@needle-tools/three 0.169.20-experimental.0 → 0.183.2-canary.0

package/src/renderers/webgpu/nodes/WGSLNodeBuilder.js

@@ -11,17 +11,32 @@ import { NodeBuilder, CodeNode } from '../../../nodes/Nodes.js';
 import { getFormat } from '../utils/WebGPUTextureUtils.js';
 
 import WGSLNodeParser from './WGSLNodeParser.js';
-import { GPUBufferBindingType, GPUStorageTextureAccess } from '../utils/WebGPUConstants.js';
+import { NodeAccess } from '../../../nodes/core/constants.js';
 
-import { NoColorSpace, FloatType } from '../../../constants.js';
+import VarNode from '../../../nodes/core/VarNode.js';
+import ExpressionNode from '../../../nodes/code/ExpressionNode.js';
 
-// GPUShaderStage is not defined in browsers not supporting WebGPU
-const GPUShaderStage = self.GPUShaderStage;
+import { FloatType, RepeatWrapping, ClampToEdgeWrapping, MirroredRepeatWrapping, NearestFilter, Compatibility } from '../../../constants.js';
+import { warn, error } from '../../../utils.js';
+
+import { GPUShaderStage } from '../utils/WebGPUConstants.js';
+
+const accessNames = {
+	[ NodeAccess.READ_ONLY ]: 'read',
+	[ NodeAccess.WRITE_ONLY ]: 'write',
+	[ NodeAccess.READ_WRITE ]: 'read_write'
+};
+
+const wrapNames = {
+	[ RepeatWrapping ]: 'repeat',
+	[ ClampToEdgeWrapping ]: 'clamp',
+	[ MirroredRepeatWrapping ]: 'mirror'
+};
 
 const gpuShaderStageLib = {
-	'vertex': GPUShaderStage ? GPUShaderStage.VERTEX : 1,
-	'fragment': GPUShaderStage ? GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT : 2,
-	'compute': GPUShaderStage ? GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE : 4
+	'vertex': GPUShaderStage.VERTEX,
+	'fragment': GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,
+	'compute': GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE
 };
 
 const supports = {
@@ -57,21 +72,12 @@ const wgslTypeLib = {
 	bvec4: 'vec4<bool>',
 
 	mat2: 'mat2x2<f32>',
-	imat2: 'mat2x2<i32>',
-	umat2: 'mat2x2<u32>',
-	bmat2: 'mat2x2<bool>',
-
 	mat3: 'mat3x3<f32>',
-	imat3: 'mat3x3<i32>',
-	umat3: 'mat3x3<u32>',
-	bmat3: 'mat3x3<bool>',
-
-	mat4: 'mat4x4<f32>',
-	imat4: 'mat4x4<i32>',
-	umat4: 'mat4x4<u32>',
-	bmat4: 'mat4x4<bool>'
+	mat4: 'mat4x4<f32>'
 };
 
+const wgslCodeCache = {};
+
 const wgslPolyfill = {
 	tsl_xor: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_xor( a : bool, b : bool ) -> bool { return ( a || b ) && !( a && b ); }' ),
 	mod_float: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_mod_float( x : f32, y : f32 ) -> f32 { return x - y * floor( x / y ); }' ),
@@ -82,19 +88,35 @@ const wgslPolyfill = {
 	equals_bvec2: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_equals_bvec2( a : vec2f, b : vec2f ) -> vec2<bool> { return vec2<bool>( a.x == b.x, a.y == b.y ); }' ),
 	equals_bvec3: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_equals_bvec3( a : vec3f, b : vec3f ) -> vec3<bool> { return vec3<bool>( a.x == b.x, a.y == b.y, a.z == b.z ); }' ),
 	equals_bvec4: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_equals_bvec4( a : vec4f, b : vec4f ) -> vec4<bool> { return vec4<bool>( a.x == b.x, a.y == b.y, a.z == b.z, a.w == b.w ); }' ),
-	repeatWrapping: new CodeNode( `
-fn tsl_repeatWrapping( uv : vec2<f32>, dimension : vec2<u32> ) -> vec2<u32> {
+	repeatWrapping_float: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_repeatWrapping_float( coord: f32 ) -> f32 { return fract( coord ); }' ),
+	mirrorWrapping_float: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_mirrorWrapping_float( coord: f32 ) -> f32 { let mirrored = fract( coord * 0.5 ) * 2.0; return 1.0 - abs( 1.0 - mirrored ); }' ),
+	clampWrapping_float: new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_clampWrapping_float( coord: f32 ) -> f32 { return clamp( coord, 0.0, 1.0 ); }' ),
+	biquadraticTexture: new CodeNode( /* wgsl */`
+fn tsl_biquadraticTexture( map : texture_2d<f32>, coord : vec2f, iRes : vec2u, level : u32 ) -> vec4f {
 
-	let uvScaled = vec2<u32>( uv * vec2<f32>( dimension ) );
+	let res = vec2f( iRes );
 
-	return ( ( uvScaled % dimension ) + dimension ) % dimension;
+	let uvScaled = coord * res;
+	let uvWrapping = ( ( uvScaled % res ) + res ) % res;
+
+	// https://www.shadertoy.com/view/WtyXRy
+
+	let uv = uvWrapping - 0.5;
+	let iuv = floor( uv );
+	let f = fract( uv );
+
+	let rg1 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+	let rg2 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+	let rg3 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+	let rg4 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+
+	return mix( mix( rg1, rg2, f.x ), mix( rg3, rg4, f.x ), f.y );
 
 }
 ` ),
-	biquadraticTexture: new CodeNode( `
-fn tsl_biquadraticTexture( map : texture_2d<f32>, coord : vec2f, level : i32 ) -> vec4f {
+	biquadraticTextureArray: new CodeNode( /* wgsl */`
+fn tsl_biquadraticTexture_array( map : texture_2d_array<f32>, coord : vec2f, iRes : vec2u, layer : u32, level : u32 ) -> vec4f {
 
-	let iRes = vec2i( textureDimensions( map, level ) );
 	let res = vec2f( iRes );
 
 	let uvScaled = coord * res;
@@ -106,10 +128,10 @@ fn tsl_biquadraticTexture( map : texture_2d<f32>, coord : vec2f, level : i32 ) -
 	let iuv = floor( uv );
 	let f = fract( uv );
 
-	let rg1 = textureLoad( map, vec2i( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
-	let rg2 = textureLoad( map, vec2i( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
-	let rg3 = textureLoad( map, vec2i( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
-	let rg4 = textureLoad( map, vec2i( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, level );
+	let rg1 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, layer, level );
+	let rg2 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 0.5 ) ) % iRes, layer, level );
+	let rg3 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 0.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, layer, level );
+	let rg4 = textureLoad( map, vec2u( iuv + vec2( 1.5, 1.5 ) ) % iRes, layer, level );
 
 	return mix( mix( rg1, rg2, f.x ), mix( rg3, rg4, f.x ), f.y );
 
@@ -129,176 +151,591 @@ const wgslMethods = {
 	equals_bvec3: 'tsl_equals_bvec3',
 	equals_bvec4: 'tsl_equals_bvec4',
 	inversesqrt: 'inverseSqrt',
-	bitcast: 'bitcast<f32>'
+	bitcast: 'bitcast<f32>',
+	floatpack_snorm_2x16: 'pack2x16snorm',
+	floatpack_unorm_2x16: 'pack2x16unorm',
+	floatpack_float16_2x16: 'pack2x16float',
+	floatunpack_snorm_2x16: 'unpack2x16snorm',
+	floatunpack_unorm_2x16: 'unpack2x16unorm',
+	floatunpack_float16_2x16: 'unpack2x16float'
 };
 
