@polyglot-bundles/th 0.1.1

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-09.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-09
+title: "บทที่ 9 — พยัญชนะโบราณ"
+description: "Archaic Consonants: ฃ ฅ ฆ ฌ ฎ ฏ — Historical characters for complete literacy"
+order: 9
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: advanced
+cefrLevel: B1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - archaic-consonants
+  - rare-characters
+  - advanced-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 20
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-08
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-obsolete-recognition
+      description: "Recognize obsolete Thai consonants"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [bottle, person]
+    - id: obj-archaic-existence
+      description: "Understand why these characters exist"
+      skill: character-class-identification
+      references: [bottle, person, bell, tree, headdress, goad]
+    - id: obj-archaic-encounter
+      description: "Know when you might encounter them"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [bottle, person, bell, tree, headdress, goad]
+    - id: obj-complete-recognition
+      description: "Complete your consonant recognition"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [bottle, person, bell, tree, headdress, goad]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 9 (Lesson 9) — Archaic Consonants
+
+## Introduction
+
+Thai has **44 consonants** in its official alphabet, but not all are used equally. This lesson covers **archaic** (โบราณ) and **obsolete** (ล้าสมัย) consonants — characters that exist for historical completeness but rarely appear in modern Thai.
+
+**Why learn them?**
+- Complete alphabet literacy
+- Reading historical texts
+- Understanding Thai linguistics
+- Recognizing them in fonts and keyboards
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-archaic-consonants" title="Archaic Consonants"}
+
+::character{id="bottle" canonicalRef="bottle" data:class="high" char="ฃ" name="ฃ ขวด (khɔ̌ɔ khùat)" nativeName="ฃ ขวด" transliteration="kh/k" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="person" canonicalRef="person" data:class="low" char="ฅ" name="ฅ คน (khɔɔ khon)" nativeName="ฅ คน" transliteration="kh/k" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="bell" canonicalRef="bell" data:class="low" char="ฆ" name="ฆ ระฆัง (khɔɔ rá-khang)" nativeName="ฆ ระฆัง" transliteration="kh/k" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="tree" canonicalRef="tree" data:class="low" char="ฌ" name="ฌ เฌอ (chɔɔ chəə)" nativeName="ฌ เฌอ" transliteration="ch/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="headdress" canonicalRef="headdress" data:class="middle" char="ฎ" name="ฎ ชฎา (dɔɔ chá-daa)" nativeName="ฎ ชฎา" transliteration="d/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="goad" canonicalRef="goad" data:class="middle" char="ฏ" name="ฏ ปฏัก (dtɔɔ bpà-dtàk)" nativeName="ฏ ปฏัก" transliteration="dt/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+:::
+
+## The Obsolete Pair: ฃ and ฅ
+
+**ฃ** (khɔ̌ɔ khùat - bottle) and **ฅ** (khɔɔ khon - person) are officially **obsolete**:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Status | Replaced By |
+|-----------|-------|--------|-------------|
+| ฃ | High | Obsolete | ข |
+| ฅ | Low | Obsolete | ค |
+
+These were removed from official use in 1942. Today:
+- **ฃ** words are spelled with **ข** (both high-class KH)
+- **ฅ** words are spelled with **ค** (both low-class KH)
+
+**Where you might see them:**
+- Historical documents
