interscript-maps 2.0.5

data/maps/bgnpcgn-prs-Arab-Latn-yaghoubi.imp

@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+metadata {
+  authority_id: bgnpcgn
+  id: yaghoubi
+  language: iso-639-3:prs
+  # prs stands for Dari (https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/prs&_ga=GA1.2.2054538372.1574092823)
+  source_script: Arab
+  destination_script: Latn
+  name: BGN/PCGN NATIONAL ROMANIZATION SYSTEM FOR AFGHANISTAN -- BGN/PCGN 2007 System (Yaghoubi)
+  url: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/693661/ROMANIZATION_FOR_AFGHANISTAN.pdf
+  creation_date: 2007
+  confirmation_date: 2017-11
+  description: |
+    This romanization system agreed by BGN and PCGN in November 2007,
+    accommodates the linguistic complexity of Afghanistan as manifest in
+    its geographical names.
+
+    The following tabulation shows the original Perso-Arabic script with
+    accompanying Unicode value (columns 1a and b), the Yaghoubi
+    romanization (column 2), the BGN/PCGN romanization with accompanying
+    Unicode value (columns 3a and b), an English phonetic example (column
+    4), and an example toponym (columns 5b and c).
+
+    [The Yaghoubi romanization system was developed in 1959 by
+    Muzaffarud Din Yaqubi (commonly seen as Yaghoubi). It is a native
+    official system designed to reflect Afghan names, both Dari and Pashto,
+    and both pronunciation and genuine linguistic truth.]
+
+    The tables function as both a romanization system for Afghanistan (i.e.
+    with access to the original script, these tables can be applied to get
+    a standardized Roman result - moving from columns 1 to 3) and as a
+    means of converting the available Yaghoubi Roman-script spellings, as
+    appear on the Fairchild Aerial Surveys map series, to standard BGN/PCGN
+    spellings (moving from columns 2 to 3).
+
+    The points used in Arabic to mark short vowels and certain other
+    diacritical marks are infrequently written in Afghanistan.
+    Consequently, a reference source may sometimes be required to aid
+    correct identification of the standard spellings and proper vowels and
+    elimination of dialectal and idiosyncratic variations. In the interests
+    of clarity, the example columns show script with vowel pointing from
+    Arabic to indicate the short vowels that are included alongside the
+    unpointed form that will usually be encountered. However it should be
+    noted that the pronunciation of short vowels will vary.
+
+    Note: it is recommended that a font such as Scheherazade, available
+    from www.sil.org, which includes the Unicode extended Arabic sub-range,
+    be used to view this system. [Please note that the identification of a
+    particular font does not represent an endorsement of any specific
+    product or manufacturer.]
+
+  notes:
+    - |
+      Alif (ا) should be romanized as follows:
+
+      a. Initially, it indicates that the word begins with a vowel or
+        diphthong; the alif itself is not romanized, but rather the short vowel
+        it “carr es” is romanized; e.g., ميړ أَسَلم ژرَندَه → Mī Aslam Zhrandah
+      b. When it carries a maddah (آ) (see vowel table, row 6), it
+        represents ā; e.g., آب بَند → Āb Band.
+      c. Medially and finally it represents ā (see vowel table, row 5);
+        e.g., ماڼۍ → Māṉêy
+      d. Medially and finally in words of Arabic origin, alif may serve
+        as the bearer of hamzah, e.g. رأس → ra’s.
+
+    - Occasionally the letter sequences سه ,زه ,که, and گه occur without
+      intervening vowels. They may be romanized k·h, z·h, s·h, and g·h in
+      order to differentiate these romanizations from the digraphs kh, zh,
+      sh, and gh, which are used to represent the letters ش ,ژ ,خ, and غ.
+      Additionally, the Pashto letters څ and ځ, routinely romanized ts and
+      dz, may be alternatively romanized s and z تس when for special reasons
+      it is desired that confusion be avoided with the character sequences
+      (ts) and دز (dz), respectively.
+
+    - "The vagaries of written Afghan languages, as pertains to spacing
+      and word division, are addressed as follows:
+      Spaces may be added to or subtracted from Afghan words written in
+      Arabic script, for the purposes of standardization. This is
+      particularly relevant when the words are hand-written, are rendered
+      “art st cally”, or express other s ch non-standard flourishes, as long
+      as the sense of the toponym, word, or phrase is not compromised.
