wasmtime 9.0.4 → 10.0.1

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmparser-0.111.0/src/validator/core.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1314 @@
+//! State relating to validating a WebAssembly module.
+//!
+use super::{
+    check_max, combine_type_sizes,
+    operators::{ty_to_str, OperatorValidator, OperatorValidatorAllocations},
+    types::{EntityType, Type, TypeAlloc, TypeId, TypeList},
+};
+use crate::limits::*;
+use crate::readers::Inherits;
+use crate::validator::core::arc::MaybeOwned;
+use crate::{
+    BinaryReaderError, ConstExpr, Data, DataKind, Element, ElementKind, ExternalKind, FuncType,
+    Global, GlobalType, HeapType, MemoryType, RefType, Result, StorageType, StructuralType,
+    SubType, Table, TableInit, TableType, TagType, TypeRef, ValType, VisitOperator, WasmFeatures,
+    WasmModuleResources,
+};
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use std::mem;
+use std::{collections::HashSet, sync::Arc};
+
+// Section order for WebAssembly modules.
+//
+// Component sections are unordered and allow for duplicates,
+// so this isn't used for components.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum Order {
+    Initial,
+    Type,
+    Import,
+    Function,
+    Table,
+    Memory,
+    Tag,
+    Global,
+    Export,
+    Start,
+    Element,
+    DataCount,
+    Code,
+    Data,
+}
+
+impl Default for Order {
+    fn default() -> Order {
+        Order::Initial
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct ModuleState {
+    /// Internal state that is incrementally built-up for the module being
+    /// validated. This houses type information for all wasm items, like
+    /// functions. Note that this starts out as a solely owned `Arc<T>` so we can
+    /// get mutable access, but after we get to the code section this is never
+    /// mutated to we can clone it cheaply and hand it to sub-validators.
+    pub module: arc::MaybeOwned<Module>,
+
+    /// Where we are, order-wise, in the wasm binary.
+    order: Order,
+
+    /// The number of data segments in the data section (if present).
+    pub data_segment_count: u32,
+
+    /// The number of functions we expect to be defined in the code section, or
+    /// basically the length of the function section if it was found. The next
+    /// index is where we are, in the code section index space, for the next
+    /// entry in the code section (used to figure out what type is next for the
+    /// function being validated).
+    pub expected_code_bodies: Option<u32>,
+
+    const_expr_allocs: OperatorValidatorAllocations,
+
+    /// When parsing the code section, represents the current index in the section.
+    code_section_index: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+impl ModuleState {
+    pub fn update_order(&mut self, order: Order, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.order >= order {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new("section out of order", offset));
+        }
+
+        self.order = order;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn validate_end(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        // Ensure that the data count section, if any, was correct.
+        if let Some(data_count) = self.module.data_count {
+            if data_count != self.data_segment_count {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "data count and data section have inconsistent lengths",
+                    offset,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        // Ensure that the function section, if nonzero, was paired with a code
+        // section with the appropriate length.