-// WebGPU issue: does not support pow() with negative base on Windows
-
-if ( /Windows/g.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) {
-
-	wgslPolyfill.pow_float = new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_pow_float( a : f32, b : f32 ) -> f32 { return select( -pow( -a, b ), pow( a, b ), a > 0.0 ); }' );
-	wgslPolyfill.pow_vec2 = new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_pow_vec2( a : vec2f, b : vec2f ) -> vec2f { return vec2f( tsl_pow_float( a.x, b.x ), tsl_pow_float( a.y, b.y ) ); }', [ wgslPolyfill.pow_float ] );
-	wgslPolyfill.pow_vec3 = new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_pow_vec3( a : vec3f, b : vec3f ) -> vec3f { return vec3f( tsl_pow_float( a.x, b.x ), tsl_pow_float( a.y, b.y ), tsl_pow_float( a.z, b.z ) ); }', [ wgslPolyfill.pow_float ] );
-	wgslPolyfill.pow_vec4 = new CodeNode( 'fn tsl_pow_vec4( a : vec4f, b : vec4f ) -> vec4f { return vec4f( tsl_pow_float( a.x, b.x ), tsl_pow_float( a.y, b.y ), tsl_pow_float( a.z, b.z ), tsl_pow_float( a.w, b.w ) ); }', [ wgslPolyfill.pow_float ] );
-
-	wgslMethods.pow_float = 'tsl_pow_float';
-	wgslMethods.pow_vec2 = 'tsl_pow_vec2';
-	wgslMethods.pow_vec3 = 'tsl_pow_vec3';
-	wgslMethods.pow_vec4 = 'tsl_pow_vec4';
-
-}
-
 //
 
 let diagnostics = '';
 
-if ( /Firefox/g.test( navigator.userAgent ) !== true ) {
+if ( ( typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && /Firefox|Deno/g.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) !== true ) {
 
 	diagnostics += 'diagnostic( off, derivative_uniformity );\n';
 
 }
 
-//
-
+/**
+ * A node builder targeting WGSL.
+ *
+ * This module generates WGSL shader code from node materials and also
+ * generates the respective bindings and vertex buffer definitions. These
+ * data are later used by the renderer to create render and compute pipelines
+ * for render objects.
+ *
+ * @augments NodeBuilder
+ */
 class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
+	/**
+	 * Constructs a new WGSL node builder renderer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object.
+	 * @param {Renderer} renderer - The renderer.
+	 */
 	constructor( object, renderer ) {
 
 		super( object, renderer, new WGSLNodeParser() );
 
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary that holds for each shader stage ('vertex', 'fragment', 'compute')
+		 * another dictionary which manages UBOs per group ('render','frame','object').
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,Object<string,NodeUniformsGroup>>}
+		 */
 		this.uniformGroups = {};
 
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary that holds the assigned binding indices for each uniform group.
+		 * This ensures the same binding index is used across all shader stages.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,{index: number, id: number}>}
+		 */
+		this.uniformGroupsBindings = {};
+
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary that holds for each shader stage a Map of builtins.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,Map<string,Object>>}
+		 */
 		this.builtins = {};
 
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary that holds for each shader stage a Set of directives.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object<string,Set<string>>}
+		 */
 		this.directives = {};
 
+		/**
+		 * A map for managing scope arrays. Only relevant for when using
+		 * {@link WorkgroupInfoNode} in context of compute shaders.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Map<string,Object>}
+		 */
 		this.scopedArrays = new Map();
 
 	}
 
-	needsToWorkingColorSpace( texture ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for sampled textures.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	_generateTextureSample( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
-		return texture.isVideoTexture === true && texture.colorSpace !== NoColorSpace;
+		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
 
-	}
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
 
-	_generateTextureSample( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
 
-		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
+					return `textureSample( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
 
-			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+				}
 
 				return `textureSample( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet } )`;
 
 			} else {
 
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSample( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
 				return `textureSample( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet } )`;
 
 			}
 
+		} else {
+
+			return this.generateTextureSampleLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, '0', depthSnippet );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet when sampling textures with explicit mip level.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureSampleLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		if ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) === false ) {
+
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
 		} else if ( this.isFilteredTexture( texture ) ) {
 
-			return this.generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet );
+			return this.generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet );
 
 		} else {
 
-			return this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, '0' );
+			return this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet );
 
 		}
 
 	}
 
-	_generateVideoSample( textureProperty, uvSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates a wrap function used in context of textures.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to generate the function for.
+	 * @return {string} The name of the generated function.
+	 */
+	generateWrapFunction( texture ) {
 
-		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
+		const functionName = `tsl_coord_${ wrapNames[ texture.wrapS ] }S_${ wrapNames[ texture.wrapT ] }_${ texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ? '3d' : '2d' }T`;
 
-			return `textureSampleBaseClampToEdge( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, vec2<f32>( ${ uvSnippet }.x, 1.0 - ${ uvSnippet }.y ) )`;
+		let nodeCode = wgslCodeCache[ functionName ];
 
-		} else {
+		if ( nodeCode === undefined ) {
+
+			const includes = [];
+
+			// For 3D textures, use vec3f; for texture arrays, keep vec2f since array index is separate
+			const coordType = texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ? 'vec3f' : 'vec2f';
+			let code = `fn ${ functionName }( coord : ${ coordType } ) -> ${ coordType } {\n\n\treturn ${ coordType }(\n`;
+
+			const addWrapSnippet = ( wrap, axis ) => {
+
+				if ( wrap === RepeatWrapping ) {
+
+					includes.push( wgslPolyfill.repeatWrapping_float );
+
+					code += `\t\ttsl_repeatWrapping_float( coord.${ axis } )`;
+
+				} else if ( wrap === ClampToEdgeWrapping ) {
+
+					includes.push( wgslPolyfill.clampWrapping_float );
+
+					code += `\t\ttsl_clampWrapping_float( coord.${ axis } )`;
+
+				} else if ( wrap === MirroredRepeatWrapping ) {
+
+					includes.push( wgslPolyfill.mirrorWrapping_float );
+
+					code += `\t\ttsl_mirrorWrapping_float( coord.${ axis } )`;
+
+				} else {
+
+					code += `\t\tcoord.${ axis }`;
+
+					warn( `WebGPURenderer: Unsupported texture wrap type "${ wrap }" for vertex shader.` );
+
+				}
 
-			console.error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.VideoTexture does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
+			};
+
+			addWrapSnippet( texture.wrapS, 'x' );
+
+			code += ',\n';
+
+			addWrapSnippet( texture.wrapT, 'y' );
+
+			if ( texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ) {
+
+				code += ',\n';
+				addWrapSnippet( texture.wrapR, 'z' );
+
+			}
+
+			code += '\n\t);\n\n}\n';
+
+			wgslCodeCache[ functionName ] = nodeCode = new CodeNode( code, includes );
 
 		}
 
+		nodeCode.build( this );
+
+		return functionName;
+
 	}
 
-	_generateTextureSampleLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the array declaration string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The type.
+	 * @param {?number} [count] - The count.
+	 * @return {string} The generated value as a shader string.
+	 */
+	generateArrayDeclaration( type, count ) {
 
-		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' && this.isUnfilterable( texture ) === false ) {
+		return `array< ${ this.getType( type ) }, ${ count } >`;
 
-			return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+	}
 
-		} else if ( this.isFilteredTexture( texture ) ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates a WGSL variable that holds the texture dimension of the given texture.
+	 * It also returns information about the number of layers (elements) of an arrayed
+	 * texture as well as the cube face count of cube textures.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to generate the function for.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the video texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The name of the dimension variable.
+	 */
+	generateTextureDimension( texture, textureProperty, levelSnippet ) {
 
-			return this.generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet );
+		const textureData = this.getDataFromNode( texture, this.shaderStage, this.globalCache );
 
-		} else {
+		if ( textureData.dimensionsSnippet === undefined ) textureData.dimensionsSnippet = {};
+
+		let textureDimensionNode = textureData.dimensionsSnippet[ levelSnippet ];
+
+		if ( textureData.dimensionsSnippet[ levelSnippet ] === undefined ) {
+
+			let textureDimensionsParams;
+			let dimensionType;
+
+			const { primarySamples } = this.renderer.backend.utils.getTextureSampleData( texture );
+			const isMultisampled = primarySamples > 1;
+
+			if ( texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ) {
+
+				dimensionType = 'vec3<u32>';
+
+			} else {
+
+				// Regular 2D textures, depth textures, etc.
+				dimensionType = 'vec2<u32>';
+
+			}
+
+			// Build parameters string based on texture type and multisampling
+			if ( isMultisampled || texture.isStorageTexture ) {
+
+				textureDimensionsParams = textureProperty;
 
