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data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik

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+# === Immunanalytik
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+# Und Immunanalytik, including the ELISPOT method.
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+- Name a major advantage that a <one>homogeneous immunoassay</one> has compared to a "heterogeneous immunoassay". A: The <one>homogeneous immunoassay</one> does not need a separateion-step. The tracer will only generate the signal when it binds to the analyte.
+- The <one>ELISpot Assay</one> can be used for ... ? <one>Cytokine Secretion</one>.
+- Was meinen wir allgemein mit <one>immunanalytischen Verfahren</one>? Dies sind analytische Verfahren, bei denen <one>Antikörper als Reagentien</one> eingesetzt werden.
+- In an <one>immuno-PCR</one> we have to use two different antibodies: the <two>capture antibody</two> and the "detection antibody". Which of these two is attached to the solid (ground) support? The <one>capture antibody</one>.
+- Give a specific example for a hapten that is routinely measured for clinical purposes. A: <one>Estradiol E2</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit der <one>Immunpräzipitation</one>? Dies ist "die Ausfällung von Antigen-Antikörper-Komplexen". Der Unterschied zur Agglutination ist das "beide Partner in löslicher Form existieren".
+- What does <one>EliSpot</one> stand for? <one>Enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISpot
+- In <one>1985</one> it was demonstrated that a link can be established between phenotype and genotype in filamentous bacteriophage, e. g. through <two>phage display</two>. <three>Which person demonstrated this</three>? <one>George P. Smith</one>.
+- <one>Immunoassays</one> can be divided into which two general formats? (1) <one>homogenous    formats</one> (2) <one>heterogeneous formats</one>
+- For <one>lateral flow immunoassays</one> we may employ <two>conjugate pads</two>, which typically use ... which material? They may use a <one>glass fiber</one> material.
+- Angenommen wir haben einen <one>kompetitiven Immunoassay</one>. Ein Symbol hierbei ist <two>AG*</two>. Was bedeutet dies? <one>Markiertes Antigen</one>.
+- Name a variant of the ELISpot assay. A: The <one>FluoroSpot Assay</one>.
+- The limit of detection in an ELISPOT assay is typically n cells in 100000 cells? 1 in 100,000 cells.
+- For the ELISPOT method: which membrane is typically used? <one>Polyvinylidene fluoride</one> (PVDF) membrane plates.
+- The ELISPOT method was developed in which year? In 1983.
+- Give a short definition as to what a <one>lateral flow immunoassay</one> is. A: A lateral flow immunoassay is a simple-to-use "diagnostic device" used to confirm the presence or absence of a target analyte.
+- The most commonly known type of lateral flow rapid test is ... ? The <one>pregnancy test</one>. URL: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pregnancy-test/
+- Zweidimensionale Immundiffusion nach ... ? <one>Ouchterlony</one>.
+- In der <one>Immunanalytik</one> werden mitunter die beiden Membranproteine "Protein A" (von Staphylococcus aureus) und "Protein G" (von Streptococcus) eingesetzt. Welches der beiden Proteine ist grösser? <one>Protein A</one> - mit einem Molekulargewicht von <two>42 kDa</two>.
+- Modern <one>multiplex immunoassays</one> are typically rapid, taking not more than n minutes? Not more than about <one>10 minutes time</one>.
+- <one>VirScan</one> detektiert/analysiert was im Blut? Die <one>Antikörper</one>.
+- Die <one>zweidimensionale Immundiffusion nach Ouchterlony</one> wurde in welchem Jahr entwickelt? <one>1948</one>. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouchterlony_double_immunodiffusion
+- The <one>Immuno-PCR</one> <two>combines which two techniques</two>? (1) <one>PCR</one> (2) <one>ELISA</one>
+- Welches Verhältnis beschreibt der <one>Scatchard-Plot</one>? Das Verhältnis von <one>gebundenem Antikörper</one> zu <one>freiem Antikörper</one>.