+        if let Some(n) = self.expected_code_bodies {
+            if n > 0 {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "function and code section have inconsistent lengths",
+                    offset,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_code_index_and_type(&mut self, offset: usize) -> Result<(u32, u32)> {
+        let index = self
+            .code_section_index
+            .get_or_insert(self.module.num_imported_functions as usize);
+
+        if *index >= self.module.functions.len() {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "code section entry exceeds number of functions",
+                offset,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let ty = self.module.functions[*index];
+        *index += 1;
+
+        Ok(((*index - 1) as u32, ty))
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_global(
+        &mut self,
+        global: Global,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.module
+            .check_global_type(&global.ty, features, offset)?;
+        self.check_const_expr(&global.init_expr, global.ty.content_type, features, types)?;
+        self.module.assert_mut().globals.push(global.ty);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_table(
+        &mut self,
+        table: Table<'_>,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.module.check_table_type(&table.ty, features, offset)?;
+
+        match &table.init {
+            TableInit::RefNull => {
+                if !table.ty.element_type.is_nullable() {
+                    bail!(offset, "type mismatch: non-defaultable element type");
+                }
+            }
+            TableInit::Expr(expr) => {
+                if !features.function_references {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "tables with expression initializers require \
+                         the function-references proposal"
+                    );
+                }
+                self.check_const_expr(expr, table.ty.element_type.into(), features, types)?;
+            }
+        }
+        self.module.assert_mut().tables.push(table.ty);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_data_segment(
+        &mut self,
+        data: Data,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match data.kind {
+            DataKind::Passive => Ok(()),
+            DataKind::Active {
+                memory_index,
+                offset_expr,
+            } => {
+                let ty = self.module.memory_at(memory_index, offset)?.index_type();
+                self.check_const_expr(&offset_expr, ty, features, types)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_element_segment(
+        &mut self,
+        e: Element,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // the `funcref` value type is allowed all the way back to the MVP, so
+        // don't check it here
+        let element_ty = match &e.items {
+            crate::ElementItems::Functions(_) => RefType::FUNC,
+            crate::ElementItems::Expressions(ty, _) => {
+                self.module
+                    .check_value_type(ValType::Ref(*ty), features, offset)?;
+                *ty
+            }
+        };
+
+        match e.kind {
+            ElementKind::Active {
+                table_index,
+                offset_expr,
+            } => {
+                let table = self.module.table_at(table_index.unwrap_or(0), offset)?;
+                if !self.module.matches(
+                    ValType::Ref(element_ty),
+                    ValType::Ref(table.element_type),
+                    types,
+                ) {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        format!(
+                            "type mismatch: invalid element type `{}` for table type `{}`",
+                            ty_to_str(element_ty.into()),
+                            ty_to_str(table.element_type.into()),
+                        ),
+                        offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                self.check_const_expr(&offset_expr, ValType::I32, features, types)?;
+            }
+            ElementKind::Passive | ElementKind::Declared => {
+                if !features.bulk_memory {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "bulk memory must be enabled",
+                        offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let validate_count = |count: u32| -> Result<(), BinaryReaderError> {
+            if count > MAX_WASM_TABLE_ENTRIES as u32 {
+                Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "number of elements is out of bounds",
+                    offset,
+                ))
+            } else {
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        };
+        match e.items {
+            crate::ElementItems::Functions(reader) => {
+                let count = reader.count();
+                validate_count(count)?;
+                for f in reader.into_iter_with_offsets() {
+                    let (offset, f) = f?;
+                    self.module.get_func_type(f, types, offset)?;
+                    self.module.assert_mut().function_references.insert(f);
+                }
+            }
+            crate::ElementItems::Expressions(ty, reader) => {
+                validate_count(reader.count())?;
+                for expr in reader {
+                    self.check_const_expr(&expr?, ValType::Ref(ty), features, types)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.module.assert_mut().element_types.push(element_ty);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn check_const_expr(
+        &mut self,
+        expr: &ConstExpr<'_>,
+        expected_ty: ValType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut validator = VisitConstOperator {
+            offset: 0,
+            order: self.order,
+            uninserted_funcref: false,
+            ops: OperatorValidator::new_const_expr(
+                features,
+                expected_ty,
+                mem::take(&mut self.const_expr_allocs),
+            ),
+            resources: OperatorValidatorResources {
+                types,
+                module: &mut self.module,
+            },
+        };
+
+        let mut ops = expr.get_operators_reader();
+        while !ops.eof() {
+            validator.offset = ops.original_position();
+            ops.visit_operator(&mut validator)??;
+        }
+        validator.ops.finish(ops.original_position())?;
+
+        // See comment in `RefFunc` below for why this is an assert.