+- Alphabetical listings (traditional order includes them)
+- Specialized fonts showing the full 44-character set
+- The word ฅน (person) is sometimes written nostalgically
+
+## Sanskrit Consonants: ฆ ฌ ฎ ฏ
+
+These consonants were borrowed from Sanskrit/Pali to represent sounds that didn't exist in Thai:
+
+### ฆ (Khɔɔ Rá-khang - Bell)
+- Class: Low
+- Sound: /kh/ (same as ค)
+- Usage: Sanskrit loanwords only
+- Example: ระฆัง (bell), สังฆะ (sangha/Buddhist community)
+
+### ฌ (Chɔɔ Chəə - Tree)
+- Class: Low
+- Sound: /ch/ (same as ช)
+- Usage: Extremely rare, mainly one word
+- Example: เฌอ (type of tree)
+
+### ฎ (Dɔɔ Chá-daa - Headdress) and ฏ (Dtɔɔ Bpà-dtàk - Goad)
+- Class: Both **Middle**
+- Sound: /d/ and /dt/ respectively
+- Usage: Sanskrit loanwords, legal/royal vocabulary
+- Examples: กฎหมาย (law), ปฏิบัติ (practice, perform)
+
+**Important**: ฎ and ฏ are **middle-class** like ด and ต. This matters for tone:
+- กฎ (gòt) "rule" — middle-class ฎ
+- ปฏิเสธ (bpà-dtì-sèet) "refuse" — middle-class ฏ
+
+## The Complete KH Sound Family
+
+Thai has SIX consonants making the /kh/ sound:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Status |
+|-----------|-------|--------|
+| ข | High | Common |
+| ฃ | High | Obsolete |
+| ค | Low | Common |
+| ฅ | Low | Obsolete |
+| ฆ | Low | Rare (Sanskrit) |
+| ค (initial cluster) | Low | Common |
+
+This seems redundant, but historically these represented different Sanskrit sounds.
+
+## Practical Implications
+
+### For Reading
+When you encounter these rare consonants:
+- ฃ and ฅ: Treat like ข and ค respectively
+- ฆ ฌ: Treat like ค ช (low-class)
+- ฎ ฏ: Treat like ด ต (middle-class)
+
+### For Writing
+You'll almost never need to write these. Use the common equivalents:
+- Instead of ฃ → use ข
+- Instead of ฅ → use ค
+- ฆ ฌ ฎ ฏ → only in established spellings you've memorized
+
+### For Keyboards
+Most Thai keyboards don't include ฃ and ฅ. You'll find them in:
+- Character palette/symbol menus
+- Unicode charts
+- Specialized linguistic keyboards
+
+## Cultural Note: ฅน vs คน
+
+The word **คน** (person/people) was historically spelled **ฅน**. Some Thais use ฅน nostalgically or artistically:
+- In poetry and literature
+- In brand names
+- As a cultural statement
+
+The meaning is identical; it's a spelling choice.
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **ฃ and ฅ are obsolete**: Officially replaced in 1942
+2. **ฆ ฌ are rare Sanskrit**: Only appear in specific loanwords
+3. **ฎ ฏ are middle-class**: Important for correct tone reading
+4. **Same sounds, different spellings**: Historical reasons
+5. **For reading**: Know them for complete literacy
+6. **For writing**: Stick to common equivalents
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="archaic-1-obsolete-recognition" type="matching" title="Obsolete Consonants" skill="character-recognition" tests="bottle,person" objectiveId="obj-obsolete-recognition"}
+
+**Question:** Match each obsolete consonant to its modern replacement
+
+- ฃ (bottle)
+- ฅ (person)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ฃ → ข (both high-class KH)
+- ฅ → ค (both low-class KH)
+
+**Explanation:** ฃ and ฅ were officially removed in 1942. Today, words that used ฃ are spelled with ข, and words that used ฅ are spelled with ค. They sound identical.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="archaic-1-class-identification" type="multiple-choice" title="Consonant Class Identification" skill="character-class-identification" tests="headdress,goad" objectiveId="obj-archaic-existence"}
+
+**Question:** Which of these archaic consonants is middle-class (important for tone rules)?
