@polyglot-bundles/th 0.1.1

package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-02.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-essentials-lesson-02
+title: "บทที่ 2 — คำลงท้าย"
+description: "Polite Particles: ครับ, ค่ะ, and showing respect"
+order: 2
+parentId: thai-essentials
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - particles
+  - politeness
+  - grammar
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-essentials-lesson-01
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-particles-use-correctly
+      description: "Use ครับ and ค่ะ/คะ correctly"
+      skill: polite-register
+    - id: obj-particles-common
+      description: "Understand other common particles"
+      skill: word-recognition
+    - id: obj-particles-optional
+      description: "Know when particles are optional"
+      skill: situational-response
+    - id: obj-particles-sound-polite
+      description: "Sound polite in any situation"
+      skill: polite-register
+---
+
+# บทที่ 2 (Lesson 2) — Polite Particles
+
+## Introduction
+
+In Thai, how you end a sentence is as important as what you say. Polite particles (คำลงท้าย) show respect, indicate your gender, and mark whether you're asking or stating. Missing them makes you sound rude or abrupt.
+
+## The Core System
+
+| Speaker | Statement | Question |
+|---------|-----------|----------|
+| Male | ครับ (khráp) | ครับ (khráp) |
+| Female | ค่ะ (khâ) | คะ (khá) |
+
+**Key insight**: Men use ครับ for everything. Women change tone: falling (ค่ะ) for statements, rising (คะ) for questions.
+
+## Examples in Action
+
+**Male speaker:**
+- ขอบคุณครับ (Thank you)
+- ใช่ครับ (Yes)
+- ไม่ใช่ครับ (No, it isn't)
+- อะไรครับ (What?)
+
+**Female speaker:**
+- ขอบคุณค่ะ (Thank you)
+- ใช่ค่ะ (Yes)
+- ไม่ใช่ค่ะ (No, it isn't)
+- อะไรคะ (What?)
+
+## When to Use Particles
+
+**Always use particles with:**
+- Strangers and acquaintances
+- Elders and superiors
+- Service situations (shops, restaurants)
+- Formal settings
+- When in doubt
+
+**Particles optional with:**
+- Close friends
+- Family members
+- Children
+- Very casual situations
+
+## Other Important Particles
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="thai-particles" title="Common Particles"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="na" word="นะ" pronunciation="ná" meaning="softener, seeking agreement"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="si" word="สิ" pronunciation="sì" meaning="urging, encouragement"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="la" word="ล่ะ" pronunciation="là" meaning="emphasis, 'then/so'"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="loei" word="เลย" pronunciation="ləəi" meaning="emphasis, 'at all/really'"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="roh" word="หรอ" pronunciation="rɔ̌ɔ" meaning="really? (surprise)"}
+
+:::
+
+## Using นะ (ná)
+
+The particle นะ softens statements and seeks agreement:
+
+| Without นะ | With นะ | Effect |
+|------------|---------|--------|
+| ไปเลย (Go!) | ไปเลยนะ | Go, okay? (softer) |
+| อร่อย (Delicious) | อร่อยนะ | It's good, right? |
+| ขอบคุณ (Thanks) | ขอบคุณนะ | Thanks! (warmer) |
+
+## Using สิ (sì)
+
+The particle สิ encourages or urges:
+
+| Thai | Meaning |
+|------|---------|
+| กินสิ | Go ahead and eat! |
+| มาสิ | Come on! |
+| ลองดูสิ | Give it a try! |
+
+## Combining Particles
+
+Particles can combine. Order: content particle + polite particle
+
+| Thai | Meaning |
+|------|---------|
+| ใช่นะครับ | Yes, right? (male) |
+| อร่อยนะคะ | It's delicious, isn't it? (female) |
+| ไปเลยนะค่ะ | Go ahead then, okay? (female) |
+
+## Common Mistakes
+
+❌ **Forgetting particles with strangers**
+- ขอบคุณ (too abrupt) → ✓ ขอบคุณครับ/ค่ะ
+
+❌ **Wrong tone for questions (women)**
+- อะไรค่ะ (wrong) → ✓ อะไรคะ (rising tone)
+
+❌ **Using ครับ as a woman**
+- This sounds masculine; always use ค่ะ/คะ
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Always end politely**: ครับ for men, ค่ะ/คะ for women
+2. **Question vs statement**: Women change tone
+3. **นะ softens**: Makes requests and statements gentler
+4. **When in doubt, use them**: Better to be too polite
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="particles-1-practice" type="fill-in-blank" title="Particle Practice" skill="polite-register" objectiveId="obj-particles-use-correctly"}
+
+**Question:** Add the correct particle:
+
+1. ขอบคุณ___ (male thanking someone)
+2. อะไร___ (female asking "what?")
