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package/docs/demo-design/intro-cracktro-patterns.md

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+---
+kind: demo
+---
+
+<!-- doc-type: archetype-reference -->
+
+# Cracktro and One-Screen Intro Patterns
+
+The cracktro is the smallest self-contained unit of C64 demo aesthetics. It is a
+one-screen production that declares a group's existence, delivers a message, and
+exits cleanly. Understanding its conventions is prerequisite to building any larger
+demo or game intro, because the cracktro is where every single technique — stable
+raster, side-border open, sprite animation, SID player, scroller — appears in its
+simplest combined form.
+
+This page is also the archetype reference for demo forms. Each form below is an
+`Archetype` node of kind `demo` in the graph, named by its `**Archetype:**` line;
+its `**Technique fingerprint:**` line becomes `FEATURES` edges to techniques and its
+`**Common pitfalls:**` line `RISKS` edges to pitfalls, and `c64_demo_briefing` reads
+them when called with an `archetype` (`../CONVENTIONS-archetypes.md`). Technique
+names match H2s in `../techniques/`; pitfall names match H2s in `../pitfalls/`.
+A section without an `**Archetype:**` line is prose and is not a node.
+
+---
+
+## History
+
+From approximately 1985 to 1995 the cracktro was a functional artifact. Cracking
+groups stripped the copy protection from commercial games and prefixed the cracked
+binary with a short intro: the group's name, a scroller message declaring the crack
+version and date, greetings to allied groups, and a SID tune. The intro ran until
+the user pressed a key, then it jumped into the game.
+
+The cracktro served two purposes simultaneously. First, it was attribution: the
+group claimed the crack. Second, it was social infrastructure: the greetings list
+embedded in the scroller text was the scene's address book. A group's standing in
+the community was partly measured by who greeted them back.
+
+Size constraints were strict because the intro shared memory with the game. Common
+limits were 1 KB or less — sometimes 256 bytes — because the cracked game image
+had to fit alongside the intro in the C64's 64 KB address space. These constraints
+forced extreme economy: every byte of code, every raster line of display time, had
+to earn its place.
+
+From the mid-1990s onward, cracktros became increasingly aesthetic objects in their
+own right. Groups like Triad, Onslaught, F4CG (Fairlight's successor formation), and
+Genesis Project continued releasing cracks with attached intros well into the 2000s
+and 2010s. The cracktro format also migrated to demo parties as a compo category:
+productions capped at 4 KB compete on the same terms as the 1985 originals. The
+cracktro remains alive as a constrained art form distinct from the full demo.
+
+---
+
+## Crack Intro
+
+**Archetype:** `cracktro`
+
+The crack intro is the canonical form, built from five elements. A canonical cracktro
+consists of exactly five elements assembled in a fixed spatial
+layout. Each element maps to one or more C64 techniques. The five elements are not
+optional: omitting any one of them produces something that reads as incomplete to a
+scene-literate viewer.
+
+### Group Logo
+
+The logo occupies roughly the top half of the visible screen — approximately 80 to
+100 pixels tall, spanning the full 320-pixel width. It is the first thing the viewer
+sees and the hardest to get right aesthetically.
+
+Two implementation paths exist. The first is a bitmap logo: a hi-res or multicolor
+bitmap loaded into $4000–$7FFF (standard VIC-II bitmap area), with color data in
+screen RAM and color RAM. The VIC-II's multicolor bitmap mode (bit 5 of $D011 = 1,
+bit 4 of $D016 = 1) gives three colors plus background, which is sufficient for a
+bold logo glyph. The second path is a large custom multicolor charset: a 4x4 or 8x4
+character-cell logo built from custom character definitions. The charset approach
+is smaller in RAM footprint and easier to re-color dynamically, making it the common
+choice when the intro must fit under 1 KB.
+
+Regardless of rendering method, the logo is static. Cracktros do not animate the
+logo. Animation budget goes to the sprite layer beneath it.
+
+Logo placement in screen coordinates: top edge at raster line ~40 (the first visible
+line below the top border), bottom edge at approximately raster line 140. This leaves
+roughly 100 raster lines for the sprite layer and 40 lines for the scroller bar.
+
+Color conventions: see Conventions below.
+
+### Side-Border Sprites
+
+The left and right side borders are normally invisible extensions of the border
+region; the VIC-II's horizontal blank window cuts them off. Side-border opening
+(`sideborder_open`) uses a two-write timing trick in the horizontal blank to trick
+the VIC-II into leaving the border generator disabled, exposing roughly 7 pixels
+of sprite rendering on each side.
