUMO-1 or a similar small protein to the target protein at hand. This will help with solubility.
+- Nenne einen gravierenden <one>Nachteil der chemischen Aminosäuresynthese</one>. A: Es entstehen <one>Racemate</one> - wobei die <two>D-Aminosäuren</two> für den Menschen unbrauchbar sind.
+- Wie lautet die <one>Gärungsbilanz</one> der <two>2. Neubergschen Gärungsform</two>? <one>Glucose</one> + Sulfit -> Glycerin + Hydroxyethanolsulfonat + CO2
+- <one>Snomax</one> is typically produced by which bacterium? By <one>Pseudomonas syringae</one>. URL: https://www.snomax.com/product/snomax.html 
+- <one>Which branch of biotechnology</one> is focusing on the production of <two>bulk chemicals</two>? The <one>white biotechnology</one> branch.
+- In biotechnology: when we wish to produce proteins, name a reason why it may be better to express these proteins at a comparatively low temperature (but still below a temperature where they may denature). A: Many proteins form insolube aggregates, at a moderately high temperature.
+- In <one>Fermentation</one>: nenne einen Vorteil von <two>Corynebacterium glutamicum</two> gegenüber <two>Escherichia coli</two>. A: <one>Corynebacterium glutamicum</one> ist unempfindlich(er) gegenüber Infektion durch Bakteriophagen.
+- <one>Glykosylieren</one> <two>Pflanzen</two> Proteine? Ja.
+- Der <one>chemische Sauerstoffbedarf</one> wird über welche Substanz bestimmt? Über <one>Kaliumdichromat</one> (<two>K₂Cr₂O7</two>).
+- Als Einsatzgebiet mikrobieller Biotechnologie können wir auch '<one>Naturprodukte</one>' benennen, wie zum Beispiel ... ? <one>Aromastoffe</one>.
+- In der Biotechnologie: was meinen wir mit <one>Wikingerblut</one>? Dies ist mit <one>Kirschen</one> vergorener oder mit Kirschsaft vermischter <two>Met</two> - also <three>Kirsche + Met</three>.
+- Als <one>Produktionsorganismen für Purinnukleotide</one> werden vor allem <two>welche zwei mikrobielle Gattungen</two> verwendet? (1) <one>Bacillus</one> (2) <one>Corynebacterium</one>
+- Welche <one>3 Aminosäuren</one> werden NICHT mikrobiell hergestellt, zumindest bis zum Jahre 2017? (1) <one>Glycin</one> (2) <one>D,L-Methionin</one> (3) <one>L-Aspartat</one>
+- Name <one>four mammalian genes</one> that can be useful as <two>selection markers</two>. A: (1) The enzyme "thymidine kinase" (TK) (2) The enzyme "dihydrofolate reductase" (DHFR) (3) The enzyme <one>adenosine deaminase</one> (4) The enzyme <one>glutamine synthetase</one>
+- The <one>V-GURT restriction system</one> (<two>US patent 5,723,765</two>) uses <three>three gene constructs</three>. Which ones? (1) a cell toxin that is inactivated by spacer-DNA (2) a recombinase enzyme that can activate the toxin gene (3) a repressor protein that blocks the recombinase gene unless an inducer is applied
+- <one>Welcher Mikroorganismus</one> produziert <two>Vancomycin</two>? <one>Streptomyces orientalis</one>. (Im Jahre 1953 wurde Vancomycin in diesem Organismus entdeckt.) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amycolatopsis_orientalis
+- Das alte <one>Boerhaave-Verfahren</one> diente der Herstellung von ... ? <one>Essig</one>.
+- Das Lipopeptid <one>Bacitracin</one> besteht aus <two>n Aminosäuren</two>? <one>11</one>.
+- <one>Welches Bakterium</one> wird heutzutage primär in der industriellen Biotechnologie zur Produktion von Aminosäuren eingesetzt? <one>Corynebacterium glutamicum</one>.
+- <one>Lebewesen aus dem Meer</one> sehen wir in welchem Zweig der Biotechnologie? In der <one>blauen Biotechnologie</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für eine <one>unlösliche Ausfällung</one>? <one>Koagulat</one>.
+- Say that we wish to synthesize a recombinant protein in yeast or in another eukaryote, such as a blood clotting factor. <one>Which resistance gene</one> may we use and why? We could use <one>the bleomycin resistance protein</one>, since it binds to a toxin in a stoichiometric manner. That means that, in order to protect the cell, it needs a lot of it has to be synthesized, which may be indicative of a lot of the required genes are active (more genes active means more gene product).
+- Die industrielle Produktion von <one>L-Tryptophan</one> geschieht biosynthetisch in welchem Organismus? Einer Wildtypmutante von <one>Escherichia coli</one>.
+- In der <one>life science industry</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <lightseagreen>NDA</lightseagreen>? <one>New Drug Application</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Drug_Application
+- Die <one>erste Gentechnik-Firma</one> war ... ? Die <one>Cetus Corporation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetus_Corporation
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>scp</one> in der Biotechnologie? <one>Single cell protein</one>, zum Beispiel <two>Backhefe</two>.
+- Gib ein Beispiel aus der Biotechnologie an, bei der "Cellulasen" eingesetzt werden. A: Bei <one>stone-washed jeans</one>.
+- If we wish to use a lab strain that is useful in <one>protein expression</one>, should we preferrably use the <two>E. coli strain K-12</two> or the <two>E. coli strain B</two>? <one>B</one> - it is the better strain for <two>protein expression</two>.
+- Was ist eine <one>Tetrose</one>? Ein <one>C4-Zucker</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrosen
+- Am häufigsten unter den Baculoviren wird <one>MNPV</one> verwendet. Wofür steht <one>MNPV</one>? <one>Multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545777
+- Nenne zwei Massenprodukte aus der mikrobiellen Biotechnologie. A: (1) Ethanol (2) <one>Zitronensäure</one>
+- Nenne eine potentielle Gefahr - oder ein Problem - wenn wir einen pharmazeutisch wichtigen Stoff aus menschlichem Gewebe isolieren möchten. A: Es besteht ein latentes Risiko der <one>Verunreinigung mit Krankheitserregern</one>.
+- <one>50% of the world supply of insulin</one> is produced by <two>which organism</two>? <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one>.
+- <one>Konsumenten</one> haben mitunter Bedenken wenn es zum Einsatz der Biotechnologie kommt. Welches Problem ist, laut Umfragen, hier am wichtigsten zu nennen? Ein mögliches <one>Gesundheitsrisiko</one>.
+- Kommen <one>stickstoffoxidierende Mikroorganismen</one> beim <two>Haber-Bosch-Verfahren</two> zur Anwendung? Nein.
