studium 0.18.7

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/rna_seq

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === RNA-SEQ TAG
+#
+# Everything about the RNA seq technology.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- <one>RNA-Seq</one> allows <three>computational reconstruction of the original</three> ... ? <one>RNA transcript</one>.
+- Can we use <one>RNA-seq</one> to <two>investigate alternative splicing</two>? Yes.
+- Give another word or expression for <one>RNA-seq</one>. A: <one>Deep sequencing of RNA</one>.
+- Benötigt DNA-Seq DNA? Ja, in Form von <one>cDNA</one>. URL: https://www.biostars.org/p/54969/
+- <one>RNA-Seq</one> was introduced in which year? <one>2008</one>.
+- Does RNA-Seq <one>require cDNA</one>? <one>Yes</one>. The RNA has to be converted into cDNA first.
+- Does RNA-Seq require a reference genome? Yes.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/robotics

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Robotics (Robotik tag)
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- One of the most commonly cited robotics paradigm is ... ? <one>Sense-Reason-Act</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel aus der Robotik für eine <one>Transportaufgabe</one>. A: Wenn <one>ein Haushaltsroboter</one> den Staub vom Teppich sammelt.
+- Wie nennen wir in der Robotik wenn ein Roboter einen Greifer besitzt, oder allgemein, <one>ein für eine bestimmte Aufgabe angepasstes Werkzeug</one>? Diese werden generell als <one>Effektoren</one> bezeichnet.
+- Why would a robot need to be able to sense its environment? For instance, a robot that has to water the plants needs to be able to to sense the moisture of the soil.
+- What would be a better word than a motor for a robot? An <one>actuators</one>.
+- At a very high and simple level, we can differentiate between which two types of robots? (1) mobile robots (2) stationary robots
+- Give an example for a mobile robot. A: <one>Self-driving cars</one>.
+- Give a prominent example of a stationary robot. A: Robotic arms, such as how they are used in industrial manufacturing, where they weld car parts together.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ruby

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Ruby
+#
+# The ruby computer language. As of April 2023 this file had 183 questions.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- In Ruby: the <one>attr</one> <two>in attr_accessor</two> <three>stands short for ... </three>? <one>attribute</one>.
+- In Ruby: <one>attr</one> <two>is short for ... </two>? <one>attribute</one>.
+- In Ruby: can instance variables be added to frozen objects? <one>No</one>.
+- In Ruby: <one>can we</one> create methods that define <two>constants</two>? <one>No</one> - constants may not be defined in/from within methods.
+- In Ruby: can <one>instance variables</one> be added to frozen objects? <one>No</one>.
+- In Ruby: how to iterate over an Array so that we get <one>pair-wise output</one>? Via <one>.each_slice(2)</one>, such as in: <one>(1..6).each_slice(2) { |a, b| puts "a: #{a} b: #{b}" }</one>
+- In Ruby: <one>Bundler</one> will calculate the dependency tree for an application and store this result in a file named ... ? <one>Gemfile.lock</one>
+- In Ruby: is this valid syntax? <one>def []=(*a, b)</one> A: <one>Yes</one>.
+- In Ruby: the <one>Singleton</one> pattern means that #new is no longer possible. How else should we use a new class, called <two>Foobar</two>, that follows the Singleton pattern? Use: <one>Foobar.instance</one>
+- In Ruby: if we wish to make a custom class storable in yaml, which method do we have to define? <one>def to_yaml_properties</one>
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> can we shorten the following proc (Proc.new) code, without making use of <two>.call()</two>? <one>proc.call(9, 1, 2, 3) # => [9, 18, 27]</one> A: Via <one>proc.(9, 1, 2, 3) # => [9, 18, 27]</one>
+- In Ruby: <one>Hashes</one> have which significant advantage over Arrays? <one>Hashes</one> <two>can use any object as an index</two>.
+- In Ruby: <one>can we define</one> <two>def ==(i)</two> on a class? <one>Yes</one> - and this will work, too.
+- In Ruby: what will the following syntax yield? <one>Object.superclass</one> A: <one>BasicObject</one>.
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> to remove a toplevel-defined class called <two>Foobar</two>? Use: <one>Object.send(:remove_const, :Foobar)</one>
+- In Ruby: for the String <one>"aaa"</one>, what would we assume to be <two>its successor</two>? This would most likely be <one>"aab"</one> - at the least this will be Ruby's result when applying the <one>.succ()</one> method to that String.
+- In Ruby: we can pretty print a String, including unprintable characters, via pp - but there also exists a method that can be used on a String. Which one is that? The <one>.dump()</one> method.
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> to check whether a given user is a <two>superuser</two>? A: We could use: <one>Process.uid.zero?</one>
+- Ruby makes use of <one>hook-methods</one>. One is called <two>included</two>. <three>When will this hook-method be called</three>? Whenever a module is included into a class.
+- In Ruby: <one>.dup</one> and <one>.clone</one> methods <two>only create shallow copies</two>. What should we do when we wish to create deep copies instead? Make use of <one>Marshal</one>.
+- In Ruby: is <one>super</one> <two>a method</two>? <one>No</one> - <two>super is a keyword</two>.
+- In Ruby: <one>which built-in classes</one> are available to handle collections? (1) <one>Arrays</one> (2) <one>Hashes</one>
+- In Ruby: can we say that <one>ruby blocks</one> are <two>implicit parameters to a method</two>? <one>Yes</one> - but <two>they can also be made explicit</two>, such as via <three>&block</three>.
+- <one>Why</one> should we use <two>Regexp.quote()</two> in Ruby? Because <one>Regexp.quote()</one> escapes any characters that would have <two>special meaning</two> in a regular expression.
+- In Ruby: the <one>superclass</one> of <two>BasicObject</two> is ... ? <one>nil</one> - in other words, BasicObject does not have a superclass.
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> can we find out which symbols are used in a given program, globally? Via <one>Symbol.all_symbols</one>.
+- In Ruby: can a <one>constant</one> be made <two>private</two>? <one>Yes</one>, via <one>private_constant</one>. Example: <one>class Foobar; FOO = :bar; private_constant :FOO</one>
+- In Ruby, for <one>class Array</one>: <two>what is the difference between using .push versus using << </two>? (1) <one><<</one> can be used to append only one element. (2) <one>.push</one> can be used to append multiple elements.
+- Give <one>an example</one>, in ruby, <two>for a class that is not publicly instantiable</two>. A: The <one>Binding</one> class. URL: https://ruby-doc.org/core/Binding.html
+- In Ruby: the <one>comparison operator</one> is ... ? <one><=></one>
+- In Ruby: <one>the backtick method</two>, that is <two>`</two>, is defined where? It is defined at <one>Object#`</one>.
+- In Ruby: will the following code lead to runtime error? <one>Float("6.02e23")</one>? A: <one>No</one>.
+- In Ruby: is there a way to delay the Interpolation of Strings? Sort of. We could use a block variant, such as in: <one>our_string = proc {|x,y,z| "The numbers are #{x}, #{y}, and #{z}"</one>
+- <one>Which error</one> <two>in Ruby</two> could be used to indicate a „Oops, something went wrong error“? A <one>RuntimeError</one>.
+- In Ruby: perhaps the most important method for use in an Enumerator is ... ? The <one>.next</one> method.
+- In Ruby: is <one>1.0e3</one> <two>valid syntax</two>? <one>Yes</one> - it stands short for <two>1000.0</two>.
+- In Ruby: what is meant with a <one>weak Proc</one>? This is a proc that will ignore the given arguments, that is, it will not check whether the given arguments are correct.
+- The default string encoding for class <one>Regexp</one> is ... ? <one>UTF-8</one>.
+- In Ruby: would the following method definition work, that is, be <one>valid syntax</one>? <one>def *(i)</one> A: <one>Yes</one>.
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> can we analyse the tokens that ruby creates for different code files? Via the tool called <one>ripper</one>. URL: https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/ripper/rdoc/Ripper.html
+- <one>method_missing</one> is quite powerful, but often we could use which alternative method? <one>define_method</one>.
