wasmtime 9.0.4 → 10.0.1

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmprinter-0.2.63/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2962 @@
+//! A crate to convert a WebAssembly binary to its textual representation in the
+//! WebAssembly Text Format (WAT).
+//!
+//! This crate is intended for developer toolchains and debugging, supporting
+//! human-readable versions of a wasm binary. This can also be useful when
+//! developing wasm toolchain support in Rust for various purposes like testing
+//! and debugging and such.
+
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fmt::{self, Write};
+use std::mem;
+use std::path::Path;
+use wasmparser::*;
+
+const MAX_LOCALS: u32 = 50000;
+const MAX_NESTING_TO_PRINT: u32 = 50;
+const MAX_WASM_FUNCTIONS: u32 = 1_000_000;
+
+mod operator;
+
+/// Reads a WebAssembly `file` from the filesystem and then prints it into an
+/// in-memory `String`.
+pub fn print_file(file: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<String> {
+    let file = file.as_ref();
+    let contents = std::fs::read(file).context(format!("failed to read `{}`", file.display()))?;
+    Printer::new().print(&contents)
+}
+
+/// Prints an in-memory `wasm` binary blob into an in-memory `String` which is
+/// its textual representation.
+pub fn print_bytes(wasm: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Result<String> {
+    Printer::new().print(wasm.as_ref())
+}
+
+/// Context used for printing a WebAssembly binary.
+///
+/// This is largely only required if you'd like to register custom printers for
+/// custom sections in a wasm binary.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Printer {
+    print_offsets: bool,
+    print_skeleton: bool,
+    printers: HashMap<String, Box<dyn FnMut(&mut Printer, usize, &[u8]) -> Result<()>>>,
+    result: String,
+    /// The `i`th line in `result` is at offset `lines[i]`.
+    lines: Vec<usize>,
+    /// The binary offset for the `i`th line is `line_offsets[i]`.
+    line_offsets: Vec<Option<usize>>,
+    nesting: u32,
+    line: usize,
+    group_lines: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct CoreState {
+    types: Vec<Option<SubType>>,
+    funcs: u32,
+    memories: u32,
+    tags: u32,
+    globals: u32,
+    tables: u32,
+    labels: u32,
+    modules: u32,
+    instances: u32,
+    func_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    local_names: HashMap<(u32, u32), Naming>,
+    label_names: HashMap<(u32, u32), Naming>,
+    type_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    table_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    memory_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    global_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    element_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    data_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    module_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    instance_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct ComponentState {
+    types: u32,
+    funcs: u32,
+    instances: u32,
+    components: u32,
+    values: u32,
+    type_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    func_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    component_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    instance_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+    value_names: HashMap<u32, Naming>,
+}
+
+struct State {
+    encoding: Encoding,
+    name: Option<Naming>,
+    core: CoreState,
+    component: ComponentState,
+}
+
+impl State {
+    fn new(encoding: Encoding) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            encoding,
+            name: None,
+            core: CoreState::default(),
+            component: ComponentState::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Naming {
+    identifier: Option<String>,
+    name: String,
+}
+
+impl Printer {
+    /// Creates a new `Printer` object that's ready to start printing wasm
+    /// binaries to strings.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether or not to print binary offsets of each item as comments in the
+    /// text format whenever a newline is printed.
+    pub fn print_offsets(&mut self, print: bool) {
+        self.print_offsets = print;
+    }
+
+    /// Whether or not to print only a "skeleton" which skips function bodies,
+    /// data segment contents, element segment contents, etc.
+    pub fn print_skeleton(&mut self, print: bool) {
+        self.print_skeleton = print;
+    }
+
+    /// Registers a custom `printer` function to get invoked whenever a custom
+    /// section of name `section` is seen.
+    ///
+    /// This can be used to register printers into a textual format for custom
+    /// sections, such as by emitting annotations and/or other textual
+    /// references (maybe comments!)
+    ///
+    /// By default all custom sections are ignored for the text format.
+    ///
+    /// The `printer` function provided takes three arguments:
+    ///
+    /// * A `&mut Printer`, or where to print results to
+    /// * A `usize` offset which is the start of the offset for the custom
+    ///   section
+    /// * A byte slice which is the actual contents of the custom section.
+    pub fn add_custom_section_printer(
+        &mut self,
+        section: &str,
+        printer: impl FnMut(&mut Printer, usize, &[u8]) -> Result<()> + 'static,
+    ) {
+        self.printers.insert(section.to_string(), Box::new(printer));
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the output result of this `Printer`, or where all output is going.
+    pub fn result_mut(&mut self) -> &mut String {
+        &mut self.result
+    }
+
+    /// Prints a WebAssembly binary into a `String`
+    ///
+    /// This function takes an entire `wasm` binary blob and will print it to
+    /// the WebAssembly Text Format and return the result as a `String`.
+    pub fn print(&mut self, wasm: &[u8]) -> Result<String> {
+        self.print_contents(wasm)?;
+        Ok(mem::take(&mut self.result))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the line-by-line WAT disassembly for the given Wasm, along with the
+    /// binary offsets for each line.
+    pub fn offsets_and_lines<'a>(
+        &'a mut self,
+        wasm: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = (Option<usize>, &'a str)> + 'a> {
+        self.print_contents(wasm)?;
+
+        let end = self.result.len();
+        let result = &self.result;
+
+        let mut offsets = self.line_offsets.iter().copied();
+        let mut lines = self.lines.iter().copied().peekable();
+
+        Ok(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+            let offset = offsets.next()?;
+            let i = lines.next()?;
+            let j = lines.peek().copied().unwrap_or(end);
+            let line = &result[i..j];
+            Some((offset, line))
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn read_names_and_code<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        mut bytes: &'a [u8],
+        mut parser: Parser,
+        state: &mut State,
+        code: &mut Vec<FunctionBody<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        loop {
+            let payload = match parser.parse(bytes, true)? {
+                Chunk::NeedMoreData(_) => unreachable!(),
+                Chunk::Parsed { payload, consumed } => {
+                    bytes = &bytes[consumed..];
+                    payload
+                }
+            };
+
+            match payload {
+                Payload::FunctionSection(s) => {
+                    if s.count() > MAX_WASM_FUNCTIONS {
+                        bail!(
+                            "module contains {} functions which exceeds the limit of {}",
+                            s.count(),
+                            MAX_WASM_FUNCTIONS
+                        );
+                    }
+                    code.reserve(s.count() as usize);
+                }
+                Payload::CodeSectionEntry(f) => {
+                    code.push(f);
+                }
+                Payload::ModuleSection { range, .. } | Payload::ComponentSection { range, .. } => {
+                    let offset = range.end - range.start;
+                    if offset > bytes.len() {
+                        bail!("invalid module or component section range");
+                    }
+                    bytes = &bytes[offset..];
+                }
+
+                // Ignore any error associated with the name sections.
+                Payload::CustomSection(c) if c.name() == "name" => {
+                    let reader = NameSectionReader::new(c.data(), c.data_offset());
+                    drop(self.register_names(state, reader));
+                }
+                Payload::CustomSection(c) if c.name() == "component-name" => {
+                    let reader = ComponentNameSectionReader::new(c.data(), c.data_offset());
+                    drop(self.register_component_names(state, reader));
+                }
+
+                Payload::End(_) => break,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_module(states: &[State]) -> Result<()> {
+        if !matches!(states.last().unwrap().encoding, Encoding::Module) {
+            bail!("a module section was encountered when parsing a component");
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_component(states: &[State]) -> Result<()> {
+        if !matches!(states.last().unwrap().encoding, Encoding::Component) {
+            bail!("a component section was encountered when parsing a module");
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_contents(&mut self, mut bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.lines.clear();
+        self.lines.push(0);
+        self.line_offsets.clear();
+        self.line_offsets.push(Some(0));
+
+        let mut expected = None;
+        let mut states: Vec<State> = Vec::new();
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(0);
+        let mut parsers = Vec::new();
+        let mut code = Vec::new();
+        let mut code_printed = false;
+
+        loop {
+            let payload = match parser.parse(bytes, true)? {
+                Chunk::NeedMoreData(_) => unreachable!(),
+                Chunk::Parsed { payload, consumed } => {
+                    bytes = &bytes[consumed..];
+                    payload
+                }
+            };
+            match payload {
+                Payload::Version { encoding, .. } => {
+                    if let Some(e) = expected {
+                        if encoding != e {
+                            bail!("incorrect encoding for nested module or component");
+                        }
+                        expected = None;
+                    }
+
+                    assert!(states.last().map(|s| s.encoding) != Some(Encoding::Module));
+
+                    match encoding {
+                        Encoding::Module => {
+                            states.push(State::new(Encoding::Module));
+                            if states.len() > 1 {
+                                self.start_group("core module");
+                            } else {
+                                self.start_group("module");
+                            }
+
+                            if states.len() > 1 {
+                                let parent = &states[states.len() - 2];
+                                self.result.push(' ');
+                                self.print_name(&parent.core.module_names, parent.core.modules)?;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Encoding::Component => {
+                            states.push(State::new(Encoding::Component));
+                            self.start_group("component");
+
+                            if states.len() > 1 {
+                                let parent = &states[states.len() - 2];
+                                self.result.push(' ');
+                                self.print_name(
+                                    &parent.component.component_names,
+                                    parent.component.components,
+                                )?;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let len = states.len();
+                    let state = states.last_mut().unwrap();
+
+                    // First up try to find the `name` subsection which we'll use to print
+                    // pretty names everywhere. Also look for the `code` section so we can
+                    // print out functions as soon as we hit the function section.