-			return this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet );
+			} else {
+
+				textureDimensionsParams = `${textureProperty}${levelSnippet ? `, u32( ${ levelSnippet } )` : ''}`;
+
+			}
+
+			textureDimensionNode = new VarNode( new ExpressionNode( `textureDimensions( ${ textureDimensionsParams } )`, dimensionType ) );
+
+			textureData.dimensionsSnippet[ levelSnippet ] = textureDimensionNode;
+
+			if ( texture.isArrayTexture || texture.isDataArrayTexture || texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ) {
+
+				textureData.arrayLayerCount = new VarNode(
+					new ExpressionNode(
+						`textureNumLayers(${textureProperty})`,
+						'u32'
+					)
+				);
+
+			}
+
+			// For cube textures, we know it's always 6 faces
+			if ( texture.isTextureCube ) {
+
+				textureData.cubeFaceCount = new VarNode(
+					new ExpressionNode( '6u', 'u32' )
+				);
+
+			}
 
 		}
 
+		return textureDimensionNode.build( this );
+
 	}
 
-	generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet = '0' ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for a manual filtered texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [levelSnippet='0u'] - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet = '0u', depthSnippet ) {
+
+		const wrapFunction = this.generateWrapFunction( texture );
+		const textureDimension = this.generateTextureDimension( texture, textureProperty, levelSnippet );
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			uvSnippet = `${ uvSnippet } + vec2<f32>(${ offsetSnippet }) / ${ textureDimension }`;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			this._include( 'biquadraticTextureArray' );
+
+			return `tsl_biquadraticTexture_array( ${ textureProperty }, ${ wrapFunction }( ${ uvSnippet } ), ${ textureDimension }, u32( ${ depthSnippet } ), u32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+		}
 
 		this._include( 'biquadraticTexture' );
 
-		return `tsl_biquadraticTexture( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvSnippet }, i32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+		return `tsl_biquadraticTexture( ${ textureProperty }, ${ wrapFunction }( ${ uvSnippet } ), ${ textureDimension }, u32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for a texture lookup with explicit level-of-detail.
+	 * Since it's a lookup, no sampling or filtering is applied.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [levelSnippet='0u'] - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet = '0u' ) {
+
+		// Cube textures cannot use textureLoad in WGSL, must use textureSampleLevel
+		if ( texture.isCubeTexture === true ) {
+
+			if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+				uvSnippet = `${ uvSnippet } + vec3<f32>(${ offsetSnippet })`;
+
+			}
+
+			// Depth textures require integer level, regular textures use float
+			const levelType = texture.isDepthTexture ? 'u32' : 'f32';
+
+			return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelType }( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+		}
+
+		const wrapFunction = this.generateWrapFunction( texture );
+		const textureDimension = this.generateTextureDimension( texture, textureProperty, levelSnippet );
+
+		const vecType = texture.is3DTexture || texture.isData3DTexture ? 'vec3' : 'vec2';
+		const textureDimensionMargin = ( vecType === 'vec3' ) ? 'vec3<u32>( 1, 1, 1 )' : 'vec2<u32>( 1, 1 )';
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			uvSnippet = `${ uvSnippet } + ${ vecType }<f32>(${ offsetSnippet }) / ${ vecType }<f32>( ${ textureDimension } )`;
+
+		}
+
+		const clampMin = `${ vecType }<f32>( 0 )`;
+		const clampMax = `${ vecType }<f32>( ${ textureDimension } - ${ textureDimensionMargin } )`;
+
+		uvSnippet = `${ vecType }<u32>( clamp( floor( ${ wrapFunction }( ${ uvSnippet } ) * ${ vecType }<f32>( ${ textureDimension } ) ), ${ clampMin }, ${ clampMax } ) )`;
+
+		return this.generateTextureLoad( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, null );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet that reads a single texel from a storage texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvIndexSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateStorageTextureLoad( texture, textureProperty, uvIndexSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			uvIndexSnippet = `${ uvIndexSnippet } + ${ offsetSnippet }`;
+
+		}
+
+		let snippet;
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			snippet = `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet } )`;
+
+		} else {
+
+			snippet = `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet } )`;
+
+		}
+
+		return snippet;
 
 	}
 
-	generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet = '0' ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet that reads a single texel from a texture without sampling or filtering.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvIndexSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureLoad( texture, textureProperty, uvIndexSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
 
-		this._include( 'repeatWrapping' );
+		if ( levelSnippet === null ) levelSnippet = '0u';
 
-		const dimension = texture.isMultisampleRenderTargetTexture === true ? `textureDimensions( ${ textureProperty } )` : `textureDimensions( ${ textureProperty }, 0 )`;
+		if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+			uvIndexSnippet = `${ uvIndexSnippet } + ${ offsetSnippet }`;
+
+		}
+
+		let snippet;
+
+		if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+			snippet = `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, u32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+		} else {
+
+			snippet = `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, u32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+
+			if ( this.renderer.backend.compatibilityMode && texture.isDepthTexture ) {
+
+				snippet += '.x';
+
+			}
+
+		}
 
-		return `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, tsl_repeatWrapping( ${ uvSnippet }, ${ dimension } ), i32( ${ levelSnippet } ) )`;
+		return snippet;
 
 	}
 
-	generateTextureLoad( texture, textureProperty, uvIndexSnippet, depthSnippet, levelSnippet = '0u' ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet that writes a single texel to a texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvIndexSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {string} valueSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represent the new texel value.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureStore( texture, textureProperty, uvIndexSnippet, depthSnippet, valueSnippet ) {
+
+		let snippet;
 
 		if ( depthSnippet ) {
 
-			return `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+			snippet = `textureStore( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ valueSnippet } )`;
 
 		} else {
 
-			return `textureLoad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+			snippet = `textureStore( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ valueSnippet } )`;
 
 		}
 
+		return snippet;
+
 	}
 
-	generateTextureStore( texture, textureProperty, uvIndexSnippet, valueSnippet ) {
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the sampled values of the given texture should be compared against a reference value.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sampled values of the given texture should be compared against a reference value or not.
+	 */
+	isSampleCompare( texture ) {
 
-		return `textureStore( ${ textureProperty }, ${ uvIndexSnippet }, ${ valueSnippet } )`;
+		return texture.isDepthTexture === true && texture.compareFunction !== null && this.renderer.hasCompatibility( Compatibility.TEXTURE_COMPARE );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given texture is unfilterable.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the given texture is unfilterable or not.
+	 */
 	isUnfilterable( texture ) {
 
-		return this.getComponentTypeFromTexture( texture ) !== 'float' || ( ! this.isAvailable( 'float32Filterable' ) && texture.isDataTexture === true && texture.type === FloatType ) || texture.isMultisampleRenderTargetTexture === true;
+		return this.getComponentTypeFromTexture( texture ) !== 'float' ||
+			( ! this.isAvailable( 'float32Filterable' ) && texture.isDataTexture === true && texture.type === FloatType ) ||
+			( this.isSampleCompare( texture ) === false && texture.minFilter === NearestFilter && texture.magFilter === NearestFilter ) ||
+			this.renderer.backend.utils.getTextureSampleData( texture ).primarySamples > 1;
 
 	}
 
-	generateTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for sampling/loading the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
 		let snippet = null;
 
-		if ( texture.isVideoTexture === true ) {
+		if ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) ) {
 
-			snippet = this._generateVideoSample( textureProperty, uvSnippet, shaderStage );
-
-		} else if ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) ) {
-
-			snippet = this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, '0', depthSnippet, shaderStage );
+			snippet = this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, '0', shaderStage );
 
 		} else {
 
-			snippet = this._generateTextureSample( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage );
+			snippet = this._generateTextureSample( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage );
 
 		}
 
@@ -306,67 +743,200 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 	}
 
-	generateTextureGrad( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, gradSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for sampling/loading the given texture using explicit gradients.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {Array<string>} gradSnippet - An array holding both gradient WGSL snippets.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureGrad( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, gradSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
 		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
 
-			// TODO handle i32 or u32 --> uvSnippet, array_index: A, ddx, ddy
-			return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet },  ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] } )`;
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] } )`;
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleGrad( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ gradSnippet[ 0 ] }, ${ gradSnippet[ 1 ] } )`;
+
+			}
 
 		} else {
 
-			console.error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.TextureNode.gradient() does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
+			error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.TextureNode.gradient() does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
 