+- <one>Welcher Test</one> war <two>der Ausgangstest aller Immunpräzipitationsmethoden</two>? Der <one>Ringtest</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immundiffusionstest#Einfachdiffusion
+- Is the <one>immuno-PCR</one> more efficient than a simple <two>ELISA</two>? Yes, about 10 ** 9 fold as efficient in its "detection sensitivity", compared to the "ELISA".
+- Nenne <one>zwei Vorteile</one> der <two>lateral flow devices</two>. A: (1) "hohe Selektivität" (2) "geringe Analysenzeit"
+- In der Immunanalytik, bei einer <one>lateral flow device</one>, können wir als Membran "Nitrocellulose" oder "Celluloseacetat" einsetzen. Welche der beiden Membrantypen zeigt eine "höhere Proteinbindung"? <one>Nitrocellulose</one>.
+- Nenne zwei Vorteile des <one>Radioimmunoassays</one> beziehungsweise allgemein zwei Vorteile der "radioaktiven Markierung". A: (1) "niedrige Nachweisgrenzen" (2) <one>hohe Spezifität</one>
+- In a <one>lateral flow assay</one>, what is the role of the <two>conjugate pad</two>? This pad contains antibodies specific to the target analyte, conjugated to coloured particles such as "colloidal gold nanoparticles" or "latex microspheres".
+- A <one>pregnancy test</one> has three zones. Name these zones in the correct order. A: (1) <one>Reaction Zone</one> (2) <one>Test Zone</one> (3) <one>Control Zone</one>
+- Name the seven main steps of an <one>immuno-PCR</one>. A: (1) <one>Immobilization</one> of antibodies specific for the protein target to the surface of a vessel (2) Washing to remove unbound antibody (3) Addition of sample (4) Washing to remove unbound sample (5) Addition of a second specific antibody, coupled to a DNA molecule (6) Washing to remove unbound antibody (7) DNA amplification and detection
+- Für viele Immunoassays, insbesondere bei den <one>lateral flow devices</one>, wird <two>kolloidales Gold</two> eingesetzt. Hergestellt wird diese Form von Gold durch Reduktion von ... ? <one>Tetrachloridogoldsäure</one> (<two>HAuCl4</two>).
+- The <one>ADLib system</one> can detect haptens in a serum. What does ADLib stand for? <one>Autonomously Diversifying Library</one> system.
+- Was meinen wir mit einem <one>qualitativen Immunassay</one>? Dies ist "ein Ja/Nein-Nachweis eines Analyten".
+- Was misst der <one>Guthrie-Test</one>? <one>Phenylketonurie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie-Test
+- A <one>multiplex bioanalytic assay</one>, such as a multiplex immunoassay, typically combines which two technical devices? (1) <one>lateral flow</one> (2) <one>microarrays</one>
+- Why is the <one>competitive immunoassay</one> called <two>competitive</two>? Because labelled antigen and free antigen compete for binding to the "immobilised antibody".
+- Why the name <one>sandwich assay</one>? Because the ­antibodies form a sandwich around the analyte - at the least in an "immunometric assay".
+- Was meinen wir in der Immunanalytik mit dem <one>M-Gradienten</one>? Dies ist ein erhöhtes Vorkommen von Bence-Jones Proteinen, wie zum Beispiel der Fall sein mag beim multiplen Myelom. URL: https://www.onkopedia.com/de/onkopedia/guidelines/multiples-myelom/@@view/html/index.html
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>indirekten immunanalytischen Methode</one>? Dies ist eine Methode bei der der zweite Antikörper markiert ist.