+
+In a cracktro context, side-border sprites are purely decorative: thin vertical bars,
+dashed lines, or simple graphic elements that frame the screen. They reinforce the
+sense that the intro has pushed the hardware as far as it will go — a deliberate
+display of technical competence.
+
+The implementation requirement is a stable raster IRQ (`stable_raster_irq`) firing on
+the correct scanline for each horizontal blank crossing. The two VIC-II writes
+($D016 wide / $D016 narrow) must land within a ±1 cycle window. See
+`../techniques/raster.md` for the exact cycle budget.
+
+In intros smaller than 1 KB, side-border opening is sometimes omitted to save code
+space. In any intro above approximately 512 bytes it is expected.
+
+### Sprite-Chain Animation
+
+Eight hardware sprites are available simultaneously. A cracktro typically devotes all
+eight to an animated element in the middle of the screen — between the logo and the
+scroller bar. Common patterns are a horizontal sweep (sprites moving left-to-right in
+a chain, wrapping), a bounce pattern (sprites oscillating vertically at different
+phases), or a sine-wave chain that produces a fluid ribbon effect.
+
+The sprite positions are updated in the raster IRQ handler or a main-loop timer. Each
+sprite gets an X and Y position computed from a precomputed sine table indexed by a
+per-sprite phase offset. The phase advances by a fixed amount each frame, and each
+sprite's phase is offset from the previous by a constant (typically 256/8 = 32 units
+for an evenly spaced chain over a full sine period).
+
+The chain animation itself (eight sprites phased along one table, the `$D010`
+high-bit wrap, the bounce, the expanded-sprite logo) is `sprite_sine_chain` in
+`../techniques/sprite.md`, with the recipe `../recipes/kickassembler/sprite-sine-chain.md`;
+`sprite_multiplex_8` is a multiplexer and is only needed when more than eight
+objects are on screen at once (an earlier version of this page named it for the
+chain). For showier intros with more than 8 simultaneous sprite objects, `sprite_multiplex_8`
+is replaced by `sprite_multiplex_24`, which reuses the eight hardware sprites across
+multiple raster bands. The trade-off is IRQ complexity and a minimum vertical spacing
+requirement between bands.
+
+Sprite design in cracktros is constrained by the same color economy as the logo: two
+or three colors, chosen to complement the palette of the logo region. Multicolor
+sprites (bit set in $D01C) give three colors plus transparent; hi-res sprites give
+one color with sharper edges. Cracktros almost universally use multicolor.
+
+### SID Tune
+
+Every cracktro carries a SID tune. The tune plays in the background while the scroller
+runs; it loops for as long as the user lets the intro run before pressing a key.
+
+The tune is almost always a standalone SID binary: a composer exports a `.sid` file
+from a tracker (GoatTracker, SID Factory II, or older tools like Music Assembler),
+and the intro relocates and links it. The player follows the `sid_play_routine_pattern`
+convention: an `init` entry point that accepts a song number in the accumulator, called
+once at startup, and a `play` entry point called once per frame (every 50 Hz on PAL,
+every 60 Hz on NTSC) from the raster IRQ.
+
+In a size-constrained intro (under 1 KB) the SID player is the largest single
+component. A minimal three-voice SID routine with one short tune can occupy 200–400
+bytes. Some groups ship hand-assembled micro-players for extreme size categories.
+
+Loop length is a social convention as much as a technical one: 30 to 60 seconds is
+the expected range. A tune that loops in under 20 seconds becomes annoying. A tune
+longer than 90 seconds was historically impractical because the tracker data would
+overflow the available RAM.
+
+### Scroller Bar
+
+The scroller is the text layer at the bottom of the screen, typically occupying one
+character row (8 raster lines) or a double-height zone (16 lines). It scrolls
+horizontally from right to left at a speed of one pixel per frame (50 pixels/second
+on PAL), shifting the VIC-II's fine X-scroll register ($D016 bits 2–0) and advancing
+a character pointer when the fine-scroll wraps to 7.
+
+Implementation uses `soft_scroll_h` from `../techniques/scroll.md`. The scroller
+buffer holds enough characters to fill the screen plus one additional character to
+absorb the pipeline delay. New characters are fed from the message string as the
+scroll pointer advances.