+      Romanized toponyms are typically divided into constituent words
+      (spaces and other grammatical rules applied) when those words can stand
+      independently, for purposes of standardization and minimization of
+      confusion, particularly in situations where Afghan writers are
+      inconsistent in their application of spacing and word breaks. When the
+      Afghan word or suffix is only used in combination with other nouns or
+      adjectives, then it should be appended to the preceding word in its
+      romanization. This includes (but is not limited to) - ābā , -zaī, -zā
+      ah, - ū, -wand, -gaī, -kaī, -pūr, - ēsh, -lar, -lī, -lū and ullāh, as,
+      for example, seen in Raḩmatābād (رحمت آباد) and Raḩmatullāh (رحمت االله),
+      but Raḩmat Khēl (رحمتخيل) and Raḩmat Shahr (رحمتشهر)."
+
+    - The one-letter words د (Pashto) and و (Dari) are romanized dê and
+      wa, respectively.
+
+    - The word الله, meaning God, should always be romanized Allāh,
+      except as specified in note 3. Note that the Unicode value FDF2 spells
+      Allāh, but omits the alif in some common fonts, including Times New
+      Roman. If in doubt, try in Arial Unicode MS to verify. Also note that
+      the “dagger al f” ( ) above the second ل (lām) n the ord الله, is not
+      written but should be romanized ā, like a full-size alif.
+
+    - In names of Arabic origin, the l of the definite article al s ass m
+      lated before the ‘s n letters’ , , , , r, z, s, sh, ş, ẕ, , z, l and n.
+      In its romanization, the article should be separated from the name it
+      precedes and should not be capitalized except at the beginning of a
+      name, e.g. جبل السراج→ Jabal
+      as Sarāj
+
+    - In Arabic names, a shaddah, ّ is used to denote the doubling of a
+      particular consonant character, e.g. ُم َح َمد → Muḩammad. Ho ever, n
+      Pashto th s ‘do bl ng’ s freq ently om tted n both Perso- Arabic script
+      and the resulting romanization. Guidance on doubling may be taken from
+      an authoritative names source, such as an Afghan government source or
+      Pashto dictionary; for example, it is usual to see Ḩājī without and
+      ‘Abbās with the doubled consonant. The doubled y consonant is almost
+      always retained, as in Sayyid or Qayyūm.
+
+    - In Afghan names which contain an iẕāfah, it should be romanized as
+      -e or –ye according to
+      common pronunciation, but generally, -e is used if the preceding word
+      ends with a consonant other
+      than silent heh, and -ye if the preceding word ends with a vowel
+      sound e.g. غر ِحصار → Ghar-e ِ
+      Ḩ şār; َقل َع ٔه َنو → Qal‘ah-ye Now. Scholarly sources indicate that
+      heh is silent in darah and qal‘ah (thus darah-ye, qal‘ah-ye), but
+      lightly spoken in kōh and chāh (thus kōh-e, chāh-e).
+
+    - The character sequence خو, where followed by ا or ی should be
+      romanized khwā or khwī, although the w is either not pronounced, or
+      only weakly so, as in خواجه → khwājah.
+
+    - Plural nouns ending in -hā or -ān should always be romanized as a
+      single word, regardless of whether a space appears in a Perso-Arabic
+      script source.
+
+    - Unicode values listed in the tables above are required to ensure
+      standardization and to minimize confusion from competing
+      representations of a given character. It should be noted that the
+      Persian Unicode value 0643 or FEDA( ك Unicode value 06A9) is
+      recommended rather than the Arabic( ک or FED9), the Persian گ (Unicode
+      value 06AF) is recommended rather than ګ (Unicode value 06AB) or ڰ
+      (Unicode value 06B0) or ك (Unicode value 0643 or FEDA or FED9), and the
+      Pashto character ځ (Unicode value 0681) is recommended rather than the
+      heh with a dot above and a dot below (no Unicode value). For the letter ی
+      in its many variations, care must be exercised to follow this romanization
+      guide's recommendations to eliminate confusion for search engines
+      and software. BGN/PCGN does not use the Unicode encoding FEEF for the
+      character ی in any Afghan word.