+
+**Options:**
+- ฆ (bell)
+- ฌ (tree)
+- ฎ (headdress)
+- All of the above
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** ฎ and ฏ are middle-class consonants (like ด and ต). This matters for tone reading. ฆ and ฌ are low-class (like ค and ช). Knowing the class is crucial for correct pronunciation.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="archaic-1-reading-strategy" type="fill-in-blank" title="Reading Strategy" skill="character-recognition" tests="bottle,person,bell,tree,headdress,goad" objectiveId="obj-complete-recognition"}
+
+**Question:** When you encounter archaic consonants while reading, what should you do?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ฃ and ฅ: Treat like ข and ค respectively
+- ฆ ฌ: Treat like ค ช (low-class)
+- ฎ ฏ: Treat like ด ต (middle-class)
+
+**Explanation:** For reading purposes, archaic consonants follow the same patterns as their common equivalents. The class determines tone behavior, not the specific letter shape.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 10, you'll learn the final rare consonants (ฐ ฑ ฒ ฬ) to complete the 44-consonant inventory.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-10.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-10
+title: "บทที่ 10 — พยัญชนะหายาก II"
+description: "Final Rare Consonants: ฐ ฑ ฒ ฬ — Completing the 44-consonant inventory"
+order: 10
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: advanced
+cefrLevel: B1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - rare-consonants
+  - sanskrit-origin
+  - advanced-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 20
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-09
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-complete-alphabet
+      description: "Complete the 44-consonant Thai alphabet"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [pedestal, montho, elder, kite]
+    - id: obj-rare2-recognition
+      description: "Recognize the final rare consonants"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [pedestal, montho, elder, kite]
+    - id: obj-th-family
+      description: "Understand the TH consonant family in full"
+      skill: character-class-identification
+      references: [pedestal, montho, elder]
+    - id: obj-consonant-literacy
+      description: "Achieve complete consonant literacy"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [pedestal, montho, elder, kite]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 10 (Lesson 10) — Final Rare Consonants
+
+## Introduction
+
+Congratulations! This lesson completes your journey through all **44 Thai consonants**. These final four characters are rare but appear in important vocabulary.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-rare-consonants-2" title="Final Rare Consonants"}
+
+::character{id="pedestal" canonicalRef="pedestal" data:class="high" char="ฐ" name="ฐ ฐาน (thɔ̌ɔ thǎan)" nativeName="ฐ ฐาน" transliteration="th/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="montho" canonicalRef="montho" data:class="low" char="ฑ" name="ฑ มณโฑ (thɔɔ mon-thoo)" nativeName="ฑ มณโฑ" transliteration="th/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="elder" canonicalRef="elder" data:class="low" char="ฒ" name="ฒ ผู้เฒ่า (thɔɔ phûu-thâo)" nativeName="ฒ ผู้เฒ่า" transliteration="th/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="kite" canonicalRef="kite" data:class="low" char="ฬ" name="ฬ จุฬา (lɔɔ jù-laa)" nativeName="ฬ จุฬา" transliteration="l/n" charType="consonant"}
+
+:::
+
+## The Complete TH Sound Family
+
+With these additions, you now know ALL consonants making the /th/ sound:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Mnemonic | Usage |
+|-----------|-------|----------|-------|
+| ต | Middle | Turtle | Common (unaspirated T) |
+| ถ | High | Bag | Common (aspirated TH) |
+| ท | Low | Soldier | Common |
+| ธ | Low | Flag | Formal/Sanskrit |
+| **ฐ** | **High** | Pedestal | Rare/Sanskrit |
+| **ฑ** | **Low** | Montho | Very rare |
+| **ฒ** | **Low** | Elder | Very rare |
+
+Note: ต is technically /t/ (unaspirated), while the others are /th/ (aspirated). But ฐ ฑ ฒ are so rare that the distinction matters little.
+
+### ฐ (Thɔ̌ɔ Thǎan - Pedestal)
+
+**High-class** TH. Appears in:
+- ฐาน (thǎan) — base, foundation
+- สถาบัน (sà-thǎa-ban) — institution
+- สถานที่ (sà-thǎan-thîi) — place, location
+- สถาปัตยกรรม (sà-thǎa-bpàt-dtà-yá-gam) — architecture
+
+The word สถาน appears in many compound words — it's the most common use of ฐ.