+- Wie lange (von-bis) benötigt <one>Picchia pastoris</one> zur <two>Verdoppelung</two> in Vollmedien? <one>2-4 Stunden</one>.
+- <one>Acetoin</one>, welches in vielen fermentativen Bakterien gefunden wird, hat wieviele C-Atome? <one>4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoin
+- <one>Inactive preproinsulin</one> can become <two>active insulin</two>. Name two changes to facilitate this. A: (1) Proteases remove the leader peptide (L) (2) Proteases remove the internal peptide (the C fragment)
+- Bei <one>ALARP</one> sollte was möglichst gering gehalten werden? Das Risiko sollte möglichst gering gehalten werden, ohne jedoch die Durchführung von Prozessen zu gefährden.
+- <one>Daptomycin</one> is a ... antibiotic. A: <one>Daptomycin</one> is a <two>lipopeptide antibiotic</two>.
+- A protein with a mass of <one>64 kDa</one> has a molecular weight of ...? 64_000 grams per mole.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Vorteile</one> der Elektroporation gegenüber Calciumchlorid-Transformation. A: (1) sie ist schneller (2) Transformation vieler Zellen ist möglich
+- Wie hiess <one>das erste Antisense-Medikament der Geschichte</one>? <one>Vitravene</one>, in 1998 von der FDA zugelassen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomivirsen
+- <one>Erythritol</one>, a 4-carbon polyalcohol, can be produced by which yeast? By <one>Moniliela species</one>.
+- <one>AEC</one> (L-Aminoethylcystein) hemmt welches Enzaym? Die <one>Aspartatkinase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Aminoethyl-L-cysteine
+- Are <one>aminoacids</one> <two>secondary metabolites</two>? No, of course not.
+- Anderer Begriff für <one>Keltern</one>? <one>Pressen</one> (i. e. Pressen von Trauben). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltern
+- In biotechnology, when working with cells in general, how can we separate between cellular components? We may use the density as a criterium, after having centrifuged the cell extract. For example, inclusion bodies are denser than most of the other structures of the cell.
+- Nenne ein Produkt aus der Pharmazeutischen Biotechnologie, das fast genauso wertvoll ist wie Gold. A: <one>Humira</one>.
+- <one>Purinnukleotide</one> verstärken den Geschmack von ..? Einigen Aminosäuren.
+- Wer hat <one>Hookipa</one> gegründet? Der Schweizer Nobelpreisträger <one>Rolf Zinkernagel</one>.
+- Direkter Vorläufer von <one>Oxytetracyclin</one>? <one>Pretetramid</one>. URL: http://img1.guidechem.com/chem/e/dict/47/3707-47-9.jpg
+- Die <one>Antibiotikaforschung</one> begann mit welchen zwei Antibiotika? (1) <one>Penicillin</one> (2) <one>Streptomycin</one>
+- <one>Wann</one> vor allem scheidet <two>C. glutamicum</two> vermehrt "L-Glutamat" aus? Wenn Biotin limitiert vorliegt.
+- Wozu wird <one>rekombinantes, bovines Somatotropin</one> eingesetzt? In der Lebensmittelindustrie zur <one>Steigerung der Milchleistung</one>.
+- Für "glutenfreies Bier" benutzen wir vor allem welche Enzyme? Die <one>Transglutaminasen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutenfreies_Bier
+- Since when are <one>monoclonal antibodies</one> available? Since as of the year <one>1975</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody#History
+- Is <one>the promoter for the polyhedrin gene</one> <two>a strong promoter</two> or <two>a weak promoter</two>? It <one>is an exceptionally strong promoter</one>.
+- <one>Hydrophobine</one> sind kleine Proteine. Sie enthalten sehr viel welcher Aminosäure? <one>Cystein</one>.
+- In der Biotechnologie: wer oder was war <one>Casper</one>? <two>Casper</two> war ein <one>transparenter Zebrafisch</one>.
+- Why may a doctor/physician need good diagnostics from the field of <one>analytical biotechnology</one>? For example, this may help guide the physician in making  decisions for the treatment of patients. The corecct antibiotic could be employed if we are able to quickly identify a microbial culture at hand.
+- What is a <one>DNA adduct</one>? A DNA adduct is <one>a substance that covalently binds to DNA</one>.
+- Das erste zugelassene, gentechnisch hergestellte Medikament war ... ? <one>Humaninsulin</one>.
+- Nenne vier Gründe wieso <one>Organoide</one> wichtig sein mögen. A: (1) als Krankheitsmodell (Grundlagenforschung) (2) für pharmakologische Wirksamkeitstests (personalisierte Medizin) (3) für pharmakologische Sicherheitstests (statt Tierversuche) (4) für Organersatztherapien
+- Was sind <one>Organoide</one>? <one>Organoide</one> sind <two>organähnliche Zellkonglomerate</two>, die <three>in-vitro gezüchtet werden</three>.
+- Die erste industrielle Herstellung von Streptomycin erfolgte bereits in welchem Jahr oder Jahrzehnt? <one>1946</one>.
+- Seit <one>1937</one> war es möglich, Mikroorganismen zur Steroidtransformation einsetzen. Testosteron wurde hier von welchem Mikroorganismus produziert? Von <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one>.
+- Auf molekularer Ebene betrachtet: wie tötet <one>Glyphosat</one>? Die Synthese der essenziellen Aminosäuren F, Y, W wird blockiert; die Pflanze kann somit nicht mehr Proteine synthetisieren, die diese Aminosäuren benötigen.
+- If we compare primary metabolites with secondary metabolites: who of these tend to be simpler, from a chemical point of view? The primary metabolites tend to be simpler than the secondary metabolites.
+- Warum der Name <one>Lispro</one> beim rekombinationen Insulin? Dies steht für <one>Lys-Pro</one>, welches wiederum eine Umkehr der Sequenz <two>Pro-Lys</two> der B-Kette ist, an Position 28/29.
+- Bei der veralteten Produktion von Essigsäure mit Buchenholzspänen: wie erfolgte <one>die Zufuhr von Sauerstoff</one>? Sie erfolgte <one>im Gegenstromprinzip von unten</one>.
+- Nenne ein Strukturanalogon zu <one>L-Lysin</one>. A: <one>S-Aminoethylcystein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Aminoethyl-L-cysteine
+- How do we typically call <one>the phase</one> in which secondary metabolites are produced? <one>Idiophase</one>.
+- In biotechnology, how may we <one>produce modified secondary metabolites</one>? We could <one>make use of precursor molecule-feeding</one>. For example, feeding phenlyacetic acid will produce <one>Pen G</one>.
+- Die <one>Itaconsäure</one> wird auch in der Biotechnologie produziert. Diese Säure ist welch anderer Säure sehr ähnlich? Der <one>Citronensäure</one>.
+- Wieviel % aller heute auf dem Markt befindlichen Wirkstoffen stammen aus Pflanzen? <one>85%</one>.
