@polyglot-bundles/th 0.1.1

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-03.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-03
+title: "บทที่ 3 — สระเสียงยาว I"
+description: "Long Vowels Part 1: Above, below, and after consonants"
+order: 3
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - vowels
+  - long-vowels
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-02
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-recognize-long-above
+      description: "Recognize long vowels written above consonants"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-ii, vowel-uee]
+    - id: obj-recognize-long-below
+      description: "Recognize long vowels written below consonants"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-uu]
+    - id: obj-master-long-aa
+      description: "Master the long 'aa' vowel"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [vowel-aa, vowel-aw]
+    - id: obj-distinguish-long-short
+      description: "Distinguish long from short vowels by sound"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [vowel-ii, vowel-uee, vowel-uu, vowel-aa]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 3 (Lesson 3) — Long Vowels I
+
+## Introduction
+
+Long vowels are essential to Thai — they're held for about twice the duration of short vowels and often carry the main stress of a word. In this lesson, you'll learn long vowels that appear above, below, and after consonants.
+
+## Why Length Matters
+
+In Thai, vowel length can completely change meaning:
+
+| Short | Meaning | Long | Meaning |
+|-------|---------|------|---------|
+| กิ (gi) | — | กี (gii) | — |
+| จุด (jùt) | point/dot | จูด (jùut) | — |
+
+Beyond meaning, **vowel length affects tone rules** — you'll see this in Lessons 7-8.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-long-vowels-above" title="Long Vowels Above Consonant"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ii" canonicalRef="vowel-ii" char="ี" name="สระอี (sara ii)" nativeName="สระอี" transliteration="ii" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-uee" canonicalRef="vowel-uee" char="ื" name="สระอือ (sara uee)" nativeName="สระอือ" transliteration="uee" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-long-vowels-below" title="Long Vowels Below Consonant"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-uu" canonicalRef="vowel-uu" char="ู" name="สระอู (sara uu)" nativeName="สระอู" transliteration="uu" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-long-vowels-after" title="Long Vowels After Consonant"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-aa" canonicalRef="vowel-aa" char="า" name="สระอา (sara aa)" nativeName="สระอา" transliteration="aa" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-aw" canonicalRef="vowel-aw" char="อ" name="สระออ (sara ɔɔ)" nativeName="สระออ" transliteration="ɔɔ" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## Short vs Long Comparison
+
+| Short | Long | Sound Quality |
+|-------|------|---------------|
+| ิ (i) | ี (ii) | "bit" vs "beat" |
+| ึ (ue) | ื (uee) | Brief vs sustained |
+| ุ (u) | ู (uu) | "put" vs "food" |
+| ะ (a) | า (aa) | "cut" vs "car" |
+
+## The "อ" Vowel: Dual Function
+
+The letter **อ** serves two roles:
+1. As a **consonant** (silent carrier for leading vowels)
+2. As a **vowel** representing the "ɔɔ" sound (like "aw" in "law")
+
+When following another consonant, it's a vowel:
+- กอ (gɔɔ) — the sound "gor"
+- บอ (bɔɔ) — the sound "bor"
+
+## How to Pronounce Long Vowels
+
+The key is **duration** — hold the sound longer:
+
+- **ี (ii)**: Like "ee" in "see" — stretch it out
+- **ู (uu)**: Like "oo" in "food" — round your lips and hold
+- **า (aa)**: Like "a" in "father" — open and long
+- **อ (ɔɔ)**: Like "aw" in "saw" — round lips, open sound
+
+## Combining with Consonants
+
+| Consonant + Vowel | Result | Pronunciation |
+|-------------------|--------|---------------|
+| ก + ี | กี | gii |
+| ม + า | มา | maa |
+| ก + ู | กู | guu |
+| ม + อ | มอ | mɔɔ |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Double the duration**: Long vowels are approximately twice as long as short vowels
+2. **Same position, different length**: ิ/ี and ุ/ู look similar but differ in duration
+3. **า is everywhere**: The most common vowel in Thai
+4. **อ has dual function**: Consonant or vowel depending on position
+
+## Common Words
+
+- มา (maa) — to come
+- กู (guu) — informal "I/me" (very casual)
+- ดี (dii) — good
+- หู (hǔu) — ear
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-1-duration" type="fill-in-blank" title="Vowel Duration" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="vowel-ii,vowel-uu,vowel-aa" objectiveId="obj-distinguish-long-short"}
+
+**Question:** How long should you hold long vowels compared to short vowels?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+Long vowels should be held approximately twice as long as short vowels. The duration is the key difference, not just the sound quality.