+- In Ruby: it is possible to <one>use a syntax shortcut for regexes</one>. <two>How is this done</two>? Use <one>%r{}</one>, such as in <two>%r{mm/dd}</two>.
+- In Ruby: what would the following code output? <one>def foobar; Proc.new { return 99 }.call; return 42; end; puts foobar</one> A: <one>99</one>.
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> can we <two>repeat the current iteration in a loop</two>? Use the <one>redo</one> statement.
+- In Ruby: give <one>two examples</one> of subclasses in the ruby standard library, of class IO. A: (1) class <one>File</one> (2) class <one>BasicSocket</one>
+- In Ruby: are <one>blocks</one> <two>objects</two>? <one>No</one>, but they can be converted into objects of <two>class Proc</two>.
+- When ruby reads a <one>.rb</one> file, <two>which three steps are performed</two>, in the correct order, before the code becomes a YARV instruction? (1) <one>tokenize step</one> (2) <one>parse step</one> (3) <one>compile step</one>
+- In Ruby: what is meant with a <one>non-greedy quantifier</one>? This basically means that the quantifier will <one>try to match as minimally as possible</one>.
+- In Ruby: the <one>dot metacharacter</one> serves as a placeholder to match any character except ... ? Except for the newline character.
+- In Ruby: <one>name three methods available on the</one> <two>Enumerable module</two>. A: (1) <one>count</one> (2) <one>each</one> (3) <one>map</one>
+- In Ruby: <one>can we find out</one> <two>where</two> a constant is defined? Yes, via <one>const_source_location</one>, such as via <two>Object.const_source_location(:Admin)</two> <three># =></three> ["SOME_PATH/admin.rb", 1].
+- <one>Which</one> <two>non-alphanumeric characters</two> can be used at the end of a method name in Ruby? A: (1) <one>?</one> (2) <one>!</one> (3) <one>=</one>
+- In Ruby: the obligatory example when demonstrating <one>.inject</one> is ... ? a method which sums an array of numbers.
+- Ruby comes with which methods that can create copies of objects? (1) <one>.dup</one> (2) <one>.clone</one>
+- If we wish to implement object ordering in Ruby, we have to include the <one>Comparable</one> module, and define ... which operator? The <one><=></one>. 
+- In Ruby: <one>where</one> is the <two>===</two> method defined? This method can be found on class <one>Object</one>.
+- In Ruby: how is the <one>===</one> called? The <one>case equality operator</one>.
+- In Ruby: will <one>[1,2,3] === Array</one> yield the same result as <one>Array === [1,2,3]</one> would? <one>No</one>.
+- In Ruby: <one>why</one> was the name <two>Tempfile</two> chosen? Because these <one>temporary files</one> are <two>automatically deleted when the Ruby program terminates</two>.
+- In Ruby: what do the two ** mean in a method such as <one>def foobar(a, **b)</one>? This will <one>treat that parameter as a Hash</one>, so b will be a Hash.
+- In Ruby: how to <one>obtain the parent of a particular class</one>? Make use of <one>.superclass</one>, such as in <one>NameOfTheClass.superclass</one>.
+- In Ruby: when ruby's parser reaches a forward slash, which decision does it have to make? (1) determine whether this is the beginning of a regular expression literal, or (2) determine whether this is <one>the division operator</one>
+- In Ruby: how is a constant defined? A constant is any identifier which begins with an uppercase letter.
+- In Ruby: if we have an assignment situation such as <one>a, b = 1, 2, 3, 4</one>, what will happen here? <one>a</one> will have the value 1, <two>b</two> will have the value 2, and <three>the other two values (3 and 4) will be discarded</three>.
+- In Ruby: the most important method that the <one>Comparable</one> module needs or operates on, is ... ? <one><=></one>
+- In Ruby: what would <one>"ABC".casecmp("abc")</one> return? <one>0</one>.
+- In Ruby: give an example of a <one>hook method</one>. A: <one>included</one>
+- In Ruby, on <one>class Foobar</one>: which method is defined when the <two>Singleton</two> module is included? The <one>Foobar.instance</one> method.
+- In Ruby: does <one>class Object</one> mix in module Kernel? <one>Yes</one>.
+- In Ruby: if we have a method such as <one>def foobar(*i)</one>, what method is actually called for the variable <two>i</two>? The <one>.to_a</one> method.
+- In Ruby: <one>loop</one> is not a language construct. Instead it is a method in ... ? <one>module Kernel</one>
+- In Ruby: give an example when <one>if then</one> is used. A: When conditions are on the same line, such as <one>x = 5; if x > 1 then puts 'Ok.' end</one>
+- In Ruby: which module provides support for implementing the operators ==, <, <=, >, and >=? module <one>Comparable</one>.
+- In Ruby: <one>foobar[1] = "A cat."</one> is, internally, equivalent to which code actually? <one>foobar.[ ]=(1, "A cat")</one>
+- In Ruby, for ERB: the output is typically HTML-escaped, which is not always wanted. <one>How to prevent this from happening</one>? A: Make use of <one><%== foobar() %></one>.
+- In Ruby: the I/O-related methods are part of which module or class? They are part of module <one>Kernel</one>.
+- In Ruby: if you write a rescue clause with no parameter list, the parameter defaults to ... ? <one>StandardError</one>.
+- In Ruby: how can we support syntax such as <one>foobar += 1</one> for a given class? Simply define a method called <one>def +(arguments_go_in_here)</one>, such as in <one>def +(arguments_go_in_here)</one>.
+- In Ruby: the <one>left shift operator</one>, aka <two><<</two>, is typically used to mean ... ? <one>Append to receiver</one>.
+- In Ruby: give another name for <one>self</one>. A: The <one>current object</one>.
+- In Ruby: every <one>Exception</one> <two>has associated with it which two components</two>? (1) a <one>message string</one> (2) a <one>stack backtrace</one>
+- In Ruby: give another name for a <one>module</one>. A: A <one>sandbox</one>.
+- In Ruby: do <one>hashes</one> support any object as a key? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Do <one>immediate objects</one> in Ruby <two>require memory allocation</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- In Ruby, for the <one>module TSort</one>: <two>why was this name used</two>? <one>TSort</one> stands short for <two>topological sort</two>; that is a list of the nodes ordered such that no node follows a node that depends on it.
+- In Ruby: <one>the name of the current method</one> is also stored in ... ? <one>__callee__</one>.
+- In Ruby: one way to dynamically invoke a method is via <one>Object#send</one>, such as in <two>"foo".send(:size) # => 13</two>. Provide another way that can be used for dynamically invoking a method. A: Make use of a <one>Method object</one>, such as in: <two>x = "foobar".method(:size); x.call # => 6</two>.
+- In Ruby: how to <one>anchor-match</one> to the string <two>'cat'</two>? A: Use <one>'cat'.match?(/\Acat\z/)</one>.
+- In Ruby: what is meant with the <one>meridian indicator</one>? This refers to <one>AM</one> or <one>PM</one>.
+- In Ruby: how to <one>swap a hash's value and keys</one>? Use <one>hash.invert</one>.
+- In Ruby: how to answer the serious question <one>'how did we get here'</one>? Via <one>caller()</one>.
+- In Ruby: does <one>BasicObject</one> respond to the <two>.dup method</two>? No - <one>.dup</one> appears in class Object.
+- In Ruby: name <one>a constraint</one> of <two>ObjectSpace</two>. A: ObjectSpace does not know anything about objects with immediate values. This includes, for instance, Fixnum, Symbol, Floats, true, false and nil.
+- In Ruby: nenne die <one>comparison operators</one>. A: <one>< <= == => ></one> - also <two>fünf Stück</two> davon.
+- In Ruby: what is meant with a <one>WeakRef</one>? A <one>WeakRef</one> is a data structure that may be <two>garbage collected</two>, even while references to it still exist.