+- In der Biotechnologie: was meinen wir mit der <one>Innovationslücke</one>? Dies bezeichnet das wir eigentlich dringend neue Wirkstoffe, eben Antibiotika, auf dem Markt benötigen würden; es jedoch seit den 1960er Jahren so ist, das kaum neue Wirkstoffe auf den Markt gelangen.
+- Nenne zwei bakterielle Stämme, die als "Aminosäureproduzenten" wichtig sind. A: (1) <one>Corynebacterium glutamicum</one> (2) Escherichia coli
+- Name one major application of <one>amylase</one>. A: <one>Corn syrup</one>.
+- <one>Hyaluronsäure</one>, welches in der Biotechnologie hergestellt werden kann, besitzt eine hohe Wasserbindungsfähigkeit. Aber wieso ist dies wichtig, als Produkt? Hyaluronsäure findet Anwendung als <one>Applikation für chirurgische Implantate</one>.
+- Was meinen wir allgemein mit <one>Muteinen</one>? Dies sind <one>gezielte Abwandlungen eines Proteins</one> (zum Beispiel über genetic engineering), um ein verbessertes Wirkprofil zu erhalten.
+- Wie hiess <one>Gluconobacter oxydans</one> früher? <one>Acetobacter suboxydans</one>.
+- Welches Bakterium scheidet den Zucker <one>L-Glutaminsäure</one> aus? <one>Corynebacterium glutamicum</one>.
+- Nenne ein Einsatzgebiet für <one>L-Threonin</one>. A: <one>Futtermittelzusatz</one>.
+- Wir können <one>glutenfreies Bier</one> mit Hilfe welcher Enzyme herstellen? Mit Hilfe von <one>Transglutaminasen</one>.
+- The required degree of purity of the <one>final protein product</one> depends on ...? Its <one>end use</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit der <one>gelben Biotechnologie</one>? Dies ist Biotechnologie die mit <one>Lebensmittelprozessen</one> zu tun hat.
+- Which bacterium yielded a LOT of antibiotics, in total? <one>Streptomyces</one>.
+- Welche Proteine werden häufig rekombinant produziert? Jene die klinische relevant sind - also meistens jene Proteinen, mit denen eine hohe Rendite erzielt werden kann.
+- <one>Translational medicine</one> deals with transfer of technologies from preclinical research into ... ? <one>clinical application</one>.
+- Welche Enzyme könnten wir verwenden, um ein Racemat an Aminosäuren aufzutrennen? Die <one>Aminoacylasen</one>.
+- Welches Enzym produziert <one>Aspartam</one>? Die Zink-Protease <one>Thermolysin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermolysin
+- In der <one>chemischen Industrie</one> wird vor allem die Aminosäure "L-Alanin" benötigt. Wieso? Zur Synthese von "Pestiziden".
+- Wir wollen ein biotechnologisch erzeugtes <one>Protein</one> in den USA zulassen. Nenne eine Voraussetzung hierfür. A: Eine <one>proteinkristallographsiche Analyse</one>.
+- Catabolite repression during fermentation can lead to <one>reduced production of penicillin</one>. What may we do in this case? We can try to <one>limit glucose</one> during fermentation.
+- Name a <one>natural</one> way how penicillin production is inhibited. A: By glucose, through <one>glucose repression</one>.
+- When penicillins are enzymatically deacylated, what may be the effect of this? This penicillin may no longer be able to inhibit bacteria.
+- Why may "fungal infestations" on crops also be reduced if we use the <one>Bt-corn</one>? Because less insects means less damage to plant cells, which means less risk for fungal infestations.
+- In biotechnology, for fermentation of many filamentous fungi, name a problem that we may see here. A: The filaments change the viscosity; in particular the content will become <one>more viscuous</one>.
+- <one>Penicillin V</one>: why the letter V? V is short for <one>Vertraulich</one>.
+- Name a very early <one>product innovation</one> for penicillin. A: <one>oral penicillin</one>.
+- We can achieve <one>overproduction of lysine</one> in microbial strains, by knocking out the enzyme <one>homoserine dehydrogenase</one>. What problem will this cause for the affected cells, though? These cells now require the addition of threonine, leucine and methionine, as they can no longer synthesize these aminoacids since the homoserine dehydrogenase is lacking. These aminoacids are, naturally, es <one>essential for bacterial growth</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoserine_dehydrogenase
+- Name <palevioletred>two disadvantages</palevioletred> of using mammalian cells, such as <one>CHO</one> for the production of recombinant proteins. A: (1) <one>high cost</one> (2) <one>low yield</one>
+- Insulin A und B Kette - wie merke ich mir wieviele Aminosäuren diese Ketten jeweils haben? <one>21, 30</one>. Also: A-Kette: 21 Aminosäuren, B-Kette: 30 Aminosäuren.
+- Das <one>biotechnologisch bedeutsamste Sekundärstoffwechselprodukt</one> ist ... ? <one>Antibiotika</one>.
+- In biotechnology, for the production of <one>polylactate</one> we make use of ... ? <one>Lactic acid</one>.
+- When we refer to <one>products of cell technology</one>, what do we actually mean with that? This means, primarily, the products created/synthesized via <one>animal cell technology</one>.
+- Production of secondary-metabolites is almost always feed-back inhibited. Give an example for this with penicillin. A: For example, Glucose may <one>inhibit penicillin</one>.
+- Can the addition of precursors increase the production yield? Yes - for example, a stimulatory precursor is Methionine in the production of <one>Cephalosporin C</one>.
+- Precursor-directed biosynthesis is possible with ... what kind of metabolites? <one>Secondary metabolites</one>.
+- If we wish to overproduce aromatic amino acids, what should we block in a given cell? The <one>conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate</one>.
+- <one>Alkohol-Fabriken</one> fand man früher oft in räumlicher Nähe zu ...? <one>Zuckerfabriken</one> - wegen der <royalblue>Melasse</royalblue>.
+- The polymer <one>Gellan</one> is produced by which bacterium? By <one>Pseudomonas</one>.
+- The polymer <one>Gellan</one> is used for ... ? It is used as a thickening agent for foods.
+- From the point of view of biotechnology, what is meant with the term <one>Bioengineering</one>? This is a science field that tries to describe the technological and engineering aspects of <one>applied microbiology</one>.
+- What is the focus of <one>technical microbiology</one>? The focus of technical microbiology is primarily to generate substances of commercial interest - including foods and pharmaceuticals. It focuses primarily on the <violet>upstream aspects of production</violet>.