+        assert!(!validator.uninserted_funcref);
+
+        self.const_expr_allocs = validator.ops.into_allocations();
+
+        return Ok(());
+
+        struct VisitConstOperator<'a> {
+            offset: usize,
+            uninserted_funcref: bool,
+            ops: OperatorValidator,
+            resources: OperatorValidatorResources<'a>,
+            order: Order,
+        }
+
+        impl VisitConstOperator<'_> {
+            fn validator(&mut self) -> impl VisitOperator<'_, Output = Result<()>> {
+                self.ops.with_resources(&self.resources, self.offset)
+            }
+
+            fn validate_extended_const(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+                if self.ops.features.extended_const {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "constant expression required: non-constant operator",
+                        self.offset,
+                    ))
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn validate_global(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<()> {
+                let module = &self.resources.module;
+                let global = module.global_at(index, self.offset)?;
+                if index >= module.num_imported_globals {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "constant expression required: global.get of locally defined global",
+                        self.offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+                if global.mutable {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "constant expression required: global.get of mutable global",
+                        self.offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+
+            // Functions in initialization expressions are only valid in
+            // element segment initialization expressions and globals. In
+            // these contexts we want to record all function references.
+            //
+            // Initialization expressions can also be found in the data
+            // section, however. A `RefFunc` instruction in those situations
+            // is always invalid and needs to produce a validation error. In
+            // this situation, though, we can no longer modify
+            // the state since it's been "snapshot" already for
+            // parallel validation of functions.
+            //
+            // If we cannot modify the function references then this function
+            // *should* result in a validation error, but we defer that
+            // validation error to happen later. The `uninserted_funcref`
+            // boolean here is used to track this and will cause a panic
+            // (aka a fuzz bug) if we somehow forget to emit an error somewhere
+            // else.
+            fn insert_ref_func(&mut self, index: u32) {
+                if self.order == Order::Data {
+                    self.uninserted_funcref = true;
+                } else {
+                    self.resources
+                        .module
+                        .assert_mut()
+                        .function_references
+                        .insert(index);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        macro_rules! define_visit_operator {
+            ($(@$proposal:ident $op:ident $({ $($arg:ident: $argty:ty),* })? => $visit:ident)*) => {
+                $(
+                    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+                    fn $visit(&mut self $($(,$arg: $argty)*)?) -> Self::Output {
+                        define_visit_operator!(@visit self $visit $($($arg)*)?)
+                    }
+                )*
+            };
+
+            // These are always valid in const expressions
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_i32_const $val:ident) => {{
+                $self.validator().visit_i32_const($val)
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_i64_const $val:ident) => {{
+                $self.validator().visit_i64_const($val)
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_f32_const $val:ident) => {{
+                $self.validator().visit_f32_const($val)
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_f64_const $val:ident) => {{
+                $self.validator().visit_f64_const($val)
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_v128_const $val:ident) => {{
+                $self.validator().visit_v128_const($val)
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_ref_null $val:ident) => {{
+                $self.validator().visit_ref_null($val)
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_end) => {{
+                $self.validator().visit_end()
+            }};
+
+
+            // These are valid const expressions when the extended-const proposal is enabled.
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_i32_add) => {{
+                $self.validate_extended_const()?;
+                $self.validator().visit_i32_add()
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_i32_sub) => {{
+                $self.validate_extended_const()?;
+                $self.validator().visit_i32_sub()
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_i32_mul) => {{
+                $self.validate_extended_const()?;
+                $self.validator().visit_i32_mul()
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_i64_add) => {{
+                $self.validate_extended_const()?;
+                $self.validator().visit_i64_add()
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_i64_sub) => {{
+                $self.validate_extended_const()?;
+                $self.validator().visit_i64_sub()
+            }};
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_i64_mul) => {{
+                $self.validate_extended_const()?;
+                $self.validator().visit_i64_mul()
+            }};
+
+            // `global.get` is a valid const expression for imported, immutable
+            // globals.
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_global_get $idx:ident) => {{
+                $self.validate_global($idx)?;
+                $self.validator().visit_global_get($idx)
+            }};
+            // `ref.func`, if it's in a `global` initializer, will insert into
+            // the set of referenced functions so it's processed here.
+            (@visit $self:ident visit_ref_func $idx:ident) => {{
+                $self.insert_ref_func($idx);
+                $self.validator().visit_ref_func($idx)
+            }};
+
+            (@visit $self:ident $op:ident $($args:tt)*) => {{
+                Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "constant expression required: non-constant operator",
+                    $self.offset,
+                ))
+            }}
+        }
+
+        impl<'a> VisitOperator<'a> for VisitConstOperator<'a> {
+            type Output = Result<()>;
+
+            for_each_operator!(define_visit_operator);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Module {
+    // This is set once the code section starts.