+
+### ฑ (Thɔɔ Mon-thoo) and ฒ (Thɔɔ Phûu-thâo)
+
+Both **low-class** TH, both very rare:
+
+**ฑ** (Montho - Ramayana character) appears in:
+- มณโฑ (mon-thoo) — the character's name
+- บัณฑิต (ban-dìt) — graduate, scholar
+
+**ฒ** (Elder) appears in:
+- ผู้เฒ่า (phûu-thâo) — elderly person
+- เฒ่าแก่ (thâo-gàae) — old and wise
+
+These characters exist because Sanskrit had multiple dental sounds that Thai merged. The spellings preserve the original distinctions.
+
+## The L Sound Pair: ล and ฬ
+
+Thai has two /l/ consonants:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Usage |
+|-----------|-------|-------|
+| ล | Low | Common |
+| ฬ | Low | Rare |
+
+**ฬ** (Lɔɔ Jù-laa - Kite) appears in very few words:
+- จุฬา (jù-laa) — a type of traditional kite
+- จุฬาลงกรณ์ (Chulalongkorn) — the famous king and university
+
+The word **จุฬา** is the primary use of ฬ. It appears in:
+- จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย (Chulalongkorn University)
+- Traditional kite names
+
+## The Complete 44-Consonant Inventory
+
+Here's your complete set organized by class:
+
+### Middle Class (9 consonants)
+ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ
+
+### High Class (11 consonants)
+ข ฃ ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห
+
+### Low Class (24 consonants)
+ค ฅ ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น พ ฟ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ
+
+**Memory tip**: Middle class is small (9), High class is medium (11), Low class is large (24).
+
+## Practical Frequency
+
+In everyday Thai writing:
+
+| Frequency | Consonants |
+|-----------|------------|
+| **Very Common** | ก ข ค ง จ ด ต ท น บ ป พ ม ย ร ล ว ส ห อ |
+| **Common** | ช ซ ถ ธ ฝ ฟ ภ ศ ฮ |
+| **Uncommon** | ฉ ญ ณ ผ ษ |
+| **Rare** | ฆ ฌ ฎ ฏ ฐ ฑ ฒ ฬ |
+| **Obsolete** | ฃ ฅ |
+
+For reading, focus on the common ones. The rare ones will become recognizable as you encounter specific vocabulary.
+
+## Complete Alphabet Song Order
+
+The traditional Thai alphabet order (used in dictionaries and teaching):
+
+ก ข ฃ ค ฅ ฆ ง จ ฉ ช ซ ฌ ญ ฎ ฏ ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด ต ถ ท ธ น บ ป ผ ฝ พ ฟ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ศ ษ ส ห ฬ อ ฮ
+
+This sequence is used for:
+- Dictionary lookup
+- Alphabetical sorting
+- The "Gor Gai" song
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **ฐ is high-class**: The only high-class TH besides ถ
+2. **ฑ ฒ are low-class**: Both rare, mainly Sanskrit/royal words
+3. **ฬ is the rare L**: Primarily in จุฬา
+4. **44 consonants complete**: 9 middle + 11 high + 24 low
+5. **Know frequency**: Most consonants are rare; focus on common ones first
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="rare-2-th-family" type="fill-in-blank" title="Complete TH Family" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="pedestal,montho,elder" objectiveId="obj-th-family"}
+
+**Question:** List all consonants that make the TH sound (aspirated T)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ถ (bag) - high-class
+- ท (soldier) - low-class
+- ธ (flag) - low-class
+- ฐ (pedestal) - high-class
+- ฑ (Montho) - low-class
+- ฒ (elder) - low-class
+
+**Explanation:** Thai has six consonants making the /th/ sound. ต is technically unaspirated /t/, while the others are aspirated /th/. All except ต sound identical; the difference is consonant class for tone determination.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="rare-2-class-counting" type="multiple-choice" title="Consonant Class Distribution" skill="character-class-identification" objectiveId="obj-complete-alphabet"}
+
+**Question:** How many consonants are in each class?
