@polyglot-bundles/th 0.1.1

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-06.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-06
+title: "บทที่ 6 — สระประสม II"
+description: "Compound Vowels Part 2: Special combinations and rare vowels"
+order: 6
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - vowels
+  - compound-vowels
+  - special-vowels
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-05
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-remaining-compound-vowels
+      description: "Master the remaining compound vowels"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-ia, vowel-uea, vowel-ua, vowel-uai, vowel-uan]
+    - id: obj-special-vowel-symbols
+      description: "Understand special vowel symbols"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [vowel-rue, vowel-ruee, vowel-lue, vowel-luee]
+    - id: obj-rue-lue-vowels
+      description: "Learn the 'rue' and 'lue' vowels"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-rue, vowel-ruee, vowel-lue, vowel-luee]
+    - id: obj-rare-archaic-vowels
+      description: "Recognize rare and archaic vowel forms"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-lue, vowel-luee]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 6 (Lesson 6) — Compound Vowels II
+
+## Introduction
+
+This lesson covers the remaining vowel forms, including some special combinations and rare vowels. While some of these appear less frequently, knowing them completes your vowel toolkit and helps with reading older texts or Pali/Sanskrit loanwords.
+
+## Long Diphthongs
+
+These are longer versions of some diphthongs from Lesson 5:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-long-diphthongs" title="Long Diphthongs"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ia" canonicalRef="vowel-ia" char="เ-ีย" name="สระเอีย (sara ia)" nativeName="สระเอีย" transliteration="ia" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-uea" canonicalRef="vowel-uea" char="เ-ือ" name="สระเอือ (sara uea)" nativeName="สระเอือ" transliteration="ɯa" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ua" canonicalRef="vowel-ua" char="-ัว" name="สระอัว (sara ua)" nativeName="สระอัว" transliteration="ua" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## Special Sanskrit/Pali Vowels
+
+These vowels are used primarily in loanwords from Sanskrit and Pali:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-special-vowels" title="Special Vowels (rue/lue)"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-rue" canonicalRef="vowel-rue" char="ฤ" name="ฤ (rue)" nativeName="ฤ" transliteration="rue" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ruee" canonicalRef="vowel-ruee" char="ฤๅ" name="ฤๅ (ruee)" nativeName="ฤๅ" transliteration="ruee" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-lue" canonicalRef="vowel-lue" char="ฦ" name="ฦ (lue)" nativeName="ฦ" transliteration="lue" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-luee" canonicalRef="vowel-luee" char="ฦๅ" name="ฦๅ (luee)" nativeName="ฦๅ" transliteration="luee" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## Understanding ฤ (rue)
+
+The vowel ฤ (rue) is unique — it acts as both consonant and vowel:
+- Pronounced like "ri" or "reu" depending on the word
+- Appears in common words like ฤดู (rʉ́-duu) "season"
+
+| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|------|---------------|---------|
+| ฤดู | rʉ́-duu | season |
+| ฤทธิ์ | rít | power |
+| ฤกษ์ | rə́ək | auspicious time |
+
+**Note**: ฦ (lue) is extremely rare in modern Thai and mainly appears in very old texts.
+
+## The -ัว Sound (ua)
+
+The vowel combination -ัว produces an "ua" sound:
+
+| Written | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|---------|---------------|---------|
+| กัว | gua | — |
+| ตัว | dtua | body, classifier |
+| หัว | hǔa | head |
+| วัว | wua | cow |
+
+## Vowel + ว Combinations
+
+When vowels combine with ว, they often create "uan" or "uai" sounds:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-vowel-w-combos" title="Vowel + ว Combinations"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-uai" canonicalRef="vowel-uai" char="-วย" name="สระอวย (sara uai)" nativeName="สระอวย" transliteration="uai" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-uan" canonicalRef="vowel-uan" char="-วน" name="สระอวน (sara uan)" nativeName="สระอวน" transliteration="uan" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+| Written | Pronunciation | Example |
+|---------|---------------|---------|
+| ดวย | duai | ด้วย (dûai) — with |
+| ควน | khuan | ควร (khuan) — should |
+
+## Mai Han Akat (◌ั)
+
+The mark **◌ั** (mai han akat) above a consonant indicates a short "a" sound. It often appears in combination with other vowel elements:
+
+- กั + ว = กัว (gua)
+- กั + น = กัน (gan)
+
+## Vowel Summary Chart
+
+| Type | Examples |
+|------|----------|
+| Simple short | ะ, ิ, ึ, ุ |
+| Simple long | า, ี, ื, ู |
+| Leading | เ, แ, โ |
+| Diphthongs | ไ, ใ, เ-า |
+| Compound | เ-ีย, เ-ือ, -ัว |
+| Special | ฤ, ฤๅ |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Long diphthongs exist**: เ-ีย, เ-ือ, and -ัว are longer compound sounds
+2. **ฤ is special**: A vowel that acts independently (not attached to a consonant)
+3. **Mai han akat**: The ◌ั mark indicates short "a" in combinations
+4. **Pali/Sanskrit**: ฤ and ฦ come from ancient languages
+
+## Common Words
+
+- เสีย (sǐa) — broken, wasted
+- เรือ (rʉa) — boat
+- ตัว (dtua) — body, self, classifier
+- ด้วย (dûai) — with, also
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="compound-2-special-vowels" type="multiple-choice" title="The ฤ Vowel" skill="character-recognition" tests="vowel-rue" objectiveId="obj-rue-lue-vowels"}
+
+**Question:** The vowel ฤ (rue) is unique because:
+
+**Options:**
+- It's the only long vowel
+- It acts independently, not attached to a consonant
+- It's never used in modern Thai
+- It always requires a tone mark
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** ฤ is special because it functions as both a vowel and can stand independently. It appears in words like ฤดู (season) and ฤทธิ์ (power), where it's not attached to a consonant in the same way other vowels are.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="compound-2-combination-recognition" type="matching" title="Vowel Combination Recognition" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="vowel-ia,vowel-uea,vowel-ua,vowel-uai" objectiveId="obj-remaining-compound-vowels"}
+
+**Question:** Match each vowel combination to its sound
+
+- เ-ีย (ia)
+- เ-ือ (uea)
+- -ัว (ua)
+- -วย (uai)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- เ-ีย → "ia" sound (like "ear" but with "a" ending)
+- เ-ือ → "ɯa" sound (unique Thai sound)
+- -ัว → "ua" sound (like "ua" in "quack")
+- -วย → "uai" sound (glide: u → a → i)
+
+**Explanation:** These are compound vowels that combine multiple vowel elements. เ-ีย and เ-ือ wrap around the consonant, while -ัว and -วย combine with the consonant in different ways.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="compound-2-mai-han-akat" type="fill-in-blank" title="Mai Han Akat Usage" skill="vowel-positioning" tests="vowel-ua" objectiveId="obj-remaining-compound-vowels"}
+
+**Question:** What does the mark ◌ั (mai han akat) indicate?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+Mai han akat (◌ั) indicates a short "a" sound. It often appears in combination with other vowel elements, like กั + ว = กัว (gua) or กั + น = กัน (gan).
+
+**Explanation:** This mark is placed above a consonant to create a short "a" sound, often in combination with other vowel components to form compound vowels.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 7, you'll learn the **tone marks** — the four diacritics that directly change the tone of a syllable.

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-07.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-07
+title: "บทที่ 7 — วรรณยุกต์"
+description: "The Four Tone Marks: Direct tone modification"
+order: 7
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - tones
+  - tone-marks
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-06
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-recognize-tone-marks
+      description: "Recognize all four tone marks"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+    - id: obj-tone-mark-modification
+      description: "Understand how tone marks modify syllables"
+      skill: tone-rule-application
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+    - id: obj-class-tone-mark-usage
+      description: "Learn which classes use which tone marks"
+      skill: tone-mark-placement
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+    - id: obj-read-syllables-tone-marks
+      description: "Practice reading syllables with tone marks"
+      skill: tone-perception
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 7 (Lesson 7) — The Four Tone Marks
+
+## Introduction
+
+Thai has **5 tones** but only **4 tone marks** (วรรณยุกต์). The fifth tone (mid tone) has no mark — it's the default. Understanding these marks is crucial because the same syllable can mean completely different things depending on its tone.
+
+## The Five Thai Tones
+
+Before learning the marks, understand the five tones:
+
+| Tone | Thai Name | Contour | Description |
+|------|-----------|---------|-------------|
+| Mid | สามัญ (sǎa-man) | — | Flat, neutral pitch |
+| Low | เอก (èek) | ˋ | Low and flat |
+| Falling | โท (thoo) | ˆ | Starts high, drops |
+| High | ตรี (dtrii) | ˊ | High and flat |
+| Rising | จัตวา (jàt-dtà-waa) | ˇ | Low then rises |
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-tone-marks" title="The Four Tone Marks"}
+
+::character{id="mai-ek" canonicalRef="mai-ek" char="่" name="ไม้เอก (mai ek)" nativeName="ไม้เอก" transliteration="mai ek" charType="tone"}
+
+::character{id="mai-tho" canonicalRef="mai-tho" char="้" name="ไม้โท (mai tho)" nativeName="ไม้โท" transliteration="mai tho" charType="tone"}
+
+::character{id="mai-tri" canonicalRef="mai-tri" char="๊" name="ไม้ตรี (mai tri)" nativeName="ไม้ตรี" transliteration="mai tri" charType="tone"}
+
+::character{id="mai-chattawa" canonicalRef="mai-chattawa" char="๋" name="ไม้จัตวา (mai chattawa)" nativeName="ไม้จัตวา" transliteration="mai chattawa" charType="tone"}
+
+:::
+
+## How Tone Marks Work (The Complication)
+
+Here's where Thai gets interesting: **the same tone mark produces different tones depending on the consonant class**!
+
+| Tone Mark | Middle Class | High Class | Low Class |
+|-----------|--------------|------------|-----------|
+| (none) | Mid | Rising | Mid |
+| ่ (mai ek) | Low | Low | Falling |
+| ้ (mai tho) | Falling | Falling | High |
+| ๊ (mai tri) | High | — | — |
+| ๋ (mai chattawa) | Rising | — | — |
+
+**Key insight**: Mai tri (๊) and mai chattawa (๋) are **only used with middle-class consonants**.
+
+## Breaking Down Each Tone Mark
+
+### ่ Mai Ek (ไม้เอก)
+
+The most common tone mark. It creates:
+- **Low tone** on middle and high class consonants
+- **Falling tone** on low class consonants
+
+| Class | Example | Tone | Meaning |
+|-------|---------|------|---------|
+| Middle | ก่า (gàa) | Low | — |
+| High | ข่า (khàa) | Low | galangal |
+| Low | ค่า (khâa) | Falling | price |
+
+### ้ Mai Tho (ไม้โท)
+
+The second most common mark:
+- **Falling tone** on middle and high class consonants
+- **High tone** on low class consonants
+
+| Class | Example | Tone | Meaning |
+|-------|---------|------|---------|
+| Middle | ก้า (gâa) | Falling | — |
+| High | ข้า (khâa) | Falling | slave (archaic) |
+| Low | ค้า (kháa) | High | trade |
+
+### ๊ Mai Tri (ไม้ตรี)
+
+Only used with **middle class** consonants to create a **high tone**:
+
+| Example | Tone | Meaning |
+|---------|------|---------|
+| ก๊วน (guán) | High | group (slang) |
+
+### ๋ Mai Chattawa (ไม้จัตวา)
+
+Only used with **middle class** consonants to create a **rising tone**:
+
+| Example | Tone | Meaning |
+|---------|------|---------|
+| — | Rising | (rare) |
+
+**Note**: Mai tri and mai chattawa are relatively rare and mostly appear in loanwords or slang.
+
+## The Famous "Mai" Example
+
+The word มาย/มาย/ม้าย demonstrates tone importance:
+
+| Written | Tone | Meaning |
+|---------|------|---------|
+| มา | Mid | to come |
+| หมา | Rising | dog |
+| ม่า | Low | horse (Teochew) |
+| ม้า | Falling | horse |
+| หม่า | Low | (rare) |
+
+(Note: Some of these are rare or dialectal)
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **4 marks, 5 tones**: Mid tone has no mark
+2. **Class matters**: Same mark = different tone on different classes
+3. **Mai tri/chattawa**: Middle class only
+4. **Memorize the chart**: Understanding tone mark + class combinations is essential
+
+## Practice Recognition
+
+Identify the tone marks in these words:
+- ไม่ (mâi) — not → mai tho on ม
+- ก้าง (gâang) — fishbone → mai tho on ก
+- ข่าว (khàao) — news → mai ek on ข
+- ค้าง (kháang) — stuck → mai tho on ค
+
+## Tone Comparison Table
+
+Understanding how the same tone mark produces different tones by class:
+
+| Tone Mark | Middle Class Example | High Class Example | Low Class Example |
+|-----------|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------|
+| (none) | กา (gaa) - Mid | ขา (khǎa) - Rising | คา (khaa) - Mid |
+| ◌่ (mai ek) | ก่า (gàa) - Low | ข่า (khàa) - Low | ค่า (khâa) - Falling |
+| ◌้ (mai tho) | ก้า (gâa) - Falling | ข้า (khâa) - Falling | ค้า (kháa) - High |
+| ◌๊ (mai tri) | ก๊า (gáa) - High | (not used) | (not used) |
+| ◌๋ (mai chattawa) | ก๋า (gǎa) - Rising | (not used) | (not used) |
+
+**Key insight**: Notice how ค้า (low-class + mai tho) produces HIGH tone — this is the famous exception!
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-marks-1-recognition" type="matching" title="Tone Mark Recognition" skill="character-recognition" tests="mai-ek,mai-tho,mai-tri,mai-chattawa" objectiveId="obj-recognize-tone-marks"}
+
+**Question:** Match each tone mark to its name
+
+- ◌่
+- ◌้
+- ◌๊
+- ◌๋
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ◌่ → ไม้เอก (mai ek) - first mark
+- ◌้ → ไม้โท (mai tho) - second mark
+- ◌๊ → ไม้ตรี (mai tri) - third mark
+- ◌๋ → ไม้จัตวา (mai chattawa) - fourth mark
+
+**Explanation:** The tone marks are named "first, second, third, fourth" in Thai. Mai ek and mai tho are very common, while mai tri and mai chattawa are rare and only used with middle-class consonants.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-marks-1-class-interaction" type="multiple-choice" title="Tone Mark and Class" skill="tone-rule-application" tests="mai-ek,mai-tho,mai-tri,mai-chattawa" objectiveId="obj-class-tone-mark-usage"}
+
+**Question:** Which tone mark can be used with all three consonant classes?
+
+**Options:**
+- ◌่ (mai ek)
+- ◌้ (mai tho)
+- ◌๊ (mai tri)
+- ◌๋ (mai chattawa)
+
+**Answer:** Both 1 and 2
+
+**Explanation:** Mai ek (◌่) and mai tho (◌้) can be used with middle, high, and low-class consonants, though they produce different tones on each. Mai tri (◌๊) and mai chattawa (◌๋) are only used with middle-class consonants.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-marks-1-prediction" type="fill-in-blank" title="Tone Prediction" skill="tone-rule-application" tests="mai-ek,mai-tho" objectiveId="obj-tone-mark-modification"}
+
+**Question:** Predict the tone for these words:
+
+- ก่า (middle-class ก + mai ek)
+- ข่า (high-class ข + mai ek)
+- ค่า (low-class ค + mai ek)
+- ค้า (low-class ค + mai tho)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ก่า → Low tone (middle-class + mai ek)
+- ข่า → Low tone (high-class + mai ek)
+- ค่า → Falling tone (low-class + mai ek)
+- ค้า → High tone (low-class + mai tho - the exception!)
+
+**Explanation:** Mai ek creates low tone on middle/high class, but falling tone on low class. Mai tho creates falling on middle/high, but HIGH on low class — this is the key exception to remember!
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 8, you'll learn the complete **tone rules** — how to determine the tone of any syllable based on consonant class, vowel length, and final consonant.

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-08.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-08
+title: "บทที่ 8 — กฎเสียงวรรณยุกต์"
+description: "Complete Tone Rules: Determining tone from syllable structure"
+order: 8
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - tones
+  - tone-rules
+  - phonology
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 40
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-07
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-live-vs-dead-syllables
+      description: "Understand live vs dead syllables"
+      skill: syllable-analysis
+      references: []
+    - id: obj-apply-tone-rules
+      description: "Apply tone rules based on syllable structure"
+      skill: tone-rule-application
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho]
+    - id: obj-complete-tone-system
+      description: "Master the complete tone determination system"
+      skill: tone-rule-application
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+    - id: obj-read-tones-without-marks
+      description: "Practice reading tones without marks"
+      skill: syllable-analysis
+      references: []
+---
+
+# บทที่ 8 (Lesson 8) — Complete Tone Rules
+
+## Introduction
+
+This final lesson ties everything together. You'll learn how to determine the tone of **any** Thai syllable — even those without tone marks — based on three factors:
+1. **Consonant class** (middle, high, low)
+2. **Vowel length** (short vs long)
+3. **Syllable type** (live vs dead)
+
+## Live vs Dead Syllables
+
+Thai syllables are classified as **live** (คำเป็น) or **dead** (คำตาย):
+
+| Type | Thai | Ends With | Example |
+|------|------|-----------|---------|
+| Live | คำเป็น | Long vowel OR sonorant (ง, น, ม, ย, ว, ร, ล) | มา, กิน |
+| Dead | คำตาย | Short vowel OR stop consonant (ก, บ, ด) | มะ, มัก |
+
+**Sonorants** are: ง, น, ม, ย, ว, ร, ล — these allow the voice to continue.
+**Stops** are: ก, บ, ด (and their homophones) — these cut off the sound.
+
+## The Master Tone Chart
+
+This chart shows the default tone (no tone mark) for each combination:
+
+### Without Tone Marks
+
+| Class | Live Syllable | Dead (Short) | Dead (Long) |
+|-------|---------------|--------------|-------------|
+| Middle | Mid | Low | Low |
+| High | Rising | Low | Low |
+| Low | Mid | High | Falling |
+
+### With Mai Ek (่)
+
+| Class | Result |
+|-------|--------|
+| Middle | Low |
+| High | Low |
+| Low | Falling |
+
+### With Mai Tho (้)
+
+| Class | Result |
+|-------|--------|
+| Middle | Falling |
+| High | Falling |
+| Low | High |
+
+## Step-by-Step Tone Determination
+
+To find the tone of any syllable:
+
+1. **Identify the initial consonant class** (middle, high, low)
+2. **Check for tone marks** — if present, use the tone mark chart
+3. **If no tone mark**:
+   - Determine if the syllable is live or dead
+   - If dead, check if the vowel is short or long
+   - Apply the master chart
+
+## Worked Examples
+
+### Example 1: มา (maa)
+- Initial consonant: ม (low class)
+- Tone mark: none
+- Syllable type: live (ends in long vowel า)
+- **Result**: Mid tone → มา (maa)
+
+### Example 2: มัก (mak)
+- Initial consonant: ม (low class)
+- Tone mark: none
+- Syllable type: dead (ends in stop ก)
+- Vowel: short (ั)
+- **Result**: High tone → มัก (mák)
+
+### Example 3: ข้าว (khaao)
+- Initial consonant: ข (high class)
+- Tone mark: mai tho (้)
+- **Result**: Falling tone → ข้าว (khâao)
+
+### Example 4: ตก (dtok)
+- Initial consonant: ต (middle class)
+- Tone mark: none
+- Syllable type: dead (ends in stop ก)
+- **Result**: Low tone → ตก (dtòk)
+
+## The Leading ห Trick
+
+Low class consonants **cannot produce rising or low tones** on their own. Thai solves this with the "leading ห" pattern:
+
+**ห + low class consonant** = acts like high class
+
+| Without ห | With ห | Effect |
+|-----------|--------|--------|
+| มา (mid) | หมา (rising) | Now can get rising tone |
+| นา (mid) | หนา (rising) | Same pattern |
+
+This is why หมา (dog) has a rising tone even though ม is low class.
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Food Words Often Have Falling Tones
+- ข้าว (khâao) — rice
+- ก๋วยเตี๋ยว (gǔai-dtǐao) — noodles
+- น้ำ (náam) — water
+
+### Question Particles
+- ไหม (mǎi) — yes/no question
+- หรือ (rʉ̌ʉ) — or
+
+### Negation
+- ไม่ (mâi) — not
+- ไม่ใช่ (mâi châi) — is not
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Three factors**: Class + vowel length + syllable type determine tone
+2. **Live vs dead**: Open syllables vs closed syllables
+3. **Leading ห**: Converts low class behavior to high class
+4. **Practice is key**: Eventually this becomes intuitive
+
+## Tone Practice Checklist
+
+When reading a new word:
+1. ✓ What class is the initial consonant?
+2. ✓ Is there a tone mark?
+3. ✓ If no mark: is it live or dead?
+4. ✓ If dead: short or long vowel?
+5. ✓ Apply the rule from the chart
+
+## Common Mistakes to Avoid
+
+1. **Forgetting syllable type**: Dead syllables without marks aren't mid tone
+2. **Ignoring ห**: It's not silent — it changes the tone class
+3. **Class confusion**: Review consonant classes from the alphabet course
+4. **Over-relying on marks**: Many words have no tone marks
+
+## Complete Tone Rules Summary Table
+
+### Live Syllables (No Tone Mark)
+
+| Consonant Class | Tone | Example |
+|----------------|------|---------|
+| Middle | Mid | กา (gaa) |
+| High | Rising | ขา (khǎa) |
+| Low | Mid | คา (khaa) |
+
+### Dead Syllables (No Tone Mark)
+
+| Consonant Class | Short Vowel | Long Vowel | Example (Short) |
+|----------------|------------|------------|-----------------|
+| Middle | Low | Low | ตก (dtòk) |
+| High | Low | Low | ขก (khòk) |
+| Low | High | Falling | มัก (mák) |
+
+### With Tone Marks
+
+| Mark | Middle | High | Low |
+|------|--------|------|-----|
+| ◌่ (mai ek) | Low | Low | Falling |
+| ◌้ (mai tho) | Falling | Falling | High |
+| ◌๊ (mai tri) | High | — | — |
+| ◌๋ (mai chattawa) | Rising | — | — |
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-rules-1-syllable-type" type="multiple-choice" title="Live vs Dead Syllable" skill="syllable-analysis" objectiveId="obj-live-vs-dead-syllables"}
+
+**Question:** Which syllable is "dead" (คำตาย)?
+
+**Options:**
+- มา (maa) - ends in long vowel
+- กิน (gin) - ends in น (sonorant)
+- ตก (dtok) - ends in ก (stop)
+- งู (nguu) - ends in long vowel
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** Dead syllables end in a stop consonant (ก, บ, ด) or have a short vowel. มา and งู are live (long vowels), กิน is live (ends in sonorant น), but ตก is dead (ends in stop ก).
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-rules-1-tone-determination" type="fill-in-blank" title="Tone Determination Practice" skill="tone-rule-application" tests="mai-tho" objectiveId="obj-apply-tone-rules"}
+
+**Question:** Determine the tone for these syllables:
+
+- มา (low-class ม, no mark, live syllable)
+- มัก (low-class ม, no mark, dead syllable, short vowel)
+- ขา (high-class ข, no mark, live syllable)
+- ค้า (low-class ค, mai tho, live syllable)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- มา → Mid tone (low-class, live, no mark)
+- มัก → High tone (low-class, dead, short vowel, no mark)
+- ขา → Rising tone (high-class, live, no mark)
+- ค้า → High tone (low-class + mai tho = high tone exception)
+
+**Explanation:** Follow the step-by-step process: identify class, check for tone mark, determine syllable type, apply the rules from the chart.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-rules-1-leading-h" type="matching" title="The Leading ห Trick" skill="tone-rule-application" objectiveId="obj-read-tones-without-marks"}
+
+**Question:** Match each word to how ห affects the tone
+
+- หมา (dog)
+- หนา (thick)
+- หงา (rare)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- หมา → ห lifts ม (low-class) to high-class behavior, producing rising tone
+- หนา → ห lifts น (low-class) to high-class behavior, producing rising tone
+- หงา → ห lifts ง (low-class) to high-class behavior, producing rising tone
+
+**Explanation:** Leading ห (silent) changes low-class consonants to behave like high-class for tone purposes. This allows low-class consonants to produce rising tones, which they normally cannot do.
+
+:::
+
+## What You've Learned
+
+Congratulations! You now understand:
+- All 32 Thai vowel forms
+- Short vs long vowel distinction
+- The 4 tone marks
+- Complete tone rules for any syllable
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With vowels and tones mastered, you're ready for:
+- **Numbers & Counting** — Apply your reading skills to practical vocabulary
+- **Essential Phrases** — Start forming complete sentences
+- **Thai Typing** — Build muscle memory for keyboard input
+
+Your foundation is now solid. Everything from here builds on what you've learned!