+                    code.clear();
+                    code_printed = false;
+                    self.read_names_and_code(bytes, parser.clone(), state, &mut code)?;
+
+                    if len == 1 {
+                        if let Some(name) = state.name.as_ref() {
+                            self.result.push(' ');
+                            name.write(&mut self.result);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Payload::CustomSection(c) => {
+                    let mut printed = false;
+                    let mut printers = mem::take(&mut self.printers);
+                    if let Some(printer) = printers.get_mut(c.name()) {
+                        printer(self, c.data_offset(), c.data())?;
+                        printed = true;
+                    }
+                    self.printers = printers;
+
+                    // Attempt to print this custom section if it wasn't already
+                    // handled specifically above. Note that custom sections are
+                    // allowed to be invalid, so any parse error here is ignored
+                    // and resets the output to what it was when this started.
+                    // Otherwise I/O errors and other things are plumbed through
+                    // in case they happen.
+                    if printed {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let cur = self.result.len();
+                    let err = match self.print_custom_section(c.clone()) {
+                        Ok(()) => continue,
+                        Err(e) => e,
+                    };
+                    if !err.is::<BinaryReaderError>() {
+                        return Err(err);
+                    }
+                    self.result.truncate(cur);
+                    let msg = format!("failed to parse custom section `{}`: {err}", c.name());
+                    for line in msg.lines() {
+                        self.newline(c.data_offset());
+                        self.result.push_str(";; ");
+                        self.result.push_str(line);
+                    }
+                    self.newline(c.range().end);
+                }
+                Payload::TypeSection(s) => self.print_types(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?,
+                Payload::ImportSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.print_imports(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?
+                }
+                Payload::FunctionSection(reader) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    if mem::replace(&mut code_printed, true) {
+                        bail!("function section appeared twice in module");
+                    }
+                    if reader.count() == 0 {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    self.print_code(states.last_mut().unwrap(), &code, reader)?;
+                }
+                Payload::TableSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.print_tables(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?
+                }
+                Payload::MemorySection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.print_memories(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?
+                }
+                Payload::TagSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.print_tags(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?
+                }
+                Payload::GlobalSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.print_globals(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?
+                }
+                Payload::ExportSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.print_exports(states.last().unwrap(), s)?
+                }
+                Payload::StartSection { func, range } => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.newline(range.start);
+                    self.start_group("start ");
+                    self.print_idx(&states.last().unwrap().core.func_names, func)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+                Payload::ElementSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.print_elems(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?;
+                }
+                // printed with the `Function` section, so we
+                // skip this section
+                Payload::CodeSectionStart { size, .. } => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    bytes = &bytes[size as usize..];
+                    parser.skip_section();
+                }
+                Payload::CodeSectionEntry(_) => unreachable!(),
+                Payload::DataCountSection { .. } => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    // not part of the text format
+                }
+                Payload::DataSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_module(&states)?;
+                    self.print_data(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?;
+                }
+
+                Payload::ModuleSection {
+                    parser: inner,
+                    range,
+                } => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    expected = Some(Encoding::Module);
+                    parsers.push(parser);
+                    parser = inner;
+                    self.newline(range.start);
+                }
+                Payload::InstanceSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    self.print_instances(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?;
+                }
+                Payload::CoreTypeSection(s) => self.print_core_types(&mut states, s)?,
+                Payload::ComponentSection {
+                    parser: inner,
+                    range,
+                } => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    expected = Some(Encoding::Component);
+                    parsers.push(parser);
+                    parser = inner;
+                    self.newline(range.start);
+                }
+                Payload::ComponentInstanceSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    self.print_component_instances(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?;
+                }
+                Payload::ComponentAliasSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    self.print_component_aliases(&mut states, s)?;
+                }
+                Payload::ComponentTypeSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    self.print_component_types(&mut states, s)?;
+                }
+                Payload::ComponentCanonicalSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    self.print_canonical_functions(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?;
+                }
+                Payload::ComponentStartSection { start, range } => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    self.print_component_start(states.last_mut().unwrap(), range.start, start)?;
+                }
+                Payload::ComponentImportSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    self.print_component_imports(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?;
+                }
+                Payload::ComponentExportSection(s) => {
+                    Self::ensure_component(&states)?;
+                    self.print_component_exports(states.last_mut().unwrap(), s)?;
+                }
+
+                Payload::End(_) => {
+                    self.end_group(); // close the `module` or `component` group
+
+                    let state = states.pop().unwrap();
+                    if let Some(parent) = states.last_mut() {
+                        match state.encoding {
+                            Encoding::Module => {
+                                parent.core.modules += 1;
+                            }
+                            Encoding::Component => {
+                                parent.component.components += 1;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        parser = parsers.pop().unwrap();
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Payload::UnknownSection { id, .. } => bail!("found unknown section `{}`", id),
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn start_group(&mut self, name: &str) {
+        self.result.push('(');
+        self.result.push_str(name);
+        self.nesting += 1;
+        self.group_lines.push(self.line);
+    }
+
+    fn end_group(&mut self) {
+        self.nesting -= 1;
+        if let Some(line) = self.group_lines.pop() {
+            if line != self.line {
+                self.newline_unknown_pos();
+            }
+        }
+        self.result.push(')');
+    }
+
+    fn register_names(&mut self, state: &mut State, names: NameSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        fn indirect_name_map(
+            into: &mut HashMap<(u32, u32), Naming>,
+            names: IndirectNameMap<'_>,
+            name: &str,
+        ) -> Result<()> {
+            for indirect in names {
+                let indirect = indirect?;
+                let mut used = match name {
+                    // labels can be shadowed, so maintaining the used names is not useful.
+                    "label" => None,
+                    "local" => Some(HashSet::new()),
+                    _ => unimplemented!("{name} is an unknown type of indirect names"),
+                };
+                for naming in indirect.names {
+                    let naming = naming?;
+                    into.insert(
+                        (indirect.index, naming.index),
+                        Naming::new(naming.name, naming.index, name, used.as_mut()),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        for section in names {
+            match section? {
+                Name::Module { name, .. } => {
+                    let name = Naming::new(name, 0, "module", None);
+                    state.name = Some(name);
+                }
+                Name::Function(n) => name_map(&mut state.core.func_names, n, "func")?,
+                Name::Local(n) => indirect_name_map(&mut state.core.local_names, n, "local")?,
+                Name::Label(n) => indirect_name_map(&mut state.core.label_names, n, "label")?,
+                Name::Type(n) => name_map(&mut state.core.type_names, n, "type")?,
+                Name::Table(n) => name_map(&mut state.core.table_names, n, "table")?,
+                Name::Memory(n) => name_map(&mut state.core.memory_names, n, "memory")?,
+                Name::Global(n) => name_map(&mut state.core.global_names, n, "global")?,
+                Name::Element(n) => name_map(&mut state.core.element_names, n, "elem")?,
+                Name::Data(n) => name_map(&mut state.core.data_names, n, "data")?,
+                Name::Unknown { .. } => (),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn register_component_names(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        names: ComponentNameSectionReader<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for section in names {
+            match section? {
+                ComponentName::Component { name, .. } => {
+                    let name = Naming::new(name, 0, "component", None);
+                    state.name = Some(name);
+                }
+                ComponentName::CoreFuncs(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.core.func_names, n, "core-func")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::CoreTypes(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.core.type_names, n, "core-type")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::CoreTables(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.core.table_names, n, "core-table")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::CoreMemories(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.core.memory_names, n, "core-memory")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::CoreGlobals(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.core.global_names, n, "core-global")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::CoreModules(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.core.module_names, n, "core-module")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::CoreInstances(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.core.instance_names, n, "core-instance")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::Types(n) => name_map(&mut state.component.type_names, n, "type")?,
+                ComponentName::Instances(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.component.instance_names, n, "instance")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::Components(n) => {
+                    name_map(&mut state.component.component_names, n, "component")?
+                }
+                ComponentName::Funcs(n) => name_map(&mut state.component.func_names, n, "func")?,
+                ComponentName::Values(n) => name_map(&mut state.component.value_names, n, "value")?,
+                ComponentName::Unknown { .. } => (),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_core_type(&mut self, states: &mut Vec<State>, ty: CoreType) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("core type ");
+        self.print_name(
+            &states.last().unwrap().core.type_names,
+            states.last().unwrap().core.types.len() as u32,
+        )?;
+        let ty = match ty {
+            CoreType::Func(ty) => {
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.start_group("func");
+                self.print_func_type(states.last().unwrap(), &ty, None)?;
+                self.end_group();
+                Some(SubType {
+                    is_final: false,
+                    supertype_idx: None,
+                    structural_type: StructuralType::Func(ty),
+                })
+            }
+            CoreType::Module(decls) => {
+                self.print_module_type(states, decls.into_vec())?;
+                None
+            }
+        };
+        self.end_group(); // `core type` itself
+
+        states.last_mut().unwrap().core.types.push(ty);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_type(&mut self, state: &mut State, ty: SubType) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("type ");
+        self.print_name(&state.core.type_names, state.core.types.len() as u32)?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        self.print_sub(state, &ty, None)?;
+        self.end_group(); // `type`
+        state.core.types.push(Some(ty));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_sub(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &SubType, names_for: Option<u32>) -> Result<u32> {
+        let r = if ty.is_final || !ty.supertype_idx.is_none() {
+            self.start_group("sub");
+            self.print_sub_type(state, ty)?;
+            let r = self.print_structural(state, &ty.structural_type, names_for)?;
+            self.end_group(); // `sub`
+            r
+        } else {
+            self.print_structural(state, &ty.structural_type, names_for)?
