passagemath-schemes 10.6.40__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/local_comp/smoothchar.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1825 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.libs.pari sage.rings.number_field
+r"""
+Smooth characters of `p`-adic fields
+
+Let `F` be a finite extension of `\QQ_p`. Then we may consider the group of
+smooth (i.e. locally constant) group homomorphisms `F^\times \to L^\times`, for
+`L` any field. Such characters are important since they can be used to
+parametrise smooth representations of `\mathrm{GL}_2(\QQ_p)`, which arise as
+the local components of modular forms.
+
+This module contains classes to represent such characters when `F` is `\QQ_p`
+or a quadratic extension. In the latter case, we choose a quadratic extension
+`K` of `\QQ` whose completion at `p` is `F`, and use Sage's wrappers of the
+Pari :pari:`idealstar` and :pari:`ideallog` methods to work in the finite group
+`\mathcal{O}_K / p^c` for `c \ge 0`.
+
+An example with characters of `\QQ_7`::
+
+    sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+    sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(42)
+    sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, K)
+    sage: G.unit_gens(2), G.exponents(2)
+    ([3, 7], [42, 0])
+
+The output of the last line means that the group `\QQ_7^\times / (1 + 7^2
+\ZZ_7)` is isomorphic to `C_{42} \times \ZZ`, with the two factors being
+generated by `3` and `7` respectively. We create a character by specifying the
+images of these generators::
+
+    sage: chi = G.character(2, [z^5, 11 + z]); chi
+    Character of Q_7*, of level 2, mapping 3 |--> z^5, 7 |--> z + 11
+    sage: chi(4)
+    z^8
+    sage: chi(42)
+    z^10 + 11*z^9
+
+Characters are themselves group elements, and basic arithmetic on them works::
+
+    sage: chi**3
+    Character of Q_7*, of level 2, mapping 3 |--> z^8 - z, 7 |--> z^3 + 33*z^2 + 363*z + 1331
+    sage: chi.multiplicative_order()
+    +Infinity
+"""
+
+import operator
+
+from sage.arith.functions import lcm
+from sage.arith.misc import crt
+from sage.categories.groups import Groups
+from sage.categories.rings import Rings
+from sage.misc.abstract_method import abstract_method
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.misc.mrange import xmrange
+from sage.misc.verbose import verbose
+from sage.modular.dirichlet import DirichletGroup
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import Zmod
+from sage.rings.infinity import Infinity
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.structure.element import MultiplicativeGroupElement, parent
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp_not_equal, richcmp
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
+
+lazy_import('sage.rings.finite_rings.conway_polynomials', 'conway_polynomial')
+lazy_import('sage.rings.number_field.number_field', 'NumberField')
+
+
+class SmoothCharacterGeneric(MultiplicativeGroupElement):
+    r"""
+    A smooth (i.e. locally constant) character of `F^\times`, for `F` some
+    finite extension of `\QQ_p`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, c, values_on_gens):
+        r"""
+        Standard init function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ)
+            sage: G.character(0, [17]) # indirect doctest
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 0, mapping 2 |--> 17
+            sage: G.character(1, [1, 17]) # indirect doctest
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 0, mapping 2 |--> 17
+            sage: G.character(2, [1, -1, 1, 17]) # indirect doctest
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 2, mapping s |--> 1, 2*s + 1 |--> -1, -1 |--> 1, 2 |--> 17
+            sage: G.character(2, [1, 1, 1, 17]) # indirect doctest
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 0, mapping 2 |--> 17
+        """
+        MultiplicativeGroupElement.__init__(self, parent)
+        self._c = c
+        self._values_on_gens = Sequence(values_on_gens, universe=self.base_ring(), immutable=True)
+        self._check_level()
+
+    def _check_level(self):
+        r"""
+        Check that this character has the level it claims to have, and if not,
+        decrement the level appropriately. This is called by :meth:`__init__`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, QQ).character(5, [-1, 7]) # indirect doctest
+            Character of Q_5*, of level 1, mapping 2 |--> -1, 5 |--> 7
+        """
+        if self.level() == 0:
+            return
+        v = self.parent().subgroup_gens(self.level())
+        if all(self(x) == 1 for x in v):
+            new_gens = self.parent().unit_gens(self.level() - 1)
+            new_values = [self(x) for x in new_gens]
+            self._values_on_gens = Sequence(new_values, universe=self.base_ring(), immutable=True)
+            self._c = self._c - 1
+            self._check_level()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: chi = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, QQ).character(5, [-1, 7])
+            sage: D = {chi: 7}; D[chi] # indirect doctest
+            7
+        """
+        return hash( (self._c, self._values_on_gens) )
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        Note that this only gets called when the
+        parents of ``self`` and ``other`` are identical.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- another smooth character
+
+        - ``op`` -- a comparison operator (see :mod:`sage.structure.richcmp`)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp, SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, Zmod(3)).character(1, [2, 1]) == SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, ZZ).character(1, [-1, 1])
+            True
+            sage: chi1 = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ).character(0, [1])
+            sage: chi2 = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ).character(0, [1])
+            sage: chi1 == chi2
+            False
+            sage: chi2.parent()(chi1) == chi2
+            True
+            sage: chi1 == loads(dumps(chi1))
+            True
+        """
+        lx = self.level()
+        rx = other.level()
+        if lx != rx:
+            return richcmp_not_equal(lx, rx, op)
+
+        return richcmp(self._values_on_gens, other._values_on_gens, op)
+
+    def multiplicative_order(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the order of this character as an element of the character group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(42)
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, K)
+            sage: G.character(3, [z^10 - z^3, 11]).multiplicative_order()
+            +Infinity
+            sage: G.character(3, [z^10 - z^3, 1]).multiplicative_order()
+            42
+            sage: G.character(1, [z^7, z^14]).multiplicative_order()
+            6
+            sage: G.character(0, [1]).multiplicative_order()
+            1
+        """
+        if self._values_on_gens[-1].multiplicative_order() == Infinity:
+            return Infinity
+        else:
+            return lcm([x.multiplicative_order() for x in self._values_on_gens])
+
+    def level(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the level of this character, i.e. the smallest integer `c \ge 0`
+        such that it is trivial on `1 + \mathfrak{p}^c`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ).character(2, [-1, 1]).level()
+            1