+
+    - |
+      An inventory of letter-diacritic combinations in addition to the
+      unmodified letters of the basic Roman script is:
+
+        ‘ (U+2018)
+        Ā (U+0100)
+        Á (U+00C1)
+        Ḏ (U+0044+0031)
+        Ē (U+9112)
+        Ê (U+00CA)
+        Ḩ (U+1E28)
+        Ī (U+012A)
+        N-bar-top (U+004E+0304)
+        Ō (U+014C)
+        R-bar-bottom (U+0052+0031)
+        Ş (U+015E)
+        S-bar-top (U+0053+0304)
+        Ṯ (U+0054+0031)
+        Ţ (U+0162)
+        Ū (U+918A)
+        Z-comma-bottom (U+005A+0327)
+        Z-bar-top (U+005A+0304)
+        Ẕ (U+005A+0331)
+        ẔH (U+005A+0048+035F)
+
+
+        ʼ (U+2019)
+        ā (U+0101)
+        á (U+00E1)
+        ḏ (U+0064+00031)
+        ē (U+0113)
+        ê (U+00EA)
+        ḩ (U+1E29)
+        ī (U+912B)
+        n-bar-top (U+004E+0304)
+        ō (U+014D)
+        r-bar-bottom (U+0072+0031)
+        ş (U+015F)
+        s-bar-top (U+0073+0304)
+        ṯ (U+0074+0031)
+        ţ (U+0163)
+        ū (U+918B)
+        z-comma-bottom (U+007A+0327)
+        z-bar-top (U+007A+0304)
+        ẕ (U+007A+0331)
+        zh-under-bar (U+007A+0068+035F)
+
+    - The Romanization columns show only lowercase forms but, when
+      romanizing, uppercase and lowercase Roman letters as appropriate should
+      be used.
+}
+
+tests {
+  test "بَغْلَان", "baghlān"
+  test "پُوټَكَى", "pōtakay"
+  test "شِيرِين تَگَاب", "šīṟīn t̄agāb"
+  test "کُوْټ", "kōt"
+  test "ثَابِر", "s̄ābiṟ"
+  test "جَبَل السَرَاج", "jabal as saṟāj"
+}
+
+stage {
+
+  # CHARACTERS
+  parallel {
+
+    # Vowel, Diphthong and Diacritical Characters
+
+    # Or 'ē'. The character ی should be romanized ay or ē according to
+    # its root language or local pronunciation. In case of uncertainty a
+    # reference source (such as the Fairchild Aerial Surveys map series, or a
+    # BGN/PCGN approved policy document/list of recommended spellings) should
+    # be consulted.
+    sub "\u06CC", "ay"
+
+    sub "\u06D0", "ē" # Or 'ay'
+    sub "\u06CC", "ay" # Or 'āy'.
+
+    # Both the combination ay and aī are available to romanize this
+    # character according to its root language or local pronunciation. In
+    # cases where the sound is uncertain ay is the default romanization in
+    # BGN/PCGN standardization procedures
+    sub "\u06CC", "ā"
+
+    sub "\u06CD", "əy" # Or 'ay'
+    sub "\u0621", "’"
+    sub "\u0674", any(["-i-", "e", "ī"])
+
+    # Other Diacritical Marks and Language Conventions
+
+    sub "\u0627", "ay" # Or 'āy'
+    sub "\u06CC", "ya" # Or 'yā'
+
+    sub "\u0648", "w"
+    sub "\u06C0", '. . .h-e'
+
+
+
+    # special rules
+
+    sub space, "", after: "\u0622\u0628\u064E\u0627\u062F" # space followed by abad is removed
+    sub "\ufdf2", "Allāh" # See note 5
+
+    # pointing
+
+    sub "\u064E", any(["a", "â"]) # fatha
+
+    sub "\u064e", "", after: "\u0629" # َ fatha followed by ta' marboota
+    sub "\u064e", "", after: "a" + any("h|t") # َ fatha followed by ta' marboota, handling different order of conversion
+
+    # Both e and i are available to romanize this short vowel,
+    # depending on local usage and/or root language. In cases where the sound
+    # is uncertain, i is the default romanization in BGN/PCGN standardization
+    # procedures.
+    sub "\u0650", any(["i", "e"])
+
+    sub "\u0650" + boundary, "-e" # ِ kasra at the end of a word
+
+    # Both o and u are available to romanize this short vowel,
+    # depending on local usage and/or root language. In cases where the sound
+    # is uncertain, u is the default romanization in BGN/PCGN standardization
+    # procedures.
