@polyglot-bundles/th 0.1.1

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-03.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-03
+title: "บทที่ 3 — พยัญชนะสูง I"
+description: "High-Class Consonants Part 1: ข ส ห — The aspirated consonants"
+order: 3
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - high-class
+  - aspirated
+  - basic-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 20
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-02
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-high-consonants-1
+      description: "Learn 3 common high-class consonants"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [egg, tiger, box]
+    - id: obj-aspiration
+      description: "Understand aspiration (puff of air)"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+    - id: obj-rising-tone
+      description: "Recognize the rising tone pattern"
+      skill: character-class-identification
+---
+
+# บทที่ 3 (Lesson 3) — High-Class Consonants I
+
+## Feel the Difference
+
+Put your hand in front of your mouth and say these English words:
+
+- "**k**ite" — feel the puff of air on "k"
+- "s**k**y" — notice LESS air after "s"
+
+That puff of air is called **aspiration**.
+
+:::exercise{id="aspiration-check" exerciseType="multiple-choice" title="Quick Check" skill="character-sound-mapping" objectiveId="obj-aspiration"}
+Which word has MORE air on the 'k' sound?
+?options: kite, sky
+?answer: 1
+:::
+
+## Why This Matters
+
+Thai treats aspirated and unaspirated sounds as **completely different letters**:
+
+| Sound | Air | Thai Letter | Like English... |
+|-------|-----|-------------|-----------------|
+| Unaspirated k | none | ก | s**k**y |
+| Aspirated k | puff | ข | **k**ite |
+
+You already know **ก** (from Lesson 1). Now meet its aspirated partner:
+
+## The Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-high-consonants-1" title="High-Class Consonants I"}
+
+::character{id="egg" canonicalRef="egg" data:class="high" char="ข" name="ข ไข่ (khɔ̌ɔ khài)" nativeName="ข ไข่" transliteration="kh/k" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="tiger" canonicalRef="tiger" data:class="high" char="ส" name="ส เสือ (sɔ̌ɔ sʉ̌a)" nativeName="ส เสือ" transliteration="s/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="box" canonicalRef="box" data:class="high" char="ห" name="ห หีบ (hɔ̌ɔ hìip)" nativeName="ห หีบ" transliteration="h/-" charType="consonant"}
+
+:::
+
+## Shape Recognition
+
+Each character has a memorable shape:
+
+**ข** (egg) — Looks like ก with an extra loop. The extra loop = extra air!
+
+**ส** (tiger) — Curvy S-shape, like tiger stripes.
+
+**ห** (box) — Looks like a box. หีบ means "chest/box" — the shape matches!
+
+:::exercise{id="shape-match" exerciseType="multiple-choice" title="Match the Shape" skill="character-recognition" tests="egg" objectiveId="obj-high-consonants-1"}
+Which letter looks like ก with an extra loop on top?
+?options: ส, ข, ห
+?answer: 2
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="shape-match-2" exerciseType="multiple-choice" title="Match the Shape" skill="character-recognition" tests="tiger" objectiveId="obj-high-consonants-1"}
+Which letter has an S-curve shape (like tiger stripes)?
+?options: ข, ห, ส
+?answer: 3
+:::
+
+## Sound at Start vs End
+
+Thai consonants sound different depending on position:
+
+| Letter | Start of syllable | End of syllable |
+|--------|------------------|-----------------|
+| ข egg | **kh** (with air) | **k** (no release) |
+| ส tiger | **s** | **t** (no release) |
+| ห box | **h** | (not used) |
+
+:::exercise{id="position-sound" exerciseType="multiple-choice" title="Position Check" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="egg" objectiveId="obj-aspiration"}
+At the START of a syllable, how is ข pronounced?
+?options: k (no air), kh (with air puff), s
+?answer: 2
+:::
+
+## The Rising Tone
+
+Here's something powerful: **consonant class determines tone**.