+        """
+        return self._c
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate the character at ``x``, which should be a nonzero element of
+        the number field of the parent group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(42)
+            sage: chi = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, K).character(3, [z^10 - z^3, 11])
+            sage: [chi(x) for x in [1, 2, 3, 9, 21, 1/12345678]]
+            [1, -z, z^10 - z^3, -z^11 - z^10 + z^8 + z^7 - z^6 - z^5 + z^3 + z^2 - 1, 11*z^10 - 11*z^3, z^7 - 1]
+
+        Non-examples::
+
+            sage: chi(QuadraticField(-1,'i').gen())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I to Rational Field
+            sage: chi(0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: cannot evaluate at zero
+            sage: chi(Mod(1, 12))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Ring of integers modulo 12 to Rational Field
+
+        Some examples with an unramified quadratic extension, where the choice
+        of generators is arbitrary (but deterministic)::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(30)
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(5, K)
+            sage: chi = G.character(2, [z**5, z**(-6), z**6, 3]); chi
+            Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 2, mapping 11*s - 10 |--> z^5, 6 |--> -z^7 - z^6 + z^3 + z^2 - 1, 5*s + 1 |--> z^6, 5 |--> 3
+            sage: chi(G.unit_gens(2)[0]**7 / G.unit_gens(2)[1]/5)
+            1/3*z^6 - 1/3*z
+            sage: chi(2)
+            -z^3
+        """
+        v = self.parent().discrete_log(self.level(), x)
+        return prod([self._values_on_gens[i] ** v[i] for i in range(len(v))])
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of this character.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(20)
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, K).character(2, [z, z+1])._repr_()
+            'Character of Q_5*, of level 2, mapping 2 |--> z, 5 |--> z + 1'
+
+        Examples over field extensions::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(15)
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(5, K).character(2, [z**5, z**3, 1, z+1])._repr_()
+            'Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 2, mapping 11*s - 10 |--> z^5, 6 |--> z^3, 5*s + 1 |--> 1, 5 |--> z + 1'
+        """
+        gens = self.parent().unit_gens(self.level())
+        mapst = ", ".join( str(gens[i]) + ' |--> ' + str(self._values_on_gens[i]) for i in range(len(gens)) )
+        return "Character of %s, of level %s, mapping %s" % (self.parent()._field_name(), self.level(), mapst)
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Product of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(20)
+            sage: chi1 = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, K).character(2, [z, z+1])
+            sage: chi2 = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, K).character(2, [z^4, 3])
+            sage: chi1 * chi2 # indirect doctest
+            Character of Q_5*, of level 1, mapping 2 |--> z^5, 5 |--> 3*z + 3
+            sage: chi2 * chi1 # indirect doctest
+            Character of Q_5*, of level 1, mapping 2 |--> z^5, 5 |--> 3*z + 3
+            sage: chi1 *  SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, QQ).character(2, [-1, 7]) # indirect doctest
+            Character of Q_5*, of level 2, mapping 2 |--> -z, 5 |--> 7*z + 7
+        """
+        if other.level() > self.level():
+            return other * self
+        return self.parent().character(self.level(), [self(x) * other(x) for x in self.parent().unit_gens(self.level())])
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Multiplicative inverse of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(12)
+            sage: chi = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, K).character(4, [z**4, z**3, z**9, -1, 7]); chi
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 4, mapping s |--> z^2 - 1, 2*s + 1 |--> z^3, 4*s + 1 |--> -z^3, -1 |--> -1, 2 |--> 7
+            sage: chi**(-1) # indirect doctest
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 4, mapping s |--> -z^2, 2*s + 1 |--> -z^3, 4*s + 1 |--> z^3, -1 |--> -1, 2 |--> 1/7
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).character(0, [7]) / chi # indirect doctest
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 4, mapping s |--> -z^2, 2*s + 1 |--> -z^3, 4*s + 1 |--> z^3, -1 |--> -1, 2 |--> 1
+        """
+        return self.parent().character(self.level(), [~self(x) for x in self.parent().unit_gens(self.level())])
+
+    def restrict_to_Qp(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of this character to `\QQ_p^\times`, embedded as
+        a subfield of `F^\times`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(3, 0, QQ).character(0, [2]).restrict_to_Qp()
+            Character of Q_3*, of level 0, mapping 3 |--> 4
+        """
+        G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(self.parent().prime(), self.base_ring())
+        ugs = G.unit_gens(self.level())
+        return G.character(self.level(), [self(x) for x in ugs])
+
+    def galois_conjugate(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the composite of this character with the order `2` automorphism of
+        `K / \QQ_p` (assuming `K` is quadratic).
+
+        Note that this is the Galois operation on the *domain*, not on the
+        *codomain*.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: K.<w> = CyclotomicField(3)
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, K)
+            sage: chi = G.character(2, [w, -1,-1, 3*w])
+            sage: chi2 = chi.galois_conjugate(); chi2
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 2, mapping s |--> -w - 1, 2*s + 1 |--> 1, -1 |--> -1, 2 |--> 3*w
+
+            sage: chi.restrict_to_Qp() == chi2.restrict_to_Qp()
+            True
+            sage: chi * chi2 == chi.parent().compose_with_norm(chi.restrict_to_Qp())
+            True
+        """
+        K, s = self.parent().number_field().objgen()
+        if K.absolute_degree() != 2:
+            raise ValueError("Character must be defined on a quadratic extension")
+        sigs = K.embeddings(K)
+        sig = [x for x in sigs if x(s) != s][0]
+        return self.parent().character(self.level(), [self(sig(x)) for x in self.parent().unit_gens(self.level())])
+
+
+class SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(Parent):
+    r"""
+    The group of smooth (i.e. locally constant) characters of a `p`-adic field,
+    with values in some ring `R`. This is an abstract base class and should not
+    be instantiated directly.
+    """
+
+    Element = SmoothCharacterGeneric
+
+    def __init__(self, p, base_ring):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ)
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, "hello")
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: base ring (=hello) must be a ring
+        """
+        if base_ring not in Rings():
+            raise TypeError("base ring (=%s) must be a ring" % base_ring)
+        Parent.__init__(self, base=base_ring,
+                        category=Groups().Commutative())
+        if not (p in ZZ and ZZ(p).is_prime()):
+            raise ValueError("p (=%s) must be a prime integer" % p)
+        self._p = ZZ.coerce(p)
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element of this group from ``x`` (possibly noncanonically).