+        };
+        Ok(r)
+    }
+
+    fn print_structural(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &State,
+        ty: &StructuralType,
+        names_for: Option<u32>,
+    ) -> Result<u32> {
+        let r = match &ty {
+            StructuralType::Func(ty) => {
+                self.start_group("func");
+                let r = self.print_func_type(state, ty, names_for)?;
+                self.end_group(); // `func`
+                r
+            }
+            StructuralType::Array(ty) => {
+                self.start_group("array");
+                let r = self.print_array_type(ty)?;
+                self.end_group(); // `array`
+                r
+            }
+            StructuralType::Struct(ty) => {
+                self.start_group("struct");
+                let r = self.print_struct_type(ty)?;
+                self.end_group(); // `struct`
+                r
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(r)
+    }
+
+    fn print_core_types(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut Vec<State>,
+        parser: CoreTypeSectionReader<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for ty in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, ty) = ty?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_core_type(states, ty)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_types(&mut self, state: &mut State, parser: TypeSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        for ty in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, ty) = ty?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_type(state, ty)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_core_functype_idx(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &State,
+        idx: u32,
+        names_for: Option<u32>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<u32>> {
+        self.print_core_type_ref(state, idx)?;
+
+        match state.core.types.get(idx as usize) {
+            Some(Some(SubType {
+                structural_type: StructuralType::Func(ty),
+                ..
+            })) => self.print_func_type(state, ty, names_for).map(Some),
+            Some(Some(_)) | Some(None) | None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of parameters, useful for local index calculations
+    /// later.
+    fn print_func_type(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &State,
+        ty: &FuncType,
+        names_for: Option<u32>,
+    ) -> Result<u32> {
+        if !ty.params().is_empty() {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+        }
+
+        let mut params = NamedLocalPrinter::new("param");
+        // Note that named parameters must be alone in a `param` block, so
+        // we need to be careful to terminate previous param blocks and open
+        // a new one if that's the case with a named parameter.
+        for (i, param) in ty.params().iter().enumerate() {
+            let name = names_for.and_then(|n| state.core.local_names.get(&(n, i as u32)));
+            params.start_local(name, &mut self.result);
+            self.print_valtype(*param)?;
+            params.end_local(&mut self.result);
+        }
+        params.finish(&mut self.result);
+        if !ty.results().is_empty() {
+            self.result.push_str(" (result");
+            for result in ty.results().iter() {
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.print_valtype(*result)?;
+            }
+            self.result.push(')');
+        }
+        Ok(ty.params().len() as u32)
+    }
+
+    fn print_field_type(&mut self, ty: &FieldType) -> Result<u32> {
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        if ty.mutable {
+            self.result.push_str("(mut ");
+        }
+        self.print_storage_type(ty.element_type)?;
+        if ty.mutable {
+            self.result.push_str(")");
+        }
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn print_array_type(&mut self, ty: &ArrayType) -> Result<u32> {
+        self.print_field_type(&ty.0)
+    }
+
+    fn print_struct_type(&mut self, ty: &StructType) -> Result<u32> {
+        for field in ty.fields.iter() {
+            self.result.push_str(" (field");
+            self.print_field_type(field)?;
+            self.result.push(')');
+        }
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn print_sub_type(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &SubType) -> Result<u32> {
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        if ty.is_final {
+            self.result.push_str("final ");
+        }
+        for idx in &ty.supertype_idx {
+            self.print_name(&state.core.type_names, *idx)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+        }
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn print_storage_type(&mut self, ty: StorageType) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            StorageType::I8 => self.result.push_str("i8"),
+            StorageType::I16 => self.result.push_str("i16"),
+            StorageType::Val(val_type) => self.print_valtype(val_type)?,
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_valtype(&mut self, ty: ValType) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            ValType::I32 => self.result.push_str("i32"),
+            ValType::I64 => self.result.push_str("i64"),
+            ValType::F32 => self.result.push_str("f32"),
+            ValType::F64 => self.result.push_str("f64"),
+            ValType::V128 => self.result.push_str("v128"),
+            ValType::Ref(rt) => self.print_reftype(rt)?,
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_reftype(&mut self, ty: RefType) -> Result<()> {
+        if ty.is_nullable() {
+            match ty.as_non_null() {
+                RefType::FUNC => self.result.push_str("funcref"),
+                RefType::EXTERN => self.result.push_str("externref"),
+                RefType::I31 => self.result.push_str("i31ref"),
+                RefType::ANY => self.result.push_str("anyref"),
+                RefType::NONE => self.result.push_str("nullref"),
+                RefType::NOEXTERN => self.result.push_str("nullexternref"),
+                RefType::NOFUNC => self.result.push_str("nullfuncref"),
+                RefType::EQ => self.result.push_str("eqref"),
+                RefType::STRUCT => self.result.push_str("structref"),
+                RefType::ARRAY => self.result.push_str("arrayref"),
+                _ => {
+                    self.result.push_str("(ref null ");
+                    self.print_heaptype(ty.heap_type())?;
+                    self.result.push_str(")");
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.result.push_str("(ref ");
+            self.print_heaptype(ty.heap_type())?;
+            self.result.push_str(")");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_heaptype(&mut self, ty: HeapType) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            HeapType::Func => self.result.push_str("func"),
+            HeapType::Extern => self.result.push_str("extern"),
+            HeapType::Any => self.result.push_str("any"),
+            HeapType::None => self.result.push_str("none"),
+            HeapType::NoExtern => self.result.push_str("noextern"),
+            HeapType::NoFunc => self.result.push_str("nofunc"),
+            HeapType::Eq => self.result.push_str("eq"),
+            HeapType::Struct => self.result.push_str("struct"),
+            HeapType::Array => self.result.push_str("array"),
+            HeapType::I31 => self.result.push_str("i31"),
+            HeapType::Indexed(i) => self.result.push_str(&format!("{}", u32::from(i))),
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_imports(&mut self, state: &mut State, parser: ImportSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        for import in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, import) = import?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_import(state, &import, true)?;
+            match import.ty {
+                TypeRef::Func(_) => state.core.funcs += 1,
+                TypeRef::Table(_) => state.core.tables += 1,
+                TypeRef::Memory(_) => state.core.memories += 1,
+                TypeRef::Tag(_) => state.core.tags += 1,
+                TypeRef::Global(_) => state.core.globals += 1,
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_import(&mut self, state: &State, import: &Import<'_>, index: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("import ");
+        self.print_str(import.module)?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        self.print_str(import.name)?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        self.print_import_ty(state, &import.ty, index)?;
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_import_ty(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &TypeRef, index: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            TypeRef::Func(f) => {
+                self.start_group("func ");
+                if index {
+                    self.print_name(&state.core.func_names, state.core.funcs)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                }
+                self.print_core_type_ref(state, *f)?;
+            }
+            TypeRef::Table(f) => self.print_table_type(state, f, index)?,
+            TypeRef::Memory(f) => self.print_memory_type(state, f, index)?,
+            TypeRef::Tag(f) => self.print_tag_type(state, f, index)?,
+            TypeRef::Global(f) => self.print_global_type(state, f, index)?,
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_table_type(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &TableType, index: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("table ");
+        if index {
+            self.print_name(&state.core.table_names, state.core.tables)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+        }
+        self.print_limits(ty.initial, ty.maximum)?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        self.print_reftype(ty.element_type)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_memory_type(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &MemoryType, index: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("memory ");
+        if index {
+            self.print_name(&state.core.memory_names, state.core.memories)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+        }
+        if ty.memory64 {
+            self.result.push_str("i64 ");
+        }
+        self.print_limits(ty.initial, ty.maximum)?;
+        if ty.shared {
+            self.result.push_str(" shared");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_tag_type(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &TagType, index: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("tag ");
+        if index {
+            write!(self.result, "(;{};) ", state.core.tags)?;
+        }
+        self.print_core_functype_idx(state, ty.func_type_idx, None)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_limits<T>(&mut self, initial: T, maximum: Option<T>) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: fmt::Display,
+    {
+        write!(self.result, "{}", initial)?;
+        if let Some(max) = maximum {
+            write!(self.result, " {}", max)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_global_type(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &GlobalType, index: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("global ");
+        if index {
+            self.print_name(&state.core.global_names, state.core.globals)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+        }
+        if ty.mutable {
+            self.result.push_str("(mut ");
+            self.print_valtype(ty.content_type)?;
+            self.result.push(')');
+        } else {
+            self.print_valtype(ty.content_type)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_tables(&mut self, state: &mut State, parser: TableSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        for table in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, table) = table?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_table_type(state, &table.ty, true)?;
+            match &table.init {
+                TableInit::RefNull => {}
+                TableInit::Expr(expr) => {
+                    self.result.push_str(" ");
+                    self.print_const_expr(state, expr)?;
+                }
+            }
+            self.end_group();
+            state.core.tables += 1;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_memories(&mut self, state: &mut State, parser: MemorySectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        for memory in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, memory) = memory?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_memory_type(state, &memory, true)?;
+            self.end_group();
+            state.core.memories += 1;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_tags(&mut self, state: &mut State, parser: TagSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        for tag in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, tag) = tag?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_tag_type(state, &tag, true)?;
+            self.end_group();
+            state.core.tags += 1;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_globals(&mut self, state: &mut State, parser: GlobalSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        for global in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, global) = global?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_global_type(state, &global.ty, true)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.print_const_expr(state, &global.init_expr)?;
+            self.end_group();
+            state.core.globals += 1;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_code(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        code: &[FunctionBody<'_>],
+        funcs: FunctionSectionReader<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if funcs.count() != code.len() as u32 {
+            bail!("mismatch in function and code section counts");
+        }
+        for (body, ty) in code.iter().zip(funcs) {
+            let mut body = body.get_binary_reader();
+            let offset = body.original_position();
+            let ty = ty?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.start_group("func ");
+            let func_idx = state.core.funcs;
+            self.print_name(&state.core.func_names, func_idx)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            let params = self
+                .print_core_functype_idx(state, ty, Some(func_idx))?