+- Products of the bioindustry fall into which two general economic categories? (1) products with high value and low volume, such as pharmaceutical proteins, but also products from animal cell technology (2) products with low value and high volume, such as antibiotics and citric acid metabolites
+- Warum der Name <one>Sekundärstoffe</one>? Da diese Produkte keine essenzielle Funktion für die Zelle selbst hat, zumindest nicht unmittelbar. Sie sind zum Beispiel oft Antibiotika, die gegen andere Mikroorganismen wirken aber beim Primärwachstum der Zelle selbst keine unmittelbare Rolle spiele.
+- Nenne ein Produkt das von <one>Streptomyces tendae</one> produziert wird. A: Nikkomycin. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3886837
+- Der "DPT-Impfstoff" schützt wogegen? (1) "Diptherie" (2) "Keuchhusten" (3) "Wundstarrkrampf von Clostridium tetanus"
+- Nenne ein marines Bakterium das Eisen als Elektronenakzeptor verwendet! A: "Desulfurumonas acetoxidans".
+- Welcher Organismus erzeugt "Beta-Carotin"? Blakeslea trispora. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakeslea_trispora
+- Was sind "Bacmide"? Dies ist ein Baculovirus-Genom mit einem zusätzlichen "bakteriellem Replikationsursprung".
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung "rBST" in der Biotechnologie? Rekombinantes, bovines Somatotropin.
+- Oxygen to a bioreactor must be supplied how? Via "sterile air".
+- <one>Pichia pastoris</one> benutzt was als <two>C-Quelle</two>? <one>Methanol</one>. []
+- Name 3 therapeutic proteins that require glycosylation for activity. A: (1) Antibodies (2) Blood factors (3) some Interferons

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Advanced Cell Biology
+#
+# Advanced cell biology. Cellbio2 tag.
+#
+# This exam-file will contain questions pertaining to the following
+# subtopics:
+#
+#   Elastin, Desmosomes, Telomerase, Cajal bodies.
+#
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Myofilamente bestehen aus ... ? (1) Aktin (2) Myosin
+- Aktin besitzt Bindungsstellen für ... ? <one>Myosinköpfchen</one>.
+- Je nach Durchgangsrichtung am Golgi unterscheidet man zwischen welchen zwei Transporttypen? (1) Anterograder Transport. (2) Retrograder  Transport.
+- In a cell membrane: is the transport through channels faster than transport mediated by transporters? Yes - transport through channels occurs at a much faster rate than transport mediated by transporters.
+- Which two types (aka groups) of membrane transport proteins exist? (1) <one>transporters</one> (2) <one>channels</one>
+- Quite possibly the most famous example for developmentally arrested cells in humans are the ... ? The <one>primary oocytes</one>.
+- What is meant with the expression <one>multipass transmembrane protein</one>? This is a protein, whose polypeptide chains traverse the lipid bilayer two or more times - so, at the least two times.
+- Almost all plasma membranes have a voltage. Give another name for voltage there. A: <one>electrical potential difference</one>.
+- A transporter has how many different conformations? Two.
+- How was it shown that membrane transport proteins in bacteria are very specific? Early studies found that bacteria with a single-gene mutation were unable to transport a particular class of sugars across their plasma membrane. This demonstrated the specificity of membrane  transport proteins.
+- What is most remarkable about eukaryotic cell division? The <one>accuracy with which the DNA is passed from one generation of cells to the next</one>.
+- <one>Retikulinfasern</one> bestehen aus  Kollagen Typ ... ? Typ III.
+- A transporter in a cell membrane can have three different, conformational states. Which ones are these? (1) the outward-open state: this is where solute on the outside can bind to the transporter. (2) the occluded state: the sites on the transporter are not accessible from either side. (3) the inward-open state;: the binding sites are available only on the inside.
+- Can transport channels ever be grouped into active transport? No - transport mediated by channels is always passive.
+- <one>Transporters</one> in a cell membrane can be compared to enzyme–substrate reactions, to some extent. Name one important difference, though. A: Simple transporters will not modify the transported solute; instead they will deliver it unchanged to the other side of the cell membrane.
+- The process by which a transporter transfers a solute molecule across the lipid bilayer resembles ... ? an <one>enzyme–substrate reaction</one>.
+- The <one>best example of passive transport across cellular membranes</one>, <two>is ... </two>? <one>simple diffusion</one>.
+- In cell biology: <one>transporters</one> are <two>sometimes called p...</two>? <one>permeases</one>.
+- Do <one>plants</one> have astral microtubules? <one>No</one>.
+- Entwickeln sich mehr Zelltypen aus der lymphatischen Vorläuferzelle als aus der myeloischen Vorläuferzelle? Nein - es entwickeln sich mehr Zelltypen aus der myeloischen Vorläuferzelle.
+- Wie wird der Volumenanteil der Zellen im Blut angegeben? Über den <one>Hämatokritwert</one>.
+- Can membrane channels confer active transport of solutes? No, never. Channels are always passive.
+- How many layers does the Golgi apparatus have? <one>Two</one>.
+- Give an example of <one>passive transport</one>. A: <one>Simple diffusion</one>.
+- A cellular transporter in a biomembrane typically alternatives between how many different conformations? <one>Two</one>.
+- <one>Transporters</one> <two>in cell membranes</two> are sometimes called ... ? <one>permeases</one>.
+- Does transport mediated by transporters in a cell membrane occur faster than transport through channels? No - transport through channels occurs at a much faster rate than transport mediated by transporters.
+- Name a difference between enzyme–substrate reactions and a cellular transporter. A: The transporter will not modify the transported solutes. It will deliver them unchanged to the other side of the membrane.
+- <one>Passive transport</one> goes down ... ? down <one>a concentration gradient</one>.
+- In many ways transporters behave like ... ? <one>enzymes</one>.
+- What is meant with the expression <one> multipass transmembrane proteins</one>? This refers to membrane transport proteins. Their polypeptide chains traverse the lipid bilayer of a cell two or more times.
+- <one>Chloroplasts</one> <two>enable which feature</two>? <one>Photosynthesis</one>.
+- <one>Telethonin</one> is a protein. It is expressed in which cells in particular? In cardiac and skeletal muscle, at the Z-discs.
+- Der <one>Transferrin Rezeptor</one> <two>besitzt wieviele Eisen-bindende Domänen</two>? <one>Zwei</one>.
+- The <one>soluble precusors of Elastin</one> <two>is called ... </two>? <one>Tropoelastin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastin#Composition []
+- <one>Piezo1</one> <two>is an ion channel</two>. Which ion does it transport? <one>Calcium</one>.
+- Do <one>cells</one> <two>contain regions of high membrane curvature</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- A <one>model of a raft domain</one> may typically model which three interactions? (1) <one>protein-protein interactions</one> (2) <one>protein-lipid interactions</one> (3) <one>lipid-lipid interactions</one>
+- <one>Cell membranes</one> <two>can store potential energy</two> <three>in the form of ... gradients</three>. A: <one>electrochemical gradients</one>.