+    sub "\u064f", any(["u", "o"]) # ُ damma
+
+    # An alif with mad ( آ ) is written only in the initial position by
+    # BGN/PCGN standardization procedures, in keeping with Persian language
+    # family standards of use of the Arabic alphabet. The same letter written
+    # in a medial or final position is written . . .
+    sub "\u064e\u0627", "ā" # ـَا fatha followed by ا
+    sub "\u0622", "ā" # آ
+
+    sub "\u0659", any(["ə", "ê"]) # ٙ madda
+
+    sub "\u0648", "ō"
+
+    sub "\u0648", any(["u", "ū"])
+
+    sub "\u064e\u0648", any(["aw", "āw"]) # ـَو
+
+    sub "\u06CC", "i" # Or 'ī'
+
+    sub "\u0649\u0670", "ā" # ىٰ
+
+
+    sub "\u0652", "" # ْ sokoon
+
+    # special pointed letters
+    sub "\u0639\u064e", "‘a" # عَ
+    sub "\u0639\u0650", "‘i" # عِ
+    sub "\u0639\u064f", "‘ū" # عُ
+    # handle MacOS regex difference
+    sub "\u0639\u064f\u0648", "‘ū" # عُو damma followed by و
+
+    sub "\u0650\u064a", "ī" # ـِي kasra followed by ي
+    sub "\u0650\u06cc", "ī" # ـِي kasra followed by ي
+    sub "\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e", "īy" # ـِيَّ
+    sub "\u0650\u064a", "iy", after: any(["\u064e", "u064f"]) # ـِي kasra followed by ي
+    sub "\u064f\u0648", "ō" # ـُو damma followed by و
+    sub "\u064e\u0649", "ay" # ـَى fatha followed by ى which is ا not ي
+    sub "\u064e\u0648\u0652", "aw" # ـَوْ
+    sub "\u064e\u0648", "ow" # ـَو
+    sub "\u064e\u064a\u0652", "ay" # ـَيْ
+    sub "\u0650\u06cc\u0651\u064e", "īy" # ـِيَّ
+    sub "\u064e\u064a", "aī" # ـَي
+    sub "\u064e\u06cc", "aī" # ـَي
+    sub "\u0674", "-e" # ٴ
+    sub "\u0654", "-e" #  ٔ
+    # - '-ye'
+
+
+
+    # ta' marboota
+    sub "\u0629", "at" # ة in the middle of the sentence
+    sub "\u0629" + line_end, "ah"
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+    sub "\u0629", "ah", before: boundary + "\u0627\u0644" + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff") + any("\u0600".."\u06ff")
+
+
+    # shadda
+
+    sub "\u0628\u0651", "bb" # ب
+    sub "\u062a\u0651", "tt" # ت
+    sub "\u062b\u0651", "thth" # ث
+    sub "\u062c\u0651", "jj" # ج
+    sub "\u062d\u0651", "ẖẖ" # ح
+    sub "\u062e\u0651", "khkh" # خ
+    sub "\u062f\u0651", "dd" # د
+    sub "\u0630\u0651", "z̄z̄" # ذ
+    sub "\u0631\u0651", "rr" # ر
+    sub "\u0632\u0651", "zz" # ز
+    sub "\u0633\u0651", "ss" # س
+    sub "\u0634\u0651", "sh" # ش
+    sub "\u0635\u0651", "şş" # ص
+    sub "\u0636\u0651", "ḏḏ" # ض
+    sub "\u0637\u0651", "ţţ" # ط
+    sub "\u0638\u0651", "z̧z̧" # ظ
+    sub "\u063a\u0651", "ghgh" # غ
+    sub "\u0641\u0651", "ff" # ف
+    sub "\u0642\u0651", "qq" # ق
+    sub "\u0643\u0651", "kk" # ك
+    sub "\u0644\u0651", "ll" # ل
+    sub "\u0645\u0651", "mm" # م
+    sub "\u0646\u0651", "nn" # ن
+    sub "\u0647\u0651", "hh" # ه
+    sub "\u0648\u0651", "ww" # و
+    sub "\u064a\u0651", "yy" # ي
+
+
+    sub "\u0621", "’" # ء
+    sub "\u0626", "’" # ئ
+
+    sub "\u0623", "" # أ
+    sub "\u0625", "" # إ
+    sub "\u0627", "ā" # ا
+
+    # See note B
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644", "al " # ال
+    # '\uFE8E' : ''  # ﺎ
+
+
+    # Sun letters
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u062a", "at̄ t̄" # الت
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u062b", "as̄ s̄" # الث
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u062f", "aḏ ḏ" # الد
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0630", "az̄ z̄" # الذ
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0631", "aṟ ṟ" # الر
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0632", "az z" # الز
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0633", "as s" # الس
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0634", "aš š" # الش
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0635", "as̱ s̱" # الص
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0636", "ad͟z d͟z" # الض
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0637", "aṯ ṯ" # الط
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0638", "aẕ ẕ" # الظ
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0644", "al l" # الل
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0646", "an n" # الن
+
+    # consonant characters
+
+    sub "\u0628", "b" # ب
+    sub "\u067E", "p" # پ
+    sub "\u062A", "t̄" # ت
+    sub "\u067C", "t" # ټ
+    sub "\u062B", "s̄" # ث
+    sub "\u062C", "j" # ج
+    sub "\u0686", "č" # ‫چ‬
+
+    # The variant form ج is seen infrequently and does not have a single Unicode encoding.