+                .unwrap_or(0);
+
+            if self.print_skeleton {
+                self.result.push_str(" ...");
+            } else {
+                self.print_func_body(state, func_idx, params, &mut body)?;
+            }
+
+            self.end_group();
+
+            state.core.funcs += 1;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_func_body(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        func_idx: u32,
+        params: u32,
+        body: &mut BinaryReader<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut first = true;
+        let mut local_idx = 0;
+        let mut locals = NamedLocalPrinter::new("local");
+        for _ in 0..body.read_var_u32()? {
+            let offset = body.original_position();
+            let cnt = body.read_var_u32()?;
+            let ty = body.read()?;
+            if MAX_LOCALS
+                .checked_sub(local_idx)
+                .and_then(|s| s.checked_sub(cnt))
+                .is_none()
+            {
+                bail!("function exceeds the maximum number of locals that can be printed");
+            }
+            for _ in 0..cnt {
+                if first {
+                    self.newline(offset);
+                    first = false;
+                }
+                let name = state.core.local_names.get(&(func_idx, params + local_idx));
+                locals.start_local(name, &mut self.result);
+                self.print_valtype(ty)?;
+                locals.end_local(&mut self.result);
+                local_idx += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        locals.finish(&mut self.result);
+
+        state.core.labels = 0;
+        let nesting_start = self.nesting;
+        body.allow_memarg64(true);
+
+        let mut buf = String::new();
+        let mut op_printer = operator::PrintOperator::new(self, state);
+        while !body.eof() {
+            // TODO
+            let offset = body.original_position();
+            mem::swap(&mut buf, &mut op_printer.printer.result);
+            let op_kind = body.visit_operator(&mut op_printer)??;
+            mem::swap(&mut buf, &mut op_printer.printer.result);
+
+            match op_kind {
+                // The final `end` in a reader is not printed, it's implied
+                // in the text format.
+                operator::OpKind::End if body.eof() => break,
+
+                // When we start a block we newline to the current
+                // indentation, then we increase the indentation so further
+                // instructions are tabbed over.
+                operator::OpKind::BlockStart => {
+                    op_printer.printer.newline(offset);
+                    op_printer.printer.nesting += 1;
+                }
+
+                // `else`/`catch` are special in that it's printed at
+                // the previous indentation, but it doesn't actually change
+                // our nesting level.
+                operator::OpKind::BlockMid => {
+                    op_printer.printer.nesting -= 1;
+                    op_printer.printer.newline(offset);
+                    op_printer.printer.nesting += 1;
+                }
+
+                // Exiting a block prints `end` at the previous indentation
+                // level. `delegate` also ends a block like `end` for `try`.
+                operator::OpKind::End | operator::OpKind::Delegate
+                    if op_printer.printer.nesting > nesting_start =>
+                {
+                    op_printer.printer.nesting -= 1;
+                    op_printer.printer.newline(offset);
+                }
+
+                // .. otherwise everything else just has a normal newline
+                // out in front.
+                _ => op_printer.printer.newline(offset),
+            }
+            op_printer.printer.result.push_str(&buf);
+            buf.truncate(0);
+        }
+
+        // If this was an invalid function body then the nesting may not
+        // have reset back to normal. Fix that up here and forcibly insert
+        // a newline as well in case the last instruction was something
+        // like an `if` which has a comment after it which could interfere
+        // with the closing paren printed for the func.
+        if self.nesting != nesting_start {
+            self.nesting = nesting_start;
+            self.newline(body.original_position());
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn newline(&mut self, offset: usize) {
+        self.print_newline(Some(offset))
+    }
+
+    fn newline_unknown_pos(&mut self) {
+        self.print_newline(None)
+    }
+
+    fn print_newline(&mut self, offset: Option<usize>) {
+        self.result.push('\n');
+
+        self.lines.push(self.result.len());
+        self.line_offsets.push(offset);
+
+        if self.print_offsets {
+            match offset {
+                Some(offset) => write!(self.result, "(;@{offset:<6x};)").unwrap(),
+                None => self.result.push_str("           "),
+            }
+        }
+        self.line += 1;
+
+        // Clamp the maximum nesting size that we print at something somewhat
+        // reasonable to avoid generating hundreds of megabytes of whitespace
+        // for small-ish modules that have deep-ish nesting.
+        for _ in 0..self.nesting.min(MAX_NESTING_TO_PRINT) {
+            self.result.push_str("  ");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_exports(&mut self, state: &State, data: ExportSectionReader) -> Result<()> {
+        for export in data.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, export) = export?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_export(state, &export)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_export(&mut self, state: &State, export: &Export) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("export ");
+        self.print_str(export.name)?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        self.print_external_kind(state, export.kind, export.index)?;
+        self.end_group(); // export
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_external_kind(&mut self, state: &State, kind: ExternalKind, index: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        self.result.push('(');
+        match kind {
+            ExternalKind::Func => {
+                self.result.push_str("func ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.core.func_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ExternalKind::Table => {
+                self.result.push_str("table ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.core.table_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ExternalKind::Global => {
+                self.result.push_str("global ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.core.global_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ExternalKind::Memory => {
+                self.result.push_str("memory ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.core.memory_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ExternalKind::Tag => write!(self.result, "tag {}", index)?,
+        }
+        self.result.push(')');
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_core_type_ref(&mut self, state: &State, idx: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        self.result.push_str("(type ");
+        self.print_idx(&state.core.type_names, idx)?;
+        self.result.push(')');
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_type_ref(&mut self, state: &State, idx: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        self.result.push_str("(type ");
+        self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, idx)?;
+        self.result.push(')');
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_idx(&mut self, names: &HashMap<u32, Naming>, idx: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        match names.get(&idx) {
+            Some(name) => write!(self.result, "${}", name.identifier())?,
+            None => write!(self.result, "{}", idx)?,
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_local_idx(&mut self, state: &State, func: u32, idx: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        match state.core.local_names.get(&(func, idx)) {
+            Some(name) => write!(self.result, "${}", name.identifier())?,
+            None => write!(self.result, "{}", idx)?,
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_name(&mut self, names: &HashMap<u32, Naming>, cur_idx: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(name) = names.get(&cur_idx) {
+            name.write(&mut self.result);
+            self.result.push(' ');
+        }
+        write!(self.result, "(;{};)", cur_idx)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_elems(&mut self, state: &mut State, data: ElementSectionReader) -> Result<()> {
+        for (i, elem) in data.into_iter_with_offsets().enumerate() {
+            let (offset, mut elem) = elem?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.start_group("elem ");
+            self.print_name(&state.core.element_names, i as u32)?;
+            match &mut elem.kind {
+                ElementKind::Passive => {}
+                ElementKind::Declared => write!(self.result, " declare")?,
+                ElementKind::Active {
+                    table_index,
+                    offset_expr,
+                } => {
+                    let table_index = table_index.unwrap_or(0);
+                    if table_index != 0 {
+                        self.result.push_str(" (table ");
+                        self.print_idx(&state.core.table_names, table_index)?;
+                        self.result.push(')');
+                    }
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.print_const_expr_sugar(state, offset_expr, "offset")?;
+                }
+            }
+            self.result.push(' ');
+
+            if self.print_skeleton {
+                self.result.push_str("...");
+            } else {
+                match elem.items {
+                    ElementItems::Functions(reader) => {
+                        self.result.push_str("func");
+                        for idx in reader {
+                            self.result.push(' ');
+                            self.print_idx(&state.core.func_names, idx?)?
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ElementItems::Expressions(ty, reader) => {
+                        self.print_reftype(ty)?;
+                        for expr in reader {
+                            self.result.push(' ');
+                            self.print_const_expr_sugar(state, &expr?, "item")?
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            self.end_group();
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_data(&mut self, state: &mut State, data: DataSectionReader) -> Result<()> {
+        for (i, data) in data.into_iter_with_offsets().enumerate() {
+            let (offset, data) = data?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.start_group("data ");
+            self.print_name(&state.core.data_names, i as u32)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            match &data.kind {
+                DataKind::Passive => {}
+                DataKind::Active {
+                    memory_index,
+                    offset_expr,
+                } => {
+                    if *memory_index != 0 {
+                        self.result.push_str("(memory ");
+                        self.print_idx(&state.core.memory_names, *memory_index)?;
+                        self.result.push_str(") ");
+                    }
+                    self.print_const_expr_sugar(state, offset_expr, "offset")?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                }
+            }
+            if self.print_skeleton {
+                self.result.push_str("...");
+            } else {
+                self.print_bytes(data.data)?;
+            }
+            self.end_group();
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Prints the operators of `expr` space-separated, taking into account that
+    /// if there's only one operator in `expr` then instead of `(explicit ...)`
+    /// the printing can be `(...)`.