+- In Ruby: if we see a method such as <one>def foobar(bla:)</one>, how do we call this? A <one>required named parameter</one>.
+- In Ruby: how to access the <one>execution context of the main object at any time</one>? The global constant called <one>TOPLEVEL_BINDING</one> can be used for this.
+- In Ruby: how can we force a hash to <one>reindex</one>? Use the <one>.rehash</one> method.
+- In Ruby: how to do a <one>pairwise iteration</one> through an Array? Use <one>array.each_cons(2)</one>.
+- In Ruby: what is an <one>immortal symbol</one>? This is <one>a symbol that will never be garbage collected</one>.
+- In Ruby: will a <one>return expression</one> immediately exit a method? Yes.
+- How is <one>Ruby's virtual machine</one> called? <one>YARV</one>: <two>Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine</two>.
+- In Ruby: <one>.to_s</one> versus <one>.to_str</one>: which one is stricter? <one>.to_str</one> is stricter.
+- In Ruby: what does <one>IO#gets</one> return when it reaches the end of a file? <one>nil</one>
+- In Ruby: what is the method called <one>block_given?</one> doing? It <one>will return true if a block is associated with the current method</one>.
+- In Ruby: if we have a methodname ending with a question mark, aka <one>?</one>, is the <one>?</one> part of the name? A: Yes.
+- In Ruby: give an example for a <one>virtual encoding</one>. A: <one>ASCII-8BIT</one>.
+- The <one>case</one> expression in ruby is very powerful and flexible. Give a fancy word for this. A: <one>case</one> is <two>a multiway if on steroids</two>.
+- In Ruby: when a ruby program terminates, are all threads killed? Yes. This can be avoided by calling the <one>Thread#join</one> method.
+- In Ruby: if a class wishes to make use of the Enumerable module, which method should be defined on it? <one>each</one>
+- In Ruby: <one>puts</one> calls which method on the particular object? The <one>.to_s</one> method.
+- In Ruby: does <one>1000 == 1000.0</one> evaluate to true? <one>Yes</one>.
+- In the <one>ruby readline module</one>: how can we capture and act on the full input line? We can do this here: <one>Readline.completer_word_break_characters = "\n"</one>
+- In Ruby: is this syntax valid? <one>endl = "\n"; $stdout << 99 << endl</one>. A: Yes.
+- In Ruby: one way to add onto the end of an Array is via <one><<</one>. Name another method that can be used here. A: <one>[1,2,3].push(4) # => [1,2,3,4]</one>
+- In Ruby: how can we ignore some <one>rvalues</one>? Use <one>*</one> such as in <two>first, *, last = 1,2,3,4,5,6</two>. first would be 1 and last would be 6.
+- In Ruby: can we give a regex as argument to <one>.all</one>? A: Yes. See: words.all?(/a/) # => true.
+- In Ruby: we can not use <one>.include?</one> for using a regex, so which other method could be used instead? A: <one>string.match?(</one>/<one>abcs</one>/<one>)</one>
+- In Ruby: what is the result of <one>nil || 42</one>? <one>42</one>
+- In Ruby: can we define a method called <one>!=</one> on a class? Yes.
+- In Ruby: can objects be <one>garbage collected</one> if references still exist to them? No.
+- In Ruby: is the following syntax valid? <one>def foo(a, *b, c); pp b; end</one>? A: Yes.
+- In Ruby, for <one>ERB</one>: how to embed ruby code? <one><%= @name %></one>
+- In Ruby: give another name for <one>blocks</one>. A: <one>Anonymous methods</one>.
+- In Ruby: how to check whether a given variable is a number, in a concise manner? A: Use something like <one>if 5.is_a? Numeric</one>.
+- In order to <one>access the execution context of the main object</one> at any time, Ruby provides a global constant named ... ? <one>TOPLEVEL_BINDING</one>. URL: https://idiosyncratic-ruby.com/44-top-level-binding.html
+- For JRuby: what is the value of <one>RUBY_PLATFORM</one>? <one>java</one>
+- What are <one>the seven basic types in Ruby</one>? (1) <one>Strings</one> (2) <one>Arrays</one> (3) <one>Hashes</one> (4) <one>Numbers</one> (5) <one>Ranges</one> (6) <one>Symbols</one> (7) <one>Regular expressions</one>
+- In Ruby: how can we implement <one>Ranges</one> on our own? We have to define the <one><=></one> operator. The <three>begin object</three> may also need to have defined a <two>.succ()</two> method to return the next object in sequence.
+- Show a good use case for <one>yield_self</one>, in ruby. A: <one>"Hello".yield_self { |str| str + " World" } </one><two># => "Hello World"</two>
+- In Ruby: how to <one>chmod</one> the file /<two>foo</two>/<two>bar.md</two> to <three>777</three>? <one>File.chmod(0777, path_to_the_file)</one>
+- How is a <one>rack application</one> defined? A <two>rack application</two> is an object that responds to a <one>.call()</one> method.
+- In Ruby: given an <one>Array</one> of 10 elements starting from 1 and ending at 10, how can we return a new Array with 3 elements each? <one>(1..10).each_cons(3) { |a| p a } # => [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4]</one>
+- What does <one>duplexed</one> mean, as far as Ruby is concerned? This is an I/O stream that is <one>bidirectional</one>.
+- In Ruby: how to read in a single character? Use <one>IO.getch</one> or <one>STDIN.getch</one>.
+- In Ruby: why was the name <one>string.tr()</one> chosen? <one>.tr</one> stands for <two>transform</two>.
+- In Ruby: If <one>ARGV</one> is empty, how does ARGF act? ARGF then acts as if it contained <one>STDIN</one>, that is the the data piped to your script.
+- On the Ruby side, Ruby organizes objects in <one>memory areas</one> called ... ? <one>Ruby heap pages</one>. URL: https://tenderlovemaking.com/2017/09/27/visualizing-your-ruby-heap.html
+- In Ruby: what may be better to use than <one>object.send(:remove_method)</one>? <one>object.remove_method()</one>
+- In Ruby: the <one>noniterative version of each_byte</one> is called ... ? <one>.getc</one>
+- In Ruby: which classes in general implement <one>.to_str()</one>? <one>.to_str</one> is normally implemented only by those classes that <two>act like strings</two>.
+- In Ruby: if we have to iterate over a <one>large dataset</one> stored in a file, but do not have a lot of RAM, what can we do? We can use the <one>.each_line</one> method. This will avoid loading the whole file into memory.
+- In Ruby: is there an alternative to <one>"abc\ndef".split("\n")</one>? Yes - <one>"abc\ndef".lines</one> (but it is not completely the same, because newlines will be retained in the resulting Array)
+- In Ruby: the most common method to <one>read from stdin</one> occurs via ... ? <one>gets</one>.
+- In Ruby: if we wish to use a regex, how to refer to characters such as <one>!</one>,<one>?</one>,<one>,</one> and <one>' '</one>? Via <one>:punct</one>, as in .gsub(/[[[<one>:punct:</one>]] ]/, '-')
+- In Ruby: what will the following code return: <one>m = Module.new; m.name</one>? It will return <one>nil</one>.
+- In Ruby: wie stellen wir einen Bruch wie <one>2</one>/<one>3</one> dar? Mittels <one>Rational(2, 3)</one>.
+- What was the biggest change in ruby <one>2.4.x</one>? The <one>Integer Unification</one> - <two>Fixnums</two> and <two>Bignums</two> were merged, into <royalblue>class Integer</royalblue>.
+- In Ruby: if we wish to use a custom class, such as <one>class Users</one>, and make use of <two>Enumerable#map</two> on it, which method do we have to define on <one>class Users</one>? An <one>.each()</one> method (aka <one>Users#each</one>).
+- In Ruby: what is the <one>.b() method</one> doing, for Strings? It <one>will return a copied string</one>, whose encoding is <two>ASCII-8BIT</two>.
+- In Ruby: which method is called by <one>puts</one>? <one>puts</one> will invoke the <one>.to_s() method</one>.