+
+High-class consonants + simple vowel = **rising tone** ↗
+
+- ข + า = **ขา** (khǎa) ↗ "leg"
+- ส + ี = **สี** (sǐi) ↗ "color"
+- ห + า = **หา** (hǎa) ↗ "to find"
+
+Compare to middle-class ก (flat mid tone):
+- ก + า = **กา** (gaa) → "crow"
+
+Same vowel, different consonant class = **different tone!**
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-pattern" exerciseType="multiple-choice" title="Tone Check" skill="character-class-identification" objectiveId="obj-rising-tone"}
+What tone do high-class consonants produce in simple syllables?
+?options: falling tone ↘, mid tone →, rising tone ↗
+?answer: 3
+:::
+
+## Summary
+
+You learned 3 high-class consonants:
+
+| Char | Name | Sound | Remember |
+|------|------|-------|----------|
+| ข | egg (ไข่) | kh- | ก + loop = + air |
+| ส | tiger (เสือ) | s- | S-curve shape |
+| ห | box (หีบ) | h- | Looks like a box |
+
+**Key insight:** High-class = aspirated (puff of air) + rising tone ↗
+
+:::exercise{id="final-recognition" exerciseType="multiple-choice" title="Final Check" skill="character-class-identification" objectiveId="obj-rising-tone"}
+Which consonant class produces a rising tone?
+?options: low-class, middle-class, high-class
+?answer: 3
+:::

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-04.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-04
+title: "บทที่ 4 — พยัญชนะสูง II"
+description: "High-Class Consonants Part 2: ถ ฉ ผ ฝ — Completing the aspirated set"
+order: 4
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - high-class
+  - aspirated
+  - basic-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-03
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-high-consonants-2
+      description: "Learn 4 more high-class consonants"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [bag, cymbals, bee, lid]
+    - id: obj-th-ph-sounds
+      description: "Understand TH and PH/F sound pairs"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+    - id: obj-complete-high
+      description: "Complete your high-class consonant inventory"
+      skill: character-recognition
+    - id: obj-aspirated-distinction
+      description: "Practice distinguishing aspirated sounds"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+---
+
+# บทที่ 4 (Lesson 4) — High-Class Consonants II
+
+## Introduction
+
+In this lesson, you'll learn 4 more high-class consonants, focusing on the **TH** sounds (ถ) and **PH/F** sounds (ฉ ผ ฝ). These complete the most common high-class consonants.
+
+## The TH Sound Family
+
+Thai has many consonants romanized as "TH" — but they're NOT like English "th" (as in "think"). Thai TH is simply an **aspirated T** — a T with a puff of air. The tongue position is the same as T, not the English TH.
+
+| Consonant | Class | Sound | Notes |
+|-----------|-------|-------|-------|
+| ต | Middle | t (unaspirated) | No air puff |
+| ถ | High | th (aspirated) | Strong air puff |
+| ท | Low | th (aspirated) | Same as ถ, different class |
+| ธ | Low | th (aspirated) | Same sound |
+
+The TH consonants all sound identical! The class determines tone, not sound quality.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-high-consonants-2" title="High-Class Consonants II"}
+
+::character{id="bag" canonicalRef="bag" data:class="high" char="ถ" name="ถ ถุง (thɔ̌ɔ thǔng)" nativeName="ถ ถุง" transliteration="th/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="cymbals" canonicalRef="cymbals" data:class="high" char="ฉ" name="ฉ ฉิ่ง (chɔ̌ɔ chìng)" nativeName="ฉ ฉิ่ง" transliteration="ch/-" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="bee" canonicalRef="bee" data:class="high" char="ผ" name="ผ ผึ้ง (phɔ̌ɔ phʉ̂ng)" nativeName="ผ ผึ้ง" transliteration="ph/-" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="lid" canonicalRef="lid" data:class="high" char="ฝ" name="ฝ ฝา (fɔ̌ɔ fǎa)" nativeName="ฝ ฝา" transliteration="f/-" charType="consonant"}
+
+:::
+
+## The CH Sound Pair
+
+Thai has two CH consonants:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Example |
+|-----------|-------|---------|
+| ฉ (cymbals) | High | ฉัน (chǎn) "I" — rising tone |
+| ช (elephant) | Low | ช้าง (cháang) "elephant" |
+
+Both sound like English "ch" in "chair". The difference is purely tonal:
+- ฉา = chǎa (rising)
+- ชา = chaa (mid) or cháa (with tone mark)
+
+## The PH/F Family
+
+Thai distinguishes between aspirated P (PH) and F:
+
+**PH sounds** (aspirated P, lips together then release):
+| Consonant | Class |
+|-----------|-------|
+| ผ (bee) | High |
+| พ (tray) | Low |
+| ภ (ship) | Low |
+
+**F sounds** (continuous air through lips):
+| Consonant | Class |
+|-----------|-------|
+| ฝ (lid) | High |
+| ฟ (tooth) | Low |
+
+To English speakers, PH and F sound similar. In Thai:
+- **PH** = explosive release (like English "p" + breath)
+- **F** = continuous friction (like English "f")
+
+## Why So Many Duplicates?