+    sub "\u0681", "j̄" # Note 2 # ‫ځ
+    sub "\u0685", "c" # Note 2 # ‫څ
+
+    sub "\u062D", "ẖ" # ح
+    sub "\u062E", "kh" # خ
+    sub "\u062F", "ḏ" # د
+    sub "\u0689", "d" # ‫ډ‬
+    sub "\u0630", "z̄" # ذ
+    sub "\u0631", "ṟ" # ر
+    sub "\u0693", "r" # ړ
+    sub "\u0632", "z" # ز
+    sub "\u0698", "ž" # ‫ژ‬
+    sub "\u0696", "ž̲" # ږ
+    sub "\u0633", "s" # س
+    sub "\u0634", "š" # ش
+    sub "\u069A", "š̱" # ښ
+    sub "\u0635", "s̱" # ص
+    sub "\u0636", "d͟z" # ض
+    sub "\u0637", "ṯ" # ط
+    sub "\u0638", "ẕ" # ظ
+    sub "\u0639", "’" # ع
+    sub "\u063A", "gh" # غ
+    sub "\u0641", "f" # ف
+    sub "\u0642", "q" # ق
+    sub "\u0643", "k" # ك
+    sub "\u06A9", "k" # ک
+    sub "\u06AF", "g" # گ
+    sub "\u0644", "l" # ل‫‬
+    sub "\u0645", "m" # م
+    sub "\u0646", "n" # ن
+    sub "\u06BC", "ṉ" # ڼ
+    sub "\u0648", "w" # و
+    sub "\u0647", "h" # ه
+    sub "\u0649", "y" # ي
+    sub "\u064a", "y" # ي
+  }
+
+}

data/maps/bgnpcgn-pus-Arab-Latn-1968.imp

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+metadata {
+  authority_id: bgnpcgn
+  id: 2007
+  language: iso-639-3:prs
+  source_script: Arab
+  destination_script: Latn
+  name: BGN/PCGN Romanization System -- Pashto (1968)
+  url: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/693760/ROMANIZATION_OF_PASHTO.pdf
+  creation_date: 1968
+  confirmation_date: 2017-11
+  description: |
+    Pashto is an Indo-Iranian language and is one of two
+    nationally official languages in Afghanistan and one of
+    five regionally recognised languages in Pakistan. The
+    romanization system presented here may be applied to all
+    Pashto geographical names. Although the BGN/PCGN policy for
+    geographical names in Afghanistan is to apply the BGN/PCGN
+    national system of romanization for Afghanistan (2007),
+    which incorporates Dari elements, when applied to a Pashto
+    geographical name, the romanized results of the BGN/PCGN
+    national system for Afghanistan are the same as those of
+    this Pashto romanization system1 . The Pashto alphabet uses
+    a modified form of the Perso-Arabic script, and contains
+    twelve additional consonants not present in standard
+    Arabic, as well as three additional vowel characters and an
+    additional vowel point. ڼ گ ښ ژ ږ ړ ډ ځ څ چ ټ پ :Consonants
+    ٙ :Point Vowel; ې ۍ ى :Vowels The points used in Arabic to
+    mark short vowels and certain other diacritical marks are
+    not written in Pashto. Consequently, a reference source may
+    sometimes be required to aid correct identification of the
+    standard spellings and proper vowels and elimination of
+    dialectal and idiosyncratic variations. In the interests of
+    clarity, a column showing vowel pointing from Arabic to
+    indicate short vowels has been included in the examples
+    below, alongside the unpointed form that will usually be
+    encountered. However it should be noted that the
+    pronunciation of short vowels will vary. (Note: it is
+    recommended that a font such as Scheherazade, available
+    from www.sil.org, which includes the Unicode extended
+    Arabic sub-range, be used to view this system2 .)
+
+  notes:
+    - 1. Alif ( ‫ا‬ ) should be romanized as follows
+      a. Initially,it indicates that the word begins with a vowel or
+      diphthong; the alif itself is not romanized, but rather the
+      short vowel it “carries” is romanized; e.g., Aslam Zhrandah
+      ‫ه‬ َ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ژر‬ ‫سلَم‬ َ‫أ‬ ‫ميړ‬ → b. When it carries a
+      maddah (‫)آ‬ (see vowel table, row 3), it represents ā;
+      e.g., Band. Mīṟ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫آب‬ → Āb c. Medially and
+      finally it represents ā (see table 2, row 2); e.g., ‫ۍ‬
+      ‫ماڼ‬ → Māṉêy d. Medially and finally in words of Arabic
+      origin, alif may serve as the bearer of hamzah, e.g.
+      ‫رأس‬ → ra’s. See also note 4.
+
+    - 2. The characters tsē ( ‫څ‬ ) and dzē ( ‫ځ‬ ) may be
+      romanized t͡ s and d͡ z (the combining double breve (
+      Unicode 0361) appearing over the digraph) when for special
+      reasons it is desired that confusion be avoided between
+      ‫ت‬ (t) plus ‫س‬ (s) and between ‫د‬ (d) plus ‫ز‬ (z),
+      respectively.
+
+    - 3. Occasionally the character sequences ‫ه‬ ‫ك‬ , ‫ه‬ ‫ز‬ ,
+      ‫ه‬ ‫س‬ , and ‫ه‬ ‫گ‬ occur . They may be romanized k·h, z·
+      h, s·h, and g·h in order to differentiate these
+      romanizations from the digraphs kh, zh, sh, and gh, which
+      are used to represent the characters ‫خ‬ , ‫ژ‬, ‫ش‬ , and
+      ‫غ‬ respectively .
+
+    - 4. Hamzah ( ‫ء‬ ) should be romanized as follows a. In
+      word-initial position, where it will appear either above or
+      below alif ( indicates a short vowel and should not itself
+      be romanized. romanized by an apostrophe, e.g. ‫أ‬ or
+      ‫إ‬ ), it In other positions it should be ‫جُزء‬ → juz’. b.
+      Yeh with hamzah ( ‫ئ‬ ) should be romanized êy, unless it
+      represents the compound (iẕāfah) morpheme, in which case it
+      is romanized according to note 9 below.
+
+    - 5. The division of words utilized in Pashto writing is
+      followed in romanization, except that the elements –ābād, -
+      khwā, -shahr, -zādah, -zay and -ullāh are always romanized
+      as part of the preceding word, e.g. ‫آباد‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ َ ْ‫ح‬
+      ‫ر‬ َ → Raḩmatābād and ‫الله‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ َ ْ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ َ →
+      Raḩmatullāh. However, when the word for God ( ‫الله‬ )
+      appears as a standalone word it should be written Allāh.
+      Note also the “dagger alif” ( ٙ) above the second ‫ل‬ (lām)
+      in the word ‫الله‬ ; this, like the short vowels, is not
+      written in Pashto but should be romanized ā, like a full-
+      size alif. Persian derivational endings such as –vand and
+      endings of Turkish origin such as –lar, -lī, -lū, -i, -u, -
+      si, and –su, should be written together with the preceding
+      word.
+
+    - 6. The Pashto preposition ‫د‬ should be romanized dê in
+      agreement with its pronunciation, despite the fact that
+      it is sometimes pointed with kasrah ( ٙ ).
+
+    - 7. In names of Arabic origin, the l of the definite article
+      al/ul is assimilated before the ‘sun letters’ t, s̄ , d,
+      z̄ , r, z, s, sh, ş, ẕ, ţ, z̧ , l and n. In romanization,
+      the article will be written al or its assimilated
+      equivalent in name-initial position but ul or its
+      assimilated equivalent elsewhere; the article should be
+      separated from the name it precedes and should not be
+      capitalized, except at the beginning of a name, e.g. جَبَل
+      السَرَاج → Jabal us Sarāj
+
+    - 8. In Arabic names, a shaddah, ٙ is used to denote the
+      doubling of a particular consonant character, e.g. ‫مَّد‬
+      َ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ُ → Muḩammad. However, in Pashto this ‘doubling’
+      is frequently omitted in both Perso-Arabic script and the
+      resulting romanization. Guidance on doubling may be taken
+      from an authoritative names source, such as an Afghan
+      government source or Pashto dictionary; for example, it is
+      usual to see Ḩājī without and ‘Abbās with the doubled
+      consonant. The doubled y consonant is almost always
+      retained, as in Sayyid or Qayyūm
+
+    - 9. The iẕāfah morpheme is not a grammatical feature of
+      Pashto and, if encountered in a linguistically hybrid
+      geographical name (i.e. combining features of both Pashto
+      and Dari), it should be treated according to the BGN/PCGN
+      national system of romanization for Afghanistan, 2007, as –
+      e, unless the preceding word ends with a silent heh (‫)ه‬
+      or a vowel when it should be shown – ye, e.g. 10. The
+      character sequence ‫خو‬ , ‫صار‬ ‫ح‬ ِ ‫غر‬ → Ghar-e Ḩişār;
+      ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ َ ‫ه‬ ٔ ‫لع‬ َ ‫ق‬ َ → when followed by ‫ا‬ or
+      ‫ی‬ , Qal‘ah-ye Now.
+
+
+    - 10. The character sequence خو when followed by ‫ا‬ or
+      ‫ی‬ ,should be romanized khw, although the w is either not
+      pronounced, or only weakly pronounced; e.g. ‫خواجه‬ →
+      khwājah.
+
+    - 11. An inventory of letter-diacritic combinations in addition to the unmodified letters of the
+      basic Roman script is
+      ‘ (U+2018)
+      ʼ (U+2019)
+      Ā (U+0100)
+      ā (U+0101)
+      Á (U+00C1)
+      á (U+00E1)
+      Ḏ (U+0044+0031)
+      ḏ (U+0064+00031)
+      Ē (U+0112)
+      ē (U+0113)
+      Ê (U+00CA)
+      ê (U+00EA)
+      Ḩ (U+1E28)
+      ḩ (U+1E29)
+      Ī (U+012A)
+      ī (U+012B)
+      N̄ (U+004E+0304)
+      n̄ (U+004E+0304)
+      Ō (U+014C)
+      ō (U+014D)
+      Ṟ (U+0052+0031)
+      ṟ (U+0072+0031)
+      Ş (U+015E)
+      ş (U+015F)
+      S̄ (U+0053+0304)
+      s̄ (U+0073+0304)
+      Ṯ (U+0054+0031)
+      ṯ (U+0074+0031)
+      Ţ (U+0162)
+      ţ (U+0163)
+      Ū (U+016A)
+      ū (U+016B)
+      Z̧ (U+005A+0327)
+      z̧ (U+007A+0327)
+      Z̄ (U+005A+0304)
+      z̄ (U+007A+0304)
+      Ẕ (U+005A+0331)
+      ẕ (U+007A+0331)
+      Z͟ H (U+005A+0048+035F)
+      z͟ h (U+007A+0068+035F)
+}
+
+tests {
+  test "بَغْلان", "Baghlān"
+  test "پُوټَكَى", "Pōṯakay"
+  test "شِيرِين تَگَاب", "Shīrīn Tagāb"
+  test "کُوْټ", "Kōṯ"
+  test "ثَابِر", "S̄ābir"
+  test "جَلال آبَاد", "Jalālābād"
+  test "چَارِيكَار", "Chārīkār"
+  test "ځَدْرَاڼ", "Dzadrāṉ"
+  test "څَوکۍ", "Tsowkêy"
+  test "حَضْرَتِ إِمَام", "Ḩaẕrat-e Imām"
+  test "خُوْسْت", "Khōst"
+  test "سْپِين بُوْلْدَک", "Spīn Bōldak"
+  test "ډَنْډ وَ پَتَان", "Ḏanḏ Wa Patān"
+  test "كَنْدَهَار", "Kandahār"
+  test "أَنْدَړ", "Andaṟ"
+  test "كُنْدُز", "Kunduz"
+  test "مِير أَسْلَم ژْرَنْدَه", "Mīr Aslam Zhrandah"
+  test "ږِيرَه", "Z͟hīrah"
+  test "سَمَنْگَان", "Samangān"
+  test "كښٙتَه كَلا", "Ks͟hêtah Kalā"
+  test "قَيْصَار", "Qayşār"
+  test "فَيض آبَاد", "Faīẕābād"
+  test "حَضْرَتِ سُلْطَان", "Ḩaẕrat-e Sulţān"
+  test "ظَاهِر كَلا", "Z̧āhir Kalā"
+  test "پُلِ عَلَم", "Pul-e ‘Alam"
+  test "غَزْنِي", "Ghaznī"
+  test "مَزَارِ شَرِيف", "Mazār-e Sharīf"
+  test "قَيْصَار", "Qayşār"
+  test "كَنْدَهَار", "Kandahār"
+  test "گَرْدېز", "Gardēz"
+  test "کَابُل", "Kābul"
+  test "مَيمَنَه", "Maīmanah"
+  test "خَان آبَاد", "Khānābād"
+  test "مَاڼۍ", "Māṉêy"
+  test "وَاخَان", "Wākhān"
+  test "يَنْگِي قَلعَه", "Yangī Qal‘ah"
+  test "جَلال آبَاد", "Jalālābād"
+  test "مُرْغَاب کَابُل", "Murghāb Kābul"
+  test "گٙردُون", "Gêrdōn"
+  test "آب بَنْد", "Āb Band"
+  test "سْپِين بُوْلْدَک", "Spīn Bōldak"
+  test "جَوزجَان", "Jowzjān"
+  test "گَرْدېز", "Gardēz"
+  test "مَیدان شَهْر", "Maīdān Shahr"
+  test "ډَنْډِ سُفْلىٰ", "Ḏanḏ-e Suflá"
+  test "جَبَل السَرَاج", "Jabal us Sarāj"
+}
+
+dependency "bgnpcgn-prs-Arab-Latn-2007", as: arablatn
+
+stage {
+
+  run map.arablatn.stage.main
+
+  # CHARACTERS
+  parallel {
+
+    sub "\u0650", "i" # ِ kasra
+    sub "\u064f", "u" # ُ damma
+
+    sub "\u0650" + boundary, "-e" # ِ kasra
+
+    sub space + "\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647", "ullāh" # Note5
+    sub space + "\u062E\u0648\u0627", "khwā" # Note5
+    sub space + "\u0634\u064E\u0647\u0631", "shahr" # Note5
+    sub space + "\u0632\u0627\u062F\u0629", "zādah" # Note5
+    sub space + "\u0632\u064E\u064a", "zay" # Note5
+    sub "\u0652", "" # ْ sokoon
+    sub "\u0659", "ê"
+
+    # Sun letters
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u062a", "ut t" # الت
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u062b", "us̄ s̄" # الث
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u062f", "ud d" # الد
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0630", "uz̄ z̄" # الذ
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0631", "ur r" # الر
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0632", "uz z" # الز
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0633", "us s" # الس
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0634", "ush sh" # الش
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0635", "uş ş" # الص
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0636", "uẕ ẕ" # الض
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0637", "uţ ţ" # الط
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0638", "uz̧ z̧" # الظ
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0644", "ul l" # الل
+    sub boundary + "\u0627\u0644\u0646", "un n" # الن
+
+    sub "\u0626", "êy" # ئ
+  }
+
+  # POSTRULES
+  sub any("\u0061".."\uFFFF"), upcase, before: boundary, not_before: boundary + any("‘’'-")
+  # don't capitalize defined article in the middle of a sentence
+  sub " Ut T", " ut T" # الت
+  sub " Us̄ S̄", " us̄ S̄" # الث
+  sub " Ud D", " ud D" # الد
+  sub " Uz̄ Z̄", " uz̄ Z̄" # الذ
+  sub " Ur R", " ur R" # الر
+  sub " Uz Z", " uz Z" # الز
+  sub " Us S", " us S" # الس
+  sub " As S", " us S"   # needed to add it after porting, why?
+  sub " Ush Sh", " ush Sh" # الش
+  sub " Uş Ş", " uş Ş" # الص
+  sub " Uẕ Ẕ", " uẕ Ẕ" # الض
+  sub " Uţ Ţ", " uţ Ţ" # الط
+  sub " Uz̧ Z̧", " uz̧ Z̧" # الظ
+  sub " Ul L", " ul L" # الل
+  sub " Un n", " un N" # الن
+
+  compose
+}