+3. ใช่___ (female confirming)
+4. ไม่เป็นไร___ (male saying "no problem")
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. ขอบคุณ**ครับ** (male statement)
+2. อะไร**คะ** (female question - rising tone)
+3. ใช่**ค่ะ** (female statement - falling tone)
+4. ไม่เป็นไร**ครับ** (male statement)
+
+**Explanation:** Men always use ครับ. Women use ค่ะ (falling) for statements and คะ (rising) for questions. This is essential for sounding polite in Thai.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="particles-1-combining" type="matching" title="Combining Particles" skill="polite-register" objectiveId="obj-particles-sound-polite"}
+
+**Question:** Match each phrase to its correct particle combination
+
+- ใช่นะ (yes, right?)
+- อร่อยนะ (it's delicious, isn't it?)
+- ไปเลยนะ (go ahead, okay?)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ใช่นะ**ครับ** (male, seeking agreement)
+- อร่อยนะ**คะ** (female, question form)
+- ไปเลยนะ**ค่ะ** (female, statement form)
+
+**Explanation:** Particles can combine. The order is: content particle (นะ) + polite particle (ครับ/ค่ะ/คะ). นะ softens and seeks agreement, then add the gender-appropriate polite particle.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="particles-1-common-mistakes" type="multiple-choice" title="Common Mistakes" skill="polite-register" objectiveId="obj-particles-use-correctly"}
+
+**Question:** What's wrong with this sentence: "ขอบคุณค่ะ" (spoken by a male)?
+
+**Options:**
+- Nothing, it's correct
+- Should be ขอบคุณครับ
+- Should be ขอบคุณคะ
+- Particles are optional
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** Men must use ครับ, not ค่ะ. Using ค่ะ as a man sounds feminine. Women use ค่ะ/คะ depending on whether it's a statement or question.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 3, you'll learn how to ask basic questions — who, what, where, when, why, how.

package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-03.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-essentials-lesson-03
+title: "บทที่ 3 — คำถามพื้นฐาน"
+description: "Basic Questions: Who, what, where, when, why, how"
+order: 3
+parentId: thai-essentials
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - questions
+  - basics
+  - grammar
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-essentials-lesson-02
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-questions-wh-words
+      description: "Ask who, what, where, when, why, how"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-questions-yes-no
+      description: "Form yes/no questions"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-questions-word-placement
+      description: "Understand question word placement"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+    - id: obj-questions-price-quantity
+      description: "Ask about price, time, and quantity"
+      skill: word-production
+---
+
+# บทที่ 3 (Lesson 3) — Basic Questions
+
+## Introduction
+
+Questions are the key to learning and conversation. Thai question structure is different from English — question words often come at the end of the sentence, not the beginning.