+- Woher kommt das Wort <one>mutex</one> in Ruby? Es kommt von <one>mutually exclusive</one>.
+- In Ruby: how to <one>make a regex-component optional</one>? A: Put a <one>question mark</one> (<peru>?</peru>) <one>after it</one>.
+- In Ruby: wie <one>verknüpfen</one> wir zwei Arrays miteinander, ausser mittels der Methode <three>.zip()</three>? Mittels <one>.transpose()</one>.
+- In Ruby: which objects tend to have an <one>external encoding</one> typically? <one>I</one>/<one>O objects</one>.
+- In Ruby: what does the abbreviation in <one>fcntl</one> in its standard library, stand for? <one>file control</one>.
+- In Ruby: do <one>Struct</one>s make use of <two>instance variables</two> by default? <one>No</one>.
+- In Ruby: how to raise a <one>frozen error</one>, specifically? Via <one>raise FrozenError.new("Error Message")</one>
+- In Ruby: how can we obtain the same result as <one>pp foobar</one> would show? Via <one>foobar.pretty_inspect</one>
+- In Ruby: how to quickly obtain the encoding of the current source file? Use <two>the special constant</two> called <one>__ENCODING__</one>. []
+- In Ruby: the regular expression engine is called ... ? <one>Oniguruma</one> which means <two>ghost wheel</two>. []
+- In Ruby: can we give a regex as argument to <one>.none?</one>? A: Yes. See: <one>words.none?(/w/) # => false</one> []
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> can we find out how many arguments a Proc object expects? Use: <one>Proc#arity</one> []
+- In Ruby: is <one>File.read</one> <two>faster</two>, respectively more efficient, than <one>File.readlines</one>? Yes. []
+- In Ruby: if we wish to have comparable objects, we have to <one>include Comparable</one>, and <two>then define ... which method in our class</two>? <one><=></one> []
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> can we find out <two>the directory of a given .rb file</two> at hand? Via: <one>__dir__</one> []
+- In Ruby: does <one>binding</one>, defined in Kernel, <two>capture the local scope</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> to <two>negate a character class</two>? Put a <one>caret</one>, that is, a <two>^</two> immediately after the opening bracket. Example: <three>/[^A-Z]/</three>. []
+- In Ruby: is a <one>variable</one> <two>an object</two>? <one>No</one> - <two>a variable</two> is simply <three>a reference to an object</three>. []
+- In Ruby: does <one>.clone</one> <two>respect the frozen state of the receiver</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>name two different ways</one>, <two>syntax-wise</two>, <three>how to create a new Array</three>. A: (1) <one>array = [ 1, 2, 3 ]</one> (2) <one>array = Array.new</one> []
+- In Ruby: was ergibt <one>1.dup</one>? <one>1</one>. []
+- In Ruby: do we need an explicit <one>break</one> statement when we use a <two>loop {}</two> construct? <one>No</one>. []
+- In Ruby: are <one>Float value additions</one> <two>exact</two>? <one>No</one>, <two>they are inexact</two>. Some additions (of some float values) can yield incorrect values. []
+- In Ruby: in a regex such as /[[:space:]]/, <one>how can this be</one> <two>negated</two>? /[[^:space:]]/ []
+- In Ruby: what would the following syntax yield? <one>Array('Foobar')</one> A: This would yield the Array <one>["Foobar"]</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>eval</one> <two>acecpts what type of input</two>? <one>eval()</one> <two>only accepts strings as input</two>. []
+- In Ruby: is a <one>class</one> <two>an object</two>? <one>Yes</one> - an <two>object of class Class</two>. []
+- In Ruby: does <one>case</one> <two>return the value of the last expression executed</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: what is the result of the following syntax: <one>hash = { 'dog' => 'canine', 'cat' => 'feline', 'donkey' => 'asinine' }; hash.length</one> A: <one>3</one>. []
+- In Ruby: can the <one>yield statement</one> <two>have a parameter</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: is the syntax <one>1.0e3</one> <two>valid</two>? <one>Yes</one>. It is another way of writing <two>1000.0</two>. []
+- In Ruby: what is the return value of a <one>Hash</one> <two>when indexed by a key it does not contain</two>? <one>nil</one> will be returned in this event. []
+- In Ruby: is <one>each</one> <two>a reserved word</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- In Ruby: does <one>a class called</one> <two>Class</two> exist by default? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>the parent class</one> <two>of any particular other class</two> <three>can be obtained how</three>? Via: <one>.superclass()</one> []
+- In Ruby: how many <one>splat arguments</one> <two>can occur in a method definition</two>? Only <one>one</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>is</one> <two>nil</two> <three>an object</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: name a very similar method to <one>File.readlines()</one>. A: <one>IO.readlines()</one> []
+- In Ruby: <one>converting one encoding to another encoding</one> <two>is also called ... </two>? <one>Transcoding</one>. []
+- In Ruby: zu welcher Klasse gehört die <one>.dup</one> Methode? Zu <one>class Object</one>. []
+- In Ruby: to iterate over every value of a Hash, do ... ? use: <one>hash.each_value</one> []
+- In Ruby: can a <one>begin</one> / <one>rescue</one> clause contain an <two>else</two> clause? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> can we <two>specify an Array of symbols</two>? By using <two>%i</two>, as in: <one>%i( abc def ghi ) => [:abc, :def, :ghi]</one> []
+- In Ruby: is there an alternative to <one>FileUtils.mv()</one>? <noe>Yes</one>: make use of <two>File.rename</two> []
+- In Ruby: is there an additional functional difference between a regex /foo|bar/ and /bar|foo/, aside from them matching to different Strings? <one>Yes</one>. The variant that comes first, before the |, will have precedence - thus, the first one is more important than the ones that follow it. []
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> are <two>methods</two> called <three>that are specific to a particular object</three>? <one>Singleton methods</one>. []
+- In Ruby: the <one>.to_str()</one> <two>is expected to return ... </two>? a <one>String</one>. []
+- <one>Ruby</one> offers <two>several different ways how to create a regular expression</two>. One variant is to specifically make use of the <one>%r{...}</one> syntax. Give a good use case as to when this syntax is used specifically. A: When we have a <two>forward slash</two>, such as in: <one>%r{ abc</one>/<one>def }</one> []
+- In Ruby: what will the result be of this code? <one>def foo; return 1,2; end; pp foo</one>? A: This will return the <two>Array</two> <one>[1,2]</one>. []
+- In Ruby: is the <one>append operator</one> <two><<</two> <three>stackable</three>? Yes - multiple uses of << can be stacked onto the same received. Example: <two>x = 'abc'.dup; x << 'd' << 'e' << 'f'</two>. []
+- In Ruby: can <one>setter methods</one> <two>be called without an explicit receiver</two>? <one>No</one>. If <two>self.</two> is omitted then ruby will assume that <two>self</two> <three>was meant as the target receiver</three>. []
+- In Ruby: is a <one>block</one> <two>a closure</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>which class</one> handles input and output? class <one>IO</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> to <two>convert a range to an Enumerator</two>? We can make use of the <one>.to_enum</one> method. []
+- In Ruby: everything is <one>true</one>, <two>save for ... </two>? (1) <one>nil</one> (2) <one>false</one> []
+- In Ruby: is this syntax valid? <one>puts "\u{70 69 3a 20 3c0}"</one>? A: <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby, for a given regex: <one>how</one> can we match any character <two>except</two> <three>a decimal digit</three>? Use <one>\D</one> in the regex. []
+- When we make use of <one>exit</one> in ruby, <two>which specific error is raised here</two>? <one>SystemExit</one>. []
+- In Ruby: if we have a method such as <one>foobar?</one>: is the <two>?</two> <three>part of the method name</three>? A: <one>Yes</one> it is. []
+- In Ruby: if we append a <one>=</one> token to the end of a method’s name, will this turn this method into a setter method? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>everything is true</one> <two>except for ... </two>? <one>false</one> and <one>nil</one>. []
+- In Ruby: given a regular expression, how are the <one>()</one> called that may be found in some of these regular expressions? This is a <one>capture group</one>. []