+- <one>Peribiliary dense bodies</one> <two>can be found in ... </two>? In <one>liver cells</one>.
+- Can a <one>cell</one> <two>catalyze the flip-flop of phospholipids from one monolayer to the other</two>? <one>Yes</one>, by making use of a special class of membrane proteins called <two>flippases</two>.
+- <one>Which invention</one> <two>was essential</two> <three>for the discovery of cells</three>? The <one>microscope</one>, <two>around 1600</two>.
+- The enzyme <one>protein kinase C</one> (<two>PKC</two>) may be found where exactly? <one>PKC</one> will bind to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane.
+- Provide <one>two examples</one> for cells that are permanently in the G0 phase, in vertebrates. A: (1) cells such as neurons (2) cells such as <one>skeletal muscle cells</one>
+- <one>Phospholipids</one> <two>typically have two fatty acids</two>. <three>Does this have an additional function</three>? Yes - this helps form a lipid bilayer, rather than a lipid monolayer.
+- How are cells called that will not divide again, in general? These are <one>post-mitotic</one> cells.
+- <one>Single-celled eukaryotes</one> typically divide rapidly when ... which condition is met? When <one>food is available</one>.
+- The <one>extracellular matrix</one> <two>has a thin mat called ... </two>? The <one>basal lamina</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>SNARE-Protein</one> das mit dem Buchstaben <two>S</two> beginnt. A: <one>Synaptobrevin</one>.
+- <one>Which cellular actor</one> could be described as <two>Jacks of All Trades</two>? Proteins in general.
+- Name <one>a mechano-sensor way</one> <two>for cells</two> to proliferate. A: <one>Low cell density</one>, at the least for many epithelial cell types.
+- Name <one>a cellular role of Cajal bodies</one>, <two>based on experimental evidence</two>. A: Experimental evidence indicates that <one>Cajal bodies contribute to the</one> <two>biogenesis of the enzyme telomerase</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajal_body#Functions
+- The <one>ultimate trigger for multicellularity</one> <two>in Dictyostelia</two> is ... ? <one>starvation</one>.
+- The <one>switching</one> between the assembly and the disassembly of microtubules is known as ... ? <one>dynamic instability</one>.
+- Most <one>eukaryotic cells</one> store an excess of lipids in ... ? <one>lipid droplets</one>.
+- Warum benötigen Muskelzellen das <one>sarcoplasmatische Reticulum</one>? Dies ist ein gigantischer Ca2+-Speicher, der für die Auslösung der Muskelkontraktion benötigt wird.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Aufgaben</one> des glatten Endoplasmatischen Retikulums. A: (1) die Membranlipidsynthese der Zelle (2) intrazellulärer Ca²⁺-Speicher
+- Was genau ist mit dem Begriff <one>Cytosol</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet <one>das flüssige Zellmedium</one>, in dem die Organellen „schwimmen“.
+- If a protein receives Mannose-6-phosphate, what may we assume as to which effect this achieves? This will probably relocate this protein to the lysosomes.
+- Benötigt der Import von Proteinen in den Zellkern monomere G-Proteine? Ja - das monomere G-Protein Ran ist am Import zentral beteiligt.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>portalen Transport</one> in der Zelle. A: Der Transport über die <one>Kernporen</one>.
+- <one>Goblet cells</one> secrete ... ? <one>mucin glycoproteins</one>. Mucin also helps protect against bacteria.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die Aussage <two>Zellen interagieren miteinander</two>. A: <one>Zellsoziologie</one>.
+- <one>ATP synthesis</one> <two>occurs in ...</two>? <one>the mitochondria</one>.
+- Name a simple way to determine the complexity of multicellularity. A: Simply count the numbers of cell types. Here, more cell types means higher complexity.
+- Aggregative forms of multicellularity with cell differentiation can be seen in ... ? the fruiting body phenotypes of organisms such <one>Dictyostelium</one>.
+- <one>KDEL</one> serves as an ER retention signal. In which organism would we be able to find the related HDEL sequence? In <one>yeasts</one>.
+- Der Proteinkanal <one>Sec61</one> <two>kann wo genau in der Zelle gefunden werden</two>? In der Membran des endoplasmatischen Retikulums.
+- The <one>Cell Theory</one> stipulates that ... ? <one>all cells come from preexisting cells</one>.
+- Are <one>second messenger molecules</one> <two>long-lived</two> in the cell? No - they are <two>short-lived in the cell</two>.
+- <one>Desmosomes</one> <two>anchor cells to each other by</two> ... ? attachments called cadherins, in the membranes of both cells.
+- <one>Anchoring junctions</one> can particulary be found in ... which cells or cell types? In cell types of tissues that do a lot of work, such as the heart muscle cells, as example.
+- Do <one>tight junctions</on> prevent the flow of water? <one>Yes</one>. Water can not pass between cells connected via tight junctions.
+- Do <one>human cells</one> repair damage, including damage to their DNA, a lot better than mouse cells? <one>Yes</one>.
+- The sodium-potassium pump begins by ... ? picking up three sodium ions (Na+) from the inside of the cell.
+- <one>Carrier proteins</one> that do active transport are called ... ? <one>pumps</one>.
+- Ist Laminin Bestandteil der extrazellulären Matrix? <one>Ja</one>.
+- Ist Laminin ein Glykoprotein? Ja.
+- How is the phenomenon called when molecules diffuse across membranes with the help of transport proteins? <one>Facilitated diffusion</one>.
+- Does the <one>Hayflick limit</one> decline with the age of the cell donor? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Give another, fancier name for <one>apoptosis</one>. A: <one>Cell suicide</one>.
+- Give another name for the <one>Hayflick Limit</one>, in cell biology. A: <one>Replicative senescence</one>.
+- Name <one>two mechanosensitive pathways</one> <two>able to sense cellular density</two>, in most eukaryotic cells. A: (1) <one>Piezo1</one> (2) <one>E-cadherin</one>
+- <one>Microbutules</one> consist of α- and β-tubulin. These exhibit a polarity. Which of these two always points to the plus end? The <one>β-tubulin</one> <two>always points to the plus end</two>.
+- <one>Integrins</one> <two>bind to actin microfilaments inside of a cell</two>, and to ECM proteins called ... that are outside the cell. A: <one>Fibronectins</one>.
+- <one>Welches Enzym</one> <two>spaltet in den Mitochondrien</two> Signalpeptide von importieren Proteinen ab? <one>MPP</one>: die <two>mitochondriale Prozessierungsprotease</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_processing_peptidase
+- Do <one>chloroplasts</one> <two>contain their own ribosomes</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Do <one>integrins</one> bind to actin microfilaments? Yes.