+        This only works if ``x`` is a character of a field containing the field of
+        ``self``, whose values lie in a field that can be converted into ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ)
+            sage: GK = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, K)
+            sage: chi = GK(G.character(0, [4])); chi # indirect doctest
+            Character of Q_3*, of level 0, mapping 3 |--> 4
+            sage: chi.parent() is GK
+            True
+            sage: G(GK.character(0, [7])) # indirect doctest
+            Character of Q_3*, of level 0, mapping 3 |--> 7
+            sage: G(GK.character(0, [i])) # indirect doctest
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert i to an element of Rational Field
+        """
+        if x == 1:
+            return self.character(0, [1])
+        P = parent(x)
+        if (isinstance(P, SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric)
+                and P.number_field().has_coerce_map_from(self.number_field())):
+            return self.character(x.level(), [x(v) for v in self.unit_gens(x.level())])
+        else:
+            raise TypeError
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ)
+            sage: G == SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ[I])
+            False
+            sage: G == 7
+            False
+            sage: G == SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ)
+            False
+            sage: G == SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ)
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric):
+            return False
+
+        return (self.prime() == other.prime() and
+                self.number_field() == other.number_field() and
+                self.base_ring() == other.base_ring())
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        Check whether ``self`` is not equal to ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ)
+            sage: G != SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ[I])
+            True
+            sage: G != 7
+            True
+            sage: G != SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ)
+            True
+            sage: G != SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ)
+            False
+        """
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return the hash of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ)
+            sage: hash(G) == hash(SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ[I]))
+            False
+            sage: hash(G) == hash(SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ))
+            False
+            sage: hash(G) == hash(SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ))
+            True
+        """
+        return hash((self.prime(), self.number_field(), self.base_ring()))
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if ``self`` has a canonical coerce map from ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ)
+            sage: GK = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, K)
+            sage: G.has_coerce_map_from(GK)
+            False
+            sage: GK.has_coerce_map_from(G)
+            True
+            sage: GK.coerce(G.character(0, [4]))
+            Character of Q_3*, of level 0, mapping 3 |--> 4
+            sage: G.coerce(GK.character(0, [4]))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Group of smooth characters of Q_3* with values in Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I to Group of smooth characters of Q_3* with values in Rational Field
+            sage: G.character(0, [4]) in GK # indirect doctest
+            True
+
+        The coercion framework handles base extension, so we test that too::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(3, QQ)
+            sage: G.character(0, [1]).base_extend(K)
+            Character of unramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 + 2*s + 2 = 0), of level 0, mapping 3 |--> 1
+        """
+        return (isinstance(other, SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric)
+                and other.number_field() == self.number_field()
+                and self.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(other.base_ring()))
+
+    def prime(self):
+        r"""
+        The residue characteristic of the underlying field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ).prime()
+            3
+        """
+        return self._p
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def change_ring(self, ring):
+        r"""
+        Return the character group of the same field, but with values in a
+        different coefficient ring. To be implemented by all derived classes
+        (since the generic base class can't know the parameters).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ).change_ring(ZZ)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method change_ring at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def base_extend(self, ring):
+        r"""
+        Return the character group of the same field, but with values in a new
+        coefficient ring into which the old coefficient ring coerces. An error
+        will be raised if there is no coercion map from the old coefficient
+        ring to the new one.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, QQ)
+            sage: G.base_extend(QQbar)
+            Group of smooth characters of Q_3* with values in Algebraic Field
+            sage: G.base_extend(Zmod(3))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Rational Field to Ring of integers modulo 3
+        """
+        if not ring.has_coerce_map_from(self.base_ring()):
+            ring.coerce(self.base_ring().an_element())
+            # this is here to flush out errors
+
+        return self.change_ring(ring)
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def _field_name(self):
+        r"""
+        A string representing the name of the `p`-adic field of which this is the
+        character group. To be overridden by derived subclasses.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ)._field_name()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method _field_name at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ)._repr_()
+            'Group of smooth characters of Q_7* with values in Rational Field'
+        """
+        return "Group of smooth characters of %s with values in %s" % (self._field_name(), self.base_ring())
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def ideal(self, level):
+        r"""
+        Return the ``level``-th power of the maximal ideal of the ring of
+        integers of the `p`-adic field. Since we approximate by using number
+        field arithmetic, what is actually returned is an ideal in a number
+        field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ).ideal(3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method ideal at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def unit_gens(self, level):
+        r"""
+        A list of generators `x_1, \dots, x_d` of the abelian group `F^\times /
+        (1 + \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times`, where `c` is the given level, satisfying
+        no relations other than `x_i^{n_i} = 1` for each `i` (where the
+        integers `n_i` are returned by :meth:`exponents`). We adopt the
+        convention that the final generator `x_d` is a uniformiser (and `n_d =
+        0`).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ).unit_gens(3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method unit_gens at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def exponents(self, level):
+        r"""
+        The orders `n_1, \dots, n_d` of the generators `x_i` of `F^\times / (1
+        + \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times` returned by :meth:`unit_gens`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ).exponents(3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method exponents at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def subgroup_gens(self, level):
+        r"""
+        A set of elements of `(\mathcal{O}_F / \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times`
+        generating the kernel of the reduction map to `(\mathcal{O}_F /
+        \mathfrak{p}^{c-1})^\times`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ).subgroup_gens(3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method subgroup_gens at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def discrete_log(self, level):
+        r"""
+        Given an element `x \in F^\times` (lying in the number field `K` of
+        which `F` is a completion, see module docstring), express the class of
+        `x` in terms of the generators of `F^\times / (1 +
+        \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times` returned by :meth:`unit_gens`.
+
+        This should be overridden by all derived classes. The method should
+        first attempt to canonically coerce `x` into ``self.number_field()``,
+        and check that the result is not zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric(3, QQ).discrete_log(3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method discrete_log at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def character(self, level, values_on_gens):
+        r"""
+        Return the unique character of the given level whose values on the
+        generators returned by ``self.unit_gens(level)`` are
+        ``values_on_gens``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``level`` -- integer an integer `\ge 0`
+        - ``values_on_gens`` -- sequence a sequence of elements of length equal
+          to the length of ``self.unit_gens(level)``. The values should be
+          convertible (that is, possibly noncanonically) into the base ring of self; they
+          should all be units, and all but the last must be roots of unity (of
+          the orders given by ``self.exponents(level)``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The character returned may have level less than ``level`` in general.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(42)
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, K)
+            sage: G.character(2, [z^6, 8])
+            Character of Q_7*, of level 2, mapping 3 |--> z^6, 7 |--> 8
+            sage: G.character(2, [z^7, 8])
+            Character of Q_7*, of level 1, mapping 3 |--> z^7, 7 |--> 8
+
+        Non-examples::
+
+            sage: G.character(1, [z, 1])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: value on generator 3 (=z) should be a root of unity of order 6
+            sage: G.character(1, [1, 0])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: value on uniformiser 7 (=0) should be a unit
+
+        An example with a funky coefficient ring::
+
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, Zmod(9))
+            sage: G.character(1, [2, 2])
+            Character of Q_7*, of level 1, mapping 3 |--> 2, 7 |--> 2
+            sage: G.character(1, [2, 3])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: value on uniformiser 7 (=3) should be a unit
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: G.character(1, [2])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            AssertionError: 2 images must be given
+        """
+        S = Sequence(values_on_gens, universe=self.base_ring(), immutable=True)
+        assert len(S) == len(self.unit_gens(level)), "{0} images must be given".format(len(self.unit_gens(level)))
+        n = self.exponents(level)
+        for i in range(len(S)):
+            if n[i] != 0 and not S[i]**n[i] == 1:
+                raise ValueError( "value on generator %s (=%s) should be a root of unity of order %s" % (self.unit_gens(level)[i], S[i], n[i]) )
+            elif n[i] == 0 and not S[i].is_unit():
+                raise ValueError( "value on uniformiser %s (=%s) should be a unit" % (self.unit_gens(level)[i], S[i]) )
+        return self.element_class(self, level, S)
+
+    def norm_character(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the normalised absolute value character in this group (mapping a
+        uniformiser to `1/q` where `q` is the order of the residue field).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp, SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, QQ).norm_character()
+            Character of Q_5*, of level 0, mapping 5 |--> 1/5
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).norm_character()
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 0, mapping 2 |--> 1/4
+        """
+        return self.character(0, [1/self.ideal(1).residue_field().cardinality()])
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an element of this group. Required by the coercion machinery.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(42)
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, K)
+            sage: G.an_element() # indirect doctest
+            Character of Q_7*, of level 0, mapping 7 |--> z
+        """
+        return self.character(0, [self.base_ring().an_element()])
+
+    def _test_unitgens(self, **options):
+        r"""
+        Test that the generators returned by ``unit_gens`` are consistent with
+        the exponents returned by ``exponents``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, Zmod(8))._test_unitgens()
+        """
+        T = self._tester(**options)
+        for c in range(6):
+            gens = self.unit_gens(c)
+            exps = self.exponents(c)
+            T.assertEqual(exps[-1], 0)
+            T.assertTrue(all(u != 0 for u in exps[:-1]))
+            T.assertTrue(all(u.parent() is self.number_field() for u in gens))
+
+            I = self.ideal(c)
+            for i in range(len(exps[:-1])):
+                g = gens[i]
+                for m in range(1, exps[i]):
+                    if (g - 1 in I):
+                        T.fail("For generator g=%s, g^%s = %s = 1 mod I, but order should be %s" % (gens[i], m, g, exps[i]))
+                    g = g * gens[i]
+                    # reduce g mod I
+                    if hasattr(I, "small_residue"):
+                        g = I.small_residue(g)
+                    else:  # I is an ideal of ZZ
+                        g = g % (I.gen())
+                if g - 1 not in I:
+                    T.fail("For generator g=%s, g^%s = %s, which is not 1 mod I" % (gens[i], exps[i], g))
+            I = self.prime() if self.number_field() == QQ else self.ideal(1)
+            T.assertEqual(gens[-1].valuation(I), 1)
+
+            # This implicitly tests that the gens really are gens!