+- In Ruby: is <one>defined?</one> <two>a method or a keyword</two>? A: <one>defined?</one> is <two>a keyword</two>. []
+- In Ruby: what does <one>fcall</one> mean? <one>Function call</one>. []
+- In Ruby: what does <one>fork()</one> return? The <one>pid</one> of the process at hand - thus, <two>fork()</two> will <three>return a number</three>. []
+- Default value of <one>$SAFE</one> in ruby? <one>0</one> (Zero) - but it has been removed in more recent versions of ruby. []
+- In Ruby: can <one>the splat argument</one> be used anywhere in a method's parameter list? <one>Yes</one>. Example: <two>def foobar(one, *two, three)</two> is perfectly valid ruby code. []
+- The <one>syntax</one> for the <two>case equality operator</two> <three>in Ruby</three> is ... ? <one>===</one>. []
+- Does <one>raise</one> in ruby <two>allow us to pass in either a class or an object</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>How many instances</one> of a singleton class should exist? Not more than one. []
+- In Ruby: How to convert the decimal number <one>29</one> into its <two>corresponding binary representation</two>? <one>29.to_s(2) => "11101"</one> []
+- In Ruby: can we say that <one>a block</one> <two>is a callback</two>? Yes, sort of. []
+- In Ruby: can <one>ranges</one> <two>be used in conditions</two>? <one>Yes</one>. Example for this: <two>puts line if line =~ /start/ .. line =~ </two>/<two>end</two>/. []
+- In Ruby: can we put a <one>lambda</one> <two>inside of another</two> <one>lambda</one>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Give another name for a <one>superclass</one>. A: The <one>parent class</one>. []
+- In Ruby: is the following syntax valid? <one>def foo(first, *, last); end</one>? A: <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: is the following syntax valid ruby code? <one>def foobar(a, *, c)</one>? A: <one>Yes</one>, this is valid syntax. []
+- In Ruby: <one>.partition</one> <two>returns how many Arrays</two>? <one>Two</one>. []
+- In Ruby: can <one>constants</one> <two>be changed lateron</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In Ruby: <one>how</one> to determine the home directory of the current user? Use: <one>Dir.home</one> []
+- In Ruby: how do we call <one>anonymous functions</one>? <one>Lambdas</one>. []
+- In Ruby: how can we <one>create an Enumerator object</one>? (1) via <one>.to_enum</one> (2) via <one>.enum_for</one> [] 
+- In Ruby: name one important difference between <one>fibers</one> and <one>threads</one>. A: <one>Fibers</one> are light-weight and thus require less memory, as opposed to <one>threads</one>.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ruby_on_rails

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Ruby on Rails
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- The part of the application the user sees is called ... ? the <one>view</one>.
+- Name three attributes that every <one>ActiveRecord model</one> includes. A: (1) <one>attributes id</one> (2) <one>created_at</one> (3) <one>updated_at</one>
+- In Ruby on Rails: <one>ActiveRecord</one> is a level of abstraction that offers access to ... ? A <one>SQL database</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: show how to <one>get rid of a model</one> called Foobar. A: <one>rails destroy model Foobar</one>.
+- <one>Rails applications</one> are preconfigured with which three standard modes of operation? (1) <one>development</one> (2) <one>test</one> (3) <one>production</one>
+- In Ruby on Rails: we can migrate a database via <one>rails db:migrate</one>. How do we undo this operation? Use <one>rails db:rollback</one>.
+- Do <one>models in Rails</one> use a singular name or a plural name? They use a singular name.
+- <one>Rails applications</one> are preconfigured with three standard modes of operation. Which ones are these? (1) <one>development</one> (2) <one>test</one> (3) <one>production</one>
+- In Ruby on Rails: are instance methods of a subclass of <one>ApplicationController</one> available in a <three>erb template</three>? Yes.
+- In Ruby on Rails: one of the cardinal sins in the MVC model is to <one>put too much program logic into</one> ... ? The <one>view</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: does a static file in the directory <one>public</one>/ always have a higher priority than a route in <two>config</two>/<two>routes.rb</two>? Yes.
+- In Ruby on Rails: what would be a better name for the <one>model</one> in the MVC pattern? <one>Data model</one>.
+- What is typically the first command if we wish to create a basic rails application? <one>rails new</one>
+- In a typical rails application, <one>when the web browser makes a request</one>, the <three>router component</three> will check which important file? <one>config</one>/<one>routes.rb</one>
+- Do <one>database tables</one> in Rails use a plural name? Yes.
+- In Ruby on Rails, in the <one>app</one>/<one>assets</one> directory, we can put down <three>applications assets</three>. Give an example of such an asset. A: <one>Cascading style sheets</one> (<two>CSS</two>).
+- Rails makes use of <two>REST</two>, at the least seven methods. These start with the letters <one>i</one>, <one>s</one>, <one>n</one>, <one>c</one>, <one>e</one>, <one>u</one> and <one>d</one>. Their full names are ... ? (1) <one>create</one> (2) <one>destroy</one> (3) <one>edit</one> (4) <one>index</one> (5) <one>new</one> (6) <one>show</one> (7) <one>update</one>
+- In rails: <one>how to refer to the primary rack application</one>? Via <one>Rails.application</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: how to display a <one>partial</one> residing in a subdirectory? For example: <one><%= render "shared/footer" %></one>
+- In Ruby on Rails: a <one>partial</one> is stored under app/views/. The file name must start with ... ? An underscore, aka <one>_</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: we have the MVC model, including <one>the controller</one> and <one>the view</one>. Give another name for these two. A: (1) <one>controller</one>: <two>programming logic</two> (2) <one>view</one>:       <two>presentation logic</two>
+- In Ruby on Rails: the file <one>routes.rb</one> can be found where? In <one>config</one>/<one>routes.rb</one>.
+- <one>All Rails controllers</one> inherit from ... ? <one>ApplicationController</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: <one>a connection between two ActiveRecord models</one> is known as ... ? An <one>association</one>.
+- In a typical ruby on rails application, the first (and possibly most important) controller is ... ? The <one>Application controller</one>.
+- One very useful feature of Rails is the ability to form ... between different data models. A: <one>associations</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: the <one>opposite</one> to <three>rails generate</three> is ... ? <one>rails destroy</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: what is the purpose of the <one>routes.rb</one> file? The purpose is to control the conversion from an HTTP request to a Rails method call.
+- In Ruby on Rails: what are <one>railties</one>? These are <one>console commands and generators</one>.
+- In Rails: a browser sends a <one>request</one>, which is received by a web server and then passed on to ... which part of rails? A <one>rails controller</one>.
+- <one>CRUD</one> operations: <one>CRUD</one> stands short for? (1) <one>create</one> (2) <one>read</one> (3) <one>update</one> (4) <one>destroy</one>
+- In Rails: the <one>most important parent class</one> is ... ? <one>ApplicationController</one>.
+- In Rails: where do <one>controllers</one> reside? In <one>app</one>/<one>controllers</one>.
+- <one>Rails</one> typically comes with a directory called <two>app</two>/. Name three subdirectories that can be found in that directory. A: (1) <one>models</one> (2) <one>views</one> (3) <one>controllers</one>
+- Every time <one>bundler</one> gets to install something, it will calculate the dependency tree for the application and store the results in a file named ... ? <one>Gemfile.lock</one>.
+- How does Rails call a <one>footer</one> on every page? <one>Partials</one>.
+- In Rails: wie erhalten wir <one>alle Anwender aus einer Datenbank</one>? Mittels <one>User.all</one>.
+- A <one>product owner's</one> principal tool for product planning is ... ? The <one>user story</one>.
+- Aside from the app/ directory, name three other important directories that can be found in every rails application. A: The <two>MVC directories</two>, aka <one>models</one>/, <one>views</one>/ and <one>controllers</one>/.