+
+**Explanation:** Vowel length is phonemic in Thai — it can change meaning. Long vowels are sustained for about double the duration of short vowels. Practice by saying short "i" (ิ) then long "ii" (ี) and notice how much longer you hold the long version.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-1-position" type="matching" title="Vowel Position Recognition" skill="vowel-positioning" tests="vowel-ii,vowel-uu,vowel-aa,vowel-aw" objectiveId="obj-recognize-long-above"}
+
+**Question:** Match each long vowel to its position relative to the consonant
+
+- ี (ii)
+- ู (uu)
+- า (aa)
+- อ (ɔɔ)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ี → Above the consonant
+- ู → Below the consonant
+- า → After the consonant
+- อ → After the consonant (when used as vowel)
+
+**Explanation:** Thai vowels can appear in four positions: above (◌ิ, ◌ี), below (◌ุ, ◌ู), before (เ, แ, โ), and after (า, อ). Knowing the position helps you read correctly.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-1-dual-function" type="multiple-choice" title="The อ Dual Function" skill="character-recognition" tests="vowel-aw" objectiveId="obj-master-long-aa"}
+
+**Question:** When is อ used as a vowel vs a consonant?
+
+**Options:**
+- Always a vowel
+- Always a consonant
+- Vowel when following another consonant, consonant when starting a syllable
+- Depends on the word
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** อ serves dual functions. When it follows another consonant (like in กอ "gɔɔ"), it's a vowel representing /ɔɔ/. When it starts a syllable alone (like in อา "aa"), it's a silent consonant carrier for the vowel.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 4, you'll learn the remaining long vowels, including the "leading" vowels that appear before consonants.

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-04.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-04
+title: "บทที่ 4 — สระเสียงยาว II"
+description: "Long Vowels Part 2: Leading vowels and combination forms"
+order: 4
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - vowels
+  - long-vowels
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-03
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-master-leading-long-vowels
+      description: "Master leading long vowels (เ, แ, โ)"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-ee, vowel-aae, vowel-oo]
+    - id: obj-recognize-oe-combination
+      description: "Recognize the เ-อ combination vowel"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-oee]
+    - id: obj-read-long-vowel-words
+      description: "Practice reading words with long vowels"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [vowel-ee, vowel-aae, vowel-oo, vowel-oee]
+    - id: obj-inherent-vowel
+      description: "Understand the inherent vowel concept"
+      skill: vowel-positioning
+      references: [vowel-ee, vowel-aae, vowel-oo]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 4 (Lesson 4) — Long Vowels II
+
+## Introduction
+
+This lesson covers the remaining long vowels, including the important **leading vowels** that appear before the consonant. These are among the most common vowels in Thai and mastering them unlocks a huge portion of the language.
+
+## Leading Long Vowels
+
+Remember: these vowels are **written before** the consonant but **pronounced after** it.