+- <one>Animal cells</one> <two>attach themselves to the ECM</two> <three>via ... </three>? <one>proteins</one> called <two>integrins</two>.
+- The <one>most famous protein</one> of the ECM is ... ? <one>collagen</one>.
+- <one>Fungal cell walls</one> <two>are made of</two> ... ? <one> chitin</one>.
+- <one>Cilia</one> and <one>flagella</one> <two>are essentially the same structure</two>. Name one difference between these two, though. A: Cilia are typically shorter than flagella.
+- <one>Dynein</one> partners with ... ? <one>microtubules</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> exactly <two>in a given eukaryotic cell</two> may <three>seipin</three> be found? <one>Seipin</one> is <two>an integral membrane protein</two>. It can be found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), being concentrated at junctions with cytoplasmic lipid droplets.
+- A <one>typical animal cell</one> is <two>n (from-to) µm</two> in diameter? <one>10-20 µm</one>.
+- The structure and function of cells are supported by a network of protein cables called ... ? the <one>cytoskeleton</one>.
+- <one>Chloroplasts</one> contain <two>membranes called ... </two>? <one>thylakoids</one>. Thylakoids are stack up into <two>grana</two>.
+- Was ist <one>das Schicksal</one> des Signalpeptids von Proteinen die in ein Mitochondrium importiert werden? Es wird von einer Protease in der Matrix des Mitochondriums abgespalten.
+- Can <one>phospholipids</one> <two>self-heal</two>? <one>Yes</one>, although this is more commonly called <two>a self-sealing property</two>.
+- How <one>long-lived</one> is <two>Elastin</two>? <one>Elastin</one> <two>is a very long-lived protein</two>, with <three>a half-life of over 78 years in humans</three>.
+- <one>Traffic</one> <two>through the nuclear pores</two> is controlled by proteins called ... ? <one>importins</one> and <one>exportins</one>.
+- Name a special kind of peroxisome in plant cells. A: <one>Glyoxisomes</one>.
+- <one>Peroxisomes</one> help break down ... ? <one>lipids</one>, such as fatty acids.
+- The <one>cis face</one> of the Golgi is ... ? the side of the stack closest to the nucleus.
+- Phospholipids for use in the cell membrane are synthesized where inside of the cell? In the <one>smooth endoplasmic reticulum</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> does endoplasmic reticulum begin? This set of folded membranes begins at the nucleus.
+- The <one>phospholipids bilayers</one> of the nuclear envelope are supported by a scaffold    of protein cables, called ... ? the <one>nuclear lamina</one>.
+- <one>Liver cells</one> <two>may eventually return to the G1 cell cycle</two>, in particular when what may have happened? After <one>organ damage</one> (to the liver, logically).
+- The <one>main component</one> <two>of cellular lipid droplets</two> is ... ? <one>Triacylglycerol</one>.
+- The boundary of the nucleus is ... ? the <one>nuclear envelope</one>.
+- In cell biology: if we talk about <one>mechanical force</one> here, <two>what is usually meant</two>? <one>Pressure</one> (onto cells).
+- The <one>workbenches</one> of cells are ... ? the <one>ribosomes</one>.
+- Can <one>cholesterol</one> <two>flip-flop rapidly</two> in a membrane? <one>Yes</one>, surprisingly so - at the least in principle.
+- The most famous molecule in cells is ... ? <one>DNA</one>.
+- Name a ubiquitous function of microtubules. A: The <one>formation of the mitotic spindle</one>.
+- Name <one>a cellular process</one> that may suppress (cellular) overgrowth. A: <one>Cell competition</one>.
+- <one>How</one> can we <two>analyse membrane lipids</two>? We could employ <one>mass spectrometry</one>.
+- Say that we create <one>a synthetic bilayer</one>, made from a single type of phospholipid. This bilayer has hydrocarbon chains that are very short. Will this affect phase transition at low temperature? <one>Yes</one> - the fluidity of the membrane will be increased if they have short hydrocarbon chains.
+- Can we find supercoiling in eukaryotes? No - their genomic DNA is linear rather than circular.
+- What is the purpose of cilia in our our respiratory tract? These cilia <one>sweep mucous</one>.
+- <one>Centrosomes</one> consist of ... ? <one>a pair of centrioles</one>.
+- <one>Intermediate filaments</one> <two>form cell-cell contacts called ... </two>? <one>desmosomes</one>.
+- <one>Plasmalogens</one> are <two>enriched in PUFA</two>. What does PUFA stand for? <one>Poly unsaturated fatty acids</one>.
+- Do <one>bacterial plasma membranes</one> <two>contain cholesterol</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- In the <one>human red blood cell</one> (erythrocyte) membrane, where may we find phospholipid molecules that have choline? These will tend to be in the outer monolayer of the cell membrane, whereas almost all that contain a terminal primary amino group (such as for phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) are in the inner monolayer.
+- What is <one>the main purpose of intermediate filaments</one>? The <one>main purpose of intermediate filaments</one> is <two>to make the cells more robust against mechanical stress</two> (<three>such as tearing</three>).
+- <one>Actin filament assembly</one> and <one>Actin filament disassembly</one> is also called ... ? <one>Treadmilling</one>.
+- The <one>microtubule</one> <two>consists of ... how many protofilaments</two>? <one>13</one>.
+- <one>Microtubules</one> are organized from ...? From <one>microtubule organizing centers</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center
+- The <one>subunits of microtubules</one> are ... ? (1) <one>α-tubulin</one> (2) <one>β-tubulin</one>
+- Are <one>all of the lipid molecules in cell membranes</one> <two>amphiphilic</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- <one>Which cells</one> may carry the <two>protein PD1</two>? T and B cells.
+- Is it <one>possible to create synthetic lipid bilayers</one>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- The <one>nuclear envelope</one> is made from the ... ? <one>nuclear lamina</one>.
+- The most important „<one>worker molecule</one>“ in an eukaryotic cell is ... ? The <one>ribosome</one>.
+- Neutral lipids in a cell can be deposited between the two monolayers of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. This requires an assembly factor, as well as s.... ? Seipin, a transmembrane protein.
+- Vimentin filaments can be cross-linked by accessory proteins such as ... ? <one>plectin</one>.
+- <one>Piezo1</one>, an ion channel, is activated by ... ? <one>Mechanical force</one>, such as <two>pressure</two>.
+- Give an example when or where dynamic deformation of actin filaments is required. A: It is required in filopodia, which are cellular feet to move forward.
+- The dynamic equilibrium of actin filament assembly and disassembly depends primarily on ... ? the <one>availability of free actin monomers</one>.
+- <one>Piezo1</one> is ...-sensitive. A: <one>Piezo1</one> is <two>stretch-sensitive</two>.