+            self.discrete_log(c, -1)
+
+    def _test_subgroupgens(self, **options):
+        r"""
+        Test that the values returned by :meth:`~subgroup_gens` are valid.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(2, CC)._test_subgroupgens()
+        """
+        T = self._tester(**options)
+        for c in range(1, 6):
+            sgs = self.subgroup_gens(c)
+            I2 = self.ideal(c - 1)
+            T.assertTrue(all(x - 1 in I2 for x in sgs), "Kernel gens at level %s not in kernel!" % c)
+
+            # now find the exponent of the kernel
+
+            n1 = prod(self.exponents(c)[:-1])
+            n2 = prod(self.exponents(c - 1)[:-1])
+            n = n1 // n2
+            # if c > 1, n will be a prime here, so that logs below gets calculated correctly
+
+            logs = []
+            for idx in xmrange(len(sgs)*[n]):
+                y = prod( map(operator.pow, sgs, idx) )
+                L = tuple(self.discrete_log(c, y))
+                if L not in logs:
+                    logs.append(L)
+            T.assertEqual(n2 * len(logs), n1, "Kernel gens at level %s don't generate everything!" % c)
+
+    def compose_with_norm(self, chi):
+        r"""
+        Calculate the character of `K^\times` given by `\chi \circ \mathrm{Norm}_{K/\QQ_p}`.
+        Here `K` should be a quadratic extension and `\chi` a character of `\QQ_p^\times`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        When `K` is the unramified quadratic extension, the level of the new character is the same as the old::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp, SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic, SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: K.<w> = CyclotomicField(6)
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, K)
+            sage: chi = G.character(2, [w, 5])
+            sage: H = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(3, K)
+            sage: H.compose_with_norm(chi)
+            Character of unramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 + 2*s + 2 = 0), of level 2, mapping -2*s |--> -1, 4 |--> -w, 3*s + 1 |--> w - 1, 3 |--> 25
+
+        In ramified cases, the level of the new character may be larger:
+
+        .. link
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: H = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(3, 0, K)
+            sage: H.compose_with_norm(chi)
+            Character of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 3 = 0), of level 3, mapping 2 |--> w - 1, s + 1 |--> -w, s |--> -5
+
+        On the other hand, since norm is not surjective, the result can even be trivial:
+
+        .. link
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: chi = G.character(1, [-1, -1]); chi
+            Character of Q_3*, of level 1, mapping 2 |--> -1, 3 |--> -1
+            sage: H.compose_with_norm(chi)
+            Character of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 3 = 0), of level 0, mapping s |--> 1
+        """
+        if chi.parent().number_field() != QQ:
+            raise ValueError
+        if self.number_field().absolute_degree() != 2:
+            raise ValueError
+        n = chi.level()
+        P = chi.parent().prime() ** n
+        m = self.number_field()(P).valuation(self.ideal(1))
+        return self.character(m, [chi(x.norm(QQ)) for x in self.unit_gens(m)])
+
+
+class SmoothCharacterGroupQp(SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric):
+    r"""
+    The group of smooth characters of `\QQ_p^\times`, with values in some fixed
+    base ring.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+        sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ); G
+        Group of smooth characters of Q_7* with values in Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(G).run()
+        sage: G == loads(dumps(G))
+        True
+    """
+    def unit_gens(self, level):
+        r"""
+        Return a set of generators `x_1, \dots, x_d` for `\QQ_p^\times / (1 +
+        p^c \ZZ_p)^\times`. These must be independent in the sense that there
+        are no relations between them other than relations of the form
+        `x_i^{n_i} = 1`. They need not, however, be in Smith normal form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ).unit_gens(3)
+            [3, 7]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(2, QQ).unit_gens(4)
+            [15, 5, 2]
+        """
+        if level == 0:
+            return [QQ(self.prime())]
+        else:
+            return [QQ(x) for x in Zmod(self.prime()**level).unit_gens()] + [QQ(self.prime())]
+
+    def exponents(self, level):
+        r"""
+        Return the exponents of the generators returned by :meth:`unit_gens`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ).exponents(3)
+            [294, 0]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(2, QQ).exponents(4)
+            [2, 4, 0]
+        """
+        if level == 0:
+            return [0]
+        return [x.multiplicative_order() for x in Zmod(self.prime()**level).unit_gens()] + [0]
+
+    def change_ring(self, ring):
+        r"""
+        Return the group of characters of the same field but with values in a
+        different ring. This need not have anything to do with the original
+        base ring, and in particular there won't generally be a coercion map
+        from ``self`` to the new group -- use
+        :meth:`~SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric.base_extend` if you want this.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, Zmod(3)).change_ring(CC)
+            Group of smooth characters of Q_7* with values in Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+        """
+        return SmoothCharacterGroupQp(self.prime(), ring)
+
+    def number_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the number field used for calculations (a dense subfield of the
+        local field of which this is the character group). In this case, this
+        is always the rational field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, Zmod(3)).number_field()
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        return QQ
+
+    def ideal(self, level):
+        r"""
+        Return the ``level``-th power of the maximal ideal. Since we
+        approximate by using rational arithmetic, what is actually returned is
+        an ideal of `\ZZ`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, Zmod(3)).ideal(2)
+            Principal ideal (49) of Integer Ring
+        """
+        return ZZ.ideal(self.prime() ** level)
+
+    def _field_name(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of the field unit group of which this is
+        the character group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, Zmod(3))._field_name()
+            'Q_7*'
+        """
+        return "Q_%s*" % self.prime()
+
+    def discrete_log(self, level, x):
+        r"""
+        Express the class of `x` in `\QQ_p^\times / (1 + p^c)^\times` in terms
+        of the generators returned by :meth:`unit_gens`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ)
+            sage: G.discrete_log(0, 14)
+            [1]
+            sage: G.discrete_log(1, 14)
+            [2, 1]
+            sage: G.discrete_log(5, 14)
+            [9308, 1]
+        """
+        x = self.number_field().coerce(x)
+        if x == 0:
+            raise ValueError( "cannot evaluate at zero" )
+        s = x.valuation(self.prime())
+        return Zmod(self.prime()**level)(x / self.prime()**s).generalised_log() + [s]
+
+    def subgroup_gens(self, level):
+        r"""
+        Return a list of generators for the kernel of the map `(\ZZ_p / p^c)^\times
+        \to (\ZZ_p / p^{c-1})^\times`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``c`` -- integer `\ge 1`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ)
+            sage: G.subgroup_gens(1)
+            [3]
+            sage: G.subgroup_gens(2)
+            [8]
+
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(2, QQ)
+            sage: G.subgroup_gens(1)
+            []
+            sage: G.subgroup_gens(2)
+            [3]
+            sage: G.subgroup_gens(3)
+            [5]
+        """
+        if level == 0:
+            raise ValueError
+        elif level == 1:
+            return self.unit_gens(level)[:-1]
+        else:
+            return [1 + self.prime()**(level - 1)]
+
+    def from_dirichlet(self, chi):
+        r"""
+        Given a Dirichlet character `\chi`, return the factor at p of the
+        adelic character `\phi` which satisfies `\phi(\varpi_\ell) =
+        \chi(\ell)` for almost all `\ell`, where `\varpi_\ell` is a uniformizer
+        at `\ell`.