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-leading-long-vowels" title="Leading Long Vowels"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ee" canonicalRef="vowel-ee" char="เ" name="สระเอ (sara ee)" nativeName="สระเอ" transliteration="ee" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-aae" canonicalRef="vowel-aae" char="แ" name="สระแอ (sara aae)" nativeName="สระแอ" transliteration="aae" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-oo" canonicalRef="vowel-oo" char="โ" name="สระโอ (sara oo)" nativeName="สระโอ" transliteration="oo" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## The เ-อ Combination
+
+This vowel combines a leading เ with a trailing อ:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-oe-vowel" title="เ-อ Combination Vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-oee" canonicalRef="vowel-oee" char="เ-อ" name="สระเออ (sara oee)" nativeName="สระเออ" transliteration="ɤɤ" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## Reading Examples
+
+| Written | Reading Order | Pronunciation |
+|---------|---------------|---------------|
+| เก | ก + เ | gee |
+| แม | ม + แ | maae |
+| โต | ต + โ | dtoo |
+| เธอ | ธ + เ-อ | thɤɤ |
+
+## Comparing Short and Long Forms
+
+| Short (with ะ) | Long (no ะ) | Difference |
+|----------------|-------------|------------|
+| เกะ (ge) | เก (gee) | ะ marks shortness |
+| แกะ (gae) | แก (gaae) | Same pattern |
+| โกะ (go) | โก (goo) | Remove ะ = long |
+
+## The Inherent Vowel
+
+When a consonant stands alone without any vowel mark, it often has an **inherent short "a"** or **"o"** sound:
+
+- ม alone can be read as "ma" or "mo"
+- This is why you see words like มก (mok) without visible vowels
+
+However, this is mainly for Pali/Sanskrit loanwords. Modern Thai usually marks vowels explicitly.
+
+## Common Words with Leading Vowels
+
+- เป็น (bpen) — to be
+- แม่ (mâae) — mother
+- โต (dtoo) — big
+- เธอ (thɤɤ) — you (she/her)
+- เขา (khǎo) — he/she/they, mountain
+
+## Sound Guide for Leading Vowels
+
+| Vowel | Approximate Sound | Example |
+|-------|-------------------|---------|
+| เ | "ay" in "day" | เก → gay |
+| แ | "a" in "bad" (extended) | แก → gaae |
+| โ | "o" in "go" | โก → go |
+| เ-อ | between "er" and "uh" | เกอ → gɤɤ |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Write left, read right**: Leading vowels come before consonants in writing
+2. **No ะ = long**: The absence of ะ indicates a long vowel
+3. **เ-อ is unique**: A two-part vowel surrounding the consonant
+4. **Frequency matters**: เ and แ appear in countless common words
+
+## Practice Reading
+
+Try these common words:
+- เด็ก (dèk) — child
+- แก่ (gàae) — old
+- โรง (roong) — building
+- เบียร์ (biia) — beer
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-2-leading-recognition" type="matching" title="Leading Vowel Recognition" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="vowel-ee,vowel-aae,vowel-oo,vowel-oee" objectiveId="obj-read-long-vowel-words"}
+
+**Question:** Match each leading vowel to its approximate English sound
+
+- เ (ee)
+- แ (aae)
+- โ (oo)
+- เ-อ (ɤɤ)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- เ → "ay" as in "day"
+- แ → "a" as in "bad" (extended)
+- โ → "o" as in "go"
+- เ-อ → between "er" and "uh" (unique Thai sound)
+
+**Explanation:** Leading vowels are written before consonants but pronounced after. เ and แ are very common in Thai. เ-อ creates a unique sound not found in English.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-2-reading-order" type="fill-in-blank" title="Reading Order Practice" skill="vowel-positioning" tests="vowel-ee,vowel-aae,vowel-oo" objectiveId="obj-inherent-vowel"}
+
+**Question:** How do you read these words? (Remember: write left, read right)
+
+- เก (เ + ก)
+- แม (แ + ม)
+- โต (โ + ต)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- เก → Read ก first, then เ = "gee"
+- แม → Read ม first, then แ = "maae"
+- โต → Read ต first, then โ = "dtoo"
+
+**Explanation:** Leading vowels follow the "write left, read right" principle. The vowel is written first, but you pronounce the consonant first, then the vowel sound.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-2-combination" type="multiple-choice" title="The เ-อ Combination" skill="character-recognition" tests="vowel-oee" objectiveId="obj-recognize-oe-combination"}
+
+**Question:** The vowel เ-อ (sara ɤɤ) is unique because:
+
+**Options:**
+- It's the only long vowel
+- It wraps around the consonant (written before and after)
+- It's never used in modern Thai
+- It's pronounced before the consonant
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** เ-อ is a two-part vowel that wraps around the consonant. เ is written before, อ is written after, creating the /ɤɤ/ sound. This is different from simple leading vowels.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 5, you'll learn **compound vowels and diphthongs** — vowel sounds that glide from one quality to another.