+    // `WasmModuleResources` implementations use the snapshot to
+    // enable parallel validation of functions.
+    pub snapshot: Option<Arc<TypeList>>,
+    // Stores indexes into the validator's types list.
+    pub types: Vec<TypeId>,
+    pub tables: Vec<TableType>,
+    pub memories: Vec<MemoryType>,
+    pub globals: Vec<GlobalType>,
+    pub element_types: Vec<RefType>,
+    pub data_count: Option<u32>,
+    // Stores indexes into `types`.
+    pub functions: Vec<u32>,
+    pub tags: Vec<TypeId>,
+    pub function_references: HashSet<u32>,
+    pub imports: IndexMap<(String, String), Vec<EntityType>>,
+    pub exports: IndexMap<String, EntityType>,
+    pub type_size: u32,
+    num_imported_globals: u32,
+    num_imported_functions: u32,
+}
+
+impl Module {
+    pub fn add_type(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: SubType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
+        offset: usize,
+        check_limit: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if check_limit {
+            check_max(self.types.len(), 1, MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types", offset)?;
+        }
+        let ty = self.check_subtype(ty, features, types, offset)?;
+
+        let id = types.push_ty(ty);
+        self.types.push(id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn check_subtype(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: SubType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &mut TypeAlloc,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Type> {
+        if !features.gc && (ty.is_final || ty.supertype_idx.is_some()) {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "gc proposal must be enabled to use subtypes",
+                offset,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        self.check_structural_type(&ty.structural_type, features, offset)?;
+
+        if let Some(type_index) = ty.supertype_idx {
+            // Check the supertype exists, is not final, and the subtype matches it.
+            match self.type_at(types, type_index, offset)? {
+                Type::Sub(st) => {
+                    if !&ty.inherits(st, &|idx| self.subtype_at(types, idx, offset).unwrap()) {
+                        return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                            "subtype must match supertype",
+                            offset,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "supertype must be a non-final subtype itself",
+                        offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        Ok(Type::Sub(ty))
+    }
+
+    fn subtype_at<'a>(&self, types: &'a TypeList, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&'a SubType> {
+        match self.type_at(types, idx, offset)? {
+            Type::Sub(ty) => Ok(ty),
+            _ => bail!(
+                offset,
+                "subtype with index {idx} not found, offset: {offset}"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn check_structural_type(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: &StructuralType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            StructuralType::Func(t) => {
+                for ty in t.params().iter().chain(t.results()) {
+                    self.check_value_type(*ty, features, offset)?;
+                }
+                if t.results().len() > 1 && !features.multi_value {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "func type returns multiple values but the multi-value feature is not enabled",
+                        offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+            StructuralType::Array(t) => {
+                if !features.gc {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "array indexed types not supported without the gc feature",
+                        offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+                match t.0.element_type {
+                    StorageType::I8 | StorageType::I16 => {}
+                    StorageType::Val(value_type) => {
+                        self.check_value_type(value_type, features, offset)?;
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+            StructuralType::Struct(t) => {
+                if !features.gc {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "struct indexed types not supported without the gc feature",
+                        offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+                for ty in t.fields.iter() {
+                    self.check_storage_type(ty.element_type, features, offset)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_import(
+        &mut self,
+        import: crate::Import,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let entity = self.check_type_ref(&import.ty, features, types, offset)?;
+
+        let (len, max, desc) = match import.ty {
+            TypeRef::Func(type_index) => {
+                self.functions.push(type_index);
+                self.num_imported_functions += 1;
+                (self.functions.len(), MAX_WASM_FUNCTIONS, "functions")
+            }
+            TypeRef::Table(ty) => {
+                self.tables.push(ty);
+                (self.tables.len(), self.max_tables(features), "tables")
+            }
+            TypeRef::Memory(ty) => {