 		}
 
 	}
 
-	generateTextureCompare( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, compareSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet for sampling a depth texture and comparing the sampled depth values
+	 * against a reference value.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} compareSnippet -  A WGSL snippet that represents the reference value.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureCompare( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, compareSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
 		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
 
+			if ( texture.isDepthTexture === true && texture.isArrayTexture === true ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+				return `textureSampleCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
 			return `textureSampleCompare( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ compareSnippet } )`;
 
 		} else {
 
-			console.error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.DepthTexture.compareFunction() does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
+			error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.DepthTexture.compareFunction() does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
 
 		}
 
 	}
 
-	generateTextureLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet when sampling textures with explicit mip level.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} levelSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the mip level, with level 0 containing a full size version of the texture.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet ) {
+
+		if ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) === false ) {
 
-		let snippet = null;
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
 
-		if ( texture.isVideoTexture === true ) {
+					return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+
+			} else {
 
-			snippet = this._generateVideoSample( textureProperty, uvSnippet, shaderStage );
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleLevel( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ levelSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
+
+		} else if ( this.isFilteredTexture( texture ) ) {
+
+			return this.generateFilteredTexture( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet );
 
 		} else {
 
-			snippet = this._generateTextureSampleLevel( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, levelSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage );
+			return this.generateTextureLod( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, levelSnippet );
 
 		}
 
-		return snippet;
-
 	}
 
-	generateTextureBias( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, biasSnippet, depthSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the WGSL snippet when sampling textures with a bias to the mip level.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {string} textureProperty - The name of the texture uniform in the shader.
+	 * @param {string} uvSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents texture coordinates used for sampling.
+	 * @param {string} biasSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the bias to apply to the mip level before sampling.
+	 * @param {?string} depthSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents 0-based texture array index to sample.
+	 * @param {?string} offsetSnippet - A WGSL snippet that represents the offset that will be applied to the unnormalized texture coordinate before sampling the texture.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet.
+	 */
+	generateTextureBias( texture, textureProperty, uvSnippet, biasSnippet, depthSnippet, offsetSnippet, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
 		if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
 
-			return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet } )`;
+			if ( depthSnippet ) {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ depthSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet } )`;
+
+			} else {
+
+				if ( offsetSnippet ) {
+
+					return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet }, ${ offsetSnippet } )`;
+
+				}
+
+				return `textureSampleBias( ${ textureProperty }, ${ textureProperty }_sampler, ${ uvSnippet }, ${ biasSnippet } )`;
+
+			}
 
 		} else {
 
-			console.error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.TextureNode.biasNode does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
+			error( `WebGPURenderer: THREE.TextureNode.biasNode does not support ${ shaderStage } shader.` );
 
 		}
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL snippet that represents the property name of the given node.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node} node - The node.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The property name.
+	 */
 	getPropertyName( node, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
 		if ( node.isNodeVarying === true && node.needsInterpolation === true ) {
@@ -382,13 +952,19 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 			const name = node.name;
 			const type = node.type;
 
-			if ( type === 'texture' || type === 'cubeTexture' || type === 'storageTexture' || type === 'texture3D' ) {
+			if ( type === 'texture' || type === 'cubeTexture' || type === 'cubeDepthTexture' || type === 'storageTexture' || type === 'texture3D' ) {
 
 				return name;
 
-			} else if ( type === 'buffer' || type === 'storageBuffer' ) {
+			} else if ( type === 'buffer' || type === 'storageBuffer' || type === 'indirectStorageBuffer' ) {
+
+				if ( this.isCustomStruct( node ) ) {
 
-				return `NodeBuffer_${ node.id }.${name}`;
+					return name;
+
+				}
+
+				return name + '.value';
 
 			} else {
 
@@ -402,18 +978,23 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the output struct name.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The name of the output struct.
+	 */
 	getOutputStructName() {
 
 		return 'output';
 
 	}
 
-	_getUniformGroupCount( shaderStage ) {
-
-		return Object.keys( this.uniforms[ shaderStage ] ).length;
-
-	}
-
+	/**
+	 * Returns the native shader operator name for a given generic name.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} op - The operator name to resolve.
+	 * @return {?string} The resolved operator name.
+	 */
 	getFunctionOperator( op ) {
 
 		const fnOp = wgslFnOpLib[ op ];
@@ -430,49 +1011,59 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 	}
 
-	getStorageAccess( node ) {
+	/**
+	 * Returns the node access for the given node and shader stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {StorageTextureNode|StorageBufferNode} node - The storage node.
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The node access.
+	 */
+	getNodeAccess( node, shaderStage ) {
 
-		if ( node.isStorageTextureNode ) {
-
-			switch ( node.access ) {
-
-				case GPUStorageTextureAccess.ReadOnly:
-
-					return 'read';
-
-				case GPUStorageTextureAccess.WriteOnly:
+		if ( shaderStage !== 'compute' ) {
 
-					return 'write';
+			if ( node.isAtomic === true ) {
 
-				default:
+				warn( 'WebGPURenderer: Atomic operations are only supported in compute shaders.' );
 
-					return 'read_write';
+				return NodeAccess.READ_WRITE;
 
 			}
 
-		} else {
-
-			switch ( node.access ) {
-
-				case GPUBufferBindingType.Storage:
-
-					return 'read_write';
-
+			return NodeAccess.READ_ONLY;
 
-				case GPUBufferBindingType.ReadOnlyStorage:
-
-					return 'read';
+		}
 
-				default:
+		return node.access;
 
-					return 'write';
+	}
 
-			}
+	/**
+	 * Returns A WGSL snippet representing the storage access.
+	 *
+	 * @param {StorageTextureNode|StorageBufferNode} node - The storage node.
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet representing the storage access.
+	 */
+	getStorageAccess( node, shaderStage ) {
 
-		}
+		return accessNames[ this.getNodeAccess( node, shaderStage ) ];
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * This method is one of the more important ones since it's responsible
+	 * for generating a matching binding instance for the given uniform node.
+	 *
+	 * These bindings are later used in the renderer to create bind groups
+	 * and layouts.
+	 *
+	 * @param {UniformNode} node - The uniform node.
+	 * @param {string} type - The node data type.
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @param {?string} [name=null] - An optional uniform name.
+	 * @return {NodeUniform} The node uniform object.
+	 */
 	getUniformFromNode( node, type, shaderStage, name = null ) {
 
 		const uniformNode = super.getUniformFromNode( node, type, shaderStage, name );
@@ -487,30 +1078,44 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 			const bindings = this.getBindGroupArray( groupName, shaderStage );
 
-			if ( type === 'texture' || type === 'cubeTexture' || type === 'storageTexture' || type === 'texture3D' ) {
+			if ( type === 'texture' || type === 'cubeTexture' || type === 'cubeDepthTexture' || type === 'storageTexture' || type === 'texture3D' ) {
 
 				let texture = null;
 
+				const access = this.getNodeAccess( node, shaderStage );
+
 				if ( type === 'texture' || type === 'storageTexture' ) {
 
-					texture = new NodeSampledTexture( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, node.access ? node.access : null );
+					if ( node.value.is3DTexture === true ) {
 
-				} else if ( type === 'cubeTexture' ) {
+						texture = new NodeSampledTexture3D( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, access );
 
-					texture = new NodeSampledCubeTexture( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, node.access ? node.access : null );
+					} else {
+
+						texture = new NodeSampledTexture( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, access );
+
+					}
+
+				} else if ( type === 'cubeTexture' || type === 'cubeDepthTexture' ) {
+
+					texture = new NodeSampledCubeTexture( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, access );
 
 				} else if ( type === 'texture3D' ) {
 
-					texture = new NodeSampledTexture3D( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, node.access ? node.access : null );
+					texture = new NodeSampledTexture3D( uniformNode.name, uniformNode.node, group, access );
 
 				}
 
 				texture.store = node.isStorageTextureNode === true;
+				texture.mipLevel = texture.store ? node.mipLevel : 0;
 				texture.setVisibility( gpuShaderStageLib[ shaderStage ] );
 
-				if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' && this.isUnfilterable( node.value ) === false && texture.store === false ) {
+				// Cube textures always need samplers (they use textureSampleLevel, not textureLoad)
+				const needsSampler = node.value.isCubeTexture === true || ( this.isUnfilterable( node.value ) === false && texture.store === false );
 