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-05.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-05
+title: "บทที่ 5 — สระประสม I"
+description: "Compound Vowels Part 1: Diphthongs with 'i' and 'u' endings"
+order: 5
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - vowels
+  - compound-vowels
+  - diphthongs
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-04
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-understand-diphthongs
+      description: "Understand what diphthongs are"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [vowel-ai-mai-muan, vowel-ai-mai-malai, vowel-ao-i]
+    - id: obj-master-i-ending-vowels
+      description: "Master vowels ending in -i sound"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-ai-mai-muan, vowel-ai-mai-malai, vowel-ao-i]
+    - id: obj-master-u-ending-vowels
+      description: "Master vowels ending in -u sound"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [vowel-ao, vowel-iu, vowel-eo, vowel-aeo]
+    - id: obj-smooth-vowel-transitions
+      description: "Practice smooth vowel transitions"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [vowel-ai-mai-muan, vowel-ai-mai-malai, vowel-ao, vowel-iu, vowel-eo, vowel-aeo]
+---
+
+# บทที่ 5 (Lesson 5) — Compound Vowels I
+
+## Introduction
+
+Thai has many **compound vowels** (สระประสม) — vowel sounds that glide smoothly from one quality to another. These are called **diphthongs**. In this lesson, you'll learn diphthongs that end with an "i" or "u" sound.
+
+## What Are Diphthongs?
+
+A diphthong is a vowel sound that transitions within a single syllable:
+- English "eye" is a diphthong: ah → ee
+- English "cow" is a diphthong: ah → oo
+
+Thai has many more diphthongs than English!
+
+## Diphthongs Ending in -i
+
+These vowels glide toward an "i" sound:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-diphthongs-i" title="Diphthongs Ending in -i"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ai-mai-muan" canonicalRef="vowel-ai-mai-muan" char="ใ" name="สระใอ (sara ai mai muan)" nativeName="สระใอ" transliteration="ai" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ai-mai-malai" canonicalRef="vowel-ai-mai-malai" char="ไ" name="สระไอ (sara ai mai malai)" nativeName="สระไอ" transliteration="ai" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ao-i" canonicalRef="vowel-ao-i" char="เ-ย" name="สระเอย (sara oei)" nativeName="สระเอย" transliteration="ɤɤi" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## The Two "ai" Vowels: ใ vs ไ
+
+Thai has **two vowels** that both sound like "ai":
+- **ใ (mai muan)**: Used in only 20 common words
+- **ไ (mai malai)**: Used everywhere else
+
+| ใ (mai muan) | ไ (mai malai) |
+|--------------|---------------|
+| ใจ (jai) — heart | ไก่ (gài) — chicken |
+| ใน (nai) — in | ไป (bpai) — to go |
+| ให้ (hâi) — to give | ไหม (mǎi) — silk, question particle |
+| ใหม่ (mài) — new | ไม่ (mâi) — not |
+| ใช้ (chái) — to use | ได้ (dâai) — can, able |
+
+**Memory tip**: Learn the 20 ใ words; everything else uses ไ.