+
+        More concretely, if we write `\chi = \chi_p \chi_M` as a product of
+        characters of p-power, resp prime-to-p, conductor, then this function
+        returns the character of `\QQ_p^\times` sending `p` to `\chi_M(p)` and
+        agreeing with `\chi_p^{-1}` on integers that are 1 modulo M and coprime
+        to `p`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(3, CyclotomicField(6))
+            sage: G.from_dirichlet(DirichletGroup(9).0)
+            Character of Q_3*, of level 2, mapping 2 |--> -zeta6 + 1, 3 |--> 1
+        """
+        p = self.prime()
+        chi = chi.primitive_character()
+        c = chi.level().valuation(p)
+        M = chi.level().prime_to_m_part(p)
+        return self.character(chi.conductor().valuation(p), [~chi(crt(1, x, M, p**c)) for x in self.unit_gens(c)[:-1]] + [chi(crt(p, 1, M, p**c))])
+
+    def quadratic_chars(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a list of the (non-trivial) quadratic characters in this group.
+        This will be a list of 3 characters, unless `p = 2` when there are 7.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(7, QQ).quadratic_chars()
+            [Character of Q_7*, of level 0, mapping 7 |--> -1,
+             Character of Q_7*, of level 1, mapping 3 |--> -1, 7 |--> -1,
+             Character of Q_7*, of level 1, mapping 3 |--> -1, 7 |--> 1]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupQp(2, QQ).quadratic_chars()
+            [Character of Q_2*, of level 0, mapping 2 |--> -1,
+             Character of Q_2*, of level 2, mapping 3 |--> -1, 2 |--> -1,
+             Character of Q_2*, of level 2, mapping 3 |--> -1, 2 |--> 1,
+             Character of Q_2*, of level 3, mapping 7 |--> -1, 5 |--> -1, 2 |--> -1,
+             Character of Q_2*, of level 3, mapping 7 |--> -1, 5 |--> -1, 2 |--> 1,
+             Character of Q_2*, of level 3, mapping 7 |--> 1, 5 |--> -1, 2 |--> -1,
+             Character of Q_2*, of level 3, mapping 7 |--> 1, 5 |--> -1, 2 |--> 1]
+        """
+        if self.prime() == 2:
+            q = 3
+        else:
+            q = 1
+        ram = [self.from_dirichlet(chi) for chi in DirichletGroup(self.prime() ** q, QQ) if not chi.is_trivial()]
+        nr = self.character(0, [-1])
+        return sorted([nr] + list(ram) + [f*nr for f in ram])
+
+
+class SmoothCharacterGroupQuadratic(SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric):
+    r"""
+    The group of smooth characters of `E^\times`, where `E` is a quadratic extension of `\QQ_p`.
+    """
+
+    def discrete_log(self, level, x, gens=None):
+        r"""
+        Express the class of `x` in `F^\times / (1 + \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times` in
+        terms of the generators returned by ``self.unit_gens(level)``, or a
+        custom set of generators if given.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ)
+            sage: G.discrete_log(0, 12)
+            [2]
+            sage: G.discrete_log(1, 12)
+            [0, 2]
+            sage: v = G.discrete_log(5, 12); v
+            [0, 2, 0, 1, 2]
+            sage: g = G.unit_gens(5); prod([g[i]**v[i] for i in [0..4]])/12 - 1 in G.ideal(5)
+            True
+            sage: G.discrete_log(3,G.number_field()([1,1]))
+            [2, 0, 0, 1, 0]
+            sage: H = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(5, QQ)
+            sage: x = H.number_field()([1,1]); x
+            s + 1
+            sage: v = H.discrete_log(5, x); v
+            [22, 263, 379, 0]
+            sage: h = H.unit_gens(5); prod([h[i]**v[i] for i in [0..3]])/x - 1 in H.ideal(5)
+            True
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(3, 1, QQ)
+            sage: s = G.number_field().gen()
+            sage: dl = G.discrete_log(4, 3 + 2*s)
+            sage: gs = G.unit_gens(4); gs[0]^dl[0] * gs[1]^dl[1] * gs[2]^dl[2] * gs[3]^dl[3] - (3 + 2*s) in G.ideal(4)
+            True
+
+        An example with a custom generating set::
+
+            sage: G.discrete_log(2, s+3, gens=[s, s+1, 2])
+            [1, 2, 0]
+        """
+        x = self.number_field().coerce(x)
+        if x == 0:
+            raise ValueError( "cannot evaluate at zero" )
+        if gens is None:
+            n1 = x.valuation(self.ideal(1))
+            x1 = x / self.unit_gens(0)[-1] ** n1
+            if level == 0:
+                return [n1]
+            else:
+                return self.ideal(level).ideallog(x1, self.unit_gens(level)[:-1]) + [n1]
+        else:
+            P = self.ideal(1)
+            I = self.ideal(level)
+            gens = [self.number_field().coerce(g) for g in gens]
+            i = min(i for i in range(len(gens)) if gens[i].valuation(P) == 1) # lazy!
+            pi = gens[i]
+            genvals = []
+            genunits = []
+            for g in gens:
+                genvals.append(g.valuation(P))
+                gu = g / pi**genvals[-1]
+                gu *= gu.denominator_ideal().element_1_mod(I)
+                genunits.append(I.reduce(gu))
+            xunit = x / pi**x.valuation(P)
+            xunit = I.reduce(xunit * xunit.denominator_ideal().element_1_mod(I))
+            verbose("computing log of %s in basis %s" % (xunit, genunits), level=1)
+            dl = I.ideallog(xunit, genunits)
+            pi_term = x.valuation(P) - sum(dl[j] * genvals[j] for j in range(len(gens)))
+            dl[i] += pi_term
+            X = prod(gens[j] ** dl[j] for j in range(len(gens)))
+            assert (X/x - 1).valuation(P) >= level
+            return dl
+
+    @cached_method
+    def quotient_gens(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return a list of elements of `E` which are a generating set for the
+        quotient `E^\times / \QQ_p^\times`, consisting of elements which are
+        "minimal" in the sense of [LW12].