+- Gems for use in a rails-application, may go into which directory? Into the <one>vendor</one>/<one>cache</one> directory, inside of the Rails application.
+- In rails: the main <one>project directory</one> is also called ... ? The <one>application root directory</one>.
+- Name three subdirectories that can be found in a typical rails <one>app</one>/ directory. A: (1) <one>models</one> (2) <one>views</one> (3) <one>controllers</one>
+- What is meant with the term <one>WebSockets</one>, which Rails supports at the least since as of the year 2019? WebSockets is a protocol that enables bidirectional communication between the client and the server of a web application over a single long living TCP connection.
+- The default time zone for <one>Rails applications</one> is ... ? <one>UTC</one>.
+- The current environment of rails can be specified via which <one>environment variable</one>? <one>RAILS_ENV</one>.
+- When does the browser use a <one>POST request</one>? When we fill in a <form> tag, for example, upon hitting the submit button.
+- Rails comes with a directory such as <one>app</one>/<one>assets</one>. Give an example what we can find in this directory. A: <one>CSS</one>, aka <two>cascading style sheets</two>.
+- The <one>MVC design pattern</one> originated from ... ? From the <one>design of desktop applications</one>.
+- In the <one>MVC</one> setup of rails, which important component may be left out that is vital for every rails application? The <one>route</one>.
+- In Ruby on Rails: what do we mean with a <one>view</one>, usually? This is <one>the HTML output</one> that will be sent back to the browser.
+- In Ruby on rails: what is the main purpose of the <one>view</one>? The view should <one>just display information</one>.
+- The primary form builder for Rails is ... ? The helper method called <one>form_with</one>.
+- In Rails: does the <one>view</one> collect information? No - that would be the job of the <one>controller</one>.
+- Most of the work of developing a Rails application happens in which directory? In the app/ directory.
+- When interacting with a Rails application, a browser sends a ... ? <one>Request</one>.
+- Name a possible advantage as to why the <one>model-view-controller</one> is used by rails. A: It <one>enforces separation of concerns</one> and may help in keeping the code organized (and uniform).
+- What do we mean with an <one>Asset Pipeline</one> in Ruby-on-Rails? The asset pipeline is a framework to concatenate and minify or compress JavaScript and CSS assets.
+- What is meant with <one>fingerprinting</one> in the rails asset pipeline? This refers to a technique that makes the name of a file dependent on the contents of the file. 
+- What does the <one>Gemfile</one> specify? It lists each gem that are used by the particular rails application.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/scientific_writing_and_publishing

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Scientific writing
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Ist die Bereitstellung von Finanzmitteln für die Autorschaft in einem paper verwendbar? Nein.
+- What do we mean with a <one>hypothesis testing paper</one>? This is when the Introduction goes from something known, towards something unknown, to (finally) the question the paper is asking.
+- The <one>abstract</one> of a paper is ... ? The summary of the work.
+- If we see <one>Maier et al., 2007</one>, what does the et al. mean? That there were <one>3 or more authors</one>.
+- <one>The head of the lab</one> is often mentioned in which <two>position</two> in a <three>scientific paper</three>? Often last.
+- Was ist eine kumulierte Masterarbeit? Wenn bereits publizierte papers verwendet werden.
+- Give at the least three reasons as to why we should <one>publish scientifically</one>. A: (1) feedback (2) contributes knoweldge (3) promote yourself (4) improve chance for funding (5) obligation e. g. when public funding is used
+- Der Hirsch-Faktor (h-Index) bezieht sich immer auf ... ? Einen bestimmten Autor.
+- Kann die MeSH Datenbank von PubMed aus aufgerufen werden? Ja.
+- Was ist das primäre Ziel eines Review Article? Dem Leser es zu erlauben sich in ein bestimmtes Gebiet rasch einlesen zu können.
+- Nenne einen (praktischen) Vorteil des "Vancouver Zitierstils" gegenüber dem "Harvard Zitierstils". A: Der "Vancouver Zitierstil" benötigt weniger Platz gegenüber dem "Harvard Zitierstil".
+- Nach dem Abstract eines scientific papers folgt eigentlich immer ... ? die <one>Introduction</one>.
+- MeSH steht für ... ? <one>Medical Subject Headings</one>.
+- Was ist ein Vollplagiat? Wenn eine fremde Arbeit als eine eigene ausgegeben wird.
+- How to assess the quality of authors in a scientific publication? Via the h-index ("Hirsch-Faktor").
+- The quality of scientific articles is usually assessed how, in general? Via its <one>Impact-Factor</one>.
+- When may <lightgreen>editorial rejection</lightgreen> occur? For example, when the sent manuscript does not match the scope of the journal or other publication criteria.
+- What does <violet>non sequitur</violet> mean? When a statement does not follow, such as <one>by lack of logic</one>.
+- According to the roman rhetor Quintilian: what is clear writing? Clear writing is writing that is incapable of being misunderstood.
+- Name a type of evidence suitable in scientific arguments. A: Statistics.
+- Give a reason as to why we ought to write effectively, in scientific writing/publication. A: To <one>make an impact</one>.
+- Scientific manuscripts (in biomedicine) have a conserved ... structure. A: <one>IMRaD structure</one>.
+- In scientific writing, in a paper: what is the purpose of the <one>Resolution</one> section? The purpose of resolution is to explain the meaning of the results and demonstrate to the reader how these findings may complement the existing knowledge.
+- Name an obstacle during the publishing process that may occur. A: <one>Editorial rejection</one>.
+- Editorial rejection can happen for a paper, but give another example for rejection that may happen after the editorial rejection step. A: The <one>rejection upon review</one>: the manuscript is rejected based on the reviewers' feedback.
+- The structure of the Materials and Methods section is essentially ... ? <one>chronological</one>.
+- The <one>anatomy of a research article</one> often follows which structure? The <violet>IMRaD</violet> structure.
+- In a scientific paper, how do we call the <violet>Summary of Work</violet>? <one>Abstract</one>.
+- Why is it important to do financial disclosure for a paper? Because the source of support can influence the results.
+- What is the major function of the abstract of a scientific paper? To provide an overview of the paper.
+- Name the two major citing references styles in scientific papers. A: (1) The "Harvard style" (2) The "Vancouver style"
+- In scientific papers: in the <violet>doi number</violet>, what does doi stand for? <one>Digital Object Identifier</one>.
+- Which part of the paper should present the main story in a condensed manner? The <one>abstract</one>.
+- How do we call the numbered list of references citation style? <one>Vancouver style</one>.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/semisynthese_von_proteinen_und_nukleotiden

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Semisynthese von Proteinen und Nukleotiden
+#
+# Auch Biologische Chemie II.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Peptoids tag
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Fmoc tag
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Nenne einen Vorteil der <one>Merrifield-Technik</one>, der damals sehr wichtig war. A: Die Reaktionsschritte bestehen nur mehr in Reagenszugabe und Waschen; es gibt somit keine Reinigung der Zwischenprodukte mehr.
+- Bei der Peptidsynthese in Lösung ist <one>Dibenzofulven</one> nicht ideal. Wieso nicht? Da <one>Dibenzofulven</one> ziemlich reaktiv ist.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>Bioconjugation</one>? <one>Bioconjugation</one> involves the linking of two or more molecules to form a novel complex having the combined properties of its individual components.
+- Nenne eine Schutzgruppe, die für die Synthese in Lösung verwendet werden kann. A: Die <one>Chlorophenylschutzgruppe</one>.
+- Die Kügelchen in einem DNA-Syntheseautomaten bestehen aus ... ? <one>Kieselerde</one>.
+- <one>Ninhydrin</one> reagiert mit welcher funktionellen Gruppe? <one>R-NH2</one>.
+- Are <one>Peptoids</one> resistant to proteolysis? Yes.
+- Nenne eine <one>physikalische Methode</one> zur <two>Racemat-Trennung</two>. A: "Chromatographische Racemat-Trennung": die Enantiomere binden hier an chirale Adsorbentien.