+
+## Diphthongs Ending in -u/-o
+
+These vowels glide toward a "u" or "o" sound:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-diphthongs-u" title="Diphthongs Ending in -u/-o"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-ao" canonicalRef="vowel-ao" char="เ-า" name="สระเอา (sara ao)" nativeName="สระเอา" transliteration="ao" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-iu" canonicalRef="vowel-iu" char="ิว" name="สระอิว (sara iu)" nativeName="สระอิว" transliteration="iu" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-eo" canonicalRef="vowel-eo" char="เ-ว" name="สระเอว (sara eo)" nativeName="สระเอว" transliteration="eo" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="vowel-aeo" canonicalRef="vowel-aeo" char="แ-ว" name="สระแอว (sara aeo)" nativeName="สระแอว" transliteration="aeo" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## How to Pronounce Diphthongs
+
+The key is to make a **smooth glide** between the two vowel qualities:
+
+| Vowel | Start | End | Like English |
+|-------|-------|-----|--------------|
+| ใ/ไ (ai) | "ah" | "ee" | "I" or "eye" |
+| เ-า (ao) | "ah" | "oo" | "ow" in "cow" |
+| ิว (iu) | "ee" | "oo" | "ew" in "few" |
+| เ-ว (eo) | "ay" | "oo" | No equivalent |
+
+## Reading Practice
+
+| Written | Breakdown | Pronunciation |
+|---------|-----------|---------------|
+| ไก | ก + ไ | gai |
+| เขา | ข + เ-า | khǎo |
+| กิว | ก + ิว | giu |
+| เมา | ม + เ-า | mao |
+
+## The Famous 20 ใ Words
+
+Here are the most common words using ใ:
+- ใจ (jai) — heart, mind
+- ใน (nai) — in, inside
+- ใหญ่ (yài) — big
+- ให้ (hâi) — to give
+- ใหม่ (mài) — new
+- ใช้ (chái) — to use
+- ใส่ (sài) — to put on, wear
+- ใคร (khrai) — who
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Diphthongs glide**: Start at one vowel quality, end at another
+2. **ใ vs ไ**: Both sound like "ai" but are different letters
+3. **Learn the 20**: Memorize the ใ words; default to ไ otherwise
+4. **Smooth transition**: Don't pause between the vowel parts
+
+## Common Words
+
+- ไป (bpai) — to go
+- เขา (khǎo) — he/she/mountain
+- ได้ (dâai) — can, able
+- ใจ (jai) — heart
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="diphthongs-1-ai-recognition" type="multiple-choice" title="The Two AI Vowels" skill="character-recognition" tests="vowel-ai-mai-muan,vowel-ai-mai-malai" objectiveId="obj-master-i-ending-vowels"}
+
+**Question:** Which vowel (ใ or ไ) is used in the word ใจ (heart)?
+
+**Options:**
+- ใ (mai muan) - one of the 20 common words
+- ไ (mai malai) - the default
+- Either one works
+- Depends on the dialect
+
+**Answer:** 1
+
+**Explanation:** ใจ uses ใ (mai muan), which is one of only 20 common words that use this spelling. Everything else uses ไ (mai malai). Both sound identical, but spelling must be memorized.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="diphthongs-1-glide-practice" type="fill-in-blank" title="Diphthong Glide Practice" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="vowel-ai-mai-malai,vowel-ao,vowel-iu" objectiveId="obj-smooth-vowel-transitions"}
+
+**Question:** How do you pronounce these diphthongs? (Describe the glide)
+
+- ใ/ไ (ai)
+- เ-า (ao)
+- ิว (iu)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ใ/ไ → Start with "ah" sound, glide to "ee" (like English "I" or "eye")
+- เ-า → Start with "ah" sound, glide to "oo" (like English "ow" in "cow")
+- ิว → Start with "ee" sound, glide to "oo" (like English "ew" in "few")
+
+**Explanation:** Diphthongs are smooth glides between two vowel qualities. The key is making a continuous transition without pausing between the sounds.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="diphthongs-1-common-words" type="matching" title="Common Diphthong Words" skill="character-recognition" tests="vowel-ai-mai-malai,vowel-ao,vowel-ai-mai-muan" objectiveId="obj-understand-diphthongs"}
+
+**Question:** Match each word to its diphthong type
+
+- ไป (to go)
+- เขา (he/she)
+- ได้ (can, able)
+- ใจ (heart)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ไป → ไ (ai diphthong)
+- เขา → เ-า (ao diphthong)
+- ได้ → ไ (ai diphthong)
+- ใจ → ใ (ai diphthong - one of the 20)
+
+**Explanation:** These are very common words that demonstrate diphthongs. Notice that ไป and ได้ both use ไ, while ใจ uses ใ (one of the special 20 words).
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 6, you'll learn more compound vowels and special vowel combinations that complete your vowel knowledge.