+- Name the first three steps in a <one>sandwich immunoassay</one>. A: (1) "surface immobilisation of analyte-specific antibody" (2) "blocking step" (3) <one>washing step</one>
+- Nenne <one>zwei diagnostische Verfahren</one>, bei denen Antikörper eingesetzt werden. A: (1) "ELISA" (2) <one>Schwangerschaftstest</one>
+- Nenne die <one>vier Methoden</one>, bei denen äquivalente (stöchiometrische) Mengen miteinander reagieren in der Immunanalytik. A: (1) "Immunagglutination" (2) "Immunpräzipitation" (3) "Immundiffusion" (4) <one>Immunelektrophorese</one>
+- Ist <one>Kolloidales Gold</one>, das auch im Immunoassays Verwendung findet, <two>biokompatibel</two>? Ja.
+- The <one>second antibody</one> that recognizes the primary antibody, often binds to ... which part of that primary antibody? It will typically bind to the <one>constant region of the primary antibody</one> (which may often be an IgG molecule).
+- In der Immunanalytik, was meinen wir mit einem <one>Bindungstest</one>? Dies ist dann der Fall wenn entweder das Antigen oder der Antikörper im Assay "immobilisiert vorliegt".
+- The labeled component of an immunoassay is ­sometimes called ... ? The <one>tracer</one>.
+- Bei einem "kompetitiven Immunoassay" ist die Messgröße ... ? Das <one>Antigen</one>.
+- The simplest type of immunoassay to understand is the <one>immunometric design</one>. The signal level in this type of assay is proportional to ... ? The analyte concentration in the sample.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Immunanalytische Verfahren</one> gemeint? Immunanalytische Verfahren sind analytische Verfahren, bei denen <one>Antikörper</one> als Reagentien eingesetzt werden.
+- The material that the "capture antibody" is irreversibly bound to is, in general, known as ... ? The <one>solid phase</one>.
+- When was the <one>immuno-PCR</one> developed? In the year <one>1992</one>.
+- Nenne drei allgemeine Substanzgruppen, die wir dank <one>Immunoassays</one> analysieren können. A: (1) <one>Antikörper</one> (2) <one>Antigene</one> (3) <one>Haptene</one>
+- When we wish to develop an "immuno-PCR assay", should we rather adapt from an existing PCR or rather from an existing ELISA? Adapt from an "existing ELISA".
+- "Competitive immunoassays" are commonly used to detect molecules such ... give two examples. A: Small molecules, such as: (1) "drugs" (2) "toxins"
+- Zum Nachweis von Haptenen setzen wir eher kompetitive oder eher nicht-kompetitive Bioassays ein? Eher "kompetitive".
+- Der Analyt liegt bei Immunassays in einer ...  Phase vor. A: In einer "flüssigen" Phase, meist gelöst in einem Puffer.
+- Kommt es bei der "Immunpräzipitation" zu einem "Prozoneneffekt"? Ja - im Prinzip schon.
+- In a "direct immunoassay", we will have to use a specific antibody which will produce the signal. How is this antibody usually called? "Detection antibody".
+- Which two antibodies can we find in an "Immuno-PCR"? (1) "Capture antibody" (2) "Detection antibody"
+- Bei der "Immunpräzipitation" muss das Antigen mindestens n Epitope aufweisen? Mindestens drei.
+- For a "sandwich immunoassay" to work, the antigen must have which property? It must be large enough to contain two antigenic sites ("epitopes") where each antibody has sufficient unimpeded access.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer "direkten immunanalytischen Methode"? Dies ist eine Methode bei dem entweder das Antigen beziehungsweise der Antikörper markiert wird.
+- Immunoassays that measure analyte concentrations against a standard or calibration curve are ... ? "Quantitative".
+- In order to estimate the concentration of an analyte from the signal generated, a ... is required. A: A "standard curve".
+- The proportion of tracer that binds to the limited antibody sites is indirectly proportional to the concentration of analyte in the sample. This is known as a ... immunoassay. A: This is a "competitive immunoassay".
+- "Immunometric assays" in general work very well, but which type of molecules do not work that well in such an assay? In general small molcules, since they will not have sufficient surface area to accommodate two molecules of antibody binding to them.