+- Werden Stickstoffe reaktiver je mehr Methylgruppen sie tragen? Ja.
+- Nenne eine Problem der <one>Phosphotriester-Methode</one>. A: Spuren von Wasser können die Reaktion verhindern.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>temporäre Schutzgruppe</one> gemeint? Dies ist eine Schutzgruppe, die von den Polymerbestandteilen während der Reaktion abgespalten wird.
+- Was ist das besondere bei <one>Controlled Pore Glass</one>? Diese Glasträger sind mit "primären Aminen" funktionalisiert worden.
+- <one>Fmoc</one> (<two>Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl</two>) ist eine wichtige Schutzgruppe für den ...-Terminus. A: <one>N-Terminus</one>. (Mnemonic: <royalblue>Fmoc-N</royalblue>)
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>permanenten Schutzgruppe</one>? Dies ist eine Schutzgruppe, die <one>bis zum Ende der Synthese</one> erhalten bleibt.
+- Die <one>Orthogonalität von Schutzgruppen</one> ist wichtig. Nenne eine Schutzgruppe die orthogonal zu "BOC" ist. A: <one>Z</one>.
+- <one>Murexid</one> ist ein saures ... salz. A: Ein <one>Ammoniumsalz</one>.
+- Der <one>Nitrobenzyl-Linker</one> ist ein besonderer Linker. Wie kann er abgespalten werden? Durch <one>Licht</one>.
+- Die <one>Fmoc-Schutzgruppe</one> wird mit Hilfe einer Base entfernt. Diese Base ist meistens allgemein ... ? Ein <one>sekundäres Amin</one>.
+- Wenn wir DNA in Lösung chemisch synthetisieren möchten, welche Methode werden wir höchstwahrscheinlich einsetzen? Die <one>Phosphotriester-Methode</one>.
+- Die <one>NHS Ester</one> besitzen wieviele N-Atome? 1.
+- Wie werden <one>photolabile Linker</one> abgespalten? Durch Bestrahlung mit <one>Licht einer bestimmten Wellenlänge</one>.
+- Which person invented the "solid-phase chemical synthesis"? <one>Bruce Merrifield</one>.
+- Reagiert <one>Lysin</one> mit Dansyl-Cl? Ja. Dies wird auch bei der <one>N-terminalen Endgruppenanalyse</one> eingesetzt.
+- Sind Thioester im Sauren stabil? Ja.
+- Sind Thioester unter den Bedingungen der Fmoc-Peptidsynthese stabil? Nein (siehe auch den Einsatz von Piperidin hier).
+- Nenne drei wichtige <one>Vorteile der Festphasensynthese</one>. A: (1) <one>automatisierbar</one> (2) <one>geringe Verluste</one> (3) <one>keine aufwendige Reinigung</one>
+- Nenne zwei Nachteile der Festphasensynthese. A: (1) <one>hoher Chemikalienverbrauch</one> (2) <one>hohe Kosten</one>
+- <one>Phosphorothioat-Oligonukleotide</one> werden in der RNAi Therapie benutzt. Binden sie an Proteine? Ja.
+- Aus Löslichkeitsgründen enthält die PNA-Sequenz am C-Terminus ein ...amid (welche Aminosäure)? Ein <one>Lysinamid</one>.
+- The <one>Sanger's reagent</one> is also known as <two>1-Fluoro-2,4-di</two> ... ? <one>1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene</one>.
+- Bei der Bestimmung der N-terminalen Aminosäure mit Hilfe von Dansylchlorid: was muss nach der Kopplung von Dansylchlorid an die N-terminale Aminosäure passieren? Es muss eine Hydrolyse-Reaktion stattfinden, damit das Dansylchlorid-Aminosäure Fragment abfallen kann.
+- Peptoids are poly-N-substituted ... which aminoacid? <one>Glycines</one>.
+- Are peptoid oligomers conformationally stable or conformationally unstable? They are <one>conformationally unstable</one>.
+- Nenne ein Harz für die Fmoc-Strategie. A: Das WANG-Harz (4-Benzyloxybenzyl-Harz).
+- Die Fmoc-Schutzgruppe wird oft durch eine Base abgespalten. Gib ein konkretes Beispiel hierzu an. A: <one>Piperidin</one>.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one> Orthogonalität der Schutzgruppen</one> gemeint? Das sich alle nötigen Schutzgruppen getrennt und ungestört voneinander entfernen lassen können.
+- Fmoc (<one>Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl</one>) ist eine wichtige Schutzgruppe für ... welches Ende an einem Protein? Den <one>N-Terminus</one>.
+- Die "Fmoc-Gruppe": wofür steht die Abkürzung Fmoc? <one>9-Fluorenylmethyl-oxycarbonyl-</one>. (Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl)
+- Fmoc kann durch welche Bedingungen abgespalten werden? Durch basische Bedingungen; es ist im Basischen labil.
+- Kann das GFP Protein durch Festphasenpeptidsynthese hergestellt werden? Ja; dies wurde bereits 1999 gezeigt, durch SAKAKIBARA. GFP hat 238 Aminosäuren.
+- Können wir mit Hilfe der Festphasenpeptidsynthese Proteine mit mehr als 250 Aminosäuren Länge synthetisieren, im Jahre 2019? Nein.
+- Die "Phosphodiestermethode" wurde in den 1950ern von ... entwickelt. A: <one>Khorana</one>.
+- Das praktikable Limit der chemischen Peptidsynthese liegt heute bei etwa n Aminosäuren? Etwa <one>30-50 Aminosäuren</one>.
+- Die schwierige Region in der Peptidsynthese entsteht durch ...-Bildung besonders bei Kettenlängen von ca. 9-15 AS. A: β-Faltblatt-Bildung.
+- Die <one>DMT-Gruppe</one> (Dimethoxytrityl) zeigt nach Abspaltung welche Farbe? <orange>Orange</orange>.
+- Können wir bei der <one>Festphasensynthese</one> Fluoreszensmarkierungen einbauen? Ja.
+- The "Staudinger ligation" is a modification of the classical Staudinger reaction in which an electrophilic trap is placed on the "triaryl phosphine". Typicall this trap-chemical is ... ? A "methyl ester".
+- "Rüker": "TRIMER CODONs" are essentially ... ? "Trinucleotide Phosphoramidites".
+- Wir können den Edman-Abbau beschleunigen wenn wir den pH-Wert verändern, und zwar erhöhen oder erniedrigen? Erhöhen, auf pH 9. Dies beschleunigt die Reaktion.
+- Beim Edman-Abbau reagiert "Phenylisothiocyanat" (PITC) unter milden basischen Bedingungen mit der N-terminalen Aminogruppe des Proteins bei Temperaturen um 50°C unter Bildung eines ... Adduktes. A: Eines "Phenylthiocarbamoyl (PTC)-Adduktes".
+- Die Sequenzierung eines Proteins oder Peptides kann nach dem "Edman-Abbau" erfolgen. Welches Reagens benötigen wir hier? PITC: "Phenylisothiocyanat".
+- Schutzgruppen, die eine Urethan-Struktur ausbilden, sind im Vergleich zu den Acylgruppen sehr viel besser geeignet, da ... ? Sie einfacher und selektiver abspaltbar sind.
+- Zum Entschützen der BOC-Schutzgruppe verwenden wir Säuren oder Basen? Säuren. "Trifluoressigsäure" mag zum Entschützen verwendet werden. 
+- Die "BOC-Schutzgruppe" lässt sich zum Schützen von ... ? Einem "Amin".
+- Innerhalb organischer Synthesestrategien verhindert die "Boc-Schutzgruppe" die Umsetzung von freien ... ? "Aminen".
+- Es gibt die "BOC-Schutzgruppe". Wofür steht "BOC"? "tert-Butyloxycarbonyl".
+- Mit Hilfe des "Königs-Knorr-Verfahrens" kann zum Beispiel welches Nukleotid synthetisiert werden? "Guanosin".