+    fn print_const_expr_sugar(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        expr: &ConstExpr,
+        explicit: &str,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("");
+        let mut prev = mem::take(&mut self.result);
+        let mut reader = expr.get_operators_reader();
+        let mut op_printer = operator::PrintOperator::new(self, state);
+        let mut first_op = None;
+        for i in 0.. {
+            if reader.eof() {
+                break;
+            }
+            match reader.visit_operator(&mut op_printer)?? {
+                operator::OpKind::End if reader.eof() => {}
+
+                _ if i == 0 => first_op = Some(mem::take(&mut op_printer.printer.result)),
+
+                _ => {
+                    if i == 1 {
+                        prev.push_str(explicit);
+                        prev.push(' ');
+                        prev.push_str(&first_op.take().unwrap());
+                    }
+                    prev.push(' ');
+                    prev.push_str(&op_printer.printer.result);
+                }
+            }
+
+            op_printer.printer.result.truncate(0);
+        }
+
+        // If `first_op` is still set here then it means we don't need to print
+        // an expression with `explicit` as the leading token, instead we can
+        // print the single operator.
+        if let Some(op) = first_op {
+            prev.push_str(&op);
+        }
+        self.result = prev;
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Prints the operators of `expr` space-separated.
+    fn print_const_expr(&mut self, state: &mut State, expr: &ConstExpr) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut reader = expr.get_operators_reader();
+        let mut first = true;
+
+        let mut result = mem::take(&mut self.result);
+        let mut op_printer = operator::PrintOperator::new(self, state);
+        while !reader.eof() {
+            if first {
+                first = false;
+            } else {
+                op_printer.printer.result.push(' ');
+            }
+            match reader.visit_operator(&mut op_printer)?? {
+                operator::OpKind::End if reader.eof() => {}
+                _ => {
+                    result.push_str(&op_printer.printer.result);
+                    op_printer.printer.result.truncate(0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.result = result;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_primitive_val_type(&mut self, ty: &PrimitiveValType) {
+        match ty {
+            PrimitiveValType::Bool => self.result.push_str("bool"),
+            PrimitiveValType::S8 => self.result.push_str("s8"),
+            PrimitiveValType::U8 => self.result.push_str("u8"),
+            PrimitiveValType::S16 => self.result.push_str("s16"),
+            PrimitiveValType::U16 => self.result.push_str("u16"),
+            PrimitiveValType::S32 => self.result.push_str("s32"),
+            PrimitiveValType::U32 => self.result.push_str("u32"),
+            PrimitiveValType::S64 => self.result.push_str("s64"),
+            PrimitiveValType::U64 => self.result.push_str("u64"),
+            PrimitiveValType::Float32 => self.result.push_str("float32"),
+            PrimitiveValType::Float64 => self.result.push_str("float64"),
+            PrimitiveValType::Char => self.result.push_str("char"),
+            PrimitiveValType::String => self.result.push_str("string"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_record_type(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &State,
+        fields: &[(&str, ComponentValType)],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("record");
+        for (name, ty) in fields.iter() {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.start_group("field ");
+            self.print_str(name)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.print_component_val_type(state, ty)?;
+            self.end_group()
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_variant_type(&mut self, state: &State, cases: &[VariantCase]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("variant");
+        for case in cases {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.start_group("case ");
+            self.print_str(case.name)?;
+
+            if let Some(ty) = case.ty {
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.print_component_val_type(state, &ty)?;
+            }
+
+            if let Some(refines) = case.refines {
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.start_group("refines ");
+                write!(&mut self.result, "{}", refines)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+            self.end_group()
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_list_type(&mut self, state: &State, element_ty: &ComponentValType) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("list ");
+        self.print_component_val_type(state, element_ty)?;
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_tuple_or_union_type(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: &str,
+        state: &State,
+        tys: &[ComponentValType],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group(ty);
+        for ty in tys {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.print_component_val_type(state, ty)?;
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_flag_or_enum_type(&mut self, ty: &str, names: &[&str]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group(ty);
+        for name in names {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.print_str(name)?;
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_option_type(&mut self, state: &State, inner: &ComponentValType) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("option ");
+        self.print_component_val_type(state, inner)?;
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_result_type(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &State,
+        ok: Option<ComponentValType>,
+        err: Option<ComponentValType>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("result");
+
+        if let Some(ok) = ok {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.print_component_val_type(state, &ok)?;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(err) = err {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.start_group("error ");
+            self.print_component_val_type(state, &err)?;
+            self.end_group();
+        }
+
+        self.end_group();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_defined_type(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &ComponentDefinedType) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(ty) => self.print_primitive_val_type(ty),
+            ComponentDefinedType::Record(fields) => self.print_record_type(state, fields)?,
+            ComponentDefinedType::Variant(cases) => self.print_variant_type(state, cases)?,
+            ComponentDefinedType::List(ty) => self.print_list_type(state, ty)?,
+            ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(tys) => {
+                self.print_tuple_or_union_type("tuple", state, tys)?
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Flags(names) => self.print_flag_or_enum_type("flags", names)?,
+            ComponentDefinedType::Enum(cases) => self.print_flag_or_enum_type("enum", cases)?,
+            ComponentDefinedType::Union(tys) => {
+                self.print_tuple_or_union_type("union", state, tys)?
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Option(ty) => self.print_option_type(state, ty)?,
+            ComponentDefinedType::Result { ok, err } => self.print_result_type(state, *ok, *err)?,
+            ComponentDefinedType::Own(idx) => {
+                self.start_group("own ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, *idx)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+            ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(idx) => {
+                self.start_group("borrow ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, *idx)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_val_type(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &ComponentValType) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            ComponentValType::Primitive(ty) => self.print_primitive_val_type(ty),
+            ComponentValType::Type(idx) => {
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, *idx)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_module_type(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut Vec<State>,
+        decls: Vec<ModuleTypeDeclaration>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        states.push(State::new(Encoding::Module));
+        self.newline_unknown_pos();
+        self.start_group("module");
+        for decl in decls {
+            self.newline_unknown_pos();
+            match decl {
+                ModuleTypeDeclaration::Type(ty) => {
+                    self.print_type(states.last_mut().unwrap(), ty)?
+                }
+                ModuleTypeDeclaration::OuterAlias { kind, count, index } => {
+                    self.print_outer_alias(states, kind, count, index)?;
+                }
+                ModuleTypeDeclaration::Export { name, ty } => {
+                    self.start_group("export ");
+                    self.print_str(name)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.print_import_ty(states.last_mut().unwrap(), &ty, false)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+                ModuleTypeDeclaration::Import(import) => {
+                    self.print_import(states.last_mut().unwrap(), &import, false)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        states.pop();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_type<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut Vec<State>,
+        decls: Vec<ComponentTypeDeclaration<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        states.push(State::new(Encoding::Component));
+        self.newline_unknown_pos();
+        self.start_group("component");
+        for decl in decls {
+            self.newline_unknown_pos();
+            match decl {
+                ComponentTypeDeclaration::CoreType(ty) => self.print_core_type(states, ty)?,
+                ComponentTypeDeclaration::Type(ty) => self.print_component_type_def(states, ty)?,
+                ComponentTypeDeclaration::Alias(alias) => {
+                    self.print_component_alias(states, alias)?;
+                }
+                ComponentTypeDeclaration::Export { name, ty } => {
+                    self.start_group("export ");
+                    self.print_component_kind_name(states.last_mut().unwrap(), ty.kind())?;
+                    self.print_component_import_name(name.into())?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.print_component_import_ty(states.last_mut().unwrap(), &ty, false)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+                ComponentTypeDeclaration::Import(import) => {
+                    self.print_component_import(states.last_mut().unwrap(), &import, true)?