+
+## The Question Words
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="thai-question-words" title="Question Words"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="arai" word="อะไร" pronunciation="à-rai" meaning="what"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="khrai" word="ใคร" pronunciation="khrai" meaning="who"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="thinai" word="ที่ไหน" pronunciation="thîi-nǎi" meaning="where"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="meuarai" word="เมื่อไหร่" pronunciation="mʉ̂a-rài" meaning="when"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="thammai" word="ทำไม" pronunciation="tham-mai" meaning="why"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="yangngai" word="อย่างไร/ยังไง" pronunciation="yàang-rai/yang-ngai" meaning="how"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="thaorai" word="เท่าไหร่" pronunciation="thâo-rài" meaning="how much/many"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kii" word="กี่" pronunciation="gìi" meaning="how many (with classifier)"}
+
+:::
+
+## Question Word Placement
+
+In Thai, question words typically go where the answer would be:
+
+| English | Thai Structure | Example |
+|---------|----------------|---------|
+| What is this? | This is **what**? | นี่คืออะไร |
+| Who is that? | That is **who**? | นั่นคือใคร |
+| Where are you going? | You go **where**? | คุณไปที่ไหน |
+
+## Common Questions
+
+### อะไร (What)
+
+| Question | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| นี่คืออะไร | What is this? |
+| คุณทำอะไร | What are you doing? |
+| คุณชื่ออะไร | What is your name? |
+| คุณกินอะไร | What are you eating? |
+
+### ใคร (Who)
+
+| Question | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| นั่นคือใคร | Who is that? |
+| ใครมา | Who came? |
+| คุณไปกับใคร | Who did you go with? |
+
+### ที่ไหน (Where)
+
+| Question | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| ห้องน้ำอยู่ที่ไหน | Where is the bathroom? |
+| คุณมาจากที่ไหน | Where are you from? |
+| คุณอยู่ที่ไหน | Where do you live? |
+| ไปที่ไหน | Where are you going? |
+
+### เมื่อไหร่ (When)
+
+| Question | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| คุณมาเมื่อไหร่ | When did you come? |
+| เริ่มเมื่อไหร่ | When does it start? |
+| กลับเมื่อไหร่ | When are you going back? |
+
+### ทำไม (Why)
+
+| Question | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| ทำไมคุณมา | Why did you come? |
+| ทำไมไม่กิน | Why don't you eat? |
+| ทำไมแพง | Why is it expensive? |
+
+### ยังไง/อย่างไร (How)
+
+| Question | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| ทำยังไง | How do you do it? |
+| ไปยังไง | How do I get there? |
+| เป็นยังไง | How is it? / How are things? |
+
+## Yes/No Questions
+
+Add ไหม (mǎi) at the end to make a yes/no question:
+
+| Statement | Question |
+|-----------|----------|
+| คุณไป (You go) | คุณไปไหม (Are you going?) |
+| อร่อย (Delicious) | อร่อยไหม (Is it delicious?) |
+| เข้าใจ (Understand) | เข้าใจไหม (Do you understand?) |
+
+## Price Questions
+
+| Question | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| เท่าไหร่ | How much? |
+| ราคาเท่าไหร่ | What's the price? |
+| อันนี้เท่าไหร่ | How much is this one? |
+| ทั้งหมดเท่าไหร่ | How much total? |
+
+## Quantity Questions
+
+Use กี่ (gìi) + classifier:
+
+| Question | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| กี่คน | How many people? |
+| กี่ชิ้น | How many pieces? |
+| กี่โมง | What time? (How many hours?) |
+| กี่บาท | How many baht? |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Question words go at the end**: Where the answer would be
+2. **ไหม for yes/no**: Add to any statement to make it a question
+3. **เท่าไหร่ for amounts**: Price, quantity, degree
+4. **กี่ + classifier**: For counting quantities
+
+## Practice Conversations
+
+**At a shop:**
+- A: อันนี้เท่าไหร่ครับ (How much is this?)
+- B: สองร้อยบาทค่ะ (200 baht)
+
+**Meeting someone:**
+- A: คุณมาจากที่ไหนคะ (Where are you from?)
+- B: ผมมาจากอเมริกาครับ (I'm from America)
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="questions-1-word-placement" type="fill-in-blank" title="Question Word Placement" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-questions-word-placement"}
+
+**Question:** Where do question words go in Thai sentences?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+Question words go where the answer would be in the sentence, typically at the end. Unlike English where "What is this?" puts "what" at the beginning, Thai says "นี่คืออะไร" (This is what?).
+
+**Explanation:** Thai question structure is different from English. Question words replace the unknown information in its natural position, not moved to the front.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="questions-1-yes-no" type="matching" title="Yes/No Questions" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-questions-yes-no"}
+
+**Question:** Convert these statements to yes/no questions
+
+- คุณไป (You go)
+- อร่อย (Delicious)
+- เข้าใจ (Understand)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- คุณไป → คุณไป**ไหม** (Are you going?)
+- อร่อย → อร่อย**ไหม** (Is it delicious?)
+- เข้าใจ → เข้าใจ**ไหม** (Do you understand?)
+
+**Explanation:** Simply add ไหม at the end of any statement to make it a yes/no question. This is one of the simplest question forms in Thai.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="questions-1-price-quantity" type="multiple-choice" title="Price vs Quantity" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-questions-price-quantity"}
+
+**Question:** Which question word do you use to ask "How many people?"