+- Die <one>mitochondriale Prozessiersungprotease</one> (<two>MPP</two>) spaltet das Signalpeptid im Zuge der Translokation cytoplasmatischer Proteine in das Mitochondrium ab. <two>Nenne eine Konsequenz die sich hierdurch ergibt</two>. A: Die <one>Überführung ist nun irreversibel</one>, sprich: das Protein kann nicht mehr aus dem Mitochondrium exportiert werden.
+- <one>Sphingolipids</one> <two>make use of sphingosine rather than glycerol</two>. <three>Does sphingosine contain an amino group</three>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Das <one>Bindegewebe</one> (im Menschen) <two>wird von welchen Zellen gebildet</two>? Von den <one>Fibroblasten</one>.
+- Name <one>two factors</one> <two>the fluidity of a lipid bilayer depends on</two>. A: (1) its <one>composition</one> (2) its <one>temperature</one>
+- Which term is better: cytoplasm or cytosol? Cytoplasm is the better name, as the inside of a cell is more of a gel than a liquid.
+- The main four categories to which molecules in a cell belong to are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Name the associated building block for each category. A: (1) <one>carbohydrates</one>: <two>monosaccharides</two> (2) <one>lipids</one>:        <two>fatty acids</two> (3) <one>proteins</one>:      <two>amino acids</two> (4) <one>nucleic acids</one>: <two>nucleotides</two>
+- Can we regard <one>the cellular body</one> as <two>an aqueous solution</two>? No - it is more a dense gel-like mixture.
+- <one>When</one> do cells synthesize lipid droplets rapidly? When they are exposed to high concentrations of fatty acids.
+- Do <one>liposomes</one> <two>spontaneously fuse with one another when suspended in water</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- The <one>main phospholipids</one> in most animal cell membranes are ... ? the <one>glycerophospholipids</one>.
+- <one>Cells at high cell density</one> <two>stay longer in ...</two> <three>which part of the cell cycle</three>? <one>G2</one>.
+- A synthetic bilayer made from a single type of phospholipid can change from a liquid state to a rigid crystalline state, similar to a rigid gel. This change of state is called ... ? a <one>phase transition</one>.
+- How is an individual monolayer called in a phospholipid bilary? A <one>leaflet</one>.
+- The most abundant membrane lipids are the <one>phospholipids</one>. These typically have two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails. Are these hydrocarbon tails identical? Oddly enough no, they are not. One tail typically has one or more cis-double bonds - and is thus unsaturated. The other other tail does not have any cis-double bond - that is, it is saturated.
+- Do <one>phospholipids</one> <two>form bilayers spontaneously</two> in an aqueous environment? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Aus Sicht der Zelle: <one>was ist das Ziel der Mitose</one>? Die <one>exakte Aufteilung der beiden Schwesterchromatiden</one> <two>auf die beiden Tochterzellen</two>.
+- The two main constituents of eukaroytics biological membranes are ... ? (1) the <one>lipids</one> (2) the <one>proteins</one>
+- The <one>plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells</one> <two>has a diameter of n nm</two> (from-to)? <one>5nm - 10nm</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>membrane-associated reaction</one>. A: <one>ATP synthesis</one>.
+- We may be able to find <one>variant forms of nucleosomes</one> in a given eukaryotic cell - in particular of which histone? <one>H2A</one>.
+- Was ist mit <one>Plasmogamie</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet <one>ein Verschmelzen von Cytoplasma</one>.
+- <one>Faggot-Zellen</one> sind <two>Leukämiezellen</two>, die Bündel irregulärer Zellorganellen enthalten. Diese Bündel werden auch ... genannt. A: <one>Auerstäbchen</one>.
+- The <one>lysosome</one> acts as an integrator of ... ? <one>metabolic signaling</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> can it be said that <two>indirect immunocytochemistry</two> <three>is a very sensitive detection method</three>? Because <one>many molecules of the secondary antibody recognize each primary antibody</one>.
+- The <one>Piezo1 channel</one> will open in response to ... ? <one>mechanical stimuli</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> <two>inside of a cell</two> does <three>ribosome assembly</three> occur? In the <one>nucleolus</one>.
+- Der <one>transepitheliale Glucosetransport im Darmepithel</one> erfolgt über einen ... <two>Antiport</two>, <two>Uniport</two> oder <two>Symport</two>? Über einen <one>Symport</one>.
+- Each <one>fibronectin</one> polypeptide is <two>constructed</two> from a sequence of approximately <three>n independently folding Fn modules</three>. A: <one>30</one>.
+- Die <one>cytosolische Einzelschicht einer Plasmamembran</one> trägt an der Innenseite eine Ladung? <one>Ja</one>, und zwar <two>eine negative Ladung</two>.
+- <one>All the activities of a cell depend on ... </one>? <one>its genome</one>.
+- Dense, crowded epithelial cell monolayers ... cells. A: They <one>eliminate cells</one>.
+- <one>How many nucleosomes</one> <two>can be found in a given human cell</two>? Approximately <one>30 million nucleosomes</one>.
+- <one>Piezo1 ion channels</one> <two>mediate the conversion of mechanical forces into electrical signals</two>. <three>Why are these needed</three>? These channels help in regards to <one>responsiveness to touch</one> <two>in metazoans</two>.
+- Most <one>proteins destined for mitochondria</one> <two>bind to cytosolic ... </two>? <one>Cytosolic chaperons of the Hsp70 family</one>.
+- <one>Termination of ...</one> <two>underlies growth control in many tissues</two>. A: <one>Termination of proliferation</one>.
+- Maintenance of telomeres involves transcripts named <one>TERRA</one>. <two>What does this abbreviation stand for</two>? <one>Telomeric repeat-containing RNAs</one>.
+- <one>Which factor</one> <two>can transform fibroblasts to myoblasts</two> (<three>muscle cells</three>)? <one>MyoD130</one>.
+- <one>Cellular cystatins</one> <two>are inhibitors of ... </two>? They are <one>onhibitors of cysteine proteases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystatin
+- The <one>first SUMO-1 modification</one> <two>was found in ... </two>? <one>RanGAP1</one>.
+- Do <one>lamin-like proteins</one> also occur <two>in plants</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1694-3
+- <one>pH-Wert</one> eines <two>späten Endosomes</two>? Etwa <one>5.5</one>.
+- Name a <one>nucleolar protein</one>. A: <one>Fibrillarin</one>.
+- The <one>ER membrane</one> <two>in a typical eukaryotic cell</two> synthesizes up to n new proteins per minute? Up to <one>about 13 million new proteins per minute</one>.
+- <one>Which complex</one> is <two>the main portal for proteins to enter into a mitochondrium</two>? The <one>TOM40 complex</one>.