+                self.memories.push(ty);
+                (self.memories.len(), self.max_memories(features), "memories")
+            }
+            TypeRef::Tag(ty) => {
+                self.tags.push(self.types[ty.func_type_idx as usize]);
+                (self.tags.len(), MAX_WASM_TAGS, "tags")
+            }
+            TypeRef::Global(ty) => {
+                if !features.mutable_global && ty.mutable {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "mutable global support is not enabled",
+                        offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+                self.globals.push(ty);
+                self.num_imported_globals += 1;
+                (self.globals.len(), MAX_WASM_GLOBALS, "globals")
+            }
+        };
+
+        check_max(len, 0, max, desc, offset)?;
+
+        self.type_size = combine_type_sizes(self.type_size, entity.info().size(), offset)?;
+
+        self.imports
+            .entry((import.module.to_string(), import.name.to_string()))
+            .or_default()
+            .push(entity);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_export(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        ty: EntityType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        offset: usize,
+        check_limit: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if !features.mutable_global {
+            if let EntityType::Global(global_type) = ty {
+                if global_type.mutable {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "mutable global support is not enabled",
+                        offset,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if check_limit {
+            check_max(self.exports.len(), 1, MAX_WASM_EXPORTS, "exports", offset)?;
+        }
+
+        self.type_size = combine_type_sizes(self.type_size, ty.info().size(), offset)?;
+
+        match self.exports.insert(name.to_string(), ty) {
+            Some(_) => Err(format_err!(
+                offset,
+                "duplicate export name `{name}` already defined"
+            )),
+            None => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_function(&mut self, type_index: u32, types: &TypeList, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        self.func_type_at(type_index, types, offset)?;
+        self.functions.push(type_index);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_memory(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: MemoryType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.check_memory_type(&ty, features, offset)?;
+        self.memories.push(ty);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_tag(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: TagType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.check_tag_type(&ty, features, types, offset)?;
+        self.tags.push(self.types[ty.func_type_idx as usize]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn type_id_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<TypeId> {
+        self.types
+            .get(idx as usize)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| format_err!(offset, "unknown type {idx}: type index out of bounds"))
+    }
+
+    fn type_at<'a>(&self, types: &'a TypeList, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&'a Type> {
+        self.type_id_at(idx, offset).map(|type_id| &types[type_id])
+    }
+
+    fn func_type_at<'a>(
+        &self,
+        type_index: u32,
+        types: &'a TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<&'a FuncType> {
+        match &types[self.type_id_at(type_index, offset)?] {
+            Type::Sub(SubType {
+                structural_type: StructuralType::Func(f),
+                ..
+            }) => Ok(f),
+            _ => bail!(offset, "type index {type_index} is not a function type"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_type_ref(
+        &self,
+        type_ref: &TypeRef,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<EntityType> {
+        Ok(match type_ref {
+            TypeRef::Func(type_index) => {
+                self.func_type_at(*type_index, types, offset)?;
+                EntityType::Func(self.types[*type_index as usize])
+            }
+            TypeRef::Table(t) => {
+                self.check_table_type(t, features, offset)?;
+                EntityType::Table(*t)
+            }
+            TypeRef::Memory(t) => {
+                self.check_memory_type(t, features, offset)?;
+                EntityType::Memory(*t)
+            }
+            TypeRef::Tag(t) => {
+                self.check_tag_type(t, features, types, offset)?;
+                EntityType::Tag(self.types[t.func_type_idx as usize])
+            }
+            TypeRef::Global(t) => {
+                self.check_global_type(t, features, offset)?;
+                EntityType::Global(*t)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn check_table_type(
+        &self,
+        ty: &TableType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // the `funcref` value type is allowed all the way back to the MVP, so
+        // don't check it here
+        if ty.element_type != RefType::FUNCREF {
+            self.check_value_type(ValType::Ref(ty.element_type), features, offset)?