+
+**Options:**
+- Middle: 9, High: 11, Low: 24
+- Middle: 11, High: 9, Low: 24
+- Middle: 9, High: 24, Low: 11
+- All equal: 15 each
+
+**Answer:** 1
+
+**Explanation:** The Thai consonant system has 9 middle-class, 11 high-class, and 24 low-class consonants. Low-class is the largest group because it includes many historically voiced sounds.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="rare-2-rare-recognition" type="matching" title="Rare Consonant Recognition" skill="character-recognition" tests="pedestal,montho,elder,kite" objectiveId="obj-rare2-recognition"}
+
+**Question:** Match each rare consonant to its most common usage
+
+- ฐ (pedestal)
+- ฑ (Montho)
+- ฒ (elder)
+- ฬ (kite)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ฐ → สถาน (place, location) - appears in many compound words
+- ฑ → บัณฑิต (graduate, scholar) - very rare, mainly this word
+- ฒ → ผู้เฒ่า (elderly person) - very rare
+- ฬ → จุฬา (kite, Chulalongkorn) - primarily in this word
+
+**Explanation:** These rare consonants appear in very specific vocabulary. Knowing their most common words helps recognize them in context.
+
+:::
+
+## Congratulations!
+
+You've now learned all 44 Thai consonants. The remaining lessons cover:
+- **Lesson 11**: Tone marks
+- **Lesson 12**: Numbers and symbols
+
+These complete your ability to read Thai script!
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 11, you'll learn the **four tone marks** — the final key to unlocking Thai pronunciation.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-11.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-11
+title: "บทที่ 11 — วรรณยุกต์"
+description: "Tone Marks: ◌่ ◌้ ◌๊ ◌๋ — The four marks that modify Thai tones"
+order: 11
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: advanced
+cefrLevel: B1
+categories:
+  - tone-marks
+  - tone-rules
+  - pronunciation
+  - advanced-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-10
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-tone-mark-recognition
+      description: "Learn the four Thai tone marks"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+    - id: obj-tone-class-interaction
+      description: "Understand how tone marks interact with consonant class"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+    - id: obj-tone-rules
+      description: "Master the complete tone rule system"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+    - id: obj-tone-reading
+      description: "Practice reading with all five tones"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [mai-ek, mai-tho, mai-tri, mai-chattawa]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 11 (Lesson 11) — Tone Marks
+
+## Introduction
+
+Thai has **five tones** but only **four tone marks**. The fifth tone (mid) is the default when no mark is present. Tone marks combine with consonant class to determine the final tone — this is the most complex part of Thai phonology.
+
+## The Five Thai Tones
+
+| Tone | Thai Name | Symbol | Description | Example |
+|------|-----------|--------|-------------|---------|
+| Mid | เสียงสามัญ | — | Level, neutral | มา (maa) |
+| Low | เสียงเอก | \ | Low and level | ม่า (màa) |
+| Falling | เสียงโท | \\ | High-to-low drop | ม้า (máa) horse |
+| High | เสียงตรี | / | High and level | ม๊า (maa+) |
+| Rising | เสียงจัตวา | // | Low-to-high rise | หมา (mǎa) dog |
+
+**Note**: The symbols (—, \, \\, /, //) are tone contour representations, not Thai script.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-tone-marks" title="Tone Marks"}
+
+::character{id="mai-ek" canonicalRef="mai-ek" char="่" name="ไม้เอก (mái èek)" nativeName="ไม้เอก" transliteration="tone1" charType="tone"}
+
+::character{id="mai-tho" canonicalRef="mai-tho" char="้" name="ไม้โท (mái thoo)" nativeName="ไม้โท" transliteration="tone2" charType="tone"}
+
+::character{id="mai-tri" canonicalRef="mai-tri" char="๊" name="ไม้ตรี (mái dtrii)" nativeName="ไม้ตรี" transliteration="tone3" charType="tone"}
+
+::character{id="mai-chattawa" canonicalRef="mai-chattawa" char="๋" name="ไม้จัตวา (mái jàt-dtà-waa)" nativeName="ไม้จัตวา" transliteration="tone4" charType="tone"}
+
+:::
+
+## The Tone Rules Matrix
+
+Here's the key insight: **the same tone mark produces different tones depending on consonant class**.