+
+**Options:**
+- เท่าไหร่ (how much)
+- กี่ (how many)
+- อะไร (what)
+- ที่ไหน (where)
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** Use กี่ (how many) with classifiers. กี่คน means "how many people" (คน is the classifier for people). เท่าไหร่ is for prices and amounts, not countable quantities.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 4, you'll learn how to make requests and respond appropriately.

package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-04.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-essentials-lesson-04
+title: "บทที่ 4 — การขอและตอบ"
+description: "Requests & Responses: Asking politely and responding"
+order: 4
+parentId: thai-essentials
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - requests
+  - responses
+  - practical
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-essentials-lesson-03
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-requests-ask-politely
+      description: "Ask for things politely"
+      skill: polite-register
+    - id: obj-requests-yes-no
+      description: "Say yes and no appropriately"
+      skill: word-recognition
+    - id: obj-requests-thanks-apologies
+      description: "Express thanks and apologies"
+      skill: situational-response
+    - id: obj-requests-respond
+      description: "Respond to requests correctly"
+      skill: situational-response
+---
+
+# บทที่ 4 (Lesson 4) — Requests & Responses
+
+## Introduction
+
+Knowing how to ask for things politely and respond appropriately is essential for daily life. Thai has specific patterns for requests that show respect and make interactions smooth.
+
+## Asking for Things
+
+### ขอ (khǎw) — "May I have" / "I'd like"
+
+The most polite way to request something:
+
+| Request | Meaning |
+|---------|---------|
+| ขอน้ำหน่อย | May I have some water? |
+| ขอเมนู | May I have a menu? |
+| ขอบิล | May I have the bill? |
+| ขอโทษ | Excuse me / I'm sorry |
+
+### เอา (ao) — "I'll take" / "I want"
+
+More direct, still acceptable:
+
+| Request | Meaning |
+|---------|---------|
+| เอาอันนี้ | I'll take this one |
+| เอากาแฟ | I'll have coffee |
+| ไม่เอา | I don't want it |
+
+### ช่วย (chûai) — "Please help" / "Could you..."
+
+For asking someone to do something:
+
+| Request | Meaning |
+|---------|---------|
+| ช่วยพูดช้าๆ หน่อย | Could you speak slowly? |
+| ช่วยเขียนให้หน่อย | Could you write it down? |
+| ช่วยถ่ายรูปให้หน่อย | Could you take a photo? |
+
+## The Magic Word: หน่อย (nòi)
+
+Adding หน่อย makes any request softer:
+
+| Without | With หน่อย | Effect |
+|---------|------------|--------|
+| ขอน้ำ | ขอน้ำหน่อย | More polite |
+| รอ | รอหน่อย | Please wait (soft) |
+| ช่วยด้วย | ช่วยหน่อย | Could you help? |
+
+## Yes & No
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="thai-yes-no" title="Yes and No"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="chai" word="ใช่" pronunciation="châi" meaning="yes (correct)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mai-chai" word="ไม่ใช่" pronunciation="mâi châi" meaning="no (incorrect)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kha-khrap" word="ครับ/ค่ะ" pronunciation="khráp/khâ" meaning="yes (acknowledgment)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mai" word="ไม่" pronunciation="mâi" meaning="no / not"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dai" word="ได้" pronunciation="dâi" meaning="can / okay / yes"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mai-dai" word="ไม่ได้" pronunciation="mâi dâi" meaning="cannot / no"}
+
+:::
+
+## Saying Yes
+
+| Response | When to Use |
+|----------|-------------|
+| ใช่ครับ/ค่ะ | Confirming something is correct |
+| ครับ/ค่ะ | Acknowledging, "yes, I understand" |
+| ได้ครับ/ค่ะ | "Yes, I can" / "Okay" |
+| โอเคครับ/ค่ะ | "Okay" (informal) |
+
+## Saying No (Politely)
+
+| Response | When to Use |
+|----------|-------------|
+| ไม่ใช่ครับ/ค่ะ | "No, that's not correct" |
+| ไม่ครับ/ค่ะ | Simple "no" |
+| ไม่ได้ครับ/ค่ะ | "I can't" / "It's not possible" |
+| ไม่เอาครับ/ค่ะ | "I don't want it" |