+        }
+
+        self.check_limits(ty.initial, ty.maximum, offset)?;
+        if ty.initial > MAX_WASM_TABLE_ENTRIES as u32 {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "minimum table size is out of bounds",
+                offset,
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn check_memory_type(
+        &self,
+        ty: &MemoryType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.check_limits(ty.initial, ty.maximum, offset)?;
+        let (true_maximum, err) = if ty.memory64 {
+            if !features.memory64 {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "memory64 must be enabled for 64-bit memories",
+                    offset,
+                ));
+            }
+            (
+                MAX_WASM_MEMORY64_PAGES,
+                "memory size must be at most 2**48 pages",
+            )
+        } else {
+            (
+                MAX_WASM_MEMORY32_PAGES,
+                "memory size must be at most 65536 pages (4GiB)",
+            )
+        };
+        if ty.initial > true_maximum {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(err, offset));
+        }
+        if let Some(maximum) = ty.maximum {
+            if maximum > true_maximum {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(err, offset));
+            }
+        }
+        if ty.shared {
+            if !features.threads {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "threads must be enabled for shared memories",
+                    offset,
+                ));
+            }
+            if ty.maximum.is_none() {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "shared memory must have maximum size",
+                    offset,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn imports_for_module_type(
+        &self,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<IndexMap<(String, String), EntityType>> {
+        // Ensure imports are unique, which is a requirement of the component model
+        self.imports
+            .iter()
+            .map(|((module, name), types)| {
+                if types.len() != 1 {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "module has a duplicate import name `{module}:{name}` \
+                         that is not allowed in components",
+                    );
+                }
+                Ok(((module.clone(), name.clone()), types[0]))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_>>()
+    }
+
+    fn check_storage_type(
+        &self,
+        ty: StorageType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match ty {
+            StorageType::I8 | StorageType::I16 => {}
+            StorageType::Val(value_type) => {
+                self.check_value_type(value_type, features, offset)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn check_value_type(&self, ty: ValType, features: &WasmFeatures, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        match features.check_value_type(ty) {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+            Err(e) => Err(BinaryReaderError::new(e, offset)),
+        }?;
+        // The above only checks the value type for features.
+        // We must check it if it's a reference.
+        match ty {
+            ValType::Ref(rt) => {
+                self.check_ref_type(rt, offset)?;
+            }
+            _ => (),
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn check_ref_type(&self, ty: RefType, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        // Check that the heap type is valid
+        match ty.heap_type() {
+            HeapType::Func
+            | HeapType::Extern
+            | HeapType::Any
+            | HeapType::None
+            | HeapType::NoExtern
+            | HeapType::NoFunc
+            | HeapType::Eq
+            | HeapType::Struct
+            | HeapType::Array
+            | HeapType::I31 => (),
+            HeapType::Indexed(type_index) => {
+                // Just check that the index is valid
+                self.type_id_at(type_index, offset)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Check that a value of type ty1 is assignable to a variable / table element of type ty2.
+    /// E.g. a non-nullable reference can be assigned to a nullable reference, but not vice versa.
+    /// Or an indexed func ref is assignable to a generic func ref, but not vice versa.