+
+The scroller bar is positioned at the bottom of the visible display, often with a
+distinct background color (set via color RAM for that row) to separate it visually
+from the sprite layer. A common layout places it at character row 24 (the last
+row before the border).
+
+The text in the scroller is the human-readable content of the cracktro. See Conventions
+below for text conventions.
+
+### Size and Exit
+
+The canonical form: one screen, often under 1 KB, sometimes 256 bytes. All five
+elements are present in minimal form. The code is hand-optimized machine language
+(or KickAssembler with aggressive constant-folding). RAM usage is tracked byte by
+byte. The SID tune is the primary size driver. Groups in the extreme-size category
+sometimes synthesize audio from a tiny engine rather than shipping tracker data.
+
+The crack intro exits to the game when the user presses a key or fire. The exit
+routine patches the game's reset vector or JSRs directly into the game entry point.
+
+The core cracktro pattern scales up and down into the variant formats that follow:
+the demo intro, the pack intro, the dentro and the 4K party intro.
+
+**Technique fingerprint:** `stable_raster_irq`, `sideborder_open`, `sprite_sine_chain`, `soft_scroll_h`, `raster_bars`, `sid_play_routine_pattern`
+
+**Common pitfalls:** `raster_irq_first_line_jitter`, `d016_unmasked_rmw_clobbers_csel_mcm`, `xscroll_applies_to_all_rows`, `sprite_x_high_bit_wrong_register`, `pal_ntsc_tempo_mismatch`
+
+The fingerprint is the Technique Checklist's five core names plus `raster_bars`, which the
+canonical recipe builds behind the scroller; `sprite_multiplex_24` is the checklist's
+alternative for larger intros and is not forced. The pitfalls follow from the elements:
+the stable IRQ (`raster_irq_first_line_jitter`), two users of `$D016` on one screen
+(`d016_unmasked_rmw_clobbers_csel_mcm`), a scroller on one row under a static logo
+(`xscroll_applies_to_all_rows`), the `$D010` wrap in the sprite chain
+(`sprite_x_high_bit_wrong_register`) and a play call once a frame on both models
+(`pal_ntsc_tempo_mismatch`).
+
+---
+
+## Demo Intro
+
+**Archetype:** `demo_intro`
+
+**Starter:** `demo`
+
+A demo intro is the opening part of a longer multi-part demo, released as a
+standalone production in its own right. Size ceiling is typically 1 KB to 4 KB.
+It may combine the cracktro layout with a simple effect — a plasma, a vector cube,
+or a tunnel — that previews the demo's aesthetic. The transition from the intro
+screen to the first effect is itself a design moment: fade-to-black, raster wipe,
+or hard-cut. The fade is `colour_fade` in `../techniques/transitions.md`, a
+sixteen-step luminance-ordered table measured in the `colour-fade` recipe;
+a fade done by arithmetic on the colour numbers flickers through hues.
+
+**Technique fingerprint:** `stable_raster_irq`, `soft_scroll_h`, `sid_play_routine_pattern`, `colour_fade`
+
+**Common pitfalls:** `raster_irq_first_line_jitter`, `pal_ntsc_tempo_mismatch`
+
+The effect that previews the demo (plasma, vector, tunnel) is the intro's own choice
+and is not in the fingerprint; the fade out of the intro screen is.
+
+---
+
+## Pack Intro
+
+**Archetype:** `pack_intro`
+
+A pack intro is the interface wrapper for a compilation (a "pack" or "disk magazine").
+It presents a menu of productions loadable from the disk. The pack intro's scroller
+explains the contents; the sprite layer and logo identify the group curating the
+collection. Functionally the pack intro replaces the exit-to-game logic with a
+disk directory reader and a loader invocation. Pack intros from the late 1980s are
+some of the earliest examples of C64 software with a designed UI.
+
+**Technique fingerprint:** `stable_raster_irq`, `soft_scroll_h`, `sid_play_routine_pattern`, `multi_load_sequencing`
+
+**Common pitfalls:** `raster_irq_first_line_jitter`, `pal_ntsc_tempo_mismatch`, `fastloader_kernal_dependency`
+
+The loader that replaces the exit-to-game logic is `multi_load_sequencing` in
+`../techniques/loaders-packers.md`; which loader sits under it is the pack's choice.