+
+### Live Syllables (Open or ending in m, n, ng, w, y)
+
+| Mark | Middle Class | High Class | Low Class |
+|------|--------------|------------|-----------|
+| None | Mid | Rising | Mid |
+| ◌่ (mái èek) | Low | Low | Falling |
+| ◌้ (mái thoo) | Falling | Falling | High |
+| ◌๊ (mái dtrii) | High | (not used) | (not used) |
+| ◌๋ (mái jàt-dtà-waa) | Rising | (not used) | (not used) |
+
+### Dead Syllables (Ending in p, t, k or short vowel + stop)
+
+Dead syllables have more limited options:
+
+| Mark | Middle Class | High Class | Low Class |
+|------|--------------|------------|-----------|
+| None (short) | Low | Low | High |
+| None (long) | Low | Low | Falling |
+| ◌่ | — | — | — |
+| ◌้ | — | — | — |
+
+**Key**: Dead syllables usually don't take tone marks; their tone is determined by vowel length and class.
+
+## Understanding Each Tone Mark
+
+### ◌่ Mái Èek (First Mark)
+
+The most common tone mark. Effects:
+- **Middle/High class**: Creates LOW tone
+- **Low class**: Creates FALLING tone
+
+Examples:
+- ก่า (gàa) — middle-class + mái èek = low
+- ข่า (khàa) — high-class + mái èek = low
+- ค่า (khâa) — low-class + mái èek = falling
+
+### ◌้ Mái Thoo (Second Mark)
+
+Examples:
+- ก้า (gâa) — middle-class = falling
+- ข้า (khâa) — high-class = falling
+- ค้า (kháa) — low-class = HIGH
+
+**Surprise**: Low-class + mái thoo gives HIGH tone, not falling!
+
+### ◌๊ Mái Dtrii (Third Mark)
+
+**Only used with middle-class consonants** to create HIGH tone:
+- ก๊า (gáa) — high tone
+- จ๊ะ (jáʔ) — exclamation
+
+You'll almost never see ◌๊ with high or low-class consonants.
+
+### ◌๋ Mái Jàt-dtà-waa (Fourth Mark)
+
+**Only used with middle-class consonants** to create RISING tone:
+- ก๋า (gǎa) — rising tone
+
+This is the rarest tone mark because:
+- Middle-class consonants can get rising tone this way
+- But rising tone is more often from high-class consonants or ห-lifting
+
+## Common Patterns to Memorize
+
+### Pattern 1: High-Class Default Rising
+High-class consonants (ข ส ห etc.) naturally produce rising tone:
+- ขา (khǎa), สี (sǐi), หา (hǎa)
+
+### Pattern 2: Mái Èek Makes Things Lower
+- Middle/High: → Low tone
+- Low: → Falling tone (even lower!)
+
+### Pattern 3: Mái Thoo's Low-Class Surprise
+Low-class + mái thoo = HIGH, not falling:
+- ค้า (kháa) = high tone
+
+### Pattern 4: ๊ and ๋ Are Middle-Class Only
+See ก๊ or ก๋? It's definitely middle-class.
+See ค๊? Something's wrong — low-class doesn't use ◌๊.