+    pub(crate) fn matches(&self, ty1: ValType, ty2: ValType, types: &TypeList) -> bool {
+        ty1.inherits(&ty2, &|idx| self.subtype_at(types, idx, 0).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn check_tag_type(
+        &self,
+        ty: &TagType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        types: &TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if !features.exceptions {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "exceptions proposal not enabled",
+                offset,
+            ));
+        }
+        let ty = self.func_type_at(ty.func_type_idx, types, offset)?;
+        if !ty.results().is_empty() {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "invalid exception type: non-empty tag result type",
+                offset,
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn check_global_type(
+        &self,
+        ty: &GlobalType,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.check_value_type(ty.content_type, features, offset)
+    }
+
+    fn check_limits<T>(&self, initial: T, maximum: Option<T>, offset: usize) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Into<u64>,
+    {
+        if let Some(max) = maximum {
+            if initial.into() > max.into() {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "size minimum must not be greater than maximum",
+                    offset,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_tables(&self, features: &WasmFeatures) -> usize {
+        if features.reference_types {
+            MAX_WASM_TABLES
+        } else {
+            1
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_memories(&self, features: &WasmFeatures) -> usize {
+        if features.multi_memory {
+            MAX_WASM_MEMORIES
+        } else {
+            1
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn export_to_entity_type(
+        &mut self,
+        export: &crate::Export,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<EntityType> {
+        let check = |ty: &str, index: u32, total: usize| {
+            if index as usize >= total {
+                Err(format_err!(
+                    offset,
+                    "unknown {ty} {index}: exported {ty} index out of bounds",
+                ))
+            } else {
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(match export.kind {
+            ExternalKind::Func => {
+                check("function", export.index, self.functions.len())?;
+                self.function_references.insert(export.index);
+                EntityType::Func(self.types[self.functions[export.index as usize] as usize])
+            }
+            ExternalKind::Table => {
+                check("table", export.index, self.tables.len())?;
+                EntityType::Table(self.tables[export.index as usize])
+            }
+            ExternalKind::Memory => {
+                check("memory", export.index, self.memories.len())?;
+                EntityType::Memory(self.memories[export.index as usize])
+            }
+            ExternalKind::Global => {
+                check("global", export.index, self.globals.len())?;
+                EntityType::Global(self.globals[export.index as usize])
+            }
+            ExternalKind::Tag => {
+                check("tag", export.index, self.tags.len())?;
+                EntityType::Tag(self.tags[export.index as usize])
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_func_type<'a>(
+        &self,
+        func_idx: u32,
+        types: &'a TypeList,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<&'a FuncType> {
+        match self.functions.get(func_idx as usize) {
+            Some(idx) => self.func_type_at(*idx, types, offset),
+            None => Err(format_err!(
+                offset,
+                "unknown function {func_idx}: func index out of bounds",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn global_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&GlobalType> {
+        match self.globals.get(idx as usize) {
+            Some(t) => Ok(t),
+            None => Err(format_err!(
+                offset,
+                "unknown global {idx}: global index out of bounds"
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn table_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&TableType> {
+        match self.tables.get(idx as usize) {
+            Some(t) => Ok(t),
+            None => Err(format_err!(
+                offset,
+                "unknown table {idx}: table index out of bounds"
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn memory_at(&self, idx: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<&MemoryType> {
+        match self.memories.get(idx as usize) {
+            Some(t) => Ok(t),
+            None => Err(format_err!(
+                offset,
+                "unknown memory {idx}: memory index out of bounds"
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Module {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            snapshot: Default::default(),
+            types: Default::default(),
+            tables: Default::default(),
+            memories: Default::default(),
+            globals: Default::default(),
+            element_types: Default::default(),
+            data_count: Default::default(),
+            functions: Default::default(),
+            tags: Default::default(),
+            function_references: Default::default(),
+            imports: Default::default(),
+            exports: Default::default(),
+            type_size: 1,
+            num_imported_globals: Default::default(),
+            num_imported_functions: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct OperatorValidatorResources<'a> {
+    module: &'a mut MaybeOwned<Module>,
+    types: &'a TypeList,
+}
+
+impl WasmModuleResources for OperatorValidatorResources<'_> {
+    type FuncType = crate::FuncType;
+
+    fn table_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<TableType> {
+        self.module.tables.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn memory_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<MemoryType> {
+        self.module.memories.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn tag_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<&Self::FuncType> {
+        Some(self.types[*self.module.tags.get(at as usize)?].unwrap_func())
+    }
+
+    fn global_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<GlobalType> {
+        self.module.globals.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn func_type_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<&Self::FuncType> {
+        Some(self.types[*self.module.types.get(at as usize)?].unwrap_func())
+    }
+
+    fn type_index_of_function(&self, at: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.module.functions.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn type_of_function(&self, at: u32) -> Option<&Self::FuncType> {
+        self.func_type_at(self.type_index_of_function(at)?)