+
+You might wonder: why have ถ ท ธ all making the same TH sound?
+
+Historical reasons! These consonants came from different Sanskrit/Pali sounds:
+- ถ, ท = different Sanskrit dental sounds
+- ธ = Sanskrit voiced aspirate
+
+Over centuries, they merged in pronunciation but remained distinct in spelling — like English "knight" keeping its silent K.
+
+## Consonants Without Final Forms
+
+Notice that ฉ, ผ, and ฝ have no final sound listed. These consonants:
+1. Rarely or never appear in final position in native Thai words
+2. When they do (in loanwords), they're pronounced as the closest final sound
+
+This is common for high-class consonants — many are initial-only.
+
+## High-Class Summary
+
+You've now learned 7 of the 11 high-class consonants:
+
+| Learned | Sound | Mnemonic |
+|---------|-------|----------|
+| ข | kh | Egg |
+| ส | s | Tiger |
+| ห | h | Box |
+| ถ | th | Bag |
+| ฉ | ch | Cymbals |
+| ผ | ph | Bee |
+| ฝ | f | Lid |
+
+The remaining 4 (ฐ ศ ษ ฑ) are rare and will be covered in advanced lessons.
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Thai TH ≠ English TH**: It's aspirated T, not the "think" sound
+2. **PH ≠ F**: PH is explosive, F is continuous friction
+3. **Same sound, different class**: Many TH and PH consonants sound identical
+4. **Initial-only consonants**: ฉ, ผ, ฝ almost never end syllables
+5. **Historical spelling**: Duplicate sounds exist due to Sanskrit origins
+
+## Shape Recognition
+
+- **ถ** looks like ก/ข family (K-sounds) with modifications
+- **ฉ** has a hook shape
+- **ผ** and **ฝ** look similar — ฝ has the extra curve on top
+- Note how related sounds often have related shapes
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="high-2-matching" type="matching" title="Match Consonants to Mnemonics" skill="character-name-recall" tests="bag,cymbals,bee,lid" objectiveId="obj-high-consonants-2"}
+
+**Question:** Match each high-class consonant to its mnemonic word
+
+- ถ
+- ฉ
+- ผ
+- ฝ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- bag (ถุง)
+- cymbals (ฉิ่ง)
+- bee (ผึ้ง)
+- lid (ฝา)
+
+**Explanation:** Each Thai consonant has a traditional mnemonic word that helps remember both the character and its sound.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="high-2-sound-recognition" type="fill-in-blank" title="Sound Recognition" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="bag,cymbals,bee,lid" objectiveId="obj-th-ph-sounds"}
+
+**Question:** Which consonant makes each sound?
+
+- Aspirated TH sound (like "top" with more breath)
+- CH sound (like "chair")
+- Aspirated PH sound (explosive P with breath)
+- F sound (continuous friction)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ถ (thɔ̌ɔ thǔng)
+- ฉ (chɔ̌ɔ chìng)
+- ผ (phɔ̌ɔ phʉ̂ng)
+- ฝ (fɔ̌ɔ fǎa)
+
+**Explanation:** High-class consonants are aspirated versions of sounds. PH is explosive (lips together then release), while F is continuous (air through lips).