+- Does <one>cytochrome c</one> <two>contain an internal signal for import into mitochondria</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Name <one>the four most prominent members</one> of the <two>endomembrane system</two>. A: (1) the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one> (2) the <one>Golgi apparatus</one> (3) the <one>peroxysomes</one> (4) the <one>lysosomes</one>
+- What is <one>the main function of Desmosomes</one>? To <one>provide mechanical strength</one> to a cell.
+- <one>Tom40 complexes</one> are <two>similar to porin</two>. Their pores have approximately a diameter of n nm? <one>2 nm</one>.
+- Why does <one>Elastin</one> have this name? Because <one>Elastin is</one> <two>highly elastic</two>.
+- <one>Desmosomes</one> are <two>structurally similar to ... </two>? <one>adherens junctions</one>.
+- Does <one>translocation into mitochondria</one> <two>require protein chaperones</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Is <one>the intestinal epithelium in humans</one> a single-cell layer? <one>Yes</one>.
+- <one>Desmosomes</one> <two>are linked to ... </two>? <one>Intermediate filaments</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosome
+- In <one>adult mammals</one>: <two>which epithelium</two> exhibits the highest turnover rate? The <one>gastrointestinal epithelium</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5545610/
+- The <one>ELN gene</one> in humans can be found on chromosome number 7. <two>How many base pairs code for this gene, in n kb</two>? <one>45kb</one>.
+- An <one>amoeba</one> (a single-celled protozoan), <two>can have a cell diameter of approximately ... </two>? About <one>0.5 mm</one>.
+- <one>Elastin</one> is a protein. <two>In humans it is encoded by which gene</two>? By the <one>ELN gene</one>.
+- How is the <one>microscopy variant</one> called where the specimen is lit from the side and only the scattered light will be seen? <one>Dark-field microscopy</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> inside of a living cell can <two>Cajal bodies</two> be found? Within the nucleus of the cell. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajal_body
+- What is <one>Elastosis</one>? <one>Elastosis</one> is <two>the buildup of elastin in tissues</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastin#Elastosis
+- Does the <one>ELN gene</one> in humans, for elastin, make use of alternative splicing? <one>Yes</one>. At the least eleven different isoforms are known in humans.
+- The <one>most famous intermediate filaments</one> are ... ? The <one>lamins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamin
+- <one>Elastin</one> is <two>approximately n times stretchier than collagen</two>? About <one>1000 times</one>.
+- What seals <one>gaps</one> between epithelial cells? <one>Tight junctions</one>.
+- Name a famous disease caused by a defect in elastin. A: The <one>Marfan syndrome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfan_syndrome
+- The <one>two major cellular subcomponents in an eukaryotic cell</one> are ... ? (1) <one>cytosol</one> (2) <one>nucleus</one>
+- Using <one>low-light cameras</one> is especially important ... <two>why</two>, in practical cell biology? Because we may want to <one>view fluorescent molecules</one> in living cells.
+- Proteine die in das Mitochondrium importiert werden, haben eine Signalsequenz, die sich zu einer ... Helix faltet. A: <one>amphiphilen Helix</one>.
+- <one>Adherens junctions</one> are connected to ... ? <one>Actin filaments</one>.
+- <one>Which aminoacids</one> can be found in Elastin typically? Elastin is rich in hydrophobic amino acids, such as <one>glycine</one> and <one>proline</one>.
+- Is <one>elastin</one> <two>a collagen</two>? No, elastin is not a collagen.
+- <one>Tight junctions</one> hold the cells closely together <two>near the basal or the apical surficace</two>? Near the <one>apical surface</one>.
+- Proteine die Bestandteil der äußeren Mitochondrienmembran sind werden vom <one>TOM</one> an den <two>SAM-Komplex</two> übergeben. Nenne ein Beispiel für ein solches Protein. A: <one>Porine</one>.
+- Benötigen <one>cytoplasmatisch vorliegende Chaperone</one> <two>ATP</two> für ihre Arbeit? <one>Ja</one>.
+- Give an amusing name for the <one>nucleus</one> of a cell. A: The nucleus can be called as <one>safe</one> of the cell.
+- Die Länge der Telomere ist <one>ein Indikator für ... </one>? Für die <one>Teilungskapazität einer Zelle</one>.
+- Nenne eine Substanz oder Substanzgruppe, die rote Blutkörperchen auflösen kann. A: <one>Hämolysine</one>.
+- What would be a better name than <one>phospholipids</one>? <one>Glycerophospholipids</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerophospholipid
+- Eine <one>menschliche Eizelle</one> hat einen <two>Durchmesser</two> von <three>n mm</three>? <one>0,15 mm</one>.
+- Can <one>facilitated transport</one> <two>move a molecule against its gradient</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- <one>Wieviele Mitochondrien</one> finden wir in Erythrocyten? Null - also kein Mitochondrium.
+- Give another name for <one>lysosomes</one> and <one>fat droplets</one>. A: <one>Organized bodies</one>.
+- Ein <one>Erythrocyt</one> besitzt <two>wieviele Moleküle Hämoglobin</two>? <one>300 Millionen</one>.
+- Is <one>dynein</one> <two>a motor-protein</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynein []
+- Within a given cell: are <one>lipid droplets</one> <two>surrounded by</two> <three>a monolayer</three> or <three>a lipid bilayer of phospholipids</three>? They are <one>surrounded by a monolayer</one>. []
+- Do <one>Keratin filaments</one> <two>belong to the intermediate filaments</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin []
+- The <one>biggest organelle in a eukaryotic cell</one> <two>usually is ... </two>? The <one>nucleus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus []
+- Können <one>fertig gefaltene Proteine</one> die <two>mitochondriale Membran</two> <three>passieren</three>? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- <one>Microtubules</one> <two>have a diameter of about ... </two>? <one>25 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule []
+- Most <one>adhesion proteins</one> fall into ... <two>how many different, large families</two>? <one>Five</one>. []
+- Can <one>epithelial cell layers</one> <two>sense cell numbers</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Is <one>E-Cadherin</one> <two>involved in cell density sensing</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Die für den <one>Export von RNA aus dem Nukleus</one> wichtige <two>NES sequence</two> (nuclear export sequence) <three>ist besonders reich an welcher Aminosäure</three>? An <one>Leucin</one>. []
+- <one>The most abundant membrane lipids are the phospholipids</one>. <two>How many hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails do they contain</two>? <one>Two</one>. []
+- Generell betrachtet: <one>sind</one> <two>Translokationen von Proteinen in das Mitochondrium</two> <one>reversibel</one>? <one>Generell nein</one>, sofern sie eine Signalsequenz besitzen, da diese abgeschnitten wird im Zuge der Translokation. []
+- In a given eukaryotic cell: can we say that <one>lipid asymmetry</one> exists? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Do <one>neurofilaments</one> belong to the <two>intermediate filaments</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- The biggest organelle of the cell is ... ? The <one>nucleus</one>.