+
+## Practice Examples
+
+| Word | Consonant | Class | Mark | Result |
+|------|-----------|-------|------|--------|
+| มา | ม | Low | none | Mid |
+| ม่า | ม | Low | ◌่ | Falling |
+| ม้า | ม | Low | ◌้ | High |
+| หมา | หม | (lifted) | none | Rising |
+| กา | ก | Middle | none | Mid |
+| ก่า | ก | Middle | ◌่ | Low |
+| ก้า | ก | Middle | ◌้ | Falling |
+| ก๊า | ก | Middle | ◌๊ | High |
+| ก๋า | ก | Middle | ◌๋ | Rising |
+
+## Why Is This So Complex?
+
+Historical sound changes! Originally:
+- Voice quality (breathy, creaky, etc.) determined tone
+- When voice quality was lost, Thai compensated with marks
+- Different consonant classes had different starting points
+
+The result: a system that seems arbitrary but is actually quite regular once internalized.
+
+## Memory Strategies
+
+1. **Learn by word**: Don't calculate — recognize ม้า as "horse" with high tone
+2. **Class first**: Always identify consonant class before looking at marks
+3. **High-class default**: Remember they naturally rise
+4. **Mái thoo surprise**: Low + ◌้ = HIGH is the big exception
+5. **Practice common words**: ที่ ไม่ ก็ ค่ะ ครับ — learn their tones by ear
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Four marks, five tones**: Mid tone needs no mark
+2. **Class matters**: Same mark = different tone by class
+3. **◌๊ and ◌๋ are middle-only**: High/low don't use them
+4. **Mái thoo exception**: Low-class + ◌้ = high (not falling)
+5. **Dead syllables are simpler**: Tone from class and vowel length
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-1-mark-recognition" type="matching" title="Tone Mark Recognition" skill="character-recognition" tests="mai-ek,mai-tho,mai-tri,mai-chattawa" objectiveId="obj-tone-mark-recognition"}
+
+**Question:** Match each tone mark to its name and effect on middle-class consonants
+
+- ◌่ (mái èek)
+- ◌้ (mái thoo)
+- ◌๊ (mái dtrii)
+- ◌๋ (mái jàt-dtà-waa)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ◌่ → Low tone (mái èek - first mark)
+- ◌้ → Falling tone (mái thoo - second mark)
+- ◌๊ → High tone (mái dtrii - third mark)
+- ◌๋ → Rising tone (mái jàt-dtà-waa - fourth mark)
+
+**Explanation:** On middle-class consonants, each tone mark produces a different tone. The marks are named "first, second, third, fourth" in Thai.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-1-class-interaction" type="multiple-choice" title="Tone Mark and Class Interaction" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="mai-tho" objectiveId="obj-tone-class-interaction"}
+
+**Question:** The word ค้า (kháa) has a high tone. Why?
+
+**Options:**
+- Because ค is high-class
+- Because of mái thoo (◌้) on a low-class consonant
+- Because of mái dtrii (◌๊) on a low-class consonant
+- Because it's a dead syllable
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** This is the "mái thoo surprise"! ค is low-class, and mái thoo (◌้) on a low-class consonant in a live syllable produces HIGH tone, not falling. This is the key exception to remember.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="tone-1-tone-prediction" type="fill-in-blank" title="Tone Prediction Practice" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="mai-ek" objectiveId="obj-tone-reading"}
+
+**Question:** Predict the tone for these words:
+
+- กา (middle-class ก, no mark)
+- ขา (high-class ข, no mark)
+- คา (low-class ค, no mark)
+- ก่า (middle-class ก, mái èek)
+- ค่า (low-class ค, mái èek)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- กา → Mid tone (middle-class default)
+- ขา → Rising tone (high-class default)
+- คา → Mid tone (low-class default in live syllables)
+- ก่า → Low tone (middle-class + mái èek)
+- ค่า → Falling tone (low-class + mái èek)
+
+**Explanation:** The consonant class determines the base tone when no mark is present. Mái èek (◌่) lowers the tone: middle/high → low, low → falling.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 12, you'll learn **Thai numbers and symbols** — the final pieces for complete literacy.