+- Für die erfolgreiche Peptidsynthese ist eine sorgfältige Wahl ... erforderlich. A: der "Schutzgruppen".
+- Um ausschließlich das gewünschte Alpha-Anomer zu erhalten, wird während der "Koenigs-Knorr-Glykosidierung" eine ... eingesetzt, die anschließend zur Aminogruppe reduziert und acetyliert wird. A: "Azidogruppe".
+- Vergleiche die Stabilität von "Phosphorthionatbindungen" mit "Phosphodiesterbindungen". A: Phosphorthionate sind viel stabiler als Phosphodiesterbindungen.
+- Allgemein: nenne zwei "Selektivitätsprobleme der Peptidsynthese". A: (1) "Chemoselektivität" (2) "Stereochemie" (Stereochemieselektivität)
+- Als "CPG-Linker" (Controlled Pore Glass) verwenden wir meistens ...? "Succinat".
+- Ist der "NHS-Ester" stabil in H2O? Ja.
+- Nenne eine besondere chemische Struktur in einem "LNA" ("Locked Nucleic Acid"). A: Eine "Methylenbrücke".
+- Wir können abgebaute Aminosäuren chemisch identifizieren. Vom "N-Terminus" über den "Edman-Abbau" - aber wie geht dies über den "C-Terminus"? Mit Hilfe des "Schlack-Kumpf-Abbaus".
+- Nenne eine "Nukleosidierung", die mit "H" beginnt. A: "Hilbert-Johnson Nukleosidierung".
+- Nenne zwei verschiedene "permanente Schutzgruppen" an den Nukleobasen. A: (1) "Benzoyl-Schutzgruppe" (2) "Isobutyryl-Schutzgruppe"
+- Nenne eine chemische Modifikationen die Phosphat-Rückgrat von Oligonukleotiden betrifft. A: "Phosphorthioat".
+- Welche Festphase wird vorwiegend für die Oligonukleotidsynthese verwendet? CPG: "Controlled Pore Glass".
+- Nenne drei verschiedene Verfahren zur "Oligonukleotid-Synthese". A: (1) das "Phosphortriester-Verfahren" (2) das "Phosphittriester-Verfahren" (3) das "Phosphoramidit-Verfahren"
+- Winkler: Wie können wir siRNA stabiler machen gegenüber Abbau durch Exonukleasen? Mit Hilfe von "phosphorothioate".
+- Give another name for "10-peptide". A: "Decapeptide".
+- Formally, "cyclic peptides" are formed upon formation of a peptide bond between ... ? Between the amino and carboxy termini of a "linear peptide".
+- Bei der "Oligonukleotid-Festphasensynthese" kommt meistens das "Phosphoramidit-Verfahren" zum Einsatz. Pro Nukleotideinheit gibt es hierbei vier Reaktionen. Nenne diese in Kurzform, inklusive Mnemonic. A: "E-K-C-O". (1) "Entschützung" (2) "Kopplung" (3) "Capping" (4) "Oxidation"
+- Die "Oligonukleotid-Festphasensynthese" erfolgt in welcher Richtung? Stufenweise von 3' nach 5'.
+- Englisch für "Festphase"? <one>Solid Phase</one>.
+- Die "Trityl-Schutzgruppe", die bei der künstlichen Synthese von Proteinen verwendet wird, schützt welche Gruppe? Die "Amid-Gruppe".
+- Der "Kupplungsschritt" beim Edman-Abbau erfolgt bei einem pH von ... ? "9".
+- "Boc" ist stabil gegenüber Basen oder Säuren? Boc ist stabil gegenüber Basen.
+- Wie nennen wir die "Festphasensynthese" auf Englisch? SPPS: "Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis".
+- Wieso mögen wir das "Ellman's Reagenz" verwenden? Zwecks Quantifizierung von Thiolen in Proteinen.
+- Name a way how to break up disulfide bonds. A: We can use TCEP (Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine). TCEP is a potent, versatile, non-volatile, odorless, thiol-free reducing agent with broad application in the "reduction of disulfide bonds". 
+- Nenne drei Vorteile der "DNA-Festphasensynthese" nach Letsinger. A: (1) Die Synthese geht schnell. (2) Die Synthese weist eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit auf. (3) Die Fehlerhäufigkeit ist sehr gering.
+- Eine "Chlorophenyl-Schutzgruppe" kann mit ... abgespalten werden. A: Mit "Pyridin-2-carbaldoximat".
+- In der Praxis, wurde bei der "5'-OH" Schutzgruppe eher Trityl oder Pixyl eingesetzt? Trityl; die Tritylgruppe hat sich durchgesetzt.
+- Nenne zwei "5' -OH-" Schutzgruppen, die sauer abspaltbar sein. A: (1) Trityl-Gruppe (2) Pixyl-Gruppe
+- Muss die "5' -OH" Schutzgruppe sauer oder basisch abgespalten werden? Sauer.
+- Was könnte ein "semisynthetisches Protein" sein? Ein Protein das eine N-terminale Komponente hat, die aus der normalen Biosynthese entstanden ist, gefolgt von einem Teil, der "chemisch synthetisiert" wurde.
+- Bei der Synthese von Proteinen, welcher Teil wird temporär geschützt? Die "Alpha-Aminogruppe" wird temporär geschützt.
+- Nenne 2 allgemeine Schwierigkeiten bei der Biokonjugation von Proteinen. A: (1) Chemoselektivität (2) Regioselektivität
+- Sind "Aryl-Sulfonate" gute Abgangsgruppen? Ja.
+- Was meinen wir mit "Semisynthese von Proteinen"? Dies ist die Schnittmenge zwischen "Biosynthese" (über die Translation) und die "chemische Synthese".
+- Nenne zwei Gründe, wieso wir die "Semisynthese von Proteinen" anstreben wollen. A: (1) Zum Beispiel für den "Einbau unnatürlicher Aminosäuren". (2) Oder um manche Eigenschaften zu verbessern, wie die "Stabilität" oder die "Aktivität".
+- Nenne ein (allgemeines) Beispiel für ein "chemisch modifitiertes Protein", also im Labor. A: Ein Protein das eine Fluorophor-Gruppe trägt.
+- In der Semisynthese von Proteinen werden mitunter "NHS Ester" verwendet. Wofür steht NHS? "N-hydroxysuccinimide esters". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Hydroxysuccinimide
+- Was meinen wir mit "Totalsynthese" in der biologisch-dominierten, organischen Chemie? Dies ist das Herstellen des gesamten Proteins durch eine Synthesereaktion, also "Peptidsynthese aus Aminosäurebausteinen".
+- Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff "Alloprotein"? Dieses ist ein Protein, das nicht-natürliche Aminosäuren enthält, die in ribosomal synthetisierten Proteinen typischerweise nicht auftreten.
+- Wir können eine Schutzgruppe an Nukleobasen anheften, so zum Beispiel eine "Benzoyl-Schutzgruppe". Wenn wir ein Purin haben, wo wird die Benzoyl-Gruppe additiert? An die NH-Gruppe.
+- Bei Schutzgruppen, wie können die "Acylgruppen" entfernt werden? Durch "basische Hydrolyse".
+- Nenne zwei temporäre Schutzgruppen an der Ribose. A: (1) Dimethoxytrityl (2) Pixyl
+- Halbwertszeit einer Peptidbindung in neutralem, wässrigem Puffer? 7 Jahre.
+- In "nonribosomal peptide synthesis", large and complex enzymes polymerize short runs of amino acids that include such oddities as ... ? Give two examples there. A: (1) halogen-bearing side-chains (2) D-amino acids
+- Bei der "N-Glykosylierung", der Konsensussequenz, welche Aminosäure findet sich zu beginn? Asparaginsäure.
+- Wie nennt man die vier Reaktionsschritte des "Phosphoramidit-Verfahrens"? (1) "Detritylierung" (2) "Kopplung" (3) "Capping" (4) "Oxidation"
+- Welche Brücke finden wir bei LNAs ("Locked Nucleic Acids")? Eine "Methylenbrücke".