-					const sampler = new NodeSampler( `${uniformNode.name}_sampler`, uniformNode.node, group );
+				if ( needsSampler ) {
+
+					const sampler = new NodeSampler( `${ uniformNode.name }_sampler`, uniformNode.node, group );
 					sampler.setVisibility( gpuShaderStageLib[ shaderStage ] );
 
 					bindings.push( sampler, texture );
@@ -525,28 +1130,45 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 				}
 
-			} else if ( type === 'buffer' || type === 'storageBuffer' ) {
+			} else if ( type === 'buffer' || type === 'storageBuffer' || type === 'indirectStorageBuffer' ) {
+
+				const sharedData = this.getSharedDataFromNode( node );
+
+				let buffer = sharedData.buffer;
+
+				if ( buffer === undefined ) {
+
+					const bufferClass = type === 'buffer' ? NodeUniformBuffer : NodeStorageBuffer;
 
-				const bufferClass = type === 'storageBuffer' ? NodeStorageBuffer : NodeUniformBuffer;
-				const buffer = new bufferClass( node, group );
-				buffer.setVisibility( gpuShaderStageLib[ shaderStage ] );
+					buffer = new bufferClass( node, group );
+
+					sharedData.buffer = buffer;
+
+				}
+
+				buffer.setVisibility( buffer.getVisibility() | gpuShaderStageLib[ shaderStage ] );
 
 				bindings.push( buffer );
 
 				uniformGPU = buffer;
 
-			} else {
+				uniformNode.name = name ? name : 'NodeBuffer_' + uniformNode.id;
 
-				const uniformsStage = this.uniformGroups[ shaderStage ] || ( this.uniformGroups[ shaderStage ] = {} );
+			} else {
 
-				let uniformsGroup = uniformsStage[ groupName ];
+				let uniformsGroup = this.uniformGroups[ groupName ];
 
 				if ( uniformsGroup === undefined ) {
 
 					uniformsGroup = new NodeUniformsGroup( groupName, group );
-					uniformsGroup.setVisibility( gpuShaderStageLib[ shaderStage ] );
+					uniformsGroup.setVisibility( GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT | GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE );
 
-					uniformsStage[ groupName ] = uniformsGroup;
+					this.uniformGroups[ groupName ] = uniformsGroup;
+
+				}
+
+				// Add to bindings for this stage if not already present
+				if ( bindings.indexOf( uniformsGroup ) === - 1 ) {
 
 					bindings.push( uniformsGroup );
 
@@ -554,7 +1176,15 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 				uniformGPU = this.getNodeUniform( uniformNode, type );
 
-				uniformsGroup.addUniform( uniformGPU );
+				// Only add uniform if not already present in the group (check by name to avoid duplicates across stages)
+				const uniformName = uniformGPU.name;
+				const alreadyExists = uniformsGroup.uniforms.some( u => u.name === uniformName );
+
+				if ( ! alreadyExists ) {
+
+					uniformsGroup.addUniform( uniformGPU );
+
+				}
 
 			}
 
@@ -566,6 +1196,17 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * This method should be used whenever builtins are required in nodes.
+	 * The internal builtins data structure will make sure builtins are
+	 * defined in the WGSL source.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The builtin name.
+	 * @param {string} property - The property name.
+	 * @param {string} type - The node data type.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {string} The property name.
+	 */
 	getBuiltin( name, property, type, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
 		const map = this.builtins[ shaderStage ] || ( this.builtins[ shaderStage ] = new Map() );
@@ -584,12 +1225,24 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given builtin is defined in the given shader stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The builtin name.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage this code snippet is generated for.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the given builtin is defined in the given shader stage or not.
+	 */
 	hasBuiltin( name, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
 		return ( this.builtins[ shaderStage ] !== undefined && this.builtins[ shaderStage ].has( name ) );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the vertex index builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The vertex index.
+	 */
 	getVertexIndex() {
 
 		if ( this.shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
@@ -602,6 +1255,12 @@ class WGSLNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Builds the given shader node.
+	 *
+	 * @param {ShaderNodeInternal} shaderNode - The shader node.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL function code.
+	 */
 	buildFunctionCode( shaderNode ) {
 
 		const layout = shaderNode.layout;
@@ -636,6 +1295,12 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Contextually returns either the vertex stage instance index builtin
+	 * or the linearized index of an compute invocation within a grid of workgroups.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The instance index.
+	 */
 	getInstanceIndex() {
 
 		if ( this.shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
@@ -648,12 +1313,23 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a builtin representing the index of a compute invocation within the scope of a workgroup load.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The invocation local index.
+	 */
 	getInvocationLocalIndex() {
 
 		return this.getBuiltin( 'local_invocation_index', 'invocationLocalIndex', 'u32', 'attribute' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a builtin representing the size of a subgroup within the current shader.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The subgroup size.
+	 */
 	getSubgroupSize() {
 
 		this.enableSubGroups();
@@ -662,6 +1338,11 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a builtin representing the index of a compute invocation within the scope of a subgroup.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The invocation subgroup index.
+	 */
 	getInvocationSubgroupIndex() {
 
 		this.enableSubGroups();
@@ -670,6 +1351,11 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a builtin representing the index of a compute invocation's subgroup within its workgroup.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The subgroup index.
+	 */
 	getSubgroupIndex() {
 
 		this.enableSubGroups();
@@ -678,36 +1364,78 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Overwritten as a NOP since this method is intended for the WebGL 2 backend.
+	 *
+	 * @return {null} Null.
+	 */
 	getDrawIndex() {
 
 		return null;
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the front facing builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The front facing builtin.
+	 */
 	getFrontFacing() {
 
 		return this.getBuiltin( 'front_facing', 'isFront', 'bool' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the frag coord builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The frag coord builtin.
+	 */
 	getFragCoord() {
 
 		return this.getBuiltin( 'position', 'fragCoord', 'vec4<f32>' ) + '.xy';
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the frag depth builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The frag depth builtin.
+	 */
 	getFragDepth() {
 
 		return 'output.' + this.getBuiltin( 'frag_depth', 'depth', 'f32', 'output' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the clip distances builtin.
+	 *
+	 * @return {string} The clip distances builtin.
+	 */
+	getClipDistance() {
+
+		return 'varyings.hw_clip_distances';
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to flip texture data along its vertical axis or not.
+	 *
+	 * @return {boolean} Returns always `false` in context of WGSL.
+	 */
 	isFlipY() {
 
 		return false;
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Enables the given directive for the given shader stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The directive name.
+	 * @param {string} [shaderStage=this.shaderStage] - The shader stage to enable the directive for.
+	 */
 	enableDirective( name, shaderStage = this.shaderStage ) {
 
 		const stage = this.directives[ shaderStage ] || ( this.directives[ shaderStage ] = new Set() );
@@ -715,6 +1443,12 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the directives of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} A WGSL snippet that enables the directives of the given stage.
+	 */
 	getDirectives( shaderStage ) {
 
 		const snippets = [];
@@ -734,36 +1468,69 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'subgroups' directive.
+	 */
 	enableSubGroups() {
 
 		this.enableDirective( 'subgroups' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'subgroups-f16' directive.
+	 */
 	enableSubgroupsF16() {
 
 		this.enableDirective( 'subgroups-f16' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'clip_distances' directive.
+	 */
 	enableClipDistances() {
 
 		this.enableDirective( 'clip_distances' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'f16' directive.
+	 */
 	enableShaderF16() {
 
 		this.enableDirective( 'f16' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Enables the 'dual_source_blending' directive.
+	 */
 	enableDualSourceBlending() {
 
 		this.enableDirective( 'dual_source_blending' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Enables hardware clipping.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} planeCount - The clipping plane count.
+	 */
+	enableHardwareClipping( planeCount ) {
+
+		this.enableClipDistances();
+		this.getBuiltin( 'clip_distances', 'hw_clip_distances', `array<f32, ${ planeCount } >`, 'vertex' );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the builtins of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} A WGSL snippet that represents the builtins of the given stage.
+	 */
 	getBuiltins( shaderStage ) {
 