+
+        In the examples we implement here, this quotient is almost always
+        cyclic: the exceptions are the unramified quadratic extension of
+        `\QQ_2` for `n \ge 3`, and the extension `\QQ_3(\sqrt{-3})` for `n \ge
+        4`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7,QQ)
+            sage: G.quotient_gens(1)
+            [2*s - 2]
+            sage: G.quotient_gens(2)
+            [15*s + 21]
+            sage: G.quotient_gens(3)
+            [-75*s + 33]
+
+        A ramified case::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(7, 0, QQ)
+            sage: G.quotient_gens(3)
+            [22*s + 21]
+
+        An example where the quotient group is not cyclic::
+
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2,QQ)
+            sage: G.quotient_gens(1)
+            [s + 1]
+            sage: G.quotient_gens(2)
+            [-s + 2]
+            sage: G.quotient_gens(3)
+            [-17*s - 14, 3*s - 2]
+        """
+
+        # silly special case
+        if n == 0:
+            if self.ideal(1).norm().is_prime():
+                return [self.unit_gens(0), [2]]
+            else:
+                return [[], []]
+
+        p = self.prime()
+        I = self.ideal(n)
+        gs = self.unit_gens(n)
+        es = self.exponents(n)
+        d = len(es)
+
+        A = ZZ**d
+        R = [A.gen(i)*es[i] for i in range(d)]
+        r = I.smallest_integer()
+        S = [self.discrete_log(n, ZZ(s)) for s in Zmod(r).unit_gens() + (p,)]
+        Q = A / A.span(R + S)
+        t = None
+        qgs = []
+        for v in Q.gens():
+            # choose a "nice" representative
+            vv = v.lift()
+            if vv[-1] < 0:
+                vv *= -1
+            while vv[-1] not in [0, 1]:
+                if t is None:
+                    t = self.discrete_log(n, p)
+                vv = [vv[i] - t[i] for i in range(d)]
+            assert (Q(A(vv)) == v or Q(A(vv)) == -v)
+            qgs.append( I.reduce(prod(gs[i] ** (vv[i] % es[i]) for i in range(d-1))) * gs[-1]**vv[-1] )
+
+        if len(qgs) == 2:
+            x, y = qgs
+            return [x * y, y]
+        else:
+            return qgs
+
+    def _reduce_Qp(self, level, x):
+        r"""
+        Utility function: given an element `x` of the number field of self,
+        return an element of `\QQ_p^\times` which is congruent to `x` modulo a
+        given power of the maximal ideal. An error will be raised if no such
+        element exists.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ)
+            sage: s = G.number_field().gen()
+            sage: G._reduce_Qp(3, -2520*s-1007)
+            9
+            sage: G._reduce_Qp(3, s)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: s not congruent mod Fractional ideal (8) to an elt of Qp
+        """
+        p = self.prime()
+        r = ZZ(x.norm().valuation(p) / 2)
+        y = x / p**r
+        if p == 2 and y.trace().valuation(2) < 1:
+            raise ValueError("%s not congruent mod %s to an elt of Qp" % (x, self.ideal(level)))
+        Y = (y.trace() / 2) % self.ideal(level).smallest_integer()
+        X = p**r * Y
+        if not (X/x - 1).valuation(self.ideal(1)) >= level:
+            if p != 2:
+                raise ValueError("%s not congruent mod %s to an elt of Qp" % (x, self.ideal(level)))
+            else:
+                X += ZZ(2)**(r + level - 1)
+                if not (X/x - 1).valuation(self.ideal(1)) >= level:
+                    raise ValueError("%s not congruent mod %s to an elt of Qp" % (x, self.ideal(level)))
+        return X
+
+    def extend_character(self, level, chi, vals, check=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the unique character of `F^\times` which coincides with `\chi`
+        on `\QQ_p^\times` and maps the generators of the quotient returned by
+        :meth:`quotient_gens` to ``vals``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chi`` -- a smooth character of `\QQ_p`, where `p` is the residue
+          characteristic of `F`, with values in the base ring of ``self`` (or some
+          other ring coercible to it)
+        - ``level`` -- the level of the new character (which should be at least
+          the level of ``chi``)
+        - ``vals`` -- a list of elements of the base ring of ``self`` (or some other
+          ring coercible to it), specifying values on the quotients returned by
+          :meth:`quotient_gens`
+
+        A :exc:`ValueError` will be raised if `x^t \ne \chi(\alpha^t)`, where `t`
+        is the smallest integer such that `\alpha^t` is congruent modulo
+        `p^{\rm level}` to an element of `\QQ_p`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We extend an unramified character of `\QQ_3^\times` to the unramified
+        quadratic extension in various ways.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupQp, SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: chi = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, QQ).character(0, [7]); chi
+            Character of Q_5*, of level 0, mapping 5 |--> 7
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(5, QQ)
+            sage: G.extend_character(1, chi, [-1])
+            Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> -1, 5 |--> 7
+            sage: G.extend_character(2, chi, [-1])
+            Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> -1, 5 |--> 7
+            sage: G.extend_character(3, chi, [1])
+            Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 0, mapping 5 |--> 7
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(6); G.base_extend(K).extend_character(1, chi, [z])
+            Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> -z + 1, 5 |--> 7
+
+        We extend the nontrivial quadratic character::
+
+            sage: chi = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(5, QQ).character(1, [-1, 7])
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(24); G.base_extend(K).extend_character(1, chi, [z^6])
+            Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> -z^6, 5 |--> 7
+
+        Extensions of higher level::
+
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(20); rho = G.base_extend(K).extend_character(2, chi, [z]); rho
+            Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 2, mapping 11*s - 10 |--> z^5, 6 |--> 1, 5*s + 1 |--> z^4, 5 |--> 7
+            sage: rho(3)
+            -1
+
+        Examples where it doesn't work::
+
+            sage: G.extend_character(1, chi, [1])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Invalid values for extension
+
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(2, QQ); H = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ)
+            sage: chi = G.character(3, [1, -1, 7])
+            sage: H.extend_character(2, chi, [-1])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Level of extended character cannot be smaller than level of character of Qp
+        """
+        chi = chi.base_extend(self.base_ring())
+
+        qs = self.quotient_gens(level)
+        assert len(vals) == len(qs)
+
+        # initial sanity checks
+        r = self.ideal(level).smallest_integer().valuation(self.prime())
+        if chi.level() > r:
+            raise ValueError("Level of extended character cannot be smaller than level of character of Qp")
+
+        # now do the calculation
+        standard_gens = self.unit_gens(level)
+        values_on_standard_gens = []
+
+        custom_gens = qs + chi.parent().unit_gens(r)
+        values_on_custom_gens = vals + [chi(x) for x in chi.parent().unit_gens(r)]
+        verbose("want to send %s to %s" % (custom_gens, values_on_custom_gens), level=1)
+
+        for x in standard_gens:
+            d = self.discrete_log(level, x, custom_gens)
+            chix = prod(values_on_custom_gens[i]**d[i] for i in range(len(d)))
+            values_on_standard_gens.append(chix)
+
+        chiE = self.character(level, values_on_standard_gens)
+        if not all( chiE(qs[i]) == vals[i] for i in range(len(qs)) ) or chiE.restrict_to_Qp() != chi:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid values for extension")
+        return chiE
+
+
+class SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(SmoothCharacterGroupQuadratic):
+    r"""