+
+---
+
+## Mini-Demo / Dentro
+
+**Archetype:** `dentro`
+
+The "dentro" (a mid-1990s portmanteau of "demo" and "dentro") is a multi-part
+production in the 8 KB to 16 KB range, typically 2 to 4 parts. Each part is a
+self-contained effect with its own raster setup and SID tune. A minimal loader
+sequences the parts from disk. The dentro format emerged as a middle ground between
+the one-screen intro and the full competition demo requiring multiple disk sides.
+A two-part dentro might open with a cracktro-style screen, transition to a plasma
+or sprite-multiplexed effect, then roll credits.
+
+**Technique fingerprint:** `stable_raster_irq`, `sid_play_routine_pattern`, `multi_load_sequencing`, `colour_fade`
+
+**Common pitfalls:** `raster_irq_first_line_jitter`, `pal_ntsc_tempo_mismatch`, `fastloader_kernal_dependency`
+
+Each part brings its own raster setup and tune, so the stable IRQ and the play
+convention are per part; the sequencing loader and the transitions between parts
+are what the dentro adds over the one-screen intro.
+
+---
+
+## Conventions
+
+### Scroller Text Format
+
+The canonical scroller text follows a well-established template:
+
+```
+*** GROUP NAME PRESENTS ANOTHER 100% CRACK / GREETINGS TO: GROUP A ... GROUP Z ***
+```
+
+Key conventions:
+- Triple asterisks as visual separators between message segments
+- "PRESENTS" as the verb (alternatives: "RELEASED", "BRINGS YOU")
+- "100% CRACK" as the quality claim (100% = no trainer, no nag screen, fully working)
+- "GREETINGS TO" as the transition to the social network list
+- Group names in ALL CAPS throughout
+- Ellipsis represented as " ... " with spaces
+- The message loops: the closing ` ***` connects back to the opening `*** ` without pause
+
+A longer scroller might include: release date, version number, crack notes ("TRAINED
+BY XXX" or "ORIGINAL TRAINER REMOVED"), requests for originals, contact addresses
+(BBS phone numbers in the historical era, nowadays IRC or email), and an extended
+greetings list of 10 to 30 groups.
+
+### Logo Placement and Sizing
+
+Logo top edge: no higher than raster line 40 (first line below top border). Logo
+bottom edge: no lower than raster line 140. This preserves the 100-line sprite zone
+(140–190) and the scroller zone (190–248). The logo fills the horizontal screen
+fully — 320 pixels wide for hi-res, 160 pixels wide for multicolor (with 2x pixel
+width).
+
+### Color Scheme
+
+Cracktros use 2 to 3 colors maximum. The historically dominant palette is:
+
+- Logo: blue ($06) or light blue ($0E) on black ($00) background
+- Scroller bar background: dark blue ($06), text color cyan ($03) or white ($01)
+- Sprite chain: white ($01) or yellow ($07)
+- Border: black ($00) always
+
+This palette is a historical artifact of early-1980s European scene aesthetics
+influenced by the default C64 BASIC screen colors. Modern cracktros sometimes break
+with it deliberately as an aesthetic statement, but the departure is always legible
+as a deviation from the norm.
+
+### Tune Length
+
+30 to 60 seconds per loop. A 30-second loop is acceptable for intros under 512 bytes
+where tune data is the bottleneck. 60 seconds is the comfortable maximum before the
+tracker pattern data begins to strain the available RAM in a sub-4KB intro.
+
+### Greetings List
+
+The greetings list is the cracktro's primary social function. Its composition is not
+arbitrary: groups are listed roughly in order of alliance strength, with close allies
+first and friendly-but-distant contacts toward the end. Listing a group is a public
+statement of respect. Being listed earns reciprocal listing. Groups actively curate
+their greetings lists across releases as social relationships evolve.
+
+For an agent building a cracktro for functional purposes (a demo framework test, a
+toolchain validation), the greetings list can be a stub: `GREETINGS TO ALL CODERS
+READING THIS SOURCE CODE`. The format must be present; the content is context-dependent.
+
+---
+
+## 4K Party Intro
+
+**Archetype:** `party_intro_4k`
+
+The 4K party intro is the form's modern reinvention. The cracktro format has outlasted
+the software piracy context that created it. Several
+groups have continued producing cracktros as releases in their own right through the
+2000s and 2010s. Triad (Sweden) has been releasing cracks with attached intros since
+the mid-1980s and was still active into the 2010s. Genesis Project and Onslaught
+have similarly long release histories with cracktro production as a consistent
+component.