 		const snippets = [];
@@ -783,6 +1550,17 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * This method should be used when a new scoped buffer is used in context of
+	 * compute shaders. It adds the array to the internal data structure which is
+	 * later used to generate the respective WGSL.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The array name.
+	 * @param {string} scope - The scope.
+	 * @param {string} bufferType - The buffer type.
+	 * @param {string} bufferCount - The buffer count.
+	 * @return {string} The array name.
+	 */
 	getScopedArray( name, scope, bufferType, bufferCount ) {
 
 		if ( this.scopedArrays.has( name ) === false ) {
@@ -800,6 +1578,13 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the scoped arrays of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string|undefined} The WGSL snippet that defines the scoped arrays.
+	 * Returns `undefined` when used in the vertex or fragment stage.
+	 */
 	getScopedArrays( shaderStage ) {
 
 		if ( shaderStage !== 'compute' ) {
@@ -822,13 +1607,19 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the shader attributes of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the shader attributes.
+	 */
 	getAttributes( shaderStage ) {
 
 		const snippets = [];
 
 		if ( shaderStage === 'compute' ) {
 
-			this.getBuiltin( 'global_invocation_id', 'id', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
+			this.getBuiltin( 'global_invocation_id', 'globalId', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
 			this.getBuiltin( 'workgroup_id', 'workgroupId', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
 			this.getBuiltin( 'local_invocation_id', 'localId', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
 			this.getBuiltin( 'num_workgroups', 'numWorkgroups', 'vec3<u32>', 'attribute' );
@@ -866,57 +1657,108 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the members of the given struct type node as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {StructTypeNode} struct - The struct type node.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the struct members.
+	 */
 	getStructMembers( struct ) {
 
 		const snippets = [];
-		const members = struct.getMemberTypes();
 
-		for ( let i = 0; i < members.length; i ++ ) {
+		for ( const member of struct.members ) {
+
+			const prefix = struct.output ? '@location( ' + member.index + ' ) ' : '';
+
+			let type = this.getType( member.type );
 
-			const member = members[ i ];
-			snippets.push( `\t@location( ${i} ) m${i} : ${ member }<f32>` );
+			if ( member.atomic ) {
+
+				type = 'atomic< ' + type + ' >';
+
+			}
+
+			snippets.push( `\t${ prefix + member.name } : ${ type }` );
 
 		}
 
-		const builtins = this.getBuiltins( 'output' );
+		if ( struct.output ) {
+
+			snippets.push( `\t${ this.getBuiltins( 'output' ) }` );
 
-		if ( builtins ) snippets.push( '\t' + builtins );
+		}
 
 		return snippets.join( ',\n' );
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the structs of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the structs.
+	 */
 	getStructs( shaderStage ) {
 
-		const snippets = [];
+		let result = '';
+
 		const structs = this.structs[ shaderStage ];
 
-		for ( let index = 0, length = structs.length; index < length; index ++ ) {
+		if ( structs.length > 0 ) {
+
+			const snippets = [];
 
-			const struct = structs[ index ];
-			const name = struct.name;
+			for ( const struct of structs ) {
 
-			let snippet = `\struct ${ name } {\n`;
-			snippet += this.getStructMembers( struct );
-			snippet += '\n}';
+				let snippet = `struct ${ struct.name } {\n`;
+				snippet += this.getStructMembers( struct );
+				snippet += '\n};';
 
+				snippets.push( snippet );
 
-			snippets.push( snippet );
+			}
 
-			snippets.push( `\nvar<private> output : ${ name };\n\n` );
+			result = '\n' + snippets.join( '\n\n' ) + '\n';
 
 		}
 
-		return snippets.join( '\n\n' );
+		return result;
 
 	}
 
-	getVar( type, name ) {
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL string representing a variable.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The variable's type.
+	 * @param {string} name - The variable's name.
+	 * @param {?number} [count=null] - The array length.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines a variable.
+	 */
+	getVar( type, name, count = null ) {
+
+		let snippet = `var ${ name } : `;
+
+		if ( count !== null ) {
+
+			snippet += this.generateArrayDeclaration( type, count );
+
+		} else {
+
+			snippet += this.getType( type );
+
+		}
 
-		return `var ${ name } : ${ this.getType( type ) }`;
+		return snippet;
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the variables of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the variables.
+	 */
 	getVars( shaderStage ) {
 
 		const snippets = [];
@@ -926,7 +1768,7 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 			for ( const variable of vars ) {
 
-				snippets.push( `\t${ this.getVar( variable.type, variable.name ) };` );
+				snippets.push( `\t${ this.getVar( variable.type, variable.name, variable.count ) };` );
 
 			}
 
@@ -936,13 +1778,19 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the varyings of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the varyings.
+	 */
 	getVaryings( shaderStage ) {
 
 		const snippets = [];
 
 		if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
 
-			this.getBuiltin( 'position', 'Vertex', 'vec4<f32>', 'vertex' );
+			this.getBuiltin( 'position', 'builtinClipSpace', 'vec4<f32>', 'vertex' );
 
 		}
 
@@ -959,10 +1807,17 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 					let attributesSnippet = `@location( ${index} )`;
 
-					if ( /^(int|uint|ivec|uvec)/.test( varying.type ) ) {
+					if ( varying.interpolationType ) {
+
+						const samplingSnippet = varying.interpolationSampling !== null ? `, ${ varying.interpolationSampling } )` : ' )';
+
+						attributesSnippet += ` @interpolate( ${ varying.interpolationType }${ samplingSnippet }`;
+
+						// Otherwise, optimize interpolation when sensible
 
-						attributesSnippet += ' @interpolate( flat )';
+					} else if ( /^(int|uint|ivec|uvec)/.test( varying.type ) ) {
 
+						attributesSnippet += ' @interpolate(flat, either)';
 
 					}
 
@@ -988,6 +1843,27 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	isCustomStruct( nodeUniform ) {
+
+		const attribute = nodeUniform.value;
+		const bufferNode = nodeUniform.node;
+
+		const isAttributeStructType = ( attribute.isBufferAttribute || attribute.isInstancedBufferAttribute ) && bufferNode.structTypeNode !== null;
+
+		const isStructArray =
+			( bufferNode.value && bufferNode.value.array ) &&
+			( typeof bufferNode.value.itemSize === 'number' && bufferNode.value.array.length > bufferNode.value.itemSize );
+
+		return isAttributeStructType && ! isStructArray;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the uniforms of the given shader stage as a WGSL string.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} shaderStage - The shader stage.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet that defines the uniforms.
+	 */
 	getUniforms( shaderStage ) {
 
 		const uniforms = this.uniforms[ shaderStage ];
@@ -1002,13 +1878,16 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 			const groupName = uniform.groupNode.name;
 			const uniformIndexes = this.bindingsIndexes[ groupName ];
 
-			if ( uniform.type === 'texture' || uniform.type === 'cubeTexture' || uniform.type === 'storageTexture' || uniform.type === 'texture3D' ) {
+			if ( uniform.type === 'texture' || uniform.type === 'cubeTexture' || uniform.type === 'cubeDepthTexture' || uniform.type === 'storageTexture' || uniform.type === 'texture3D' ) {
 
 				const texture = uniform.node.value;
 
-				if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' && this.isUnfilterable( texture ) === false && uniform.node.isStorageTextureNode !== true ) {
+				// Cube textures always need samplers (they use textureSampleLevel, not textureLoad)
+				const needsSampler = texture.isCubeTexture === true || ( this.isUnfilterable( texture ) === false && uniform.node.isStorageTextureNode !== true );
 
-					if ( texture.isDepthTexture === true && texture.compareFunction !== null ) {
+				if ( needsSampler ) {
+
+					if ( this.isSampleCompare( texture ) ) {
 
 						bindingSnippets.push( `@binding( ${ uniformIndexes.binding ++ } ) @group( ${ uniformIndexes.group } ) var ${ uniform.name }_sampler : sampler_comparison;` );
 
@@ -1024,74 +1903,132 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 				let multisampled = '';
 
-				if ( texture.isMultisampleRenderTargetTexture === true ) {
+				const { primarySamples } = this.renderer.backend.utils.getTextureSampleData( texture );
+
+				if ( primarySamples > 1 ) {
 
 					multisampled = '_multisampled';
 
 				}
 
-				if ( texture.isCubeTexture === true ) {
+				if ( texture.isCubeTexture === true && texture.isDepthTexture === true ) {
 