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        states.pop().unwrap();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_instance_type<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut Vec<State>,
+        decls: Vec<InstanceTypeDeclaration<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        states.push(State::new(Encoding::Component));
+        self.newline_unknown_pos();
+        self.start_group("instance");
+        for decl in decls {
+            self.newline_unknown_pos();
+            match decl {
+                InstanceTypeDeclaration::CoreType(ty) => self.print_core_type(states, ty)?,
+                InstanceTypeDeclaration::Type(ty) => self.print_component_type_def(states, ty)?,
+                InstanceTypeDeclaration::Alias(alias) => {
+                    self.print_component_alias(states, alias)?;
+                }
+                InstanceTypeDeclaration::Export { name, ty } => {
+                    self.start_group("export ");
+                    self.print_component_kind_name(states.last_mut().unwrap(), ty.kind())?;
+                    self.print_component_import_name(name.into())?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.print_component_import_ty(states.last_mut().unwrap(), &ty, false)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        states.pop().unwrap();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn outer_state(states: &[State], count: u32) -> Result<&State> {
+        let count = count as usize;
+        if count >= states.len() {
+            bail!("invalid outer alias count of {}", count);
+        }
+
+        Ok(&states[states.len() - count - 1])
+    }
+
+    fn print_outer_alias(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut [State],
+        kind: OuterAliasKind,
+        count: u32,
+        index: u32,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let state = states.last().unwrap();
+        let outer = Self::outer_state(states, count)?;
+        self.start_group("alias outer ");
+        if let Some(name) = outer.name.as_ref() {
+            name.write(&mut self.result);
+        } else {
+            self.result.push_str(count.to_string().as_str());
+        }
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        match kind {
+            OuterAliasKind::Type => {
+                self.print_idx(&outer.core.type_names, index)?;
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.start_group("type ");
+                self.print_name(&state.core.type_names, state.core.types.len() as u32)?;
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group(); // kind
+        self.end_group(); // alias
+
+        let state = states.last_mut().unwrap();
+        match kind {
+            OuterAliasKind::Type => state.core.types.push(None),
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_func_type(&mut self, state: &State, ty: &ComponentFuncType) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("func");
+        for (name, ty) in ty.params.iter() {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.start_group("param ");
+            self.print_str(name)?;
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.print_component_val_type(state, ty)?;
+            self.end_group()
+        }
+
+        for (name, ty) in ty.results.iter() {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.start_group("result ");
+            if let Some(name) = name {
+                self.print_str(name)?;
+                self.result.push(' ');
+            }
+            self.print_component_val_type(state, ty)?;
+            self.end_group()
+        }
+
+        self.end_group();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_type_def<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut Vec<State>,
+        ty: ComponentType<'a>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("type ");
+        {
+            let state = states.last_mut().unwrap();
+            self.print_name(&state.component.type_names, state.component.types)?;
+        }
+        match ty {
+            ComponentType::Defined(ty) => {
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.print_defined_type(states.last_mut().unwrap(), &ty)?;
+            }
+            ComponentType::Func(ty) => {
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.print_component_func_type(states.last_mut().unwrap(), &ty)?;
+            }
+            ComponentType::Component(decls) => {
+                self.print_component_type(states, decls.into_vec())?;
+            }
+            ComponentType::Instance(decls) => {
+                self.print_instance_type(states, decls.into_vec())?;
+            }
+            ComponentType::Resource { rep, dtor } => {
+                self.result.push_str(" ");
+                self.start_group("resource");
+                self.result.push_str(" (rep ");
+                self.print_valtype(rep)?;
+                self.result.push_str(")");
+                if let Some(dtor) = dtor {
+                    self.result.push_str(" (dtor (func ");
+                    self.print_idx(&states.last().unwrap().core.func_names, dtor)?;
+                    self.result.push_str("))");
+                }
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+
+        states.last_mut().unwrap().component.types += 1;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_types<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut Vec<State>,
+        parser: ComponentTypeSectionReader<'a>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for ty in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, ty) = ty?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_component_type_def(states, ty)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_imports(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        parser: ComponentImportSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for import in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, import) = import?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_component_import(state, &import, true)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_import(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        import: &ComponentImport,
+        index: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("import ");
+        self.print_component_import_name(import.name)?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        self.print_component_import_ty(state, &import.ty, index)?;
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_import_name(&mut self, name: ComponentExternName<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        match name {
+            ComponentExternName::Kebab(s) => self.print_str(s),
+            ComponentExternName::Interface(s) => {
+                self.start_group("interface ");
+                self.print_str(s)?;
+                self.end_group();
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_import_ty(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        ty: &ComponentTypeRef,
+        index: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            ComponentTypeRef::Module(idx) => {
+                self.start_group("core module ");
+                if index {
+                    self.print_name(&state.core.module_names, state.core.modules as u32)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    state.core.modules += 1;
+                }
+                self.print_component_type_ref(state, *idx)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+            ComponentTypeRef::Func(idx) => {
+                self.start_group("func ");
+                if index {
+                    self.print_name(&state.component.func_names, state.component.funcs)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    state.component.funcs += 1;
+                }
+                self.print_component_type_ref(state, *idx)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+            ComponentTypeRef::Value(ty) => {
+                self.start_group("value ");
+                if index {
+                    self.print_name(&state.component.value_names, state.component.values)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    state.component.values += 1;
+                }
+                match ty {
+                    ComponentValType::Primitive(ty) => self.print_primitive_val_type(ty),
+                    ComponentValType::Type(idx) => {
+                        self.print_component_type_ref(state, *idx)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+            ComponentTypeRef::Type(bounds) => {
+                self.result.push_str("(type ");
+                if index {
+                    self.print_name(&state.component.type_names, state.component.types)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    state.component.types += 1;
+                }
+                match bounds {
+                    TypeBounds::Eq(idx) => {
+                        self.result.push_str("(eq ");
+                        self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, *idx)?;
+                        self.result.push(')');
+                    }
+                    TypeBounds::SubResource => {
+                        self.result.push_str("(sub resource)");
+                    }
+                };
+                self.result.push(')');
+            }
+            ComponentTypeRef::Instance(idx) => {
+                self.start_group("instance ");
+                if index {
+                    self.print_name(&state.component.instance_names, state.component.instances)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    state.component.instances += 1;
+                }
+                self.print_component_type_ref(state, *idx)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+            ComponentTypeRef::Component(idx) => {
+                self.start_group("component ");
+                if index {
+                    self.print_name(&state.component.component_names, state.component.components)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    state.component.components += 1;
+                }
+                self.print_component_type_ref(state, *idx)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_exports(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        parser: ComponentExportSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for export in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, export) = export?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_component_export(state, &export, true)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_export(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        export: &ComponentExport,
+        named: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("export ");
+        if named {
+            self.print_component_kind_name(state, export.kind)?;
+        }
+        self.print_component_import_name(export.name.into())?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        self.print_component_external_kind(state, export.kind, export.index)?;
+        if let Some(ty) = &export.ty {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.print_component_import_ty(state, &ty, false)?;
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_kind_name(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        kind: ComponentExternalKind,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match kind {
+            ComponentExternalKind::Func => {
+                self.print_name(&state.component.func_names, state.component.funcs)?;
+                state.component.funcs += 1;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Module => {
+                self.print_name(&state.core.module_names, state.core.modules)?;
+                state.core.modules += 1;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Value => {
+                self.print_name(&state.component.value_names, state.component.values)?;
+                state.component.values += 1;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Type => {
+                self.print_name(&state.component.type_names, state.component.types)?;
+                state.component.types += 1;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Instance => {
+                self.print_name(&state.component.instance_names, state.component.instances)?;
+                state.component.instances += 1;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Component => {
+                self.print_name(&state.component.component_names, state.component.components)?;
+                state.component.components += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_external_kind(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &State,
+        kind: ComponentExternalKind,
+        index: u32,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match kind {
+            ComponentExternalKind::Module => {
+                self.start_group("core module ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.core.module_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Component => {
+                self.start_group("component ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.component_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Instance => {
+                self.start_group("instance ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.instance_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Func => {
+                self.start_group("func ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.func_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Value => {
+                self.start_group("value ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.value_names, index)?;
+            }
+            ComponentExternalKind::Type => {
+                self.start_group("type ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, index)?;
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_canonical_options(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &State,
+        options: &[CanonicalOption],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for option in options {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            match option {
+                CanonicalOption::UTF8 => self.result.push_str("string-encoding=utf8"),
+                CanonicalOption::UTF16 => self.result.push_str("string-encoding=utf16"),
+                CanonicalOption::CompactUTF16 => {
+                    self.result.push_str("string-encoding=latin1+utf16")
+                }
+                CanonicalOption::Memory(idx) => {
+                    self.start_group("memory ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.core.memory_names, *idx)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+                CanonicalOption::Realloc(idx) => {
+                    self.start_group("realloc ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.core.func_names, *idx)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+                CanonicalOption::PostReturn(idx) => {
+                    self.start_group("post-return ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.core.func_names, *idx)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_canonical_functions(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        parser: ComponentCanonicalSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for func in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, func) = func?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            match func {
+                CanonicalFunction::Lift {
+                    core_func_index,
+                    type_index,
+                    options,
+                } => {
+                    self.start_group("func ");
+                    self.print_name(&state.component.func_names, state.component.funcs)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.start_group("type ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, type_index)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.start_group("canon lift ");
+                    self.start_group("core func ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.core.func_names, core_func_index)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                    self.print_canonical_options(state, &options)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                    self.end_group();
+                    state.component.funcs += 1;
+                }
+                CanonicalFunction::Lower {
+                    func_index,
+                    options,
+                } => {
+                    self.start_group("core func ");
+                    self.print_name(&state.core.func_names, state.core.funcs)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.start_group("canon lower ");
+                    self.start_group("func ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.component.func_names, func_index)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                    self.print_canonical_options(state, &options)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                    self.end_group();
+                    state.core.funcs += 1;
+                }
+                CanonicalFunction::ResourceNew { resource } => {
+                    self.start_group("core func ");
+                    self.print_name(&state.core.func_names, state.core.funcs)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.start_group("canon resource.new ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, resource)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                    self.end_group();
+                    state.core.funcs += 1;
+                }
+                CanonicalFunction::ResourceDrop { resource } => {
+                    self.start_group("core func ");
+                    self.print_name(&state.core.func_names, state.core.funcs)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.start_group("canon resource.drop ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, resource)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                    self.end_group();
+                    state.core.funcs += 1;
+                }
+                CanonicalFunction::ResourceRep { resource } => {
+                    self.start_group("core func ");
+                    self.print_name(&state.core.func_names, state.core.funcs)?;
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.start_group("canon resource.rep ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.component.type_names, resource)?;
+                    self.end_group();
+                    self.end_group();
+                    state.core.funcs += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_instances(&mut self, state: &mut State, parser: InstanceSectionReader) -> Result<()> {
+        for instance in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, instance) = instance?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.start_group("core instance ");
+            self.print_name(&state.core.instance_names, state.core.instances)?;
+            match instance {
+                Instance::Instantiate { module_index, args } => {