+    }
+
+    fn check_value_type(&self, t: ValType, features: &WasmFeatures, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        self.module.check_value_type(t, features, offset)
+    }
+
+    fn element_type_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<RefType> {
+        self.module.element_types.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn matches(&self, t1: ValType, t2: ValType) -> bool {
+        self.module.matches(t1, t2, self.types)
+    }
+
+    fn element_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.module.element_types.len() as u32
+    }
+
+    fn data_count(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.module.data_count
+    }
+
+    fn is_function_referenced(&self, idx: u32) -> bool {
+        self.module.function_references.contains(&idx)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The implementation of [`WasmModuleResources`] used by
+/// [`Validator`](crate::Validator).
+pub struct ValidatorResources(pub(crate) Arc<Module>);
+
+impl WasmModuleResources for ValidatorResources {
+    type FuncType = crate::FuncType;
+
+    fn table_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<TableType> {
+        self.0.tables.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn memory_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<MemoryType> {
+        self.0.memories.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn tag_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<&Self::FuncType> {
+        Some(self.0.snapshot.as_ref().unwrap()[*self.0.tags.get(at as usize)?].unwrap_func())
+    }
+
+    fn global_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<GlobalType> {
+        self.0.globals.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn func_type_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<&Self::FuncType> {
+        Some(self.0.snapshot.as_ref().unwrap()[*self.0.types.get(at as usize)?].unwrap_func())
+    }
+
+    fn type_index_of_function(&self, at: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.0.functions.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn type_of_function(&self, at: u32) -> Option<&Self::FuncType> {
+        self.func_type_at(self.type_index_of_function(at)?)
+    }
+
+    fn check_value_type(&self, t: ValType, features: &WasmFeatures, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        self.0.check_value_type(t, features, offset)
+    }
+
+    fn element_type_at(&self, at: u32) -> Option<RefType> {
+        self.0.element_types.get(at as usize).cloned()
+    }
+
+    fn matches(&self, t1: ValType, t2: ValType) -> bool {
+        self.0.matches(t1, t2, self.0.snapshot.as_ref().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn element_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.0.element_types.len() as u32
+    }
+
+    fn data_count(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.0.data_count
+    }
+
+    fn is_function_referenced(&self, idx: u32) -> bool {
+        self.0.function_references.contains(&idx)
+    }
+}
+
+const _: () = {
+    fn assert_send<T: Send>() {}
+
+    // Assert that `ValidatorResources` is Send so function validation
+    // can be parallelizable
+    fn assert() {
+        assert_send::<ValidatorResources>();
+    }
+};
+
+mod arc {
+    use std::ops::Deref;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    enum Inner<T> {
+        Owned(T),
+        Shared(Arc<T>),
+
+        Empty, // Only used for swapping from owned to shared.
+    }
+
+    pub struct MaybeOwned<T> {
+        inner: Inner<T>,
+    }
+
+    impl<T> MaybeOwned<T> {
+        #[inline]
+        fn as_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+            match &mut self.inner {
+                Inner::Owned(x) => Some(x),
+                Inner::Shared(_) => None,
+                Inner::Empty => Self::unreachable(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[inline]
+        pub fn assert_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
+            self.as_mut().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        pub fn arc(&mut self) -> &Arc<T> {
+            self.make_shared();
+            match &self.inner {
+                Inner::Shared(x) => x,
+                _ => Self::unreachable(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[inline]
+        fn make_shared(&mut self) {
+            if let Inner::Shared(_) = self.inner {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let inner = std::mem::replace(&mut self.inner, Inner::Empty);
+            let x = match inner {
+                Inner::Owned(x) => x,
+                _ => Self::unreachable(),
+            };
+            let x = Arc::new(x);
+            self.inner = Inner::Shared(x);
+        }
+
+        #[cold]
+        #[inline(never)]
+        fn unreachable() -> ! {
+            unreachable!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<T: Default> Default for MaybeOwned<T> {
+        fn default() -> MaybeOwned<T> {
+            MaybeOwned {
+                inner: Inner::Owned(T::default()),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<T> Deref for MaybeOwned<T> {
+        type Target = T;
+
+        fn deref(&self) -> &T {
+            match &self.inner {
+                Inner::Owned(x) => x,
+                Inner::Shared(x) => x,
+                Inner::Empty => Self::unreachable(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}