+- Bei einem "kompetitiven Immunoassay", wieso benötigen wir hier eine "Trennmethode"? Die Trennmethode ist notwendig um "gebundenes Antigen" von "freiem Antigen" zu trennen.
+- The immuno-PCR has at the least two major problems. One is the "technical difficulty of linking nucleic acids directly to antibodies". The other is ... ? Substantial backgrounds that can be generated by "nonspecific binding of the nucleic acid-antibody conjugates to solid phases".
+- The immuno-PCR has not replaced the ELISA as the assay format of choice for diagnostic purposes. Why not? The main reason for this is "the difficulty associated with conjugating antibodies to oligonucleotides". This process can both be costly and time-consuming; and requires expert knowledge.
+- Bei der "<ud>Immuno-PCR</ud>" verwenden wir welche zwei Antikörper? (1) "Capture Antibody" (2) "Detection Antibody"
+- The Immuno-PCR typically employs specific capture antibodies that can be found where? Coated on a 96-well PCR plate.
+- Are "strip assays" used to detect mycotoxins? Yes, mycotoxin-detection in the blood.
+- In a "<ud>lateral flow assay</ud>", the last pad is typically called ... ? The "wicking pad".
+- In a "<ud>lateral flow assay</ud>", we may first see the "sample pad", then the "conjugate pad", followed by ... ? The "reaction membrane".
+- In a "<ud>lateral flow assay</ud>", what is the role for the "sample pad"? This is an adsorbent pad onto which the test sample is applied.
+- "Lateral flow immunoassays" are essentially immunoassays adapted to operate along a ... ? a "single axis".
+- The basic technology that underlies lateral flow immunoassays was first described in the 1960s, but the first real commercial application was "Unipath's Clearview home pregnancy test", launched in ... which year? "1988".
+- The key component of an immuno-PCR is ... ? A "DNA-antibody conjugate" that serves as a bridge to link the solid-phase immunoreaction with nucleic acid amplification.
+- Name two pads that we can typically find in a "lateral flow device". A: (1) the "sample" pad, followed by (2) the "conjugate" pad 
+- Can the "sandwich immunoassay" measure a molecule of below 805 Da? Yes. "Tacrolimus" has a molecular weight of 804 Da and it can be measured by a sandwich immunoassay, in which two antibodies were able to bind to tacrolimus simultaneously, without overlap of the binding sites.
+- Haptens in immune analytics have typically been measured only by "competitive immunoassays". Why is that so? Because their limited molecular sizes impede the simultaneous binding of two antibodies to a single hapten molecule. 
+- Immunanalytischen Methoden können in direkte und indirekte Methoden eingeteilt werden. Was ist der Unterschied? (1) Bei den direkten Methoden ist das Antigen bzw. der Antikörper markiert. (2) Bei den indirekten Methoden hingegen kommt ein weiterer Antikörper zum Einsatz, der markiert ist.
+- Nenne eine allgemeine Einschränkung eines "Immunoassays". A: Es gibt eine Einschränkung durch die "Notwendigkeit, die Tertiärstruktur der Antikörper zu erhalten".
+- Für Antikörper ist auch indirekt die Frage nach der Immunogenität (des Antigens) wichtig. Welche Faktoren machen ein Molekül zu einem Immunogen? (1) Molekulargewicht (2) Komplexität (3) Ähnlichkeit mit körpereigenen Proteinen
+- Es gibt Schwangerschaftstests, die Antikörper zwecks Detektion verwenden. Es kann jedoch auch zu falsch-negativen Ergebnissen kommen. Nenne drei Beispiel hierfür. A: (1) eine zu starke Verdünnung des HCG aufgrund einer "zu großen Harnmenge" (2) die Schwangerschaft ist noch zu jung (3) der Eisprung erfolgt später als angenommen
+- Name a big mechanistic difference between an ELISA and an immuno-PCR. A: The immuno-PCR detects the antigen-antibody complex through a "DNA reporter", whereas the ELISA will use an "enzyme" for the detection step.