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="high-2-class-comparison" type="multiple-choice" title="Class Comparison" skill="character-class-identification" objectiveId="obj-aspirated-distinction"}
+
+**Question:** Which pair of consonants makes the same sound but belongs to different classes?
+
+**Options:**
+- ก and ข
+- ถ and ท
+- ผ and ฝ
+- ฉ and ช
+
+**Answer:** 4
+
+**Explanation:** ฉ (high-class) and ช (low-class) both make the CH sound but belong to different classes, affecting tone. Similarly, ถ (high) and ท (low) both make TH sound.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 5, you'll begin learning **low-class consonants** — the largest group, with 24 members! You'll start with the most common ones: น ง ว.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-05.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-05
+title: "บทที่ 5 — พยัญชนะต่ำ I"
+description: "Low-Class Consonants Part 1: น ง ว ค — The most common low-class consonants"
+order: 5
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - low-class
+  - nasal
+  - basic-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-04
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-low-consonants-1
+      description: "Learn 4 common low-class consonants"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [mouse, snake, ring, buffalo]
+    - id: obj-low-tone
+      description: "Understand low-class tone behavior"
+      skill: character-class-identification
+    - id: obj-paired-consonants
+      description: "Compare paired consonants across classes"
+      skill: character-class-identification
+    - id: obj-ng-sound
+      description: "Practice the NG sound"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [snake]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 5 (Lesson 5) — Low-Class Consonants I
+
+## Introduction
+
+Welcome to **low-class consonants** (พยัญชนะต่ำ) — the largest group with 24 members! These consonants were historically "voiced" sounds (made with vocal cord vibration), which is why they're grouped together despite having different sounds today.
+
+## Why "Low" Class?
+
+The name comes from tone behavior:
+- In live syllables, low-class consonants produce **mid tone** (like middle-class)
+- In dead syllables, they produce **high tone** or **falling tone** (unlike middle-class)
+
+This makes low-class tone rules slightly more complex — but still predictable once you learn the patterns.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-low-consonants-1" title="Low-Class Consonants I"}
+
+::character{id="mouse" canonicalRef="mouse" data:class="low" char="น" name="น หนู (nɔɔ nǔu)" nativeName="น หนู" transliteration="n" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="snake" canonicalRef="snake" data:class="low" char="ง" name="ง งู (ngɔɔ nguu)" nativeName="ง งู" transliteration="ng" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="ring" canonicalRef="ring" data:class="low" char="ว" name="ว แหวน (wɔɔ wǎaen)" nativeName="ว แหวน" transliteration="w" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="buffalo" canonicalRef="buffalo" data:class="low" char="ค" name="ค ควาย (khɔɔ khwaai)" nativeName="ค ควาย" transliteration="kh/k" charType="consonant"}
+
+:::
+
+## The NG Sound: Thailand's Gift to Learners
+
+**ง** represents the NG sound — the same sound at the END of English "sing". But in Thai, NG can START a syllable!
+
+This is challenging for English speakers because we never begin words with NG:
+- ง่าย (ngâai) = easy
+- งู (nguu) = snake
+- เงิน (ngəən) = money
+
+**Practice tip**: Say "sing" and hold the final NG. Now try adding a vowel: "ng...aa". That's how Thai NG-initial words work!