-					textureType = 'texture_cube<f32>';
+					textureType = 'texture_depth_cube';
 
-				} else if ( texture.isDataArrayTexture === true || texture.isCompressedArrayTexture === true ) {
+				} else if ( texture.isCubeTexture === true ) {
 
-					textureType = 'texture_2d_array<f32>';
+					textureType = 'texture_cube<f32>';
 
 				} else if ( texture.isDepthTexture === true ) {
 
-					textureType = `texture_depth${multisampled}_2d`;
+					if ( this.renderer.backend.compatibilityMode && texture.compareFunction === null ) {
 
-				} else if ( texture.isVideoTexture === true ) {
+						textureType = `texture${ multisampled }_2d<f32>`;
 
-					textureType = 'texture_external';
+					} else {
 
-				} else if ( texture.isData3DTexture === true ) {
+						textureType = `texture_depth${ multisampled }_2d${ texture.isArrayTexture === true ? '_array' : '' }`;
 
-					textureType = 'texture_3d<f32>';
+					}
 
 				} else if ( uniform.node.isStorageTextureNode === true ) {
 
 					const format = getFormat( texture );
-					const access = this.getStorageAccess( uniform.node );
+					const access = this.getStorageAccess( uniform.node, shaderStage );
+
+					const is3D = uniform.node.value.is3DTexture;
+					const isArrayTexture = uniform.node.value.isArrayTexture;
+
+					const dimension = is3D ? '3d' : `2d${ isArrayTexture ? '_array' : '' }`;
+
+					textureType = `texture_storage_${ dimension }<${ format }, ${ access }>`;
+
+				} else if ( texture.isArrayTexture === true || texture.isDataArrayTexture === true || texture.isCompressedArrayTexture === true ) {
+
+					textureType = 'texture_2d_array<f32>';
+
+				} else if ( texture.is3DTexture === true || texture.isData3DTexture === true ) {
 
-					textureType = `texture_storage_2d<${ format }, ${ access }>`;
+					textureType = 'texture_3d<f32>';
 
 				} else {
 
 					const componentPrefix = this.getComponentTypeFromTexture( texture ).charAt( 0 );
 
-					textureType = `texture${multisampled}_2d<${ componentPrefix }32>`;
+					textureType = `texture${ multisampled }_2d<${ componentPrefix }32>`;
 
 				}
 
 				bindingSnippets.push( `@binding( ${ uniformIndexes.binding ++ } ) @group( ${ uniformIndexes.group } ) var ${ uniform.name } : ${ textureType };` );
 
-			} else if ( uniform.type === 'buffer' || uniform.type === 'storageBuffer' ) {
+			} else if ( uniform.type === 'buffer' || uniform.type === 'storageBuffer' || uniform.type === 'indirectStorageBuffer' ) {
 
 				const bufferNode = uniform.node;
-				const bufferType = this.getType( bufferNode.bufferType );
+				const bufferType = this.getType( bufferNode.getNodeType( this ) );
 				const bufferCount = bufferNode.bufferCount;
+				const bufferCountSnippet = bufferCount > 0 && uniform.type === 'buffer' ? ', ' + bufferCount : '';
+				const bufferAccessMode = bufferNode.isStorageBufferNode ? `storage, ${ this.getStorageAccess( bufferNode, shaderStage ) }` : 'uniform';
+
+				if ( this.isCustomStruct( uniform ) ) {
+
+					bufferSnippets.push( `@binding( ${ uniformIndexes.binding ++ } ) @group( ${ uniformIndexes.group } ) var<${ bufferAccessMode }> ${ uniform.name } : ${ bufferType };` );
+
+				} else {
 
-				const bufferCountSnippet = bufferCount > 0 ? ', ' + bufferCount : '';
-				const bufferTypeSnippet = bufferNode.isAtomic ? `atomic<${bufferType}>` : `${bufferType}`;
-				const bufferSnippet = `\t${ uniform.name } : array< ${ bufferTypeSnippet }${ bufferCountSnippet } >\n`;
-				const bufferAccessMode = bufferNode.isStorageBufferNode ? `storage, ${ this.getStorageAccess( bufferNode ) }` : 'uniform';
+					const bufferTypeSnippet = bufferNode.isAtomic ? `atomic<${ bufferType }>` : `${ bufferType }`;
+					const bufferSnippet = `\tvalue : array< ${ bufferTypeSnippet }${ bufferCountSnippet } >`;
 
-				bufferSnippets.push( this._getWGSLStructBinding( 'NodeBuffer_' + bufferNode.id, bufferSnippet, bufferAccessMode, uniformIndexes.binding ++, uniformIndexes.group ) );
+					bufferSnippets.push( this._getWGSLStructBinding( uniform.name, bufferSnippet, bufferAccessMode, uniformIndexes.binding ++, uniformIndexes.group ) );
+
+				}
 
 			} else {
 
-				const vectorType = this.getType( this.getVectorType( uniform.type ) );
 				const groupName = uniform.groupNode.name;
 
-				const group = uniformGroups[ groupName ] || ( uniformGroups[ groupName ] = {
-					index: uniformIndexes.binding ++,
-					id: uniformIndexes.group,
-					snippets: []
-				} );
+				// Check if this group has already been processed in this shader stage
+				if ( uniformGroups[ groupName ] === undefined ) {
+
+					// Get the shared uniform group that contains uniforms from all stages
+					const sharedUniformGroup = this.uniformGroups[ groupName ];
+
+					if ( sharedUniformGroup !== undefined ) {
+
+						// Generate snippets for ALL uniforms in this shared group
+						const snippets = [];
+
+						for ( const sharedUniform of sharedUniformGroup.uniforms ) {
+
+							const type = sharedUniform.getType();
+							const vectorType = this.getType( this.getVectorType( type ) );
+							snippets.push( `\t${ sharedUniform.name } : ${ vectorType }` );
+
+						}
+
+						// Check if this group already has an assigned binding index (from another shader stage)
+						let groupBinding = this.uniformGroupsBindings[ groupName ];
+
+						if ( groupBinding === undefined ) {
+
+							// First time processing this group - assign a new binding index
+							groupBinding = {
+								index: uniformIndexes.binding ++,
+								id: uniformIndexes.group
+							};
+
+							this.uniformGroupsBindings[ groupName ] = groupBinding;
 
-				group.snippets.push( `\t${ uniform.name } : ${ vectorType }` );
+						}
+
+						uniformGroups[ groupName ] = {
+							index: groupBinding.index,
+							id: groupBinding.id,
+							snippets: snippets
+						};
+
+					}
+
+				}
 
 			}
 
@@ -1105,14 +2042,15 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 		}
 
-		let code = bindingSnippets.join( '\n' );
-		code += bufferSnippets.join( '\n' );
-		code += structSnippets.join( '\n' );
+		const code = [ ...bindingSnippets, ...bufferSnippets, ...structSnippets ].join( '\n' );
 
 		return code;
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Controls the code build of the shader stages.
+	 */
 	buildCode() {
 
 		const shadersData = this.material !== null ? { fragment: {}, vertex: {} } : { compute: {} };
@@ -1121,6 +2059,8 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 		for ( const shaderStage in shadersData ) {
 
+			this.shaderStage = shaderStage;
+
 			const stageData = shadersData[ shaderStage ];
 			stageData.uniforms = this.getUniforms( shaderStage );
 			stageData.attributes = this.getAttributes( shaderStage );
@@ -1151,7 +2091,7 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 					if ( flow.length > 0 ) flow += '\n';
 
-					flow += `\t// flow -> ${ slotName }\n\t`;
+					flow += `\t// flow -> ${ slotName }\n`;
 
 				}
 
@@ -1163,13 +2103,14 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 					if ( shaderStage === 'vertex' ) {
 
-						flow += `varyings.Vertex = ${ flowSlotData.result };`;
+						flow += `varyings.builtinClipSpace = ${ flowSlotData.result };`;
 
 					} else if ( shaderStage === 'fragment' ) {
 
 						if ( isOutputStruct ) {
 
-							stageData.returnType = outputNode.nodeType;
+							stageData.returnType = outputNode.getNodeType( this );
+							stageData.structs += 'var<private> output : ' + stageData.returnType + ';';
 
 							flow += `return ${ flowSlotData.result };`;
 