+
+At demo parties, the intro compo (productions under 4 KB) functions as the modern
+heir to the cracktro tradition. The constraint is identical — fit everything into a
+small binary — but the production context is competitive rather than attached to a
+specific cracked game. The best 4 KB intros from major parties (Revision, X, Datastorm)
+demonstrate what is technically achievable when experienced coders maximize every byte:
+real-time plasma, vector objects, and polyphonic SID all within the cracktro spatial
+layout.
+
+The cracktro is also used as a pedagogical reference. Because every element is present
+in minimal form, it is the ideal starting point for learning how the five core C64
+techniques interact. A working cracktro is a proof that stable raster, side-border,
+sprite animation, SID playback, and hardware scroll can coexist in a single binary
+without conflicts.
+
+**Technique fingerprint:** `stable_raster_irq`, `soft_scroll_h`, `sprite_sine_chain`, `sid_play_routine_pattern`
+
+**Common pitfalls:** `raster_irq_first_line_jitter`, `pal_ntsc_tempo_mismatch`
+
+The fingerprint is the cracktro spatial layout the compo entry keeps; the plasma
+and vector work that the best entries add is not required of every one and is left
+to the brief.
+
+---
+
+## Buildable Reference
+
+### Canonical Recipe
+
+The canonical buildable cracktro is at `../recipes/kickassembler/cracktro-template.md`.
+It implements all five elements in KickAssembler. Readers building a cracktro should
+start there: the recipe provides the full memory map, IRQ handler structure, sprite
+sine table, scroller main loop, and SID relocation pattern.
+
+The current revision of that recipe builds a text logo, ten raster bars from a
+chained IRQ ring, a sine scroller and a SID play call, and says in its synopsis that
+it no longer opens the side borders or drives a sprite layer; those two come from
+`../recipes/kickassembler/sideborder-open.md` and
+`../recipes/kickassembler/sprite-sine-chain.md`. Read the recipe's own synopsis for
+what it builds today.
+
+KickAssembler is the primary toolchain for cracktros because it gives cycle-exact
+control over the raster timing required by `sideborder_open`. Oscar64 is suitable for
+game logic and high-level demo structure, but for a component where every cycle of
+the horizontal blank window matters, hand-assembled KickAssembler gives the necessary
+precision.
+
+### Technique Checklist
+
+A complete cracktro combines the following techniques (snake_case names as used in
+the knowledge graph):
+
+| Technique | Role in cracktro |
+|---|---|
+| `stable_raster_irq` | Prerequisite for all timed writes; provides the cycle-stable IRQ baseline |
+| `sideborder_open` | Opens left and right borders; requires `stable_raster_irq` |
+| `sprite_sine_chain` | Phases the eight sprites of the middle band along one table (sweep, bounce, logo); `sprite_multiplex_8` is only needed above eight objects |
+| `sprite_multiplex_24` | Alternative for showier intros with more than 8 simultaneous objects |
+| `soft_scroll_h` | Drives the bottom scroller bar one pixel per frame |
+| `sid_play_routine_pattern` | Standard init+play convention for the background SID tune |
+
+These six names can be passed directly to `c64_check_compatibility` to detect register
+conflicts before writing a line of code. The primary known conflict is that
+`sideborder_open` and `sprite_multiplex_24` both require IRQ handlers at multiple
+raster lines — the IRQ schedule must be planned explicitly to avoid handler collision.
+`sprite_multiplex_8` does not have this problem because it operates in a single
+raster band.
+
+---
+
+## Cross-References
+
+- `./demo-design-philosophy.md` — broader scene philosophy; cracktros as the atomic
+  unit of demo culture
+- `../recipes/kickassembler/cracktro-template.md` — the canonical buildable recipe
+  for a complete cracktro in KickAssembler
+- `../techniques/sprite.md` — `sprite_multiplex_8` and `sprite_multiplex_24`
+  implementation details, sine table patterns, sprite chain construction
+- `../techniques/scroll.md` — `soft_scroll_h` implementation; scroller buffer
+  management; fine-scroll register protocol
+- `../techniques/raster.md` — `stable_raster_irq` and `sideborder_open`; cycle
+  budget for the horizontal blank window; two-write timing protocol
+- `../techniques/music-sid.md` — `sid_play_routine_pattern`; SID binary relocation;
+  init/play entry point conventions

package/docs/figures/edges.json

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