+    The group of smooth characters of `\QQ_{p^2}^\times`, where `\QQ_{p^2}` is
+    the unique unramified quadratic extension of `\QQ_p`. We represent
+    `\QQ_{p^2}^\times` internally as the completion at the prime above `p` of a
+    quadratic number field, defined by (the obvious lift to `\ZZ` of) the
+    Conway polynomial modulo `p` of degree 2.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+        sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(3, QQ); G
+        Group of smooth characters of unramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 + 2*s + 2 = 0) with values in Rational Field
+        sage: G.unit_gens(3)
+        [-11*s, 4, 3*s + 1, 3]
+        sage: TestSuite(G).run()
+        sage: TestSuite(SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ)).run()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, prime, base_ring, names='s'):
+        r"""
+        Standard initialisation function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(3, QQ, 'foo'); G
+            Group of smooth characters of unramified extension Q_3(foo)* (foo^2 + 2*foo + 2 = 0) with values in Rational Field
+            sage: G == loads(dumps(G))
+            True
+        """
+        SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric.__init__(self, prime, base_ring)
+        self._name = names
+
+    def change_ring(self, ring):
+        r"""
+        Return the character group of the same field, but with values in a
+        different coefficient ring. This need not have anything to do with the
+        original base ring, and in particular there won't generally be a
+        coercion map from ``self`` to the new group -- use
+        :meth:`~SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric.base_extend` if you want this.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, Zmod(3), names='foo').change_ring(CC)
+            Group of smooth characters of unramified extension Q_7(foo)* (foo^2 + 6*foo + 3 = 0) with values in Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+        """
+        # We want to make sure that both G and the base-extended version have
+        # the same values in the cache.
+        from copy import copy
+        G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(self.prime(), ring, self._name)
+        try:
+            G._cache___ideal = copy(self._cache___ideal)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return G
+
+    def _field_name(self):
+        r"""
+        A string representing the unit group of which this is the character group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, Zmod(3), 'a')._field_name()
+            'unramified extension Q_7(a)* (a^2 + 6*a + 3 = 0)'
+        """
+        return "unramified extension Q_%s(%s)* (%s = 0)" % (self.prime(), self._name, self.number_field().polynomial().change_variable_name(self._name))
+
+    def number_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a number field of which this is the completion at `p`, defined by a polynomial
+        whose discriminant is not divisible by `p`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ, 'a').number_field()
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 6*x + 3
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(5, QQ, 'b').number_field()
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + 4*x + 2
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ, 'c').number_field()
+            Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^2 + x + 1
+        """
+        fbar = conway_polynomial(self.prime(), 2)
+        f = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x')([a.lift() for a in fbar])
+        return NumberField(f, self._name)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def ideal(self, c):
+        r"""
+        Return the ideal `p^c` of ``self.number_field()``. The result is
+        cached, since we use the methods
+        :meth:`~sage.rings.number_field.number_field_ideal.NumberFieldFractionalIdeal.idealstar` and
+        :meth:`~sage.rings.number_field.number_field_ideal.NumberFieldFractionalIdeal.ideallog` which
+        cache a Pari ``bid`` structure.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ, 'a'); I = G.ideal(3); I
+            Fractional ideal (343)
+            sage: I is G.ideal(3)
+            True
+        """
+        return self.number_field().ideal(self.prime()**c)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def unit_gens(self, c):
+        r"""
+        A list of generators `x_1, \dots, x_d` of the abelian group `F^\times /
+        (1 + \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times`, where `c` is the given level, satisfying
+        no relations other than `x_i^{n_i} = 1` for each `i` (where the
+        integers `n_i` are returned by :meth:`exponents`). We adopt the
+        convention that the final generator `x_d` is a uniformiser (and `n_d =
+        0`).
+
+        ALGORITHM: Use Teichmueller lifts.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ).unit_gens(0)
+            [7]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ).unit_gens(1)
+            [s, 7]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ).unit_gens(2)
+            [22*s, 8, 7*s + 1, 7]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ).unit_gens(3)
+            [169*s + 49, 8, 7*s + 1, 7]
+
+        In the 2-adic case there can be more than 4 generators::
+
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).unit_gens(0)
+            [2]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).unit_gens(1)
+            [s, 2]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).unit_gens(2)
+            [s, 2*s + 1, -1, 2]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).unit_gens(3)
+            [s, 2*s + 1, 4*s + 1, -1, 2]
+        """
+        # special cases
+
+        p = self.prime()
+        K = self.number_field()
+        a = K.gen()
+
+        if c == 0:
+            return [K(p)]
+        elif c == 1:
+            return [a, K(p)]
+        elif p == 2:
+            if c == 2:
+                return [a, 1 + 2*a, K(-1), K(2)]
+            else:
+                return [a, 1 + 2*a, 1 + 4*a, K(-1), K(2)]
+
+        # general case
+
+        b = a
+        I = self.ideal(c)
+
+        while b**(p**2 - 1) - 1 not in I:
+            b = I.reduce(b**(self.prime()**2))
+        return [b, K(1 + p), 1 + a*p, K(p)]
+
+    def exponents(self, c):
+        r"""
+        The orders `n_1, \dots, n_d` of the generators `x_i` of `F^\times / (1
+        + \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times` returned by :meth:`unit_gens`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ).exponents(2)
+            [48, 7, 7, 0]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).exponents(3)
+            [3, 4, 2, 2, 0]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).exponents(2)
+            [3, 2, 2, 0]
+        """
+        p = self.prime()
+        if c == 0:
+            return [0]
+        elif c == 1:
+            return [p**2 - 1, 0]
+        elif p == 2 and c >= 3:
+            return [p**2 - 1, p**(c-1), p**(c-2), 2, 0]
+        else:
+            return [p**2 - 1, p**(c-1), p**(c-1), 0]
+
+    def subgroup_gens(self, level):
+        r"""
+        A set of elements of `(\mathcal{O}_F / \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times`
+        generating the kernel of the reduction map to `(\mathcal{O}_F /
+        \mathfrak{p}^{c-1})^\times`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ).subgroup_gens(1)
+            [s]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(7, QQ).subgroup_gens(2)
+            [8, 7*s + 1]
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(2, QQ).subgroup_gens(2)
+            [3, 2*s + 1]
+        """
+        if level == 0:
+            raise ValueError
+        elif level == 1:
+            return self.unit_gens(level)[:-1]
+        else:
+            return [1 + self.prime()**(level - 1), 1 + self.prime()**(level - 1) * self.number_field().gen()]
+
+
+class SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(SmoothCharacterGroupQuadratic):
+    r"""
+    The group of smooth characters of `K^\times`, where `K` is a ramified
+    quadratic extension of `\QQ_p`, and `p \ne 2`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, prime, flag, base_ring, names='s'):
+        r"""
+        Standard initialisation function.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``prime`` -- prime integer
+        - ``flag`` -- either 0 or 1
+        - ``base_ring`` -- a ring
+        - ``names`` -- a variable name (default: ``'s'``)
+
+        If ``flag`` is 0, return the group of characters of the multiplicative
+        group of the field `\QQ_p(\sqrt{p})`. If ``flag`` is 1, use the
+        extension `\QQ_p(\sqrt{dp})`, where `d` is `-1` (if `p = 3 \pmod 4`) or
+        the smallest positive quadratic nonresidue mod `p` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G1 = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(3, 0, QQ); G1
+            Group of smooth characters of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 3 = 0) with values in Rational Field
+            sage: G2 = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(3, 1, QQ); G2
+            Group of smooth characters of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 6 = 0) with values in Rational Field
+            sage: G3 = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(5, 1, QQ); G3
+            Group of smooth characters of ramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 - 10 = 0) with values in Rational Field
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        .. link
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: TestSuite(G1).run()
+            sage: TestSuite(G2).run()
+            sage: TestSuite(G3).run()
+        """
+        prime = ZZ(prime)
+        if prime == 2:
+            raise NotImplementedError( "Wildly ramified extensions not supported" )
+        SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric.__init__(self, prime, base_ring)
+        self._name = names
+        if flag not in [0, 1]:
+            raise ValueError("Flag must be 0 (for Qp(sqrt(p)) ) or 1 (for the other ramified extension)")
+        self._flag = flag
+
+        # Find an integer a such that sqrt(a*p) generates the right field and ZZ(sqrt(a*p)) is integrally closed
+        for a in range(4 * prime):
+            if (not a % prime) or (not ZZ(a).is_squarefree()) or ((a * prime) % 4 == 1):
+                continue
+            if (flag == 0 and Zmod(prime)(a).is_square()) or \
+                (flag == 1 and not Zmod(prime)(a).is_square()):
+                self._unif_sqr = a * prime
+                break
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Can't get here")
+
+    def change_ring(self, ring):
+        r"""
+        Return the character group of the same field, but with values in a
+        different coefficient ring. This need not have anything to do with the
+        original base ring, and in particular there won't generally be a
+        coercion map from ``self`` to the new group -- use
+        :meth:`~SmoothCharacterGroupGeneric.base_extend` if you want this.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(7, 1, Zmod(3), names='foo').change_ring(CC)
+            Group of smooth characters of ramified extension Q_7(foo)* (foo^2 - 35 = 0) with values in Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+        """
+        return SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(self.prime(), self._flag, ring, self._name)
+
+    def _field_name(self):
+        r"""
+        A string representing the unit group of which this is the character group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(7, 0, Zmod(3), 'a')._field_name()
+            'ramified extension Q_7(a)* (a^2 - 7 = 0)'
+        """
+        return "ramified extension Q_%s(%s)* (%s = 0)" % (self.prime(), self._name, self.number_field().polynomial().change_variable_name(self._name))
+
+    def number_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a number field of which this is the completion at `p`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(7, 0, QQ, 'a').number_field()
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 7
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(5, 1, QQ, 'b').number_field()
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 10
+            sage: SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(7, 1, Zmod(6), 'c').number_field()
+            Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^2 - 35
+        """
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        R, x = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x').objgen()
+        f = x**2 - self._unif_sqr
+        return NumberField(f, self._name)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def ideal(self, c):
+        r"""
+        Return the ideal `p^c` of ``self.number_field()``. The result is
+        cached, since we use the methods
+        :meth:`~sage.rings.number_field.number_field_ideal.NumberFieldFractionalIdeal.idealstar` and
+        :meth:`~sage.rings.number_field.number_field_ideal.NumberFieldFractionalIdeal.ideallog` which
+        cache a Pari ``bid`` structure.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(5, 1, QQ, 'a'); I = G.ideal(3); I
+            Fractional ideal (25, 5*a)
+            sage: I is G.ideal(3)
+            True
+        """
+        return self.number_field().ideal([self.prime(), self.number_field().gen()])**c
+
+    def unit_gens(self, c):
+        r"""
+        A list of generators `x_1, \dots, x_d` of the abelian group `F^\times /
+        (1 + \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times`, where `c` is the given level, satisfying
+        no relations other than `x_i^{n_i} = 1` for each `i` (where the
+        integers `n_i` are returned by :meth:`exponents`). We adopt the
+        convention that the final generator `x_d` is a uniformiser.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(5, 0, QQ)
+            sage: G.unit_gens(0)
+            [s]
+            sage: G.unit_gens(1)
+            [2, s]
+            sage: G.unit_gens(8)
+            [2, s + 1, s]
+        """
+        d = ZZ(c + 1) // 2
+        p = self.prime()
+        K, s = self.number_field().objgen()
+        zpgens = [K(ZZ(x)) for x in Zmod(p**d).unit_gens()]
+        if c == 0:
+            return [s]
+        if c == 1:
+            return zpgens + [s]
+        elif p > 3 or self._unif_sqr == 3 or c <= 3:
+            return zpgens + [1 + s, s]
+        else:
+            # Awkward case: K = Q_3(sqrt(-3)). Here the exponential map doesn't
+            # converge on 1 + P, and the quotient (O_K*) / (Zp*) isn't
+            # topologically cyclic. I don't know an explicit set of good
+            # generators here, so we let Pari do the work and put up with the
+            # rather arbitrary (nondeterministic?) results.
+            return list(self.ideal(c).idealstar(2).gens_values()) + [s]
+
+    def exponents(self, c):
+        r"""
+        Return the orders of the independent generators of the unit group
+        returned by :meth:`~unit_gens`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(5, 0, QQ)
+            sage: G.exponents(0)
+            (0,)
+            sage: G.exponents(1)
+            (4, 0)
+            sage: G.exponents(8)
+            (500, 625, 0)
+        """
+        c = ZZ(c)
+        p = self.prime()
+        if c == 0:
+            return (0,)
+        elif c == 1:
+            return (p - 1, 0)
+        elif p > 3 or self._unif_sqr == 3 or c <= 3:
+            d = (c + 1) // 2
+            return (p**(d - 1) * (p - 1), p**(c // 2), 0)
+        else:
+            # awkward case, see above
+            return self.ideal(c).idealstar(2).gens_orders() + (0,)
+
+    def subgroup_gens(self, level):
+        r"""
+        A set of elements of `(\mathcal{O}_F / \mathfrak{p}^c)^\times`
+        generating the kernel of the reduction map to `(\mathcal{O}_F /
+        \mathfrak{p}^{c-1})^\times`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.smoothchar import SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic
+            sage: G = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(3, 1, QQ)
+            sage: G.subgroup_gens(2)
+            [s + 1]
+        """
+        if level == 0:
+            raise ValueError
+        elif level == 1:
+            return self.unit_gens(level)[:-1]
+        else:
+            return [1 + self.number_field().gen()**(level - 1)]