@@ -1183,7 +2124,7 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 							stageData.returnType = 'OutputStruct';
 							stageData.structs += this._getWGSLStruct( 'OutputStruct', structSnippet );
-							stageData.structs += '\nvar<private> output : OutputStruct;\n\n';
+							stageData.structs += '\nvar<private> output : OutputStruct;';
 
 							flow += `output.color = ${ flowSlotData.result };\n\n\treturn output;`;
 
@@ -1197,9 +2138,10 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 			stageData.flow = flow;
 
-
 		}
 
+		this.shaderStage = null;
+
 		if ( this.material !== null ) {
 
 			this.vertexShader = this._getWGSLVertexCode( shadersData.vertex );
@@ -1207,12 +2149,23 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 		} else {
 
-			this.computeShader = this._getWGSLComputeCode( shadersData.compute, ( this.object.workgroupSize || [ 64 ] ).join( ', ' ) );
+			// Early strictly validated in computeNode
+
+			const workgroupSize = this.object.workgroupSize;
+
+			this.computeShader = this._getWGSLComputeCode( shadersData.compute, workgroupSize );
 
 		}
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the native shader method name for a given generic name.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} method - The method name to resolve.
+	 * @param {?string} [output=null] - An optional output.
+	 * @return {string} The resolved WGSL method name.
+	 */
 	getMethod( method, output = null ) {
 
 		let wgslMethod;
@@ -1233,12 +2186,76 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the bitcast method name for a given input and outputType.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The output type to bitcast to.
+	 * @return {string} The resolved WGSL bitcast invocation.
+	 */
+	getBitcastMethod( type ) {
+
+		const dataType = this.getType( type );
+
+		return `bitcast<${ dataType }>`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the float packing method name for a given numeric encoding.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} encoding - The numeric encoding that describes how the float values are mapped to the integer range.
+	 * @returns {string} The resolve WGSL float packing method name.
+	 */
+	getFloatPackingMethod( encoding ) {
+
+		return this.getMethod( `floatpack_${ encoding }_2x16` );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the float unpacking method name for a given numeric encoding.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} encoding - The numeric encoding that describes how the integer values are mapped to the float range.
+	 * @returns {string} The resolve WGSL float unpacking method name.
+	 */
+	getFloatUnpackingMethod( encoding ) {
+
+		return this.getMethod( `floatunpack_${ encoding }_2x16` );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the native snippet for a ternary operation.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} condSnippet - The condition determining which expression gets resolved.
+	 * @param {string} ifSnippet - The expression to resolve to if the condition is true.
+	 * @param {string} elseSnippet - The expression to resolve to if the condition is false.
+	 * @return {string} The resolved method name.
+	 */
+	getTernary( condSnippet, ifSnippet, elseSnippet ) {
+
+		return `select( ${elseSnippet}, ${ifSnippet}, ${condSnippet} )`;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the WGSL type of the given node data type.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The node data type.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL type.
+	 */
 	getType( type ) {
 
 		return wgslTypeLib[ type ] || type;
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Whether the requested feature is available or not.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The requested feature.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the requested feature is supported or not.
+	 */
 	isAvailable( name ) {
 
 		let result = supports[ name ];
@@ -1249,6 +2266,10 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 				result = this.renderer.hasFeature( 'float32-filterable' );
 
+			} else if ( name === 'clipDistance' ) {
+
+				result = this.renderer.hasFeature( 'clip-distances' );
+
 			}
 
 			supports[ name ] = result;
@@ -1259,6 +2280,24 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the maximum uniform buffer size limit.
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The maximum uniform buffer size in bytes.
+	 */
+	getUniformBufferLimit() {
+
+		return this.renderer.backend.device.limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the native shader method name for a given generic name.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} method - The method name to resolve.
+	 * @return {string} The resolved WGSL method name.
+	 */
 	_getWGSLMethod( method ) {
 
 		if ( wgslPolyfill[ method ] !== undefined ) {
@@ -1271,27 +2310,41 @@ ${ flowData.code }
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Includes the given method name into the current
+	 * function node.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} name - The method name to include.
+	 * @return {CodeNode} The respective code node.
+	 */
 	_include( name ) {
 
 		const codeNode = wgslPolyfill[ name ];
 		codeNode.build( this );
 
-		if ( this.currentFunctionNode !== null ) {
-
-			this.currentFunctionNode.includes.push( codeNode );
-
-		}
+		this.addInclude( codeNode );
 
 		return codeNode;
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL vertex shader based on the given shader data.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} shaderData - The shader data.
+	 * @return {string} The vertex shader.
+	 */
 	_getWGSLVertexCode( shaderData ) {
 
 		return `${ this.getSignature() }
 // directives
 ${shaderData.directives}
 
+// structs
+${shaderData.structs}
+
 // uniforms
 ${shaderData.uniforms}
 
@@ -1318,18 +2371,25 @@ fn main( ${shaderData.attributes} ) -> VaryingsStruct {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL fragment shader based on the given shader data.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} shaderData - The shader data.
+	 * @return {string} The vertex shader.
+	 */
 	_getWGSLFragmentCode( shaderData ) {
 
 		return `${ this.getSignature() }
 // global
 ${ diagnostics }
 
-// uniforms
-${shaderData.uniforms}
-
 // structs
 ${shaderData.structs}
 
+// uniforms
+${shaderData.uniforms}
+
 // codes
 ${shaderData.codes}
 
@@ -1347,41 +2407,64 @@ fn main( ${shaderData.varyings} ) -> ${shaderData.returnType} {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL compute shader based on the given shader data.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} shaderData - The shader data.
+	 * @param {string} workgroupSize - The workgroup size.
+	 * @return {string} The vertex shader.
+	 */
 	_getWGSLComputeCode( shaderData, workgroupSize ) {
 
+		const [ workgroupSizeX, workgroupSizeY, workgroupSizeZ ] = workgroupSize;
+
 		return `${ this.getSignature() }
 // directives
-${shaderData.directives}
+${ shaderData.directives }
 
 // system
 var<private> instanceIndex : u32;
 
 // locals
-${shaderData.scopedArrays}
+${ shaderData.scopedArrays }
+
+// structs
+${ shaderData.structs }
 
 // uniforms
-${shaderData.uniforms}
+${ shaderData.uniforms }
 
 // codes
-${shaderData.codes}
+${ shaderData.codes }
 
-@compute @workgroup_size( ${workgroupSize} )
-fn main( ${shaderData.attributes} ) {
+@compute @workgroup_size( ${ workgroupSizeX }, ${ workgroupSizeY }, ${ workgroupSizeZ } )
+fn main( ${ shaderData.attributes } ) {
 
 	// system
-	instanceIndex = id.x + id.y * numWorkgroups.x * u32(${workgroupSize}) + id.z * numWorkgroups.x * numWorkgroups.y * u32(${workgroupSize});
+	instanceIndex = globalId.x
+		+ globalId.y * ( ${ workgroupSizeX } * numWorkgroups.x )
+		+ globalId.z * ( ${ workgroupSizeX } * numWorkgroups.x ) * ( ${ workgroupSizeY } * numWorkgroups.y );
 
 	// vars
-	${shaderData.vars}
+	${ shaderData.vars }
 
 	// flow
-	${shaderData.flow}
+	${ shaderData.flow }
 
 }
 `;
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL struct based on the given name and variables.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} name - The struct name.
+	 * @param {string} vars - The struct variables.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet representing a struct.
+	 */
 	_getWGSLStruct( name, vars ) {
 
 		return `
@@ -1391,14 +2474,25 @@ ${vars}
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns a WGSL struct binding.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {string} name - The struct name.
+	 * @param {string} vars - The struct variables.
+	 * @param {string} access - The access.
+	 * @param {number} [binding=0] - The binding index.
+	 * @param {number} [group=0] - The group index.
+	 * @return {string} The WGSL snippet representing a struct binding.
+	 */
 	_getWGSLStructBinding( name, vars, access, binding = 0, group = 0 ) {
 
 		const structName = name + 'Struct';
 		const structSnippet = this._getWGSLStruct( structName, vars );
 
 		return `${structSnippet}
-@binding( ${binding} ) @group( ${group} )
-var<${access}> ${name} : ${structName};`;
+@binding( ${ binding } ) @group( ${ group } )
+var<${access}> ${ name } : ${ structName };`;
 
 	}