+| ไม่เป็นไร | "It's okay" / "No problem" |
+
+## Thanks & Apologies
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="thai-thanks-sorry" title="Thanks and Apologies"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="khob-khun" word="ขอบคุณ" pronunciation="khɔ̀ɔp-khun" meaning="thank you"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="khob-khun-maak" word="ขอบคุณมาก" pronunciation="khɔ̀ɔp-khun mâak" meaning="thank you very much"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="khor-thot" word="ขอโทษ" pronunciation="khɔ̌ɔ-thôot" meaning="sorry / excuse me"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mai-pen-rai" word="ไม่เป็นไร" pronunciation="mâi bpen rai" meaning="no problem / you're welcome"}
+
+:::
+
+## Using ขอโทษ
+
+ขอโทษ works for both "excuse me" and "I'm sorry":
+
+| Situation | Usage |
+|-----------|-------|
+| Getting attention | ขอโทษครับ (Excuse me...) |
+| Apologizing | ขอโทษครับ ผมมาสาย (Sorry, I'm late) |
+| Passing by | ขอโทษครับ (Excuse me, coming through) |
+
+## Responding to Thanks
+
+| Response | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| ไม่เป็นไร | No problem / You're welcome |
+| ยินดี | My pleasure |
+| ด้วยความยินดี | With pleasure (formal) |
+
+## Common Exchanges
+
+**At a restaurant:**
+- คุณ: ขอเมนูหน่อยครับ (May I have a menu?)
+- พนักงาน: ได้ค่ะ (Yes, of course)
+- คุณ: ขอบคุณครับ (Thank you)
+- พนักงาน: ไม่เป็นไรค่ะ (You're welcome)
+
+**Asking for help:**
+- คุณ: ขอโทษครับ ช่วยบอกทางหน่อยได้ไหมครับ (Excuse me, could you give me directions?)
+- คนไทย: ได้ครับ (Sure)
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **ขอ for polite requests**: "May I have..."
+2. **หน่อย softens**: Add to any request
+3. **ได้ means "can/okay"**: Use for agreeing
+4. **ไม่เป็นไร is versatile**: No problem, you're welcome, it's okay
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="requests-1-polite-forms" type="matching" title="Polite Request Forms" skill="polite-register" objectiveId="obj-requests-ask-politely"}
+
+**Question:** Match each request form to its level of politeness
+
+- ขอน้ำหน่อย
+- เอาน้ำ
+- ช่วยให้น้ำหน่อย
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ขอน้ำหน่อย → Most polite ("May I have some water, please?")
+- เอาน้ำ → Direct but acceptable ("I'll have water")
+- ช่วยให้น้ำหน่อย → Asking for help ("Could you give me water, please?")
+
+**Explanation:** ขอ is the most polite form for requesting things. เอา is more direct. ช่วย is for asking someone to do something for you. Adding หน่อย makes any request softer.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="requests-1-yes-no-forms" type="fill-in-blank" title="Yes and No Forms" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-requests-yes-no"}
+
+**Question:** When do you use each form of "yes" and "no"?
+
+- ใช่ (châi)
+- ได้ (dâi)
+- ไม่ใช่ (mâi châi)
+- ไม่ได้ (mâi dâi)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ใช่ → "Yes, that's correct" (confirming truth)
+- ได้ → "Yes, I can" / "Okay" (ability/agreement)
+- ไม่ใช่ → "No, that's not correct" (denying truth)
+- ไม่ได้ → "No, I can't" / "It's not possible" (denying ability)
+
+**Explanation:** ใช่/ไม่ใช่ are for confirming or denying correctness. ได้/ไม่ได้ are for ability or permission. Choose based on what you're responding to.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="requests-1-thanks-apology" type="multiple-choice" title="Thanks and Apologies" skill="situational-response" objectiveId="obj-requests-thanks-apologies"}
+
+**Question:** When should you use ขอโทษ (khɔ̌ɔ-thôot)?
+
+**Options:**
+- Only when apologizing
+- Only when getting attention
+- Both for "excuse me" and "I'm sorry"
+- Never use it
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** ขอโทษ is versatile — use it to get someone's attention ("Excuse me") or to apologize ("I'm sorry"). Context determines the meaning. It's always polite and appropriate.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 5, you'll learn to express feelings and opinions — likes, dislikes, and emotions.