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.start_group("instantiate ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.core.module_names, module_index)?;
+                    for arg in args.iter() {
+                        self.newline(offset);
+                        self.print_instantiation_arg(state, arg)?;
+                    }
+                    self.end_group();
+                    state.core.instances += 1;
+                }
+                Instance::FromExports(exports) => {
+                    for export in exports.iter() {
+                        self.newline(offset);
+                        self.print_export(state, export)?;
+                    }
+                    state.core.instances += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            self.end_group();
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_instances(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        parser: ComponentInstanceSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for instance in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, instance) = instance?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.start_group("instance ");
+            self.print_name(&state.component.instance_names, state.component.instances)?;
+            state.component.instances += 1;
+            match instance {
+                ComponentInstance::Instantiate {
+                    component_index,
+                    args,
+                } => {
+                    self.result.push(' ');
+                    self.start_group("instantiate ");
+                    self.print_idx(&state.component.component_names, component_index)?;
+                    for arg in args.iter() {
+                        self.newline(offset);
+                        self.print_component_instantiation_arg(state, arg)?;
+                    }
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+                ComponentInstance::FromExports(exports) => {
+                    for export in exports.iter() {
+                        self.newline(offset);
+                        self.print_component_export(state, export, false)?;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            self.end_group();
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_instantiation_arg(&mut self, state: &State, arg: &InstantiationArg) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("with ");
+        self.print_str(arg.name)?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        match arg.kind {
+            InstantiationArgKind::Instance => {
+                self.start_group("instance ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.core.instance_names, arg.index)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_instantiation_arg(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &State,
+        arg: &ComponentInstantiationArg,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("with ");
+        self.print_str(arg.name)?;
+        self.result.push(' ');
+        self.print_component_external_kind(state, arg.kind, arg.index)?;
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_start(
+        &mut self,
+        state: &mut State,
+        pos: usize,
+        start: ComponentStartFunction,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.newline(pos);
+        self.start_group("start ");
+        self.print_idx(&state.component.func_names, start.func_index)?;
+
+        for arg in start.arguments.iter() {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.start_group("value ");
+            self.print_idx(&state.component.value_names, *arg)?;
+            self.end_group();
+        }
+
+        for _ in 0..start.results {
+            self.result.push(' ');
+            self.start_group("result ");
+            self.start_group("value ");
+            self.print_name(&state.component.value_names, state.component.values)?;
+            self.end_group();
+            self.end_group();
+            state.component.values += 1;
+        }
+
+        self.end_group(); // start
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_aliases(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut [State],
+        parser: ComponentAliasSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for alias in parser.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, alias) = alias?;
+            self.newline(offset);
+            self.print_component_alias(states, alias)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_component_alias(
+        &mut self,
+        states: &mut [State],
+        alias: ComponentAlias<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match alias {
+            ComponentAlias::InstanceExport {
+                kind,
+                instance_index,
+                name,
+            } => {
+                let state = states.last_mut().unwrap();
+                self.start_group("alias export ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.component.instance_names, instance_index)?;
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.print_str(name)?;
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                match kind {
+                    ComponentExternalKind::Module => {
+                        self.start_group("core module ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.core.module_names, state.core.modules)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.core.modules += 1;
+                    }
+                    ComponentExternalKind::Component => {
+                        self.start_group("component ");
+                        self.print_name(
+                            &state.component.component_names,
+                            state.component.components,
+                        )?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.component.components += 1;
+                    }
+                    ComponentExternalKind::Instance => {
+                        self.start_group("instance ");
+                        self.print_name(
+                            &state.component.instance_names,
+                            state.component.instances,
+                        )?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.component.instances += 1;
+                    }
+                    ComponentExternalKind::Func => {
+                        self.start_group("func ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.component.func_names, state.component.funcs)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.component.funcs += 1;
+                    }
+                    ComponentExternalKind::Value => {
+                        self.start_group("value ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.component.value_names, state.component.values)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.component.values += 1;
+                    }
+                    ComponentExternalKind::Type => {
+                        self.start_group("type ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.component.type_names, state.component.types)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.component.types += 1;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                self.end_group(); // alias export
+            }
+            ComponentAlias::CoreInstanceExport {
+                instance_index,
+                kind,
+                name,
+            } => {
+                let state = states.last_mut().unwrap();
+                self.start_group("alias core export ");
+                self.print_idx(&state.core.instance_names, instance_index)?;
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                self.print_str(name)?;
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                match kind {
+                    ExternalKind::Func => {
+                        self.start_group("core func ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.core.func_names, state.core.funcs)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.core.funcs += 1;
+                    }
+                    ExternalKind::Table => {
+                        self.start_group("core table ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.core.table_names, state.core.tables)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.core.tables += 1;
+                    }
+                    ExternalKind::Memory => {
+                        self.start_group("core memory ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.core.memory_names, state.core.memories)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.core.memories += 1;
+                    }
+                    ExternalKind::Global => {
+                        self.start_group("core global ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.core.global_names, state.core.globals)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.core.globals += 1;
+                    }
+                    ExternalKind::Tag => {
+                        self.start_group("core tag ");
+                        write!(self.result, "(;{};)", state.core.tags)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                        state.core.tags += 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                self.end_group(); // alias export
+            }
+
+            ComponentAlias::Outer { kind, count, index } => {
+                let state = states.last().unwrap();
+                let outer = Self::outer_state(states, count)?;
+                self.start_group("alias outer ");
+                if let Some(name) = outer.name.as_ref() {
+                    name.write(&mut self.result);
+                } else {
+                    self.result.push_str(count.to_string().as_str());
+                }
+                self.result.push(' ');
+                match kind {
+                    ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreModule => {
+                        self.print_idx(&outer.core.module_names, index)?;
+                        self.result.push(' ');
+                        self.start_group("core module ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.core.module_names, state.core.modules)?;
+                    }
+                    ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreType => {
+                        self.print_idx(&outer.core.type_names, index)?;
+                        self.result.push(' ');
+                        self.start_group("core type ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.core.type_names, state.core.types.len() as u32)?;
+                    }
+                    ComponentOuterAliasKind::Type => {
+                        self.print_idx(&outer.component.type_names, index)?;
+                        self.result.push(' ');
+                        self.start_group("type ");
+                        self.print_name(&state.component.type_names, state.component.types)?;
+                    }
+                    ComponentOuterAliasKind::Component => {
+                        self.print_idx(&outer.component.component_names, index)?;
+                        self.result.push(' ');
+                        self.start_group("component ");
+                        self.print_name(
+                            &state.component.component_names,
+                            state.component.components,
+                        )?;
+                    }
+                }
+                self.end_group(); // kind
+                self.end_group(); // alias
+
+                let state = states.last_mut().unwrap();
+                match kind {
+                    ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreModule => state.core.modules += 1,
+                    ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreType => state.core.types.push(None),
+                    ComponentOuterAliasKind::Type => state.component.types += 1,
+                    ComponentOuterAliasKind::Component => state.component.components += 1,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_str(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut bytes = [0; 4];
+        self.result.push('"');
+        for c in name.chars() {
+            let v = c as u32;
+            if (0x20..0x7f).contains(&v) && c != '"' && c != '\\' && v < 0xff {
+                self.result.push(c);
+            } else {
+                for byte in c.encode_utf8(&mut bytes).as_bytes() {
+                    self.hex_byte(*byte);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.result.push('"');
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_bytes(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.result.push('"');
+        for byte in bytes {
+            if *byte >= 0x20 && *byte < 0x7f && *byte != b'"' && *byte != b'\\' {
+                self.result.push(*byte as char);
+            } else {
+                self.hex_byte(*byte);
+            }
+        }
+        self.result.push('"');
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn hex_byte(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        fn to_hex(b: u8) -> char {
+            if b < 10 {
+                (b'0' + b) as char
+            } else {
+                (b'a' + b - 10) as char
+            }
+        }
+        self.result.push('\\');
+        self.result.push(to_hex((byte >> 4) & 0xf));
+        self.result.push(to_hex(byte & 0xf));
+    }
+
+    fn print_custom_section(&mut self, section: CustomSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        match section.name() {
+            "producers" => {
+                self.newline(section.range().start);
+                self.print_producers_section(ProducersSectionReader::new(
+                    section.data(),
+                    section.data_offset(),
+                )?)
+            }
+            "dylink.0" => {
+                self.newline(section.range().start);
+                self.print_dylink0_section(Dylink0SectionReader::new(
+                    section.data(),
+                    section.data_offset(),
+                ))
+            }
+            _ => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_producers_section(&mut self, section: ProducersSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("@producers");
+        for field in section {
+            let field = field?;
+            for value in field.values.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+                let (offset, value) = value?;
+                self.newline(offset);
+                self.start_group(field.name);
+                self.result.push_str(" ");
+                self.print_str(value.name)?;
+                self.result.push_str(" ");
+                self.print_str(value.version)?;
+                self.end_group();
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_dylink0_section(&mut self, mut section: Dylink0SectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_group("@dylink.0");
+        loop {
+            let start = section.original_position();
+            let next = match section.next() {
+                Some(Ok(next)) => next,
+                Some(Err(e)) => return Err(e.into()),
+                None => break,
+            };
+            match next {
+                Dylink0Subsection::MemInfo(info) => {
+                    self.newline(start);
+                    self.start_group("mem-info");
+                    if info.memory_size > 0 || info.memory_alignment > 0 {
+                        write!(
+                            self.result,
+                            " (memory {} {})",
+                            info.memory_size, info.memory_alignment
+                        )?;
+                    }
+                    if info.table_size > 0 || info.table_alignment > 0 {
+                        write!(
+                            self.result,
+                            " (table {} {})",
+                            info.table_size, info.table_alignment
+                        )?;
+                    }
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+                Dylink0Subsection::Needed(needed) => {
+                    self.newline(start);
+                    self.start_group("needed");
+                    for s in needed {
+                        self.result.push_str(" ");
+                        self.print_str(s)?;
+                    }
+                    self.end_group();
+                }
+                Dylink0Subsection::ExportInfo(info) => {
+                    for info in info {
+                        self.newline(start);
+                        self.start_group("export-info ");
+                        self.print_str(info.name)?;
+                        self.print_dylink0_flags(info.flags)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                    }
+                }
+                Dylink0Subsection::ImportInfo(info) => {
+                    for info in info {
+                        self.newline(start);
+                        self.start_group("import-info ");
+                        self.print_str(info.module)?;
+                        self.result.push_str(" ");
+                        self.print_str(info.field)?;
+                        self.print_dylink0_flags(info.flags)?;
+                        self.end_group();
+                    }
+                }
+                Dylink0Subsection::Unknown { ty, .. } => {
+                    bail!("don't know how to print dylink.0 subsection id {ty}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.end_group();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn print_dylink0_flags(&mut self, mut flags: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        macro_rules! print_flag {
+            ($($name:ident = $text:tt)*) => ({$(
+                if flags & wasmparser::$name != 0 {
+                    flags &= !wasmparser::$name;
+                    self.result.push_str(concat!(" ", $text));
+                }
+            )*})
+        }
+        print_flag! {
+            WASM_SYM_BINDING_WEAK = "binding-weak"
+            WASM_SYM_BINDING_LOCAL = "binding-local"
+            WASM_SYM_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN = "visibility-hidden"
+            WASM_SYM_UNDEFINED = "undefined"
+            WASM_SYM_EXPORTED = "exported"
+            WASM_SYM_EXPLICIT_NAME = "explicit-name"
+            WASM_SYM_NO_STRIP = "no-strip"
+        }
+        if flags != 0 {
+            write!(self.result, " {:#x}", flags)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+struct NamedLocalPrinter {
+    group_name: &'static str,
+    in_group: bool,
+    end_group_after_local: bool,
+    first: bool,
+}
+
+impl NamedLocalPrinter {
+    fn new(group_name: &'static str) -> NamedLocalPrinter {
+        NamedLocalPrinter {
+            group_name,
+            in_group: false,
+            end_group_after_local: false,
+            first: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn start_local(&mut self, name: Option<&Naming>, dst: &mut String) {
+        // Named locals must be in their own group, so if we have a name we need
+        // to terminate the previous group.
+        if name.is_some() && self.in_group {
+            dst.push(')');
+            self.in_group = false;
+        }
+
+        if self.first {
+            self.first = false;
+        } else {
+            dst.push(' ');
+        }
+
+        // Next we either need a separator if we're already in a group or we
+        // need to open a group for our new local.
+        if !self.in_group {
+            dst.push('(');
+            dst.push_str(self.group_name);
+            dst.push(' ');
+            self.in_group = true;
+        }
+
+        // Print the optional name if given...
+        if let Some(name) = name {
+            name.write(dst);
+            dst.push(' ');
+        }
+        self.end_group_after_local = name.is_some();
+    }
+
+    fn end_local(&mut self, dst: &mut String) {
+        if self.end_group_after_local {
+            dst.push(')');
+            self.end_group_after_local = false;
+            self.in_group = false;
+        }
+    }
+    fn finish(self, dst: &mut String) {
+        if self.in_group {
+            dst.push(')');
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! print_float {
+    ($name:ident $float:ident $uint:ident $sint:ident $exp_bits:tt) => {
+        fn $name(&mut self, mut bits: $uint) -> Result<()> {
+            // Calculate a few constants
+            let int_width = mem::size_of::<$uint>() * 8;
+            let exp_width = $exp_bits;
+            let mantissa_width = int_width - 1 - exp_width;
+            let bias = (1 << (exp_width - 1)) - 1;
+            let max_exp = (1 as $sint) << (exp_width - 1);
+            let min_exp = -max_exp + 1;
+
+            // Handle `NaN` and infinity specially
+            let f = $float::from_bits(bits);
+            if bits >> (int_width - 1) != 0 {
+                bits ^= 1 << (int_width - 1);
+                self.result.push('-');
+            }
+            if f.is_infinite() {
+                write!(self.result, "inf (;={};)", f)?;
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            if f.is_nan() {
+                let payload = bits & ((1 << mantissa_width) - 1);
+                if payload == 1 << (mantissa_width - 1) {
+                    write!(self.result, "nan (;={};)", f)?;
+                } else {
+                    write!(self.result, "nan:{:#x} (;={};)", payload, f)?;
+                }
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+
+            // Figure out our exponent, but keep in mine that it's in an
+            // integer width that may not be supported. As a result we do a few
+            // tricks here:
+            //
+            // * Make the MSB the top bit of the exponent, then shift the
+            //   exponent to the bottom. This means we now have a signed
+            //   integer in `$sint` width representing the whole exponent.
+            // * Do the arithmetic for the exponent (subtract)
+            // * Next we only care about the lowest `$exp_bits` bits of the
+            //   result, but we do care about the sign. Use sign-carrying of
+            //   the signed integer shifts to shift it left then shift it back.
+            //
+            // Overall this should do basic arithmetic for `$exp_bits` bit
+            // numbers and get the result back as a signed integer with `$sint`
+            // bits in `exponent` representing the same decimal value.
+            let mut exponent = (((bits << 1) as $sint) >> (mantissa_width + 1)).wrapping_sub(bias);
+            exponent = (exponent << (int_width - exp_width)) >> (int_width - exp_width);
+            let mut fraction = bits & ((1 << mantissa_width) - 1);
+            self.result.push_str("0x");
+            if bits == 0 {
+                self.result.push_str("0p+0");
+            } else {
+                self.result.push('1');
+                if fraction > 0 {
+                    fraction <<= (int_width - mantissa_width);
+
+                    // Apparently the subnormal is handled here. I don't know
+                    // what a subnormal is. If someone else does, please let me
+                    // know!
+                    if exponent == min_exp {
+                        let leading = fraction.leading_zeros();
+                        if (leading as usize) < int_width - 1 {
+                            fraction <<= leading + 1;
+                        } else {
+                            fraction = 0;
+                        }
+                        exponent -= leading as $sint;
+                    }
+
+                    self.result.push('.');
+                    while fraction > 0 {
+                        write!(self.result, "{:x}", fraction >> (int_width - 4))?;
+                        fraction <<= 4;
+                    }
+                }
+                write!(self.result, "p{:+}", exponent)?;
+            }
+            write!(self.result, " (;={};)", f)?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl Printer {
+    print_float!(print_f32 f32 u32 i32 8);
+    print_float!(print_f64 f64 u64 i64 11);
+}
+
+impl Naming {
+    fn new<'a>(
+        name: &'a str,
+        index: u32,
+        group: &str,
+        used: Option<&mut HashSet<&'a str>>,
+    ) -> Naming {
+        let mut identifier = None;
+
+        // If the `name` provided can't be used as the raw identifier for the
+        // item that it's describing then a synthetic name must be made. The
+        // rules here which generate a name are:
+        //
+        // * Empty identifiers are not allowed
+        // * Identifiers have a fixed set of valid characters
+        // * For wasmprinter's purposes we "reserve" identifiers with the `#`
+        //   prefix, which is in theory rare to encounter in practice.
+        // * If the name has already been used for some other item and cannot
+        //   be reused (e.g. because shadowing in this context is not possible).
+        //
+        // If any of these conditions match then we generate a unique identifier
+        // based on `name` but not it exactly. By factoring in the `group`,
+        // `index`, and `name` we get a guaranteed unique identifier (due to the
+        // leading `#` prefix that we reserve and factoring in of the item
+        // index) while preserving human readability at least somewhat (the
+        // valid identifier characters of `name` still appear in the returned
+        // name).
+        if name.is_empty()
+            || name.chars().any(|c| !is_idchar(c))
+            || name.starts_with('#')
+            || used.map(|set| !set.insert(name)).unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            let mut id = String::new();
+            id.push('#');
+            id.push_str(group);
+            write!(id, "{}", index).unwrap();
+            id.push('<');
+            id.extend(name.chars().map(|c| if is_idchar(c) { c } else { '_' }));
+            id.push('>');
+            identifier = Some(id);
+        }
+        return Naming {
+            identifier,
+            name: name.to_string(),
+        };
+
+        // See https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/text/values.html#text-id
+        fn is_idchar(c: char) -> bool {
+            matches!(
+                c,
+                '0'..='9'
+                | 'a'..='z'
+                | 'A'..='Z'
+                | '!'
+                | '#'
+                | '$'
+                | '%'
+                | '&'
+                | '\''
+                | '*'
+                | '+'
+                | '-'
+                | '.'
+                | '/'
+                | ':'
+                | '<'
+                | '='
+                | '>'
+                | '?'
+                | '@'
+                | '\\'
+                | '^'
+                | '_'
+                | '`'
+                | '|'
+                | '~'
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn identifier(&self) -> &str {
+        match &self.identifier {
+            Some(s) => s,
+            None => &self.name,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write(&self, dst: &mut String) {
+        match &self.identifier {
+            Some(alternate) => {
+                assert!(*alternate != self.name);
+                dst.push('$');
+                dst.push_str(alternate);
+                dst.push_str(" (@name \"");
+                // https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/text/values.html#text-string
+                for c in self.name.chars() {
+                    match c {
+                        '\t' => dst.push_str("\\t"),
+                        '\n' => dst.push_str("\\n"),
+                        '\r' => dst.push_str("\\r"),
+                        '"' => dst.push_str("\\\""),
+                        '\'' => dst.push_str("\\'"),
+                        '\\' => dst.push_str("\\\\"),
+                        c if (c as u32) < 0x20 || c as u32 == 0x7f => {
+                            dst.push_str("\\u{");
+                            write!(dst, "{:x}", c as u32).unwrap();
+                            dst.push('}');
+                        }
+                        other => dst.push(other),
+                    }
+                }
+                dst.push_str("\")");
+            }
+            None => {
+                dst.push('$');
+                dst.push_str(&self.name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn name_map(into: &mut HashMap<u32, Naming>, names: NameMap<'_>, name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut used = HashSet::new();
+    for naming in names {
+        let naming = naming?;
+        into.insert(
+            naming.index,
+            Naming::new(naming.name, naming.index, name, Some(&mut used)),
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}