+
+## The Paired System
+
+Low-class consonants often pair with high-class consonants:
+
+| Low-Class | High-Class | Sound | Example |
+|-----------|------------|-------|---------|
+| ค (buffalo) | ข (egg) | kh | Both = aspirated K |
+| ง (snake) | — | ng | No high-class pair |
+| น (mouse) | — | n | No high-class pair (but ห can lift it) |
+| ว (ring) | — | w | No high-class pair |
+
+When a low-class consonant has no high-class pair, **ห** steps in as the "tone lifter":
+- หน (hn) = low-class น treated as high for tone
+- หง (hng) = same for ง
+- หว (hw) = same for ว
+
+## Sound Changes
+
+| Consonant | Initial Sound | Final Sound | Example |
+|-----------|---------------|-------------|---------|
+| น | **n** | **n** | นา (naa) / วัน (wan) |
+| ง | **ng** | **ng** | งู (nguu) / วัง (wang) |
+| ว | **w** | **o** (vowel-like) | วัน (wan) / แมว (maaeo) |
+| ค | **kh** | **k** | คา (khaa) / รัก (rák) |
+
+**Note**: Final ว often sounds like a vowel (/o/ or /u/), creating diphthongs.
+
+## Low vs Middle-Class Tones
+
+Compare the same syllable pattern with different consonant classes:
+
+| Syllable | Class | Tone | Sound |
+|----------|-------|------|-------|
+| กา | Middle | Mid | gaa (—) |
+| ขา | High | Rising | khǎa (//) |
+| คา | Low | Mid | khaa (—) |
+
+All three use the same vowel (า), but the tone differs based on consonant class!
+
+## The Nasal Family
+
+Thai has 5 nasal consonants:
+| Consonant | Sound | Class |
+|-----------|-------|-------|
+| ม | m | Low |
+| น | n | Low |
+| ง | ng | Low |
+| ณ | n | Low (rare) |
+| ญ | y/n | Low |
+
+All nasals are low-class. To get high-class tones with nasals, use ห:
+- หม, หน, หง (silent ห lifts the tone)
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Low-class = 24 consonants**: The biggest group
+2. **NG can start syllables**: Practice "ng...aa" to master this
+3. **Paired with high-class**: ค pairs with ข (same sound, different tone)
+4. **ห as lifter**: หน หง หว give high-class tones with low-class sounds
+5. **Final ว = vowel-like**: Creates diphthongs like แมว (maaeo)
+
+## Shape Recognition
+
+- **น** has a long tail curving down
+- **ง** is compact, like a squiggle
+- **ว** looks like a cursive oval
+- **ค** resembles ก/ข family but with low-class marker
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="low-1-ng-practice" type="fill-in-blank" title="NG Sound Practice" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="snake" objectiveId="obj-ng-sound"}
+
+**Question:** Practice the NG initial sound. Which word starts with NG?
+
+- ง่าย (ngâai) - easy
+- งู (nguu) - snake
+- เงิน (ngəən) - money
+
+**Answer:** All three words start with ง (ng). Practice saying "sing" and holding the final NG sound, then add a vowel.
+
+**Explanation:** The NG sound can start syllables in Thai, which is challenging for English speakers. Practice by holding the NG from "sing" and adding vowels.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="low-1-pairing" type="matching" title="Consonant Pairing" skill="character-class-identification" tests="buffalo,mouse,snake,ring" objectiveId="obj-paired-consonants"}
+
+**Question:** Match each low-class consonant with its high-class pair (if it has one)
+
+- ค (buffalo)
+- น (mouse)
+- ง (snake)
+- ว (ring)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ค pairs with ข (both = kh sound)
+- น pairs with ห (ห lifts น to high-class tone)
+- ง pairs with ห (ห lifts ง to high-class tone)
+- ว pairs with ห (ห lifts ว to high-class tone)
+
+**Explanation:** Low-class consonants without high-class pairs use ห as a "tone lifter" to achieve high-class tone behavior.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="low-1-tone-comparison" type="multiple-choice" title="Tone Comparison" skill="character-class-identification" objectiveId="obj-low-tone"}
+
+**Question:** Which syllable has a mid tone in a live syllable (open ending)?
+
+**Options:**
+- กา (middle-class ก)
+- ขา (high-class ข)
+- คา (low-class ค)
+
+**Answer:** Both 1 and 3
+
+**Explanation:** Both middle-class กา and low-class คา produce mid tone in live syllables. High-class ขา produces rising tone. The consonant class determines the base tone.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 6, you'll learn more low-class consonants including ช (elephant), ซ